007660   Karpagamoorthy S;Arunthathi S (Civil Engineering Dep, Karaikudi Institute of Technology, Karaikudim Tamil Nadu, Email: ganesh22aqra@gmail.com) : Review of electrocoagulation efficiency for the pollutants removal from water and wastewater. Pollut Res 2014, 33(3), 583-90.

Electrocoagulation (EC) may be a potential answer to environmental problems dealing with water reuse and rational waste management. The aim of this research was to assess the feasibility of ECprocess for treating water and waste water taking into consideration technical and economical factors. EC-technology claims to offer efficient removal rates for most types of wastewater impurities at low power consumption and without adding any precipitating agents. Chemical coagulation is commonly used in raw water and wastewater treatment plants for the destabilization of pollutants so that they can be removed in the subsequent separation processes. The most commonly used coagulation chemicals are aluminium and iron metal salts. Electrocoagulation technology has also been proposed for the treatment of raw waters and wastewaters. With this technology, metal cations are produced on the electrodes via electrolysis and these cations form various hydroxides in the water depending on the water pH. In addition to this main reaction, several side reactions, such as hydrogen bubble formation and the reduction of metals on cathodes, also take place in the cell. In this paper, a review of the literature published in from 2008 to 2013 on topics related to electrochemical treatment within water and wastewater was presented. The review included several sections such as optimization, modeling, various wastewater treatment techniques, analytical and instrumentation, and comparison with other treatment methods.

51 ref

007659   Kandaswamy A N;Sivakumar D;Anand R; Jagathanprakaash A;Ponvalavan M (Civil Engineering Dep, Vel Tech High Tech Dr Rangarajan Dr Sakunthala Engineering College, Avadi, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, Email: ankswamy1945@gmail.com) : Case study on effectiveness of Ozonised centrifugal aeration treatment technology for industrial wastewater. Pollut Res 2014, 33(3), 623-6.

Ozone Technology is an emerging technology in the area of waste water treatment. This Technology has been so far used in lake remediation and drinking water disinfection. Scientists now a days are exploring the use of Ozone Technology in the area of waste water treatment. Under this context, a study was carried out to ascertain the effectiveness of the ozone technology in treating the industrial effluents of Tannery and Textile industries. The studies carried out and the results are analyzed. The results prove that ozone technology is more effective than the conventional treating methods. This technology envisages a better treatment and more over does not produce any by products or sludge. Hence ozonised centrifugal aeration treatment (OCAT) can be strongly recommended for treating the industrial effluents in an effective manner.

1 illus, 2 table, 5 ref

007658   Islam S S;Faruque M R I;Islam M T (Space Science Centre (ANGKASA), Research Centre Building, Univ Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor D.E., 43600 Malaysia, Email: sikder_islam@yahoo.co.uk) : New direct retrieval method of refractive index for the metamaterial. Curr Sci 2015, 109(2), 337-42.

With the advent of metamaterial the approaches of automated extraction of effective parameters for a metamaterial have recently attracted considerable attention among researchers. Evaluation of refractive index has received huge importance especially for the left-handed metamaterial. This communication presents a new simplified equation for the direct retrieval of refractive index from the transmission and reflection co-efficient. Refractive index is calculated from the new equation for two recently published metamaterials. The resultant curve for the proposed method shows good conformity with the classical NRW-method and shows a result closer to that achieved using the TR-method. In addition, a comparative study of the three methods is presented.

4 illus, 22 ref

007657   Ghorbani H R (Chemical Engineering Dep, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad Univ, Qaemshahr, Iran, Email: hamidghorbani6@gmail.com) : Review of methods for synthesis of Al nanoparticles. Oriental J Chem 2014, 30(4), 1941-9.

Synthesis of metallic nanoparticles is an active area of academic and, more significantly, applied research in nanotechnology. Several methods have been introduced for the synthesis of these materials. The techniques for synthesizing aluminum nanoparticles can be divided into solid-phase, liquid-phase and gas-phase processes. The solid-phase techniques include mechanical ball milling and mechanochemical, the liquid-phase techniques include laser ablation, exploding wire, solution reduction, and decomposition process, whereas the gas-phase processes include gas evaporation, exploding wire, and laser ablation process. This study is an attempt to present an overview of Al nanoparticles preparation by various methods.

4 illus, 46 ref

007656   Gandhimathi A;Suji D (Civil Engineering Dep, Karpagam Univ, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu) : Development of eco-friendly self healing concrete - A Green buiding concept. Nat Envir Pollut Technol 2015, 14(3), 639-44.

Cracks are the main cause for structural failure. One way to circumvent costly manual maintenance and repair is to incorporate an autonomous self-healing mechanism in concrete. This study exploited the potential to apply calcite-precipitating bacteria as a crack-healing agent in concrete. These bacteria were prepared in different cell concentrations and incorporated in the concrete mix. Compressive strength tests were performed at the stage of 28th day of curing. The effects of different cell concentrations of Bacillus sphaericus on concrete, reducing the crack, were studied. We used mortar cubes with 30mL of bacteria/mortar cube and sequentially increased up to 50mL (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50mL) in the ratio of mortar cubes in 1:6. The concrete grade used for the study was M25. At last, we had made concrete blocks of size 150x150x150 mm with concrete of grade M25. For those blocks, the compressive strength and non-destructive tests such as, rebound hammer and ultrasonic pulse velocity tests were performed. The results obtained in the work are that the compressive strength of blocks of size 150x150x150 mm is good when compared to control concrete. When load is applied to control concrete, the crack gets developed earlier and when bacterial concrete is used, the crack does not develop at an early stage.

7 ref

007655   Esakkimuthu T;Sivakumar D;Akila S (Civil Engineering Dep, Sathyabama Univ, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, Email: qmuthu@gmail.com) : Application of nanoparticles in wastewater treatment. Pollut Res 2014, 33(3), 567-71.

Nanotechnology is a branch of study, which deals with the molecular level re-arrangement of atoms. This is becoming the active and advanced topic nowadays. Particles whose size lower than 100 nanometer are involved. Although the particles which have size lesser than 100 nm are considered as nanoparticles, nowadays, people use the word nano for tiny particles. The word nano is used in more areas in modern world, e.g., Tata nano car. Nanotechnology has its own applications in many branches of science and engineering such as medicine, biotechnology, food and beverages, aerospace, chemical, construction, environmental, consumer goods such as fabrics, textiles, sports, cosmetics, military, fire protection etc. In particular, the application of nanotechnology in the field of environmental engineering such as water treatment is wider. Various environmental problems can be addressed and future problems can be averted by using the various concepts in nanotechnology. Many researches are going on in the field of nanotechnology for solving different environmental problems such as water, and wastewater pollution. This paper mainly focuses on the various types of nanomaterials in the field of waste water treatment and along with the future prospective.

12 ref

007654   Esakkimuthu T;Sivakumar D (Civil Engineering Dep, Sathyabama Univ, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, Email: qmuthu@gmail.com) : Carbonaceous nanoparicle: an overview. Pollut Res 2014, 33(3), 633-8.

Nanotechnology is defined as the manipulation of matter with at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometre. In addition to making nanomaterials and products with less impact to the environment, green nanotechnology also means using nanotechnology to make current manufacturing processes for non-nano materials and products more environmental friendly. Green nanotechnology has the beneficial goals by producing nanomaterials and products without harming the environment or human health, and producing nano-products that provide solutions to environmental problems. The principal way nanotechnologies might help alleviate water problems by solving the technical challenges and by removing water contaminants including pathogens, harmful chemicals like heavy metals, pesticides and salt pose etc. This paper deals with the carbon based nanoparticle. Carbon materials are a class of significant and widely used engineering adsorbent. Carbon nanoparticles are one of the most widely used type of adsorbents in water treatment, because of their several merits: broad-spectrum removal capability toward pollutants, chemical inertness, and thermal stability.

14 ref

007653   Arivukkarasu D (Civil Engineering Dep, GRT Institute of Engineering and Technology, Tiruttani, Tamil Nadu, Email: arivukkarasu1981@gmail.com) : Rainwater harvesting and greywater treatment system for domestic application in India. Pollut Res 2014, 33(3), 597-603.

Water is the most precious asset in this world; water shortage has been recognized as one of the key issues facing many countries. The water demand is still increasing due to population growth and higher standard of living. The use of domestic rainwater harvesting and greywater treatment systems has potential to supply nearly 20 to 30 percent of domestic water in India households. Wastewater is an immense resource which could have significant applications in regions of water scarcity. Greywater has particular advantages in that it is a large source with a low organic content. This study is aims in greywater recycling technologies, applications. It also suggests simple technologies that sand filters have been shown to achieve only a limited treatment of the greywater whereas membranes were reported to provide good removal of the solids. Disinfection of various microorganisms is achieved by chlorination. The best overall performances were observed within the schemes combining different types of treatment to ensure effective treatment of all the fractions. It has been estimated that water savings in the range of 18-29 percent for an average household could be achieved by reusing greywater. Domestic rainwater harvesting and greywater treatment systems can play a very important role in future water management and prospective sustainable living in India.

6 illus, 4 table, 11 ref

006649   Zhu L;Ali Ye A S;Ulla K;Yuan C Z;Kim I J;Yang S H;Oh W C (Advanced Materials Science & Engineering Dep, Hanseo Univ, Seosan-si, Chugnam 356-706, Republic of Korea, Email: wc_oh@hanseo.ac.kr) : Carbonaceous materials-based electric double layer capacitors with improved electrochemical performance. Asian J Chem 2015, 27(3), 1056-62.

In this study, the fabrication of working electrodes was carried out as follows. Briefly, the electrodes were composed of graphene as an active material, Ketjen black and activated carbon fiber as an electric conductor and polytetrafluoroethylene [(C₂F₄)n, PTFE] as a binder. The prepared electrodes were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Finally, the electrochemical performances of carbon materials in the electrolyte solution of tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate [(C₂H₅)₄NBF₄, TEABF₄] in propylene carbonate were examined. The graphene nanosheets electrode in the work exhibited a good rate of capability and reversibility at high scan rates in electrochemical performances.

7 illus, 2 tables, 25 ref

006648   Zhao B B;Wang F Y;Li T (College of food science and technology, Henan Univ of Technology, Zhengzhou, P.R. China, Email: gentlebeibei@163.com) : Synthesis of mesoporous silica particles by polymerization induced colloid aggregation and its application for high-performance liquid chromatography. Asian J Chem 2015, 27(3), 1097-1101.

Micrometer-sized mesoporous silica particles have been synthesized by a modified polymerization induced colloid aggregation method. Silica particles with particle size in the range of 2-5 μm could be obtained by controlling the reaction conditions. The obtained silica particles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), N2 physisorption technique and inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). The C18-modified silica particles were explored as stationary phase in reversed phase liquid chromatography and its chromatographic characteristics for separation of some small molecules have been studied.

9 illus, 5 tables, 14 ref

006647   Zhang W;Wang S;Li J;Ma F;Yang X (School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu Univ of Technology, Jinan 250353, P.R. China, Email: zhagwy051028@126.com) : Photocatalytic hydrogen production from aqueous methanol using Cu/S-TiO₂ under visible-light. Asian J Chem 2015, 27(3), 1111-16.

Copper was loaded on the S-doped TiO₂ by methods of electroless plating, wet impregnation and chemical reduction, respectively. The physical structure and chemical properties of the prepared Cu/S-TiO₂ were characterized by UV-visible, XRD, XPS, EXAFS and FESEM techniques. It was illustrated that copper species loaded by electroless copper plating and wet impregnation method were Cu₂O/CuO, while Cu/Cu₂O was loaded by chemical reduction method. The Cu/S-TiO₂ prepared by electroless plating method showed excellent visible light absorption ability. Moreover, the electroless plated copper on S-TiO₂ was highly dispersed, which could facilitate the photo-generated charges capture, transfer and separation. Thus, the catalyst exhibited the highest photocatalytic activity of the three for hydrogen generation and is up to 7.5 mmol h^{-1g-1 cat in methanol solution under visible light and a possible catalytic mechanism was proposed.}

8 illus, 1 table, 23 ref

006646   Yetri Y;Emriadi;Jamarun N;Gunawarman (Chemistry Dep, Andalas Univ, Padang, Indonesia, Email: yuliyetriyetri@yahoo.com) : Corrosion inhibitor of mild steel by polar extract of Theobroma cacao peels in hydrochloric acid solution. Asian J Chem 2015, 27(3), 875-81.

In order to decrease corrosion attack of hydrochloric acid on mild steel, Theobroma cacao peels polar extract was added as a corrosion inhibitor. Corrosion behavior of the metal was investigated using static accelerated corrosion tests including weight loss method and electrochemical polarization. A mild steel containing 0.3% carbon is exposed in 1.5 M HCl solution with 0 to 2.5% of the Theobroma cacao polar extract for 48 to 768 h at room temperature (298 K). The solution was also heated 303 to 323 K for 192 h to obtain inhibition efficiency under higher working temperatures. Morphology of sample surfaces was examined by scanning electron microscope. While, the adsorbed film on mild steel surface was measured by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The corrosion test results showed that the inhibition efficiency increases significantly up to 96% with increasing of Theobroma cacao polar extract content. However, the inhibition efficiency decreases slightly with the increase of temperature. The inhibition mechanism of Theobroma cacao polar extract on the mild steel surface is mainly chemical adsorption where Theobroma cacao polar extract donates a pair of electrons to make a coordination covalent bond with Fe2+ ions and then results organometallic compound on the mild steel surface. Surface condition is then improved due to the adsorption, for forming the corrosion protection. The addition of Theobroma cacao polar extract into HCl is very effective to reduce corrosion attack on the mild steel.

9 illus, 3 tables, 27 ref

006645   Yang M J;Zhang D M;Zhang L M (Center for Materials Research Analysis, Wuhan Univ fo Technology, Wuhan 430070, China, Email: liyangmeijun@163.com) : Effect of Si additive on thermal and mechanical properties of SiC_p/Al composites by pulsed electric current sintering. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2015, 22(2), 161-6.

Two additive composites, pure Al matrix and Al matrix mixed with various contents of Si powder are reinforced by 60vol%SiC particles, and are fabricated by pulsed electric current sintering. Both composites had homogenous microstructure and appearance of no brittle phase Al₄C₃. Due to the Al-Si eutectic structure and precipitated Si phase, the composites owned lower coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), and the fracture toughness (K_IC) declined too. Thermal conductivity (TC) of these composites all exceeded above 180 W/m.K, yet declined with the increment of Si additive. So, considering both the thermal and mechanical properties, the optimum content of Si additive is 5vol% for 60vol%SiC_p/Al composite, which is only the eutectic composition of Al-Si alloy in their phase diagram.

7 illus, 1 table, 23 ref

006644   Yan C F;Fang Z;Huang S;Guo C;Hu R;Luo W (NO, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China, Email: yancf@ms.giec.ac.cn) : Chemical reactor design for hydrogen generation from solid sodium borhydride by ferric(III) sulfat. Asian J Chem 2015, 27(3), 1040-4.

Catalytic generation of hydrogen from the hydrolysis of sodium borohydride over ferric(III) sulfate has been studied in a new reactor. The system NaBH4- ferric(III) sulfate (both in solid state) is an attractive storage way for portable application. 1) ferric(III) sulfate was cost-effective, 2) the solid state of NaBH4 do not need the stabilizer regent, 3) A toroidal tube distributor helps to disperse water uniformly in order to constant generation of hydrogen and 4) no pretreatment step was needed. The effects of catalyst to sodium borohydride ratio, water flow rate and initial temperature on hydrogen generation were investigated. Hydrogen yield of <62> 90% can be achieved with pure water and an active non-noble intermediate, Fe₂B, produced during the reaction. A burst of hydrogen flow rate accompanied with the appearance of the highest reaction temperature caused by exothermic effect. The rate of hydrolysis reaction was sensitive to temperature.

6 illus, 22 ref

006643   Xiong L x;Liu C j;wu Y X (Faculty of Architectural, Civil Engineering and Environment, Ningbo Univ, Ningbo 315211, China, Email: xionglx1982@126.com) : Effects of calcined Mg-Al-CO₃ layered double hydroxides on resistance of cement mortar to chloride erosion. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2015, 22(2), 225-30.

In this paper, the effect of calcined Mg-Al-CO₃ double-layered hydroxides (CLDH) on the resistance of cement mortar under chloride erosion is studied. By conducting uniaxial compression test and bond test with cement mortar specimens immersed in sodium chloride solution, the compressive and bond strengths of the specimens with and without CLDH are compared. The results show that the compressive strengths of specimens with and without CLDH increase first and then decrease with erosion time; the compressive strength of specimens with CLDH is lower than that without CLDH. The bond strengths of specimens with and without CLDH also increase first and then decrease with erosion time; the peak bond strength and slippage of specimens adopting CLDH are higher than those of specimens without CLDH at the same erosion time. Therefore, using CLDH can improve the ultimate bond strength and ductility of reinforced cement mortar.

6 illus, 18 ref

006642   Swami U;Babu R;Akhilesh Kumar;Rathnakara S C; Ganeshan A S (Space Navigation Group, ISRO Satellite Center, Bangalore, Email: urswami@isac.gov.in) : Preliminary assessment of IRNSS satellite clock behavior. Arya Bhatta J Math Inf 2015, 7(1), 203-12.

Time and frequency of an atomic clock plays an essential role in satellite navigation systems: since the distance can be measured from a time, any error on the measure of time leads to an error on the user's position. Hence, an accurate and reliable prediction of satellite clock offsets is the necessary condition for the satellite based navigation system. The IRNSS Satellites are equipped with three space qualified high quality atomic clocks with Rubidium atomic frequency standards (RAFS) and two Atomic Clock Monitoring Units (ACMU). One RAFS is configured as primary frequency standard which will be used for navigation signal generation purpose and the second RAFS is configured as stand by to primary. The third RAFS is maintained as cold redundant. After the launch, when satellite reaches the desired orbit followed by routine activation and stabilization of all payloads, the primary and secondary RAFS were switched ON. Subsequently the onboard clocks are synchronized with the IRNSS reference time and appropriate frequency correction offsets to active ACMU is given through telecommand. The behavior of these RAFS is being continuously monitored through simultaneous reception of data from IRNSS Range and Integrity Monitoring Stations. The clock solution is obtained in post-processing mode. The other alternative means of evaluating the relative performance of active onboard clocks is done through monitoring telemetry phase meter data. The paper presents the behavior of available IRNSS satellites in terms of satellite clock offsets and its drift with respect to IRNSS reference time, which are estimated by ground based Navigation Software and uplinked to the respective satellites as one of the primary navigation parameter. The results of on-board clocks show satisfactory performance with respect to the mission specifications.

16 illus, 7 ref

006641   Song Y Z;Song W;Zhang X;Cao W;Zhou L;Qian L; Ge A (Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Chemistry of Low-Dimensional Mater, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal Univ, Huai An 223300, P.R. China, Email: songyuanzhi@sina.com) : Assembling of platinum nanoparticles on the surface of glassy carbon electrode using different electrochemical method and its catalysis for oxygen. Asian J Chem 2015, 27(3), 1117-20.

In this paper, the platinum nanoparticles on the surface of glassy carbon electrode were synthesized by linear sweep voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, cyclic voltammetry and amperometric response, respectively. Electrochemical behaviour of oxygen at platinum nanoparticle modified glassy carbon electrode was investigated. It was demonstrated that the modification of glassy carbon electrode with platinum nanoparticles prepared by linear sweep voltammetry is a simple and effective method for obtaining highly sensitive sensor for determination of oxygen.

5 illus, 12 ref

006640   Song Y Z;Song W;Lv X;Xie J;Zhu A F;Zhu F X;Wu F Y (Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Chemistry of low-Dimensional Mater, Jiangsu key Laboratory for Biomass-Based Energy and Enzyme Technology,, Huai An 223300, P.R. China, Email: songyuanzhi@126.com) : Standard electrode potential for 2-propanethiol sulfone/2-propanethiol. Asian J Chem 2015, 27(3), 902-6.

Calculations were performed for 2-propanethiol and 2-propanethiol sulfone. The electrochemical behaviour of 2-propanethiol at gold electrode was investigated by cyclic voltammety and the results showed that the standard electrode potential for 2-propanethiol sulfone/2-propanethiol is 1.073 V, which is consistent with that of 1.083 V at B3LYP/6-31G(d, p)-PCM level. The front orbit theory and Mulliken charges of moleculer explain well on the oxidation of 2-propanethiol in oxidative desulfurization. According to equilibrium theory the experimental equilibrium constant in the oxidative desulfurization system of 2-propanethiol/H₂O₂ is 1.17 x 1048, which is consistent with the theoretical equilibrium constant of 2.18 x 1048 at B3LYP/6-31++g(d, p)-PCM level, indicating that 2-propanethiol can be oxidized by H₂O₂ and removed from fuel oils.

4 illus, 3 tables, 31 ref

006639   Rusianto T;Wildan M W;Abraha K;Kusmono (Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Dep, Gadjah Mada Univ, Yogyakarta 55281, Email: toto.rusianto@mail.ugm.ac.id) : Various sizes of the synthesized Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles assisted by mechanical vibrations. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2015, 22(2), 175-80.

Nanoparticles of magnetite (Fe₃O₄) are synthesized by co-precipitation in an aqueous solution containing ferrous and ferric salts from dissolved iron sand. Subsequently, the synthesis process is assisted by mechanical vibrations through various frequencies of (0, 100, 200 and 500 Hz). It is found that various frequencies of mechanical vibration upon the synthesis influence the particle size of magnetite. The magnetite is then characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Magnetic properties of the magnetite are determined by vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). As a result, the synthesized magnetite samples exhibited the X-ray diffraction patterns corresponded to JCPDS card no 019-0629 for magnetite. The TEM image show that particle sizes of the magnetite of 11±3 nm occurred at 500 Hz frequency and revealed the highest saturation magnetization of 50.23 emu/g. The particle size of the magnetite decreased as the frequency of the mechanical vibration increased, while the decreased particle sizes increased the saturation magnetization of the magnetite nanoparticles.

4 illus, 2 tables, 22 ref

006638   Ramamurthy A;Sivaramakrishnan R; Muthuramalingam T (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Meenakshi College of Engineering, Chennai-600 077, Email: ramapec@gmail.com) : Taguchi-grey computation methodology for optimum multiple performance measures on machining titanium alloy in WEDM process. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2015, 22(2), 181-6.

Since the wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) process involves with more than one performance measures, conventional Taguchi design of experiments alone is not helpful to identify the optimal combination of input process parameters. Titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) is being mostly utilized in the many manufacturing fields owing to its prominent characteristics. In the present study, an endeavor has been made to compute the optimum input process parameters such as pulse on time, pulse off time, servo voltage and wire tension and wire electrodes on machining titanium alloy using WEDM process. Material removal rate, surface roughness and kerf width have been taken as the performance measures to access the machinability. L₂₇ orthogonal array has been selected for conducting the machining experiments. From the experimental results, it has been found that pulse off time has most significant nature among process parameters on multiple performances involved in WEDM process owing to its significant nature in deionization of the spark plasma column. The optimal combination of input process parameters of the WEDM process for achieving better machinability has been computed such as pulse on time (130 μs), pulse off time (50 μs), servo voltage (40V), wire tension (5kg), wire electrode type (zinc coated brass wire electrode) among the considered process variables using Taguchi-Grey relational approach.

5 illus, 5 tables, 13 ref

006637   Radu C;Herghelegiu E;Schnakovszky C (NO, Vasile Alecsandri Univ of Bacau, Calea Marasesti 157, 600115, Bacau, Romania, Email: radu.crina.ub@gmail.com) : Comparative study on the effects of three unconventional cutting technologies on cut surface quality. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2015, 22(2), 127-32.

This paper is dedicated to a comparative study on the effects of three unconventional technologies: abrasive water jet (AWJ), plasma arc cutting and laser cutting on the cut surface quality. Two materials OL 37 (S 235) steel and Al 6061 T651 aluminum alloy are used in this study. The analyzed quality parameters are those specified in the ISO/WD/TC44 N 1770 standard. The experimental results reveal that AWJ method confers the best results in terms of surface quality compared to laser and plasma cutting.

9 illus, 4 tables, 16 ref

006636   Ozturk Z B;Atay B;Caki M;Ay N (Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Dep, Nevsehir Haci Bektas, Veli Univ, 50300, Nevsehir, Turkey, Email: z.ozturk@nevsehir.edu.tr) : Investigation of color development by means of the factorial design in wall tile glazes with ferrochromium fly ash. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2015, 22(2), 215-24.

In tile manufacturing; generally different glazes with 1-15 wt% pigment and dye are used to obtain aesthetic properties. It can be said that pigment and dyes are the most expensive raw materials in glaze production due to its high costs limits. Ferrochromium fly ashes are a waste material obtained from the manufacturing of ferrochromium alloy. It mainly consists of chrome, ferric oxides, CaO and also MgO and Al₂O₃. This study outlines a novel approach in formulating tile glaze production as coloring agent. With this aim factorial design of experiment is used for defining the main factors on color formation. These factors are calcination temperature of fly ash, amount of fly ash and type of glaze. Ferrochromium fly ash is calcined at 1000, 1100 and 1160°C for 6 h and added at 1-4 wt% to transparent, opaque and matt glaze compositions. Glazed wall tiles were sintered at 1145°C for 30 min. For comparison of the colorimetric parameters (L*, a*, b*) of glazes spectrometer is used. The crystalline phases of the obtained glazed samples and fly ashes which calcined at different temperatures and different type glazes are evaluated by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy (SEM, EDS), respectively. Different brown tones are observed related to zinc iron chromite spinel crystal structure in glazed wall tiles. The most effective factors are determined by factorial design as amount of fly ash for L* parameter, and glaze type for a*, b* parameters.

25 ref

006635   Nali D K;Bollineni S;Jayaprakash M (NO, , ) : Canny street lighting system. J Energy envir Carbon Credits 2015, 5(2), 7-11.

Enhancing and creating the conventional road lighting is unrealistic any more. The element changes in economy and vitality supplies require a sufficient modernization of road lighting. On the other hand, this would be conceivable just with another useful conception which indeed means versatility of road lighting. In similarity with the 24 h change of sunlight, the exceedingly variably traffic, the variable meteorological conditions and some great circumstances on the streets, the force of road lighting ought to change in an element way. New specialized gadgets and strategies that are offered by specialized advancement will be fundamental clearly for the realization of adaptive lighting. To accomplish the best balance that advances a design, various diverse architectures and strategies can be utilized. The paper examines to optimize the intensity of road lights with discovery of vehicle moment on the streets in order to save the energy. Amid nights all the lights in the city stay ON with full intensity and loads of vitality is squandered when there is no vehicle movement. It can be attained by sensing an coming vehicle and switching ON a block of road lights with 100% intensity in front of the vehicle and after that as the vehicle passes by, the lights return over to a decreased intensity (<126>10-20%) utilizing a microcontroller. White Light Emitting Diode (LED)-based lights can be utilized for quick exchanging activities. Vehicles can be perceived by utilizing transceiver put either side of the street. Along these lines, the proposed framework gives a solution for energy saving as the LED's road lights need not bother with warm up furthermore won't transmit any CO₂.

006634   Mirzazadeh M (Engineering Science Dep, Faculty of Technology and Engineering, East of Guilan, University of Guilan, P C 44891 63157, Email: mirzazadehs2@guilan.ac.ir) : Topological and non topological soliton solutions to some time fractional differntial equations. Pramana J Phys 2015, 85(1), 17-29.

This paper investigates, for the first time, the applicability and effectiveness of He's semi-inverse variational principle method and the ansatz method on systems of nonlinear fractional partial differential equations. He's semi-inverse variational principle method and the ansatz method are used to construct exact solutions of nonlinear fractional Klein-Gordon equation and generalized Hirota-Satsuma coupled KdV system. These equations have been widely applied in many branches of nonlinear sciences such as nonlinear optics, plasma physics, superconductivity and quantum mechanics. So, finding exact solutions of such equations are very helpful in the theoretical and numerical studies.

32 ref

006633   Min L;Zhang R (Chemical Engineering Dep, Kunming Metallury College, Kunming 650033, P.R. China, Email: minliyuan_kmc@163.com) : Novel method for fabrication of super-hydrophobic film on magnesium alloy and consequent anticorrosion performance. Asian J Chem 2015, 27(3), 889-94.

Novel two-step dipping method has been proposed to fabricate super-hydrophobic film on magnesium alloy with hexamethylene-diisocyanate trimer (HDI trimer) and laurylamine. With this method, super-hydrophobic film, which is composed of HDI trimer-laurylamine biuret, can be fabricated on metal surface within 10 sec. The film morphologies and chemical compositions were investigated using scanning electron microscope and Fourier-transform infrared spectrophotometer. It is shown that rough micro-structure and low surface energy of biuret film confer super-hydrophobicity of resultant film. The concentrations of HDI trimer and laurylamine are investigated to determine their effects on wettability of film. Furthermore, the anticorrosion performance and mechanism of super-hydrophobic film to magnesium alloy in 3.5% NaCl solution are studied with electrochemical measurements. It is proven that super-hydrophobic film can protect underlying magnesium alloy effectively and the air trapped in film is the main contributor for the barrier performance.

9 illus, 32 ref

006632   Manikandan N;Kumanan S;Sathiyanarayanan C (Production Engineering Dep, National Institute of Technology, Tirichirappalli-620 015, Email: kumanan@nitt.edu) : Multi response optimization of electrochemical drilling of titanium Ti6A14V alloy using taguchi based grey relational analysis. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2015, 22(2), 153-60.

Titanium alloys are increasingly used in the aerospace, marine, biomedical and automobile industries. Manufacturing of products using titanium and its alloys are challenging. Traditional machining is limited in application due to high wear rate and slow machining. Non-conventional machining processes are explored for machining such traditionally hard to machine alloys. Electrochemical machining (ECM) is one of the promising process as it is a stress free, non-contact, material removal process with better precision control and a wider range of conductive work materials. The main objective of this work is to establish the operating parameters of electrochemical drilling of the titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V. The influence of various parameters like feed rate, electrolyte flow rate and concentration of electrolyte over the material removal rate and over cut is investigated. Taguchi's orthogonal arrays, signal-to-noise ratio (S/N ratio), the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and grey relational analysis are employed to analyze the effect of these parameters and to find the optimal process parameters levels for multi objective responses.

4 illus, 10 tables, 23 ref

006631   Liu Y;Lv X;Bai C (School of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing Univ, Chongqing 400044 P.R. China, Email: yanhui_l@163.com) : Surface tension of FeS-Cu₂S-Ni₃S₂ matte systems. Asian J Chem 2015, 27(3), 949-52.

Thermodynamic model for determining the surface tension of ionic system by considering the surface tension and molar volume of the pure sulfide components and their ionic radii was extended to the molten FeS-Cu₂S-Ni₃S₂ matte system. The temperature dependence of the surface tensions for pure FeS, Cu₂S and Ni₃S₂ have been determined and the calculated surface tensions based on the present model are in good agreement with the experimental values. The maximum error and the average error are 10.11 and 5.02%, respectively.

5 illus, 5 tables, 19 ref

006630   Liu F;Yang W;Wang Y;Xue X;Yang H (School of Materials and Metallurgy, Northeastern Univ, Shenyang, P.R. China, Email: xuexx@mail.neu.edu.cn) : Size evolution of silica nanoparticles in different solvents. Asian J Chem 2015, 27(3), 1071-4.

Monodisperse silica nanoparticles were prepared by a sol-gel method with ultrasonication using tetraethoxy silane (TEOS) as silicon source and ammonia as catalyst in methanol, ethanol and acetone as different solvents. The morphologies of growing silica nanoparticles were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) at different reaction times. The diameter distribution was analyzed statistically by Image J software. The results indicated that the diameter of silica in methanol as solvent was smallest and the uniformity of silica particle size in ethanol as solvent was optimal. The formation mechanisms of the resultant silica nanoparticles in different solvents related to the size evolution were discussed.

3 illus, 1 table, 23 ref

006629   Kumar J Y;Amirthagadeswaran K S;Gowrishankar S (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College, Coimbatore-641 002, Email: yokeshkumar_j@yahoo.co.in) : Casting process optimization for reducing the cold shut defect in castings using response surface methodology. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2015, 22(2), 187-94.

Foundry industry suffers from poor quality castings due to large number of process parameters involved. The objective of this work is to analyze the cold shut defect occurring in pump jet body castings. The pump jet body castings are produced using gray cast iron of FG200 grade. The pouring temperature, pouring time and phosphorous content of the metal are identified as important parameters. Response surface methodology is chosen to optimize the response variable. Box-Behnken design is adopted in this study and the process parameters are optimized using design expert software. The optimized values are adopted in confirmation experiments. It is observed that the optimized settings reduced the rejection percentage from 27.64% to 2.50%.

14 illus, 7 tables, 15 ref

006628   Kockal N U (Civil Engineering Dep, Akdeniz Univ, 07058, Antalya, Turkey, Email: ukockal@yahoo.com) : Behavior of mortars produced with construction wastes exposed to different treatments. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2015, 22(2), 203-14.

Performance of cement mortars prepared by replacing 30% and 60% of crushed calcareous fine aggregate (CNA) with waste fine aggregates namely, crushed brick aggregate (CBA), crushed marble aggregate (CMA) and crushed ceramic aggregate (CCA) is investigated. For this purpose, absorption, unit weight, compressive strength, flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, capillarity, drying shrinkage, resistance to high temperature up to 400°C and resistance to freeze-thaw cycles are determined. In addition, X-ray flourescence (XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) are performed on cement and aggregates and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis is conducted on mortars in order to examine their mineralogy and morphology. It is found from the experimental results that CBA mortars exhibited the lowest strength values and the worst durability properties. However, CBA and CCA mortars are more effective in relative strength gain at 56 days. Residual strength values of CCA and CMA mortars after freze-thaw and high temperature resistance tests are higher than those of other mortars.

14 illus, 4 tables, 38 ref

006627   Kashinath A S;Padmashali K C;Surendranathan A O (NO, , ) : E-waste and bio-hydrometallurgical recovery of gold. J Energy envir Carbon Credits 2015, 5(2), 12-22.

Current recycling and processing of e-waste are managed almost entirely by the informal sector or the unskilled labour in India. These amounts are about 95%. They adopt crude recycling activities. These cause irreversible health and environmental hazards. Also the loss of valuable materials results. This is due to the poor recovery of base and precious metals. Recycling done by the unskilled labour has been disclosed and an alternative recycling strategy which are environment friendly and which aims at higher recovery of materials are being sought. Bio-hydrometallurgy processing technology makes use of microorganisms, bacteria and archea as self-generating biocatalysts to facilitate the dissolution of minerals and manipulation of solution chemistry to achieve recovery or treatment of dissolved metals and elements. The existing methods practiced for recycling of e-waste in India are by pyro-metallurgical and hydrometallurgical routes. Bio-hydrometallurgy offers many advantages over conventional methods, including its relative simplicity, less exacting operational requirements, low energy input, reduced need for skilled labour, and environmental friendliness.

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006626   Kanani A;Nasrabadi M N;Shirani B;Jabbari I (Nuclear Engineering Dep, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technologies, Isfahan Univ, Isfahan-81746 73441, Email: mnnasrabadi@ast.ui.ac.ir) : Hard X-ray dose intensity and spatial distribution in a plasma focus device using thermoluminescence dosimeters. Pramana J Phys 2015, 85(1), 149-59.

In the present study, X-ray emission dose characteristics from a small Mather-type PF device in various pressures of argon as the operating gas were studied. The PF device was powered by a 12 μF capacitor at 25 kV charging voltage. Time-integrated hard X-ray (HXR) emission was investigated using thermoluminescence dosimeters (TLDs). These detectors were calibrated with ^{60Co and 131Cs sources. Twenty-four dosimeters were placed at four different radial distances from the axis of the electrodes at the top of the anode to measure the dose spatial distribution at the top of the anode for different pressures (0.5-1.3 mbar). At each radius, six dosimeters were placed circularly with equal angular intervals on the inner surface of the device chamber. It was found that the optimum pressure for the highest yield of X-ray is 0.9 mbar. The maximum measured dose was 17 mGy per shot at the top of the anode and about 0.5 mGy per shot at 90° with respect to the anode axis. Furthermore, these results showed that the dose at each radius is symmetrical at 360° around the top of the anode, but X-ray distribution follows an anisotropical behaviour. A fast plastic scintillator was also used for time-resolved HXR detection, and a linear relation was observed between the amplitude of the scintillator-PMT signals and TLD responses.}

8 iilus, 3 tables, 32 ref

006625   Jebadurai D S;Babu A S (Mechanical Engineering Dep, SRM Univ, Kattankulathur, Chennai-603 203, Email: dselwyn77@gmail.com) : Influence of functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes on mechanical properties of glass fiber reinforced polyester composites. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2015, 22(2), 167-74.

Effect of addition of carboxyl functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (COOH MWCNT) to glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites is studied. GFRP composite laminates are fabricated by vacuum resin infusion process (VRIP). Composite laminates are fabricated using neat polyester resin and nano-phased polyester resin (with 0.2, 0.5 wt% MWCNT). Composite laminates with MWCNT were divided into three sections based on the direction of resin flow namely entry, middle and exit. The ability of carbon nanotubes mixed with the resin to reinforce uniformly across the glass fiber mats is investigated by evaluating mechanical properties of specimens at different sections of the laminates. Specimens from entry, middle and exit sections were tested to determine tensile, flexural and inter-laminar properties. Composite laminate with 0.2 wt% MWCNT exhibited good mechanical properties compared to that with 0.5 wt% MWCNT. It could be observed that carbon nanotubes are able to spread across entire glass fiber mats as it resulted in enhancement of mechanical properties in all sections without much variation. It is also noticed that increase in wt% of MWCNT resulted in incomplete wetting of glass fiber mats.

16 illus, 22 ref

006624   Jaspreet Kaur;Miglani S;Singh T P (NO, (CSE) Yamuna institute of engg. & tech., Gadholi) : Comparative study of fuzzified CPU scheduling policies in real time system. Arya Bhatta J Math Inf 2015, 7(1), 163-74.

Several scheduling policies like FCFS,SJF, Priority, RR, SRTN etc. have been studied so far. The scheduling decision from these policies are generally based on crisp parameters. However, practically it has been observed that in many real world situations these parameters are vague or imprecise in nature. Due to the vagueness behavior, the scheduler uses fuzzy logic in scheduling algorithms that incorporates fuzziness of CPU burst time. A comparative study has been made regarding performance measures based on bubble sort of various CPU scheduling policies. The study helps the designer in selecting the best scheduling policy at high abstraction level.

14 illus, 11 tables, 10 ref

006623   Hou Y;Zhao X;Xie J (School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Pingdingshan Univ, Henan Province, P.R. China, Email: hympdsu@163.com) : Extraction of trace tetracycline by phase-separated sublation. Asian J Chem 2015, 27(3), 953-6.

As a pretreatment technology, the phase-separated sublation was utilized for the selective extraction and determination of trace tetracycline (TC) in medical wastewater. The results indicated that tetracycline turned into a binary complex (Cu-TC) in the presence of copper(II), which can be separated by phase-separated sublation easily. The extracted binary complex was determined by spectrophotometry. Batch pretreatment tests were carried out, such as the effects of solution pH, reagents dosage, ionic strength, reaction time, floatation time and nitrogen flow rate. The maximum adsorption was 381 nm, phase-separation reagent was 3 mol L^{-1 sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide solution was acidity regulator and n-propyl alcohol was solvent. Linear regression equation was A = 1.611 x 105C-0.011, lower limit of detection (LOD) was 8.1 x 10-7 mol L-1.}

6 illus, 2 tables, 11 ref

006622   Hayat T;Iqbal M;Yasmin H;Alsaadi F;Gao H (Mathematics Dep, Quaid Azam Univ, Islamabad-440 00, Email: qau2011@gmail.com) : Simultaneous effects of hall and convective conditions on peristaltic flow of couple stress fluid in an inclined asymmetric channel. Pramana J Phys 2015, 85(1), 125-48.

Mathematical model is developed to analyse the peristaltic flow of couple-stress fluid in an inclined asymmetric channel with convective conditions. Soret and Dufour and Hall effects are taken into account. Analysis has been carried out in a wave frame of reference. Expressions for velocity, pressure gradient, temperature and concentration are constructed. Pumping and trapping phenomena are examined. Impact of sundry parameters on the velocity, temperature and concentration is discussed.

29 illus, 30 ref

006621   Ghetiya N D;Patel K M (Mechanical Engineeering Dep, Institute of Technology, Nirma Univ, Ahmedabad-382 481, Email: nghetiya@gmail.com) : Prediction of tensile strength and microstructure characterization of immersed friction stir welding in aluminium alloy AA2014-T4. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2015, 22(2), 133-40.

Immersed friction stir welding is one of the variants of friction stir welding (FSW) in which work piece is completely submerged in the cooling medium. Immersed FSW of aluminium alloy AA 2014-T4 is carried out using tool shoulder diameter, rotational speed and welding speed as typical process parameters. The immersed condition of heat treatable alloy while FSW avoids the dissolution of strengthening precipitates normally observed in air FSW. The response surface methodology was used to develop the second order mathematical model for the tensile strength. Box-Behnken experiment design is selected for finding out the relationship between a tensile strength and welding parameters. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to test the significance of fit of the equation. Confirmation experiments are carried out to validate the study and it is found that predicted results are in good agreement with experimental findings. Microstructure analysis of weld joint is also carried out to know the intrinsic reasons for the strength improvement in immersed FSW. The result indicates that tensile strength of weld joint obtained using immersed FSW is 307 MPa which is 75% of the base metal strength.

9 illus, 5 tables, 24 ref

006620   Fang J;Lu S;Wang K;Yao Z (Institute of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing Univ of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China, Email: niatlusq@126.com) : Three-dimensional finite element model of high strength 21-6-9 stainless steel tube in rotary draw bending and its application. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2015, 22(2), 141-52.

Establishing and developing a finite element (FE) model is the key to the effective research of the complex bending process of a high strength 21-6-9 (0Cr21Ni6Mn9N) stainless steel tube. According to the characteristics of the rotary draw bending process of a high strength stainless steel tube, a three-dimensional (3D) elastic-plastic FE model of the whole rotary draw bending including bending tube, retracting mandrel and unloading is built under ABAQUS/explicit and ABAQUS/standard environment. The key technologies for establishment of the model are described in detail. Then, the reliability of the model is validated by experiment. Furthermore, numerical simulation and analysis of the high strength 21-6-9 stainless steel tube in the whole rotary draw bending process have been carried out by using the model. The results for the distributions and variations of the tangential stress and strain, wall thickness, cross-section deformation, springback angle and springback radius are obtained. The achievements of the study are helpful to develop the bending technique and provide a guideline in rotary draw bending process for the high strength 21-6-9 stainless steel tube.

14 illus, 2 tables, 24 ref

006619   Ekka K K;Chauhan S R;Varun (Mechanical Engineering Dep, National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur-177 005, Email: kiran2803@gmail.com) : Effect of different reinforcements on sliding wear of aluminium matrix composites using taguchi design of experimental technique. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2015, 22(2), 195-202.

In this study, the effect of different reinforcements on sliding wear behaviour of aluminium matrix composites has been investigated. The reinforcements used are SiC, Al₂O₃ and cenosphere. Taguchi design of experimental technique has been used to design and to find out the effects of percentage reinforcement, applied normal load, sliding speed and sliding distance on sliding wear behaviour. The experiments have been carried out on pin-on-disc wear testing rig. From analysis of variance (ANOVA) it is observed that factor applied normal load is the most influential factor for Al₂O₃ and cenosphere reinforced composites and for SiC reinforced composite sliding speed is the most influential factor. It is also observed that SiC reinforced composite show better wear resistance than Al₂O₃ and cenosphere reinforced composites. Both regression and artificial neural network (ANN) are used to predict the wear rate. However, prediction of ANN model is more efficient.

19 illus, 4 tables, 26 ref

006618   Dominguez M O;Elias-Espinosa M;Keddam M; Gomez-Vargas O A;Lewis R;Vera-Cardenas E E;Zuno-Silva J (NO, Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Campus Sahagun, Carretera Cd. Sahagun-Otumba s/n, Hidalgo, Mexico, Email: keddam@yahoo.fr) : Growth kinetics and mechanical properties of Fe₂B layers formed on AISI D2 steel. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2015, 22(2), 231-43.

In the present study, the growth kinetics and mechanical properties of Fe₂B layers formed on the AISI D2 steel are investigated. A mathematical model for studying the growth kinetics of Fe₂B layers on the AISI D2 steel is proposed for the powder-pack boriding. This process is carried out in the temperature range of 1123-1273 K for treatment time ranging from 2 to 8 h. This kinetic model is based on solving the mass balance equation at the (Fe₂B/ substrate) interface to evaluate the boron diffusion coefficients through the Fe₂B layers in the temperature range of 1123-1273 K. The formed boride layers are characterized by different experimental techniques such as light optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, XRD analysis and the Daimler-Benz Rockwell-C indentation technique. A tribological characterization is also performed using a Plint TE77 tribometer under dry sliding conditions. The boron activation energy for the AISI D2 steel is estimated as 201.5 kJ mol^{-1 based on our experimental results. This kinetic model is also validated by comparing the experimental Fe₂B layer thickness with the predicted value at 1243 K for 5 h of treatment. A contour diagram relating the layer boride thickness to the boriding parameters is suggested to be used in practical applications.}

19 illus, 3 tables, 47 ref

006617   Das A;Arulsamy (Condensed Matter Group, Institute of Interdisciplinary Science, No.24, Level-4, Block C, Lorong Bahagia, Pandamaran-420 00, Email: sadwerdna@gmail.com) : Magnetoresistance in quantum hall metals due to pancharatnam wavefunction transformation and degenerate landau levels. Pramana J Phys 2015, 85(1), 161-72.

Authors derive the trial Hall resistance formula for the quantum Hall metals to address both the integer and fractional quantum Hall effects. Within the degenerate (and crossed) Landau levels, and in the presence of changing magnetic field strength, one can invoke two physical processes responsible for the electron conduction and quantum Hall effects in Fermi metals. One of the process requires the Pancharatnam wavefunction transformation, while the second involves electron transfer between two orthogonalized wavefunctions (within the degenerate and crossed Landau levels). We discuss the relevant physical postulates with respect to these physical processes to qualitatively reproduce the measured Hall resistance's zigzag curve for both the integer and the fractional filling factors. Along the way, we give out some evidence to contradict the postulates with experiments.

1 illus, 37 ref

006616   Chen L;He Y;Lv X;Wu R (School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Hefei Univ of Technology, Hefei-230 009, Email: lip_chenhut@126.com) : Dynamic behaviours and control of fractional order memristor based system. Pramana J Phys 2015, 85(1), 91-104.

Dynamics of fractional-order memristor circuit system and its control are investigated in this paper. With the help of stability theory of fractional-order systems, stability of its equilibrium points is analysed. Then, the chaotic behaviours are validated using phase portraits, the Lyapunov exponents and bifurcation diagrams with varying parameters. Furthermore, some conditions ensuring Hopf bifurcation with varying fractional orders and parameters are determined, respectively. By using a stabilization theoremproposed newly for a class of nonlinear systems, linear feedback controller is designed to stabilize the fractional-order system and the corresponding stabilization criterion is presented. Numerical simulations are given to illustrate and verify the effectiveness of our analysis results.

10 illus, 28 ref

006615   Chen J L;Xiao B B;Chen C D;Wen Z F;Wen Z F; Jiang Y;LV M Quan;Wu S J;Li G S (NO, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, CAS, Chongqing-401 122, Email: ligscas@163.com ) : Estimation of solar radiation using two step method in Yangtze river basin in China. Mausam 2015, 66(2), 225-36.

Solar radiation is the principal and fundamental energy for many physical, chemical and biological processes. Estimation of solar radiation from other measured meteorological variables offers an important alternative in the absence of availability of measured solar radiation data. In this paper, we validate and assess four commonly used air temperature-based models including the Hargreaves and Samani, Hargreaves, Bristow & Campbell and Chen model and a local regression model, developed using long-term data from 14 sites in Yangtze River basin in China. We present the two-step method to estimate solar radiation from the commonly measured air temperature. The model performance is evaluated using root mean square error (RMSE), relative root mean square error (RRMSE), mean absolute bias error (MABE) and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). Results show that the two-step method gives good performance and significantly outperforms the temperature-based models. The parameters determination equations of the two-step method are proposed to solve the difficult problem in parameter calibration at the site where no long-term observations of solar radiation and sunshine duration are available. It is found that the two-step method using the parameters determined by the proposed equations gives good performance, with the averaged R^{2 of 0.881, RRMSE of 15.04% and MAPE of 12.67%. Therefore, the two-step method with the parameters determined by the proposed equations could be used to estimate solar radiation in Yangtze River basin. It is believed to be useful for the site where no measured solar radiation and sunshine duration data is available, whereas the air temperatures are common measured.}

2 illus, 7 table, 26ref

006614   Chaichana A;Jantakum A;Kumngern M;Jaikla W (Telecommucation Engineering Dep, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology, Ladkrabang, Bangkok-105 20, Email: kcamornc@kmitl.ac.th) : Current mode MISO filter using CCCDTAs and grounded capcitors. Indian J pure appl Phys 2015, 53(7), 470-7.

This paper presents the current-mode multi-input single-output (MISO) biquadratic filter using current-controlled current differencing tranconductance amplifier (CCCDTA) as an active building block. The proposed circuit comprises three CCCDTAs and two grounded capacitors performing completely standard functions: low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, band-reject and all-pass functions and does not require double input current signals as well as inverting input currents. The pole frequency and quality factor of the proposed circuit can be adjusted electronically/independently via dc bias currents. In addition, the filter circuit has low-input and high-output impedance which facilitates easy connecting for current-mode circuit. The proposed circuit uses all grounded capacitors which is very suitable to further develop into an integrated circuit and without requiring any matching condition. Moreover, the active and passive sensitivities are low. The PSPICE simulation results are included to show the workability of the proposed circuit.

9 illus, 35 ref

005613   Zhang H;Chen J;Han X (State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacutring for Vehicle, College of Mechanical and Vechicle Engineering, Hunan Univ, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China, Email: chen99nju@gmail.com) : Enhancement of asymmetric acoustic transmission based on plate with periodic stepped resonators. Indian J pure appl Phys 2015, 53(6), 371-5.

A steel plate with periodic stepped resonators immersed in water has been presented to enhance the asymmetric acoustic transmission (AAT) in the present paper. It results from the re-emitted waves at resonance by the cap which would act as a secondary source. By changing the geometrical parameters of the stepped resonator, the AAT phenomenon can be tuned easily. The proposed acoustic system may have potential impact on underwater acoustic and medical ultrasonic devices in sub-wavelength region.

5 illus, 19 ref

005612   Yogeswara T;Siddiqui N A;Hamsagar R S; Muenster R N (NO, M/s JSW Steel Limited, Vijayanagar Works, Vidyanagar 583 275, Bellary (Dist) Karnataka, Email: yogeswara.thotad@jsw.in) : A study of environment, health and EHS (EHS)-culture evaluation and developing improvement plan for industries through a technical study. J Ind Pollut Control 2013, 29(2), 267-80.

Building and maintaining a proactive Environment, Health & Safety (EHS) culture at work place is the need of the hour. A Proactive EHS culture in the organization has Proactive impact on productivity, economic & social development and plays a significant role in the long term sustainability of the organization. Unfortunately culture is not an easy concept to understand or manage. An EHS Culture can be measured using advance software on five or ten points scale. A good EHS culture can go a long way in developing World Class EHS culture. In this paper, a concept of EHS culture, how to develop and quantify the EHS Proactive culture and what are the indicators of Proactive safety culture are discussed. The existing EHS Culture has been measured by using advanced software conforming to ILO-Model. Five hundred employees have been interviewed, surveyed and trained in conducting the data for evaluation of EHS culture. Industrial Incidents are invariably caused due to 96% Unsafe Acts (USAs) and rest is of Unsafe Conditions (USCs) and other natural calamities. There are 9-Categories of Heinrich's Unsafe Acts and Unsafe Conditions at works. Sincere efforts are being put into practice to improve the EHS culture of M/s JSW Steel Limited and it is ongoing efforts.

5 illus, 3 tables, 3 ref

005611   Yarahmadi N;Khodashenas S R;Ansari S (Hydraulic Structures Designer, ABDANFARAZ Consulting Engineers, Tehran, Iran, Email: khodashenas@um.ac.ir) : Comparison between two and three dimensional seepage analysis results in earth dams using SEEP/W and SEEP/3D (case study: Shian and Khaan-Abad dams). Ecol Envir Conserv 2015, 21(1), 509-16.

In this research, at first, the seepage data have been collected from Shian and khan-Abad dams, two earth dams which have been constructed in valleys with different characteristics. In the next step, the seepage analysis have been performed on mentioned dams, using SEEP/W and SEEP/3D softwares which are respectively 2 and 3 dimensional seepage analyzers, and solve the seepage equation by using finite elements method. Then, the seepage analysis results have been compared with each other and also with the values obtained via instrumentation. In Shian dam, the maximum difference between 2D and 3D seepage analysis results and instrumentation values are 9.03% and 10.34% respectively. While in Khaan-Abad dam these values are 18.3% and 6.47%. Finally, according to these comparisons, the reasons of the differences between the analytical results and the real data have been explained.

15 illus, 4 tables, 13 ref

005610   Vellaiyan S;Amirthagadeswarn K S;Varun B (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu) : Carbon dioxide capture via liquid nitrogen in compression ignition engine. Nat Envir Pollut Technol 2015, 14(2), 427-30.

The current study presents a new process for post combustion carbon dioxide (CO₂) capture in diesel engine. Cryogenic technique is used to achieve CO₂ separation from engine exhaust gas. The proposed process converted the CO₂ in the form of dry ice using a cooled liquid absorbent (liquid nitrogen) at low pressure (close to atmospheric) and cryogenic temperature. The liquid nitrogen has a temperature of -196°C provided the cooling power to freeze out the CO₂ in the form of dry ice. Experiments are performed in single cylinder four stroke diesel engine with an eddy current dynamometer and AVL444 Di-Gas analyser. The engine exhaust gas is allowed to pass over liquid nitrogen CO₂ capture system. The result shows that liquid nitrogen is able to convert 90% of CO₂ in the form of dry ice at full load condition.

4 illus, 3 tables, 7 ref

005609   Thenmozhi R;Balasubramani N (civil Engineering Dep, Government College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu) : Experimental study on self compacting concrete (M25) with 25% fly ash incorporating 10% replacement of coconut-shell as coarse aggregate. Nat Envir Pollut Technol 2015, 14(2), 403-7.

This paper aims to focus on the possibility of using 10% of coconut shell aggregate (CSA) replaced for coarse aggregate in self compacting concrete (SCC) containing 25% fly ash (FA) prepared using additives of super plasticizer and viscosity modifying agent. The SCC with normal aggregate containing FA 25% is taken as (SCC), a reference and in the same mix, 10% of coconut shell aggregate is replaced for coarse aggregate. The fresh and hardened properties in both the SCC (M25) and SCC-CSA are studied in laboratory experiments. The possibility of potential use of coconut shell being one of the major agro-wastes in South India, as partial replacement of coarse aggregate in making a special concrete such as SCC-FA-CSA in structural component is verified and discussed. The research encourages potential use of the agro-waste known as CSA. It instantaneously reduces the consumption of normal natural stone aggregates apart from serving as a means of combining the CSA with abundantly available fly ash from thermal power stations and in turn help protect our mother earth and its environment by the precious minimised use of normal aggregate.

6 illus, 7 tables, 17 ref

005608   Neeka J B;Musa F;Bolaji A A (Research and Documentation Dep, Petroleum Technology Development Fund, Abuja, Nigeria, Email: jbneekason@yahoo.com) : Trace characteristics of ionized radiation in corrosion induced oil and gas pipelines. J Ind Pollut Control 2013, 29(2), 148-54.

Tracer elements used in the oil and gas industry exhibit charactenstic radioactive reactions with quantized ionized radiations. The physico-chemical behavior, half life, specific gravity, type and energy of radiation are some of the main parameters that characterize ionized radiations as monitored with automatic high spectrum gamma monitor of type UK-1.5m. On the other hand, steel structures, pipeline wall thickness, machine parts and other metallic equipment are governed largely by the operating conditions of pressure and temperature that is further influenced by the intensity of the radiation corrosivity. In this research, characteristics of ionized radiation in metallic structures and pipelines have been investigated using the guided direct measurement with Electron Microprobe Analyzer for measurement and weight loss determination respectively. The results obtained indicated that ionized radiation intensity varies according to operating conditions of temperature and pressure and rapidly influence corrosion activities at stress points, rapid Oil spills and Gas leaks with increased pollution in the inland basins and offshore Niger Delta. Corrosion tolerant limit values (0.064, 0.072 and 0.078mpy) tend to increase more when the pipelines are shut down and abandoned. This research is useful for real time surveillance, planning and good decision making for a sustainable Oil and Gas industry.

5 tables, 8 ref