004748   Purohit B K;Pramanik S;Meshram P;Sahu S K; Pandey B D (CSIR-National Metallurgical Laboratory, , Jamshedpur-831 007, Email: sushanta@nmlindia.org) : Chemical beneficiation of Hingula coal. J Metall Mater Sci 2014, 56(3), 173-7.

Mineral matter can be reduced by using chemical demineralisation techniques. In this study beneficiation of Hingula coal from Talcher coal field, Odisha, India, having 29.6% ash is reported. Physical beneficiation of the Hingula coal reduced the ash content to 13.3%. To further reduce the ash content, Hingula coal was chemically treated in a two-stage leaching process i.e. alkali leaching followed by acid leaching. Various process parameters such as concentration of alkali, time, and temperature required for optimum demineralisation have been investigated. It was found that by leaching with 0.25N Na₂ CO₃ for 60 min at a temperature of 85°C and a pulp density of 10% followed by leaching with 10% HCl at 95°C for 60 min, ash content of this coal was reduced to 9.8%. It was also observed that when this coal was leached only with 10% H₂ SO₄ at 95°C for 60 min ash content was reduced to 9.8%. The calorific value of the chemically treated coal was also determined.

004747   Poddar M;Shanthakumar S (School of Mechanical and Building Science, VIT University, Vellore-632 014, Email: sskumariit@gmail.com) : Colour removal from aqueous dye solution using magnesium chloride and gulmohar plant (Delorix regia) leaf powder. Pollut Res 2013, 32(2), 365-70.

In the present study, Magnesium Chloride and Gulmohar Plant (Delorix regia) leaf powder was used as adsorbent for the removal of different types of synthetic dyes (viz. Methylene Blue, Procion Brill Blue and Eriochrome Black-T) from aqueous solution in order to identify its ability to remove colour from wastewater by adsorption. The colour removal efficiency for the synthetic dye solutions was compared using two adsorbents through two experimental parameters such as effect of adsorbent dosage and pH by conducting batch experiments as these are the two main parameters which determine maximum colour removal. The effect of adsorption of Magnesium Chloride with addition of equal dosage of coagulant Calcium Hydroxide was studied. It was observed from the studies that the adsorption of dyes is a gradual process and a greater percentage of dye can be removed with biodegradable Gulmohar Plant leaf powder at higher dosage than with Magnesium Chloride under favourable condition for all dyestuffs tested. The Gulmohar Plant leaf powder is more economical and ecofriendly as there is no sludge production in the treatment process.

6 illus, 1 table, 31 ref

004746   Perumal R;Murugesan K;Ganesan K;Saravanan K (Faculty of Chemical Engineering, EICT Polytechnic College, , Nadupatti (PO), Tirupur (Dt)-638 056, Email: perumalgautam@yahoo.com) : Studies on application of jet mixer in industrial and waste water treatment. Pollut Res 2013, 32(2), 257-60.

Discharge of textile and industrial waste water to surface or ground water is very dangerous. Therefore treatment of any kind of waste water to discharge effluent with good quality is mandatory. Preventing solids deposition is a constant challenge in wastewater treatment. Minimizing particle settlement and subsequent sediment buildup requires strong bulk flow. The Jet Mixing concept was developed in response to problems documented in efficiency of mixing in circular or rectangular tanks Jet mixers in wastewater treatment applications primarily in unit processes where liquid blending, solids suspension, flow generation or chemical reactions are key process parameters. Jet mixers are ideal for these types of applications. The main objective of the present study is to determine the critical velocity of solid suspension by varying the nozzle diameter, nozzle clearance, solid (sand) size and composition. Experimental results show that the fractional hold up increases with increase in jet velocity. The optimum nozzle diameter is found to be the nozzle having 10mm diameter, located at 30 cm above the base of the mixing tank .The optimum nozzle design is not universal, and varies with the geometry of system. Correlation for fractional hold up has been developed. Application of jet mixer design for waste water treatment is highlighted.

4 illus, 12 ref

004745   Panindre Anup M;Ranjan Nitish;Sahu R (Metallurgical Dep, Materials Engineering National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand-831 014, Email: rinasahu96@gmail.com) : Reclaiming iron from solid wastes via Romelt process. J Metall Mater Sci 2014, 56(3), 163-72.

ROMELT process of iron making uses non coking coal and iron bearing materials such as metallurgical wastes, including finely dispersed ecologically dangerous dusts and sludge as chiefraw materials, that proves promising for the disposal and reuse of the latter generated in both ferrous as well as non ferrous industries. Besides, non coking coal cuts out the requirement of an energy intensive and hazardous coking process. Although its capacity isn't comparable to that of the blast furnaces, this single stage process can be established virtually anywhere and provide an exceptionally high grade of hot metal for steel making purposes. In the present scenario of global recession and environmental consciousness, the commercialisation of this process can ensure bothcheaper and a better quality iron, along with fewer casualties to nature. A review of the Romelt process has been carried out and its comparison with the other existing alternative processes of iron making (such as Corex process, Hismelt process, etc.) has been done. In the end, suggestions regarding popularising this technology, highlighting its applicability to the Indian conditions have been made.

004744   Nath S K;Sanjay Kumar;Rakesh Kumar (NO, CSIR-National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur-831 007, Email: nathsusanta@gmail.com) : Effect ofmechanical activation on cordierite synthesis through solid-state sintering method. Bull Mater Sci 2014, 37(6), 1221-6.

Synthesis of cordierite (5SiO₂ú2MgOú2Al₂O₃

5 illus, 5 tables, 18 ref

004743   Muhammad S (Basic Engineering Dep, College of Engineering, University of Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Email: c.engineer@hotmail.com ) : Effect of Floater displacements on offshore wind turbine. Int J civ struct Engng 2015, 5(3), 272-83.

Wind energy is one of the most consistent sources of renewable energy and there is a strong, steady and unhindered wind flow in offshore resulting in higher energy generation. In addition there are benefits of no size restrictions and land utilization. The design of the offshore wind turbine is affected by several factors and needs to be economized for mass implementation. The presented work considers the effect of different modes of floater displacements on the offshore wind turbine loading to develop a safe, stable and economical design. Partially fixed turbine was subjected to wind and base displacement. Six displacements were considered using Sway-Rocking Model and their responses were analyzed. Comparisons of the results with the Fully Coupled Floating Offshore Turbine System were also conducted which indicated that among the surge, heave and pitch displacement modes. Pitch was the most important for floater motion and governed the design of an economical floater system. It was also observed that displacements in surge case were 1/3rd of the displacement in fully coupled case while they were half in case of heave; furthermore the turbine loads for all cases were much lower as compared to the fully coupled case.

11 illus, 4 tables, 19 ref

004742   Mrinalini Kumari;Abraham J (Microbial Biotechnology Lab, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, tamil Nadu 632 014, Email: jayanthi.abraham@gmail.com ) : Efficiency of proteus sp. in degrading diesel oil isolated from petroleum contaminated soil. Pollut Res 2013, 32(2), 443-6.

Several bacteria and fungi have the property of degrding persistent petroleum compounds and have been extensively studied world wide. In the present study, Proteus sp., was isolated from soil contaminated with petroleum products from Vellore, India. Proteus is well known as an opportunistic pathogen but its role in bioremediation is rarely known. Proteus sp., is gram-negative bacilli belonging to family Enterobacteriaceae. Its potential to degrade diesel oil was studied in vitro using orbital shaker method for 15 d duration. It was able to tolerate 2% v/v of diesel oil. Oil degrading microorganisms were enriched in mineral salt media containing diesel oil as sole source of carbon. Degradation of diesel oil was confirmed by change in physical properties of the media flask, viz. color and viscosity, gravimetric analysis and Gas chromatography. Analysis of results showed that Proteus sp. has capability to degrade diesel oil.

2 illus, 1 table, 21 ref

004741   Mohanakavitha T;Meenambal T (Tamilnadu Police Housing Corporation Limited, , Tamilnadu, India) : Assessment of water quality index for the groundwater in downstream side of the kalingarayan canal, Erode district, Tamilnadu State, India. Pollut Res 2013, 32(2), 245-49.

The present work is aimed at assessing the water quality index (WQI) for the groundwater in downstream side of the Kalingarayan canal, Erode district. This has been determined by collecting groundwater samples at the time of flow in the canal and also at the time of non flow in the canal and subjecting the samples to a comprehensive physico - chemical analysis. For calculating the water quality index, ten critical parameters have been considered: pH, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, bicarbonate, chloride, total dissolved solids iron, sulphate, and nitrate. The study showed that all water samples were within the standard permissible limit prescribed by WHO and ISI standards for irrigation. The WQI for these samples ranged from 69.05 and 91.77. The analysis reveals that the ground water at the time of flow, non flow, can be considered fit for human consumption and irrigation.

4 tables, 9 ref

004740   Meglali O;Attaf N;Bouraiou A;Aida M S;Lakehal S (Thin Films and Interfaces Laboratory, Physics Dep, Mentouri University, Constantine 25000, Algeria, Email: meglali2@yahoo.fr) : One-step electrodeposition process of CuInSe₂: deposition time effect. Bull Mater Sci 2014, 37(6), 1535-42.

CuInSe₂ thin films were prepared by one-step electrodeposition process using a simplified two-electrodes system. The films were deposited, during 5, 10, 15 and 20 min, from the deionized water solution consisting of CuCl₂, InCl₃ and SeO₂ onto ITO-coated glass substrates. As-deposited films have been annealed under vacuum at 300 °C during 30 min. The structural, optical band gap and electrical resistivity of elaborated films were studied, respectively, using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, UV spectrophotometer and four-point probe method. The micro structural parameters like lattice constants, crystallite size, dislocation density and strain have been evaluated. The XRD investigation proved that the film deposited at 20 min present CuInSe₂ single phase in its chalcopyrite structure and with preferred orientation along (1 1 2) direction, whereas the films deposited at 5, 10 and 15 min show the CuInSe₂ chalcopyrite structure with the In₂Se₃ as secondary phase. We have found that the formation mechanism of CuInSeMv>2 depends on the In₂Se₃ phase. The optical band gap of the films is found to decrease from 1ú17 to 1ú04 e V with increase in deposition time. All films show Raman spectra with a dominant AI mode at 174 cm^{-1, confirming the chalcopyrite crystalline quality of these films. The films exhibited a range of resistivity varying from 2.3 x 10-3 to 4.4 X 10-1 Ω cm.}

10 illus, 1 table, 35 ref

004739   Mandal M;Moon A P;Sangal S;Mondal K (Materials Science and Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208 016, Email: kallol@iitk.ac.in) : Nanoporous Ag template from partially sintered Ag-Zn compact by dezincification. Bull Mater Sci 2014, 37(6), 1353-67.

A novel approach is followed to successfully fabricate nanoporous thin Ag template using partial sintering of elemental Ag and Zn (both have 99ú9% purity) and subsequent dezincification. The starting mateerials for dezincification are partially sintered Ag-Zn aggregates (2ú5, 5 and 10 wt% Zn). Partial sintering is done in order to achieve only interfacial bonding with the aim to maintain maximum potential difference between Ag and Zn particles during dezincification process in 1 N HCl and 3ú5 wt% NaCl solutions. Two different dissolution methods, namely, simple immersion for 45 days and electrochemical way (holding the sample at critical potential), are employed. Electrochemical polarization tests are carried out to determine the critical potential for subsequent chrono-amperometry. X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy are carried out to examine microstructural evolution, size, distribution and nature of pores in sintered aggregate as well as in template.

20 illus, 5 tables, 36 ref

004738   Malviya N;Deo S;Inam F;Asia S (Lakshmi Narain College of technology, , Indore, Email: nihar082003@yahoo.com) : Physico-chemical study of groundwater in 75 villages of Bhandara District, Maharashtra, India. Pollut Res 2013, 32(2), 393-8.

The quality of water is of utmost importance compared to quantity in any water supply, especially for potable purpose purity is of the prime requirement. With this viewpoint groundwater monitoring of 75 villages in Bhandara District has been carried out. The analytical results reveal that in 10% of the water samples, a few parameters like fluoride, nitrate and alkalinity needs treatment before use for drinking purpose whereas all the remaining 90% water samples have been found to be safe from potability consideration of course after disinfection.

1 illus, 1 table, 6 ref

004737   Maisnam M;Phanjoubam S (Physics Dep, Manipur University, Canchipur, Imphal-795 003, Email: m_maisam@yahoo.co.in ) : Higher d.c. resistivity of Li-Zn-Cd ferrites prepared by microwae sintering ompared with conventional sintering. Bull Mater Sci 2014, 37(6), 1227-32.

Cd^{2+ -substituted Li-Zn ferrites having the general formula Li+_4-x/2Zn2+_0.2Cd2+_xFe3+_{2 .4-x/2}O2-₄ where x = 0ú02, 0ú03 and 0ú04 have been prepared by both microwave sintering and conventional sintering. In the former case, sintering was done at 1050 °C for 25 min, whereas in the latter case sintering was done at 1050 °øC for 6 h. The various structural properties, microstructures and d.c. resistivity of the samples prepared by the two techniques were compared. The study showed higher d.c. resistivity and higher activation energies in the samples prepared by microwave sintering. The mechanisms pertaining to the results are discussed.}

3 illus, 2 tables, 25 ref

004736   Mahata T K (NO, , ) : Detailed study on performance evaluation of multiple Co-axial nozzles. J expl appl Mech 2015, 6(1), 23-48.

Nozzle is a device which converts the PE (Pressure Energy) of flowing jet into KE (Kinetic Energy). In this paper we tried to determine the performance of various types of nozzles i.e., with varying the inlet cross section dimension (square, circular, hexagon etc.) and keeping the outlet condition same i.e., circular cross section and analysis by using CFD (Computational fluid dynamics) tools (Gambit, Catia and Ansys Fluent).

004735   Liu Y;Zhang D;Shang Y;Guo C (School of Material Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Caoan Road, Shanghai200 092, People's of Republic of China, Email: zhangdng@tongji.edu.cn) : Simple and efficient electrochemical reductive method for graphene oxide. Bull Mater Sci 2014, 37(6), 1529-33.

The electrochemical reduction of graphene oxide typically involves complicated procedures, such as modification of electrodes and preparation of electrolytes, which is often needed in previous reports. In this paper, a simple and efficient electrochemical process is described for the synthesis of high-quality reduced graphene oxide. The main procedures involve the electrophoretic deposition of graphene oxide onto positive electrode and the subsequent in situ electrochemical negative reduction when the electrode changes from positive to negative. This approach opens up a new, practical and green reducing method to prepare large scale graphene.

4 illus, 1 table, 17 ref

004734   Liu Y;Zhang C;Zhou L (Art Design Dep, Hunan Women's University, Human Changsha-410 004, Email: yifengliu1981@126.com) : Adoption of Chinese ink painting elements in modern poster design inspired by innovation research on physical and chemical reactions. Curr Sci 2015, 108(11), 2017-22.

With the development of modern art, the application of Chinese ink painting elements in modern poster design is gradually developing. We study here the application of ink painting elements in poster designs using collaborative fusion method in detail. Results show that innovative as well as creative ideas determine the best place to fuse ink painting elements and poster designs, thus creating design innovation from the fusion of arts and physics (or hemistry). The results provide the theoretical foundation for the progression of traditional Chinese culture and the redevelopment of poster design.

6 illus, 18 ref

004733   Liu R;Hsieh C S;Yang W D;Tsai H Y (NO, Institute of Petroleum and Commodity, Harbin-150 076, China, Email: ywd@cc.kuas.edu.tw) : Optimization of process conditions for the production of TiO_2-xN_y film by sol-gel process using response surface methodology. Bull Mater Sci 2014, 37(6), 1301-8.

TiO_2-xN_y film has been synthesized successfully through the sol-gel method. It is found that the anatase phase is formed at 400 °C and converted to rutile phase at 600 °C. The response surface methodology ) and Box-Behnken design were employed to optimize the process conditions of sol-gel process. Based on the results in preliminary experiments, we selected molar ratio of surfactant to Ti, molar ratio of acetylace-tone to Ti, molar ratio of water to Ti and calcination temperature as the key process factors affecting the roughness of TiO_2-xN_y film. The adjusted determination coefficient (R^{2_adj) of the regression model was 0ú9651, .Ich indicated that the regression model is significant. By analysing the contour plots of response surface as well as solving the regression model, the optimized conditions were obtained as: 0ú19 for molar ratio of surfactant to Ti, 2ú01 for molar ratio of acetylacetone to Ti, 1ú38 for molar ratio of water to Ti and 500 <144>C for calcination temperature. The predicted roughness of TiO_2-xN_y film for the optimized condition was calculated be 41 nm. Confirmation experiments using the optimized conditions were performed, and a value about 43 nm was obtained. The experimental results are in good agreement with the predicted results.}

6 illus, 5 tables, 25 ref

004732   Lin H C;Pan C Y;Zhan Z Y (Electronic Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taiwan, Email: hclin@ncut.edu.tw) : Development of rapid large batteries charging system with on-line LCD monitoring. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2015, 22(3), 256-60.

With increasing demand of electric driving power applications, the design of large batteries charger integrated with a well appropriate power supply is essential. However, normally commercial products are not suitable for such a requirement due to large size, complex system, high cost, etc. Therefore, this study proposes a rapid large batteries charging system based on optimal multi-stage mechanism and integrated with a simple high switching power supply and real-time charging curves tracking. It can provide a large constant charging current before reaching an overcharge point. The charging status can be displayed on LCD dynamically. The high-frequency switching converter using the PWM controlling scheme for the charger can provide a stable DC 60 V up to 15 A. The experimental results confirm that the proposed charging system is superior in term of simple structure, high efficiency, and robustness.

7 illus, 10 ref

004731   Li W;Yao Z;Liu S (College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Changchun Universi, , Changchun 130022, P.R. China, Email: liwenfei1130@126.com) : Preparation and characterization of LLDPE/LLDPE-g-polyether pentaerythriol mono-maleate blends film. Asian J Chem 2015, 27(4), 1243-6.

Blends of linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) and linear low density polyethylene-grafted-polyether pentaerythriol mono-maleate (LLDPE-g-PPMM) were prepared by melt mixing. The surface of film with different contents LLDPE-g-PPMM was characterized through contact angle measurement, FT-IR spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The contact angles of water and glycerol on film surface of LLDPE/LLDPE-g-PPMM blends decrease with increase of LLDPE-g-PPMM. From FT-IR spectra of the blends, the carbonyl peak strength on the film surface was calculated. It was found that larger the carbonyl peak strength, the lower the value contact angle for LLDPE/LLDPE-g-PPMM blends.

3 illus, 5 tables, 15 ref

004730   Kim H;Park J W;Park J Y;Lee Y H;Kim D J (Architectural Engineering Dep, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Kyunggi-446-701, Korea, Email: djkim@khu.ac.kr) : Structural performance of a full-scale reinforced concrete frame strengthened by a steel grid shear wall. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2015, 22(3), 345-53.

This study proposes a steel grid shear wall that can provide a sufficient lateral resistance and can be used as a seismic retrofit solution for existing buildings. An experiment is performed on reinforced concrete (RC) frames with and without the steel grid shear wall. These frame specimens are subjected to combined axial and cyclic lateral loads that are applied by using three actuators. The experimental results show that the RC frame specimen with the proposed shear wall can retain higher lateral strength and ductility than the one without the steel grid wall.

13 illus, 5 tables, 17 ref

004729   Khalil R (Civil Engineering Dep, Faculty of Engineering, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt, Email: khalilragab@yahoo.com) : Computing pit excavation volume using Multiple Regression Analysis. Int J Geomatics Geosci 2014, 5(1), 43-9.

Volume estimation of borrow pits is common application in civil Engineering. Several methods for volume estimation have been presented in literature. In general, they rely on a specific polynomial to fit the surface heights. Practically, each site's topography is unique and may not follow that polynomial. In this paper, regression analysis to find the most suitable equation that fit each site is presented. Using numerical examples, results from the proposed approach are presented and accuracy compared with existing methods.

1 illus, 1 table, 20 ref

004728   Kartini I;Kunarti E S;Kamariah (Functional Coating Material Research Group, Chemistry Dep, FMIPA, Universitas Gadah Mada, Sekip Utara Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia, Email: indriana@ugm.ac.id) : Wash fastness improvement of malachite green-dyed cotton fabrics coated with nanosol composites of silica-titania. Bull Mater Sci 2014, 37(6), 1419-26.

Washing fastness of dyed cotton fabrics by malachite green (MG) blended with nanosols composite of SiO₂-TiO₂ has been significantly enhanced. The nanoparticulate inorganic sols were prepared by aciddcatalyzed hydrolysis of titanium (IV) tetraisopropoxide (TTIP) and tetraethylortosilicate (TEOS) in ethanol at room temperature. The effect of silica on the characteristics of nanosols composite of TiO₂-SiO₂ was studied. Nanosols morphology was examined by transmission electron microscope (TEM). The nanosols silica-titania composite showed homogeneous morphology of interconnected spheres of about 20-25 nm. Enhanced dye absorption was observed at nanosols with silica content. The reflection spectra of the samples before and after leaching test using sodium dodecyl sulphate were recorded. The results showed that embedding TiO₂-SiO₂ and SiO₂ sols into the MG dye can improve the wash fastness by 40-95%. The highest improvement was obtained by SiO₂-MG-coated cotton fabrics as well as composites of SiO₂- TiO₂-MG-dyed cotton fabrics at highest silica content. The MG-nanosols composite silica-titania dyed cotton fabric has also shown remarkable antibacterial activity over Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.

11 illus, 2 tables, 30 ref

004727   Kahraman S;Alber M (Mining Engineering Dep, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey, Email: sairkahraman@yahoo.com) : Electrical impedance spectroscopy measurements to estimate the uniaxial compressive strength of a fault breccia. Bull Mater Sci 2014, 37(6), 1543-50.

Fault breccias are usually not suitable for preparing smooth specimens or else the preparation of such specimens is tedious, time consuming and expensive. To develop a predictive model for the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of a fault breccia from electrical resistivity values obtained from the electrical impedance spectroscopy measurements, twenty-four samples of a fault breccia were tested in the laboratory. The UCS values were correlated with corresponding resistivity values and a strong correlation between them could not be found. However, a strong correlation was found for the samples having volumetric block proportion (VBP) of 25-75%. In addition, it was seen that VBP strongly correlated with resistivity. It was concluded that the UCS of the tested breccia can be estimated from resistivity for the samples having VBP of 25-75%.

9 illus, 1 table, 43 ref

004726   Kabir M R;Sen D;Islam M M (Civil Engineering Dep, , Dhaka-1208, Bangladesh, Email: rashedul777.ce@aust.edu) : Response of multi-storey regular and irregular buildings of identical weight under static and dynamic loading in context of Bangladesh. Int J civ struct Engng 2015, 5(3), 252-60.

Aim of this paper is to assess the seismic vulnerability and response of regular and irregular shaped multi-storey building of identical weight in context of Bangladesh. Both static and dynamic (response spectrum) analysis has been performed to study the influence of shape of a building on its response to various loading. 15 storeyed regular (rectangular, C-shape and L-shape) shaped and irregular (combination of rectangular, C-shape and L-shape) shaped buildings have been modeled using program ETABS 9.6 for Dhaka (seismic zone 2), Bangladesh. Effect of wind and static load on different shaped structure along with dynamic response under BNBC response spectrum has been meticulously analyzed considering the mass of each shaped building is same. Comparative study on the maximum displacement of storey and center of mass of different shaped building due to static loading and dynamic response spectrum has been explored. If the total mass doesn't vary too much, the response of any shape building is almost matching. But the end result shows, it's the orthogonal dimensions that makes a structure vulnerable to its' weak direction. Maintaining the total mass constant, it is possible to construct an irregular shaped building which might behave more like a rectangular building.

7 illus, 2 tables, 9 ref

004725   Jimenez-Garcia F N;Londono-Calderon C L; Espinosa-Arbelaez D G;Del Real A;Rodriguez-Garcia M E (Departamento de Fisica y Matematicas, Universidad Autonoma de Manizales, Antigua Estacion del Ferrocarril, Manizales, Caldas, Colombia, Email: francy@autonoma.edu.co) : Influene of substrate on structural, morphological and optical properties ofZnO films grown by SILAR method. Bull Mater Sci 2014, 37(6), 1283-91.

ZnO films were obtained by successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) method from different substrates: glass microslides, corning glass, quartz and silicon with and without oxide layer. For deposition, a precursor solution of ZnS04 was used, complexed with ammonium hydroxide. Prior to the deposition, wettability of the substrates was analysed using a CCD camera. It was found that the Si without oxide layer substrate shows hydrophobic behaviour, which makes the films less adherent and not uniiwhile in the other substrates, the behaviour was optimal for the growing process. ZnO films grown on microslides, corning glass, quartz and Si with oxide layer were characterized using X-ray diffraction ), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and UV-Vis techniques. According to the XRD patterns, the were polycrystalline, with hexagonal wurtzite structure and the patterns mentioned showed significant differences in crystallite sizes, microstrain and texture coefficient with respect to the employed substrates. morphology of the ZnO films constituted by rice-like and flower-like structures shows differences in form and size depending on the substrate. The UV-Vis spectroscopy results show that the substrate did not influence the band gap energy value obtained from films.

8 illus, 2 tables, 41 ref

004724   Jiang R;Zhang J;Yu S;Tang Z (Key Laboratory for Advanced Technology in Environmental Protection of, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, P.R. China, Email: jiangry@ycit.cn) : Adsorptive desulfurization of model gasoline using attapulgite and acid-treated attapulgite adsorbents. Asian J Chem 2015, 27(4), 1444-8.

The objective of this work is to examine the performance of raw attapulgite and acid treated attapulgite for adsorptive desulfurization of model gasoline at room temperature. The effect of the inner structures of the adsorbent on sulfur removal efficiency was discussed. Several analytical instruments were used to analyze the adsorbents. The results indicated that the raw attapulgite had the greatest affinity for thiophene, which may be ascribed to the complicated and blocked mesoporous structure and more adsorptive activated sites on its surface.

5 illus, 1 table, 30 ref

004723   Jenarthanan M P;Naresh, N (School of Mechanical Engineering, SASTRA University, Thanjavur-613 401, Email: jenarthanan@mch.sastra.edu) : Process parameters optimization on machining force and delamination factor in milling of GFRP composites using grey relational analysis. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2015, 22(3), 313-20.

In this study, the optimization of process parameters for milling of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites using grey relational analysis has been investigated. Experiments are conducted using helix angle, spindle speed, feed rate, depth of cut and fiber orientation angle as typical process parameters. The grey relational analysis (GRA) is adopted to obtain grey relational grade for milling process with multiple characteristics namely machining force and delamination factor. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is performed to get the contribution of each parameter on the performance characteristics and it is observed that fiber orientation angle and feed rate are the most significant process parameters that affect the milling of GFRP composites. The experimental results reveal that, the helix angle of 25°, spindle speed of 3000 rpm, feed rate of 500 mm/min, depth of cut of 1 mm and fiber orientation angle of 15° is the optimum combination for lower machining force and lower delamination factor. The experimental results for the optimal setting show that there is considerable improvement in the process.

4 illus, 6 tables, 29 ref

004722   Issa M S;Issa H M (NO, Reinforced Concrete Research Institute, Housing and Building National Research Center, HBRC, Cairo, Email: drmsisssa@gmail.com) : Application of pushover analysis for the calculation of behavior factor for reinforced concrete moment-resisting frames. Int J civ struct Engng 2015, 5(3), 216-26.

Modern seismic design codes stipulates a behavior factor (q-factor) to reduce the earthquake loads which the structure is to be designed for. This is in account for the inelastic behavior of the structure when subjected to severe earthquakes. Inelastic dynamic analysis consumes long time in the interpretation of its results. A popular and simple method for studying the nonlinear response of the structure is pushover analysis. Static type of pushover analysis is to be used in this research work where the loads consist of permanent gravity loads and incremental horizontal forces at each storey level. Capacity curves (base shear versus story total drift) obtained from static pushover analysis using a commercially available software called SeismoStruct (SeismoSoft 2014) are used for the calculation of some seismic demand parameters such as behavior factor, q, overstrength factor, Ω, and ductility based reduction factor, R_μ. Four reinforced concrete moment-resisting frames each of 7, 5 and 3 stories are used in the analysis. The research work proved the efficiency of the static pushover analysis in studying the nonlinear behavior of structures and that the suggested behavior factor (q) by the Eurocode 8- Part 1 (Eurocode 8 Committee 2003) for non-dissipative structures presents an acceptable lower limit.

10 illus, 3 tables, 4 ref

004721   Iqbal J;Baizid K (Advanced Robotics (ADVR) Dep, Istituto Italiano di Technologia, 16163 Genova, Italy) : Stroke rehabilitation using exoskeleton-based robotic exercisers: Mini review. Biomed Res 2015, 26(1), 197-201.

Stroke is a debilitating disease that has afflicted millions of people throughout the world. Assisting physiotherapists in post-stroke activities to conduct rehabilitation therapies, scientific community has presented a new type of man-machine intelligent systems i.e. exoskeleton based exercisers. These devices help the patients having neurological disabilities to partially or fully regain their motor performance by applying forces to the affected finger phalanx and preventing unsuitable motion patterns. The exoskeletons because of their wide range of sensory capabilities have replaced traditional assessment of stroke patients. This article reviews developments in robotic prosthetics and exoskeletons. The primary design requirements of these devices are identified. Highlighting the authors' research achievements in this domain, a collection of exoskeleton-based hand rehabilitation devices has been then presented with a brief description about their mechanical designs. Finally, an overall view of research in this domain is commented.

2 illus, 27 ref

004720   Huabing L;Hong R;Weiguang C;Beibei Q (School of Construction Management and Real Estate, Chongqing University, Chongqing-400 045P China) : Scenario analysis of new buildings' energy conservation and emission reduction in Chongqing China (2016-2035). Nat Envir Pollut Technol 2015, 14(1), 33-40.

This paper puts the Twelfth Five-year (2011-2015) Plan as baseline scenario, and sets up optimism scenario and pessimistic scenario. Under the above scenarios, the paper explores the potential of energy conservation and emission reduction of new green buildings and non-green buildings in Chongqing. The results show great potential for energy conservation of new buildings in Chongqing. In optimism scenario, with reasonable policy and market intensify, CO₂ reduced by energy saving will be equal to that produced by 47% new population in urbanization in Chongqing. New green residential building is the key to promote building energy conservation. As the improvement of energy efficiency standards, new non-green residential buildings should be an important issue in long term.

2 illus, 10 tables, 11 ref

004719   Hu C C;Lu T W;Chou C Y;Wang J T;Huang H H;HSU C Y (NO, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan Uniersity, Taipei, Taiwan, Email: cyhsu@mail.lhu.edu.tw) : Optimization of AZO films prepared on flexible substrates. Bull Mater Sci 2014, 37(6), 1275-82.

Transparent conductive Al₂O₃-doped zinc oxide (in AZO, Al₂O₃ content is <126> 2 wt%) thin films are sited on flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates, using radio frequency (rf) magnetron sputtering. The Taguchi method with an L₉ (3^{4) orthogonal array, a signal-to-noise ratio and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the performance characteristics of the coating operations. Using relational analysis, the optimization of these deposition process parameters for AZO thin films with pie characteristics was performed. The electrical resistivity of AZO/PET films is reduced from 2ú6 x 10-2 to 5ú5 x 10-3 Ω-cm and the visible range transmittance is <62> 83%, using the grey relational analysis. ANOV results for the grey relational grade indicate that rf power and working pressure are the two most influential ors. The effect of the rf power (in the range from 30 to 70 W) and the argon working pressure (in the e from 0ú90 to 1ú1 Pa) on the morphology and optoelectronic performance of AZO films are also investigated. An analysis of the influence of the dominant parameters in the optimal design region is helpful for adjustment of the coating parameters.}

6 illus, 7 tables, 28 ref

004718   Herndon J M (NO, , 11044 Red Rock Drive, San Diego, CA 92131,USA, Email: mherndon@san.rr.com) : Aluminum poisoning of humanity and Earth's biota by clandestine geoengineering activity: implications for India. Curr Sci 2015, 108(12), 2173-7.

In response to an urgent call through an article in Current Science for assistance to understand the geological association of high aluminum mobility with human health in the Ganga Alluvial Plain, I describe evidence of clandestine geoengineering activity that has occurred for at least 15 years, and which has escalated sharply in the last two years. The geoengineering activity via tanker-jet aircraft emplaces a non-natural, toxic ubstance in the Earth's atmosphere which with rainwater liberates highly mobile aluminum. Further, I present evidence that the toxic substance is coal com-bustion fly ash. Clandestine dispersal of coal fly ash and the resulting liberation of highly mobile aluminum, I posit, is an underlying cause of the widespread and pronounced increase in neurological diseases and as well as the currently widespread and increasing debilitation of Earth's biota. Recommendations are made for verifying whether the evidence presented here is applicable to the Ganga Alluvial Plain.

8 illus, 22 ref

004717   Her S C;Wang Y H (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Yuan Ze University, Chung-Li, Taiwan, Email: mesch@saturn.yzu.edu.tw) : Temperature effect on microstructure and mechanical properties of aluminum film deposited on glass substrates. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2015, 22(3), 268-72.

Aluminum films with excellent heat resistance, thermal reflection, and corrosion resistance are widely used in various applications. In this work, aluminum films are prepared on the glass substrate by electron-beam vapor deposition. The surface topology of the film is examined by means of atomic force microscope (AFM). Nanoindentation tests are employed to determine the hardness and Young's modulus of the film. The effect of substrate temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties are investigated. Experimental results show that the surface roughness of Al films is increasing with the increase of substrate temperature. The measured hardness and Young's modulus of Al films were found to depend on the indentation depth.

8 illus, 19 ref

004716   He D;Huang X;Zhao S;Hu D (Medicinal Materials Synthesis and Design Lab, Pharmacy Dep, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, Jilin Province, P.R. China, Email: 550358168@qq.com) : Synthesis and catalytic performance of Yb<. Asian J Chem 2015, 27(4), 1477-80.

Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nano-materials have been widely applied into solving the environment and energy problems. However, common titanium dioxide materials can only absorb the ultraviolet light in the solar energy. In view of the unique 4f and empty 5d orbitals, rare earth element own special optical properties like Yb can convert the energy of infrared light into visible light which may be absorbed by Er in the catalytic process. Herein, we successfully doped the rare earth elements of Yb and Er into the TiO₂ nano-material. The photo-catalytic activity of related titanium dioxide nano-material was enhanced through the excitation by visible and infrared light.

7 illus, 14 ref

004715   Hambire U;Tripathi V K (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Government College of Engineering, Aurangabad-431 001, Email: umeshvhambire@yahoo.co.in) : Optimization of compressive strength of zirconia based dental composites. Bull Mater Sci 2014, 37(6), 1315-20.

Dental composites are tooth-coloured restorative material used by dentists for various application. Restoration of a lost tooth structure requires a material having mechanical as well as aesthetic properties similar to that of tooth. This poses challenges to engineers and the dentist alike. Dental composites consist matrix and a dispersed phase called filler, which are mainly responsible for its mechanical properties. Most only used matrix is bisphenol glycidyl methacrylate (Bis-GMA) and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate MA). Silica and glass are conventional fillers used in the past. Recently, zirconia is being used due to its roved mechanical properties. A study was conducted to evaluate the contribution of zirconia to the mechanical properties in general and compressive strength in particular. We have attempted to make an experimental dental composite with a conglomerate of nanofillers, namely, zirconia, glass and silica, and optimize this filler volume percentage and obtain an optimum compressive strength for the experimental dental composite.

1 illus, 6 tables, 11 ref

004714   Gupta B;Melvin A;Rajiv Prakash (Surface and Nanoscience Division, Materials Science Group, Indira Gandhi Centre of Atomic Research, Kalpakkam 603 102, Email: bgupta1206@gmail.com) : Synthesis of polyanthranilic acid-Au nanojcomposites by emulsion polymerization: development of dopamine sensor. Bull Mater Sci 2014, 37(6), 1389-95.

Polyanthranilic acid (PANA) and polyanthranilic acid-gold (PANA-Au) nanocomposites have been synthesized through emulsion polymerization technique. Use of gold chloride as an oxidant for anthranilic acid not only provides a new route for chemical synthesis of PANA, but also explores a facile method for the formation of nanocomposites. Emulsion polymerization helps in slowing down kinetics of polymerization in comparison to one-phase polymerization and thereby induces formation of monodispersed, both pure and Au nanoparticles, embedded PANA sphere. Reaction progress of nanocomposite formation is studied by UV-Vis spectroscopy for 0-24 h. PANA-Au nanocomposites are characterized by SEM, equipped with EDS, TGA, FT-IR, XRD and electrochemical techniques. XRD of nanocomposites depicts the amorphous nature of polymer and crystalline nature of Au with crystallite size of <126> 24 nm. Differential pulse voltammetry has shown the electro-active nature of P ANA. The nanocomposites with improved thermal properties show good dispersion in common organic solvents, and it can be explored for application in interference-free dopamine sensors with sensitivity 12ú5, μA/mM. Acidic group (-COOH) on the polymer makes the sensor free from ascorbic acid interference.

9 illus, 30 ref

004713   Gupta A K;Tiwari A (NO, , ) : Modeling for transmission loss prediction of different shapes of acoustic muffler with an experimental analysis. J expl appl Mech 2015, 6(1), 57-61.

Muffler's noise reduction is generally calculated by transmission loss and insertion loss. Single expansion chamber is generally used as silencing elements in intake and exhaust systems. The main aim of this paper is to study use of FEA (Finite element analysis) as well as experimental methods for various shapes of Mufflers with constant volume for transmission loss measurement. Various shapes are available for muffler like cylindrical, elliptical cylindrical, box with rectangular and square cross section, conical and venturi etc. Finite element analysis is generally used for virtual reality. So it saves substantial amount of time and resources. The acoustic characteristics of all shapes of muffler with single central inlet and single central outlet are also investigated in detail by experimental methods as well FEA results. Set up of two load method is used here for transmission loss measurement. By comparing the experimental results with FEA results shows the validation of results. This paper is investigating the shape of muffler which is capable to reduce noise level.

004712   Gungor K;Ozsert I;Demirer A;Fi‡ici F;Demir A (Hendek Vocational School, Sakarya University, 54300 Hendek, Sakarya, T, , , Email: kgungor@sakarya.edu.tr) : Experimental optimization of wear parameters of sintered bronze based materials. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2015, 22(3), 288-96.

This study optimizes effect of wear test parameters on the wear behaviour properties of sintered bronze based materials. Particle sizes, compaction pressure and test sliding speed are investigated to study their effects on the wear behaviour of test specimens. Taguchi's L₂₇(3^{13) orthogonal array design is employed for the experimental plan. Friction coefficient and weight loss of the specimens are measured. Signal to noise ratio for wear properties of sintered bronze based materials using Taguchi method is calculated and effect of the test parameters such as particle size, compaction pressure and sliding speed on wear behaviour is determined using the analysis of variance (ANOVA).}

8 illus, 9 tables, 32 ref

004711   Gowthamakumar G M;Sundararajan R (Civil Engineering Dep, Institute of Road and Transport Technology, Erode, tamil Nadu) : Durability studies on the multi component blended concrete. Pollut Res 2013, 32(2), 361-4.

Concrete is the most widely used man made construction material in the world and it is second to water as the most utilized substance on the planet. Nowadays the requirements and expectations of concrete in terms of both strength and durability are very high. Four different admixtures are added to modify and improve the properties of the concrete to counteract few adverse environments. The admixtures added in this research work are fly ash, silica fume, calcium nitrate and rice husk ash. By effectively using them, they control pollution which otherwise would not happen. The concrete specimens for M30 grade of the concrete were prepared by replacing the cement with the above said admixture in suitable proportions. Then they were tested for corrosion, chloride attack and sulphate attack in the various durations of 28 days, 56 days, 90 days, 120 days and 180 days. The results proved that the performances of the multi component blended concrete are better than that of the conventional concrete.

3 illus, 9 ref

004710   Goswami B;Raj A;Srivastava S C;Ray A K (R.V.S. College of Engineering & Technology, , Jamshedpur, Email: anant_raj2002@yahoo.com) : Vanadium in industrial traditions and innovations. J Metall Mater Sci 2014, 56(3), 149-61.

Vanadium is recovered directly from vanadiferous ores and indirectly from titaniferous magnetite ores, siltstone and uraniferous sandstones. Vanadium bearing slag during pig iron production is been main source for vanadium. Vanadium is recovered as ferro-vanadium or vanadates and vanadium pentoxide. Vanadium is soft and very ductile metal. This is available in forms of plate, sheet, foil, billet, bar, rod, tube and wire. Vanadium has wide usage in different sectors. These are (i) fusion reactors, (ii) as alloying element in steel, titanium base alloys for aerospace applications, (iii) catalysts, (iv) pigments, (v) frits (vi) glass, (vii) ceramics, (viii) chemicals and (ix) batteries for storage of electricity for off peak times and (x) power packs for electricity powered vehicles. Vanadium in steel has improved castability, rollability, and reduced roll wear, relative insensitivity to finish rolling temperature, good weldability and use in as-forged conditions. Vanadium has imparted strength, toughness and reliability within wide range of temperatures.

004709   Gopinath S;Murthy A R C;Iyer N R (CSIR-Structural Engineering Research Centre, , CSIR Campus, Chennai-600 113, Email: smithag@serc.res.in) : Monotonic and low cycle fatigue behaviour of concrete beams strengthened with textile reinforced concrete U-wrap. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2015, 22(3), 331-8.

This paper presents experimental details on the effectiveness of textile reinforced concrete (TRC) as a structural strengthening material under flexure and shear. Two types of specimens, namely, plain concrete beams and reinforced concrete beams are strengthened with U-wrap configutation of TRC. Two types of fabrics having different weight per unit area are used for the investigations. Strengthened plain concrete beams are tested under three-point bending to investigate the flexural load carrying capacity, mid-point deflection and failure pattern. Further, experimental investigations are carried out on shear deficient RC beam strengthened with TRC as U-wrap under monotonic and low cycle fatigue loading. It is observed that under monotonic loading, there is about 19% increase in ultimate load carrying capacity and 852% increase in energy absorption for strengthened beam compared with un-strengthened beam. When the strengthened beam is subjected to low cycle fatigue loading, there is 20% reduction in ultimate load carrying capacity. But the ultimate deflection and failure pattern is found to be similar in both the cases.

15 illus, 3 tables, 22 ref

004708   Geetha Priyadarshini B;Aich S;Chakraborty M (Materials Science Division, PSG Institute of Advanced Studies, Peelamedu, Coimbatore-641 004, Email: geethapriyadarshini@gmail.com) : On the microstructure and interfacial properties of sputtered nickel thin film on Si (1 0 0). Bull Mater Sci 2014, 37(6), 1265-73.

Ni films of thickness ranging from 150 to 250 nm were deposited by DC magnetron sputtering on to Si (100) substrates maintained at room temperature and followed by post-annealing at 300 and 500<144C for 30 min. Other set of Ni films were deposited on to Si (100) substrates held at annealing temperature of 300 and 500°C for 30 min. Microstructural investigation by field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM) revealed columnar morphology with voided boundaries for films deposited at room temperature and was retained after post-deposition annealing at higher temperatures. Nickel silicide formation with isosceles triangle diffusion front was confirmed by cross-sectional high resolution transmission electron microscopy (X-HRTEM) for post-annealed Ni films. Thin film deposited at high substrate temperatures having near-equiaxed structure found to be the best route to fabricate thin films without silicide formation.

10 illus, 1 table, 32 ref

004707   Enlei Z;Guosheng W;Xiaozhu L;Zhumin W (College of Chemical Engineering, Shenyang Universityof Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110 142, Email: zhangel1979@126.com) : Synthesis and photoluminescence property of silicon carbide nanowires thin film by HF-PECVD system. Bull Mater Sci 2014, 37(6), 1249-53.

A sample and scalable synthetic strategy was developed for the fabrication of nanocrystalline SiC (nc-SiC) thin film. Thin sheet of nanocrystalline diamond was deposited on Si substrate by hot filamenttassisted plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition system (HF-PECYD). Further, the resulting carbonnbased sheet was heated at 1200 °C to allow a solid state reaction between C and Si substrate to form the SiC thin films. The synthesized films mainly consist of β-SiC nanowires with diameters of about SO nm and tens of micrometers long. The nanowires axes lie along the [11 I] direction and possess a high density of planar defects. The β-SiC nanowires thin films exhibit the strong photoluminescence (PL) peak at a wavelength of 400 nm, which is significantly shifted to the blue compared with the reported PL results of SiC materials. The blue shift may be ascribed to morphology, quantum size confinement effects of the nanomaterials and abundant structure defects that existed in the nanowires.

5 illus, 20 ref

004706   Ding A;Tang T;Wang H;Deng C;Liu J;Hanmei H (Chemical and Materials Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, P, , , Email: jsliu@hfuu.edu.cn) : Microwave-assisted preparation and optical property of reddish-brown N-containing ZnO nanorods. Asian J Chem 2015, 27(4), 1355-7.

Reddish-brown N-containing semiconductor ZnO nanorods have been prepared by microwave-assisted aqueous chemical reaction and subsequent heat treatment process. The as-prepared products have been characterized by X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and photoluminescence spectrum. The diameter and length of ZnO nanorods are estimated to be 40-60 and 300-500 nm, respectively and the long-radius ratio is about 10:1. According to XPS analysis, the concentration of N in ZnO is calculated to be 9.92%. Room temperature photoluminescence spectrum shows a strong UV peak at 383 nm and a weak broad orange-red band emission centered at 603 nm. As a multi-functional material, this high N-containing ZnO nanorods may be applied in solar cell, photo-electron device and photocatalyst, etc.

4 illus, 17 ref

004705   Devi M (Principal and Professor in Civil Engineering, Paavai College of Engineering, Namakkal-637018, Email: devimcivil@gmail.com) : Influence of fibres in enhancing strength and corrosion resistance of fly ash blended quarry dust concrete. Int J civ struct Engng 2015, 5(3), 206-15.

Quarry dust which is generally considered as a waste material can be used as an economical alternative to the river sand since it has become a meager construction material and also highly pricey. Fly ash, which is the residue from coal-fired power plants, when used as partial replacement of cement in concrete, results in reduction of cement consumption and CO2 production besides enhancing strength and durability properties. Deterioration of concrete structures due to rebar corrosion is a matter of significant concern since the cost of repairing and rehabilitation of these structures is very expensive. Fibres can be utilized to obtain a durable concrete with low shrinkage and improved strength properties. The objective of this work is to study the influence of polypropylene fibre in enhancing the strength and durability properties of fly ash blended concrete containing quarry dust as fine aggregate. The mechanical properties studied were compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength in addition to water absorption. The resistance to corrosion was evaluated by means of impressed voltage technique in saline medium, rapid chloride penetration test (RCPT) and weight loss method. From the results it has been arrived that fly ash blended quarry dust concrete along with polypropylene fibre can be effectively and economically utilized in the construction industry.

7 illus, 25 ref

004704   Devi C M; (Bapatla Engineering College, , Bapatla, India) : A study on ground water quality in prakasam District, A P, India using NPI. Pollut Res 2013, 32(2), 347-52.

A plentiful supply of water is indispensable both for drinking and cleaning. Water is said to be polluted when it is unfit for its intended use. A potable water supply, which is needed for the existence of a population, has stretched with industrialization and urbanization. Standing pools and wells are not infrequently impure. In the present study a ground water quality survey bas been carried out in different mandls (administrative units) of prakasam district, A P, India.

10 tables, 10 ref

004703   Devaranavadagi V;Santhana Bosu S (Soil and Water Conservation Engineerng Dep, Tamil Nadu, ) : Estimation of runoff and soil loss in silty loam soils of Tamil Nadu. Envir Ecol 2014, 32(3A), 1111-15.

For a systematic approach to quantify soil loss and runoff from agricultural fields, a standard device has to be evolved. The erosion plot equipment must be adequate to collect runoff and soil loss from the plot and to store all or a part for measurement and analysis. An experiment was conducted during 2012 to estimate the runoff and soil loss from the agricultural fields. A multislot divisor unit was designed and it helps in the scientific assessment of the runoff and soil loss useful for dryfarming and soil conservation. Total three runoff plots were installed 10 study the effect of crops on soil and moisture conservation. two plots kept fallow (control) and in another plot cotton crop was sown. From the fallow runoff plots the total runoff recorded was 804.74 m^{3/ha whereas from the cotton grown runoff was 742.69 m3/ha and the soil loss under fallow plots was 17.62 tons/ha per year and in cotton grown runoff plot was 14.65 tons/ha per year. The result reveals that cotton crop on 0-2 per cent slope are effective in reducing the runoff and soil loss.}

1 illus, 2 tables, 9 ref

004702   Deole G S;Tambavekar A S;Baviskar V R;Sable S R;Chitale M M;Nimbalkar V M (NO, G.V. Acharya Institute of Engineering & Technology, Karjat-410 101) : Development of novel Al-alloy (Al-5Mg)/10Wt.%TiB2 metal matrix composites by in-situ reaction synthesis. J Metall Mater Sci 2014, 56(3), 179-86.

There has been a constant drive for replacing monolithic aluminium alloys by aluminium based metal matrix composites (MMCs) in many industrial applications where high stiffness and high strength to weight ratio are required. The present paper describes a cost effective route to produce Al alloy-10 wt % TiB₂ metal matrix composites by in-situ molten flux assisted reaction synthesis. Aluminium alloys are widely used for commercial applications in transportations, automobiles, construction and similar industrial applications. Now a days main focus is given to aluminium alloy as a matrix material due to its unique combination of good corrosion resistance, low density, superior mechanical properties, good vibration damping, higher wear resistance due to which alloy finds extensive applications in naval applications. With TiB₂ as particulate addition in Al-Alloy (Al-5Mg) matrix properties of alloy can greatly be improved. In-Situ Al-Alloy (Al-5Mg) composite material prepared by reaction synthesis was cast into thick as well as thin section industrial components by gravity and pressure die casting route. Subsequent structure-property evaluation studies indicated sub-micron size reinforcement of in-situ formed TiB₂ particles with improved physical and mechanical properties as compared to conventional Al alloy & its composites. From industrial point of view, the Al-TiB₂ composite has an advantage of easy recycle ability over conventional Al-alloy composites.

004701   Chakraborty R;Mitra A K;Mukherjee S N (Civil Engineering Dep, Environmental Engineering Div, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700 032, Email: rupachakra@yahoo.co.in) : Polishing of chromium containing treated tannery effluent by Pistia and evaluation of some consequent stress effects. Pollut Res 2013, 32(2), 425-31.

Hexavalent chromium Cr (VI) is a dangerous pollutant present in the tannery effluent. In the present investigation, Pistia plant was found to be an effective candidate in removing Cr (VI) from a sample of treated tannery effluent. The experimental results show that about 26.27and 66.82% removal of Cr (VI) were obtained after 24h and 72h of contact time in corresponds to initial concentration of 2.17 mg/L of Cr (VI) respectively. A reduction of 70.3 and 58.03% respectively for NH₃-N and NO₃-N were also observed after 72h of contact period. Root was found to be more dominant for accumulating Cr (VI) than frond portion. After 72h, decrease in biomass, root length, chlorophyll content and increase in protein content, enzyme activities (SOD, POD, NR), lipid peroxidation and ascorbic acid were recorded in treated plants in comparison to control.

2 illus, 1 table, 28 ref

004700   Biswas B K;Chandra S (Directoate of Research, Extension and Farms, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, West Bengal, India, Email: drsouravchandra1@yahoo.com) : Enumeration of Listeria Spp particularly Listeria monocytogenes contamination in port in and around Kolkata and study of its' morphology through scanning electron microscopy. Pollut Res 2013, 32(2), 357-9.

A total of 240 pork and pork swab samples were tested to enumerate Listeria spp contamination in them. Among those samples 32 (13.3%) samples were Listeria spp positive and among these Listeria spp positive samples 6 (18.75%) were positive for L monocytogenes. Oout of 80 samples collected from Organized Slaughter house 24 (30%) samples were Listeria spp. positive whereas among 160 samples collected from retailer, only eight (5<37)) samples were positive to listeria spp. Among 40 pork and 40 pork swab samples from Organized Slaughter house one pork and three pork swab samples were positive for L monocytogenes. Among pork smples three, one, two and three were positive for L ivanovii, L innocua, L seeligeri and L grayi respectively. Similarly among pork swab samples three, two, two and four samples showed presence of L ivanovii, L. inocua, L. seeligeri and L. grayi. respectively. Among 80 pork and 80 pork swab samples collected from retail shops one pork and one pork swab sample had the presence of L. monocytogenes. Among 80 pork samples one sample was positive for L. innocua and one for L. seeligeri. Among 80 pork swab samples one was positive for L. innocua, one for L. welshimeri and two for L. seeligeri. The findings revealed that the pork of organized slaughter house is much more contaminated with Listeria spp.

1 illus, 1 table, 13 ref

004699   Bhatnagar M K;Singh R;Agrawal N;Bhatnagar P (Pt. Shambhu Nath Shukla Govt P G College, , Sahdol (M.P.), Email: drmahendrab15@gmail.com) : Effect of tannery effluents on water quality of Ganga river at Jajmau, Kanpur,India. Pollut Res 2013, 32(2), 433-6.

Water Quality Assessment of Ganga River at Kanpur carried out to assess the extent of chemical pollution in Ganga River affected by industrial effluents in Jajmau Kanpur, India. The pollution load on the river was investigated in two different sites. Sampling was done in the year 2012. Samples collected at selected points were analyzed for Temperature, pH, TDS, Alkalinity, Chloride, Fluoride, Hardness, Dissolve Oxygen(DO),Biochemical Oxygen Demand(BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand(COD), Sulphate, Phosphate, Nitrate, Total Organic Carbon(TOC), Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Potassium and Metals. The lowest level of DO in some sampling spots indicates that industrial activities consume dissolved oxygen present in the water. COD was found to be in high range in sampling spots. The results suggested that Ganga water is polluted & not fit for human consumption without treatment.

14 ref