004698   Bhardwaj G S;Metha M;Ahmed M Y;Chowdhury M A I (Mining Engineering Dep, College of Technology and Engineering, Maharana Pratap University of A, Udaipur, Rajasthan-313 001, Email: bhardwaj_gs@rediffmail.com) : Landslide monitoring by using sensor and wireless technique. Int J Geomatics Geosci 2014, 5(1), 1-8.

Sensor is a major device in electronics for measuring physical data from the environment. Immense applications in the field of an early warning system in space sciences, atmospheric sciences & aeronautical engineering have been explored by various workers. It has been realised that landslide is a frequently occurring natural hazard in the hilly terrains of India; consequent upon every year there is a great loss of life and property. Sensor can be used for the early prediction system of landslide and it could help in preventing the millions of the losses due to natural hazard. In the direction of the landslide prediction, sensor can play a great role, where sensor connected with wireless protocol can make it very useful for remote areas landslide mapping, detection, analysis and prediction etc. A wireless sensor network consists of spatially distributed autonomous sensors to monitor physical or environmental conditions, including temperature, sound, pressure, etc. is found be worthwhile.

2 illus, 1 table, 27 ref

004697   Balamurugan R;Jayanthi S;Thirugnanam G S (Civil Engineering Dep, Institute of Road and Transport Technology, Erode-638 316, Tamilnadu) : Strengthening of RCC column to avoid building debries. Pollut Res 2013, 32(2), 333-5.

When an existing building is demolished the debris is dumped in unused lands, particularly in the outskirts of the city. For any growing town or city, managing the building debris is a problem. It is mostly not reused or is used as a filling material in some areas. To avoid this problem existing structures can be strengthened. Columns are one of the main components of the structures. Substantial progress has been made over the past decades in the use of composites in the construction industries, which includes the use of confinement like PVC, FRP, STEEL, AC PIPE, and WELD MESHES etc. It reduces the problems associated with deterioration of the infrastructures. The confinement should be adequate to develop the flexural hinges and to provide sufficient ductility. This paper presents the results of a study on the axial compressive strength of columns strengthened with PVC wrap. The experimental part of the study included testing six reinforced concrete columns in three series. The first series comprised two similar circular plain concrete columns strengthened with PVC wrap. The second series consisted of two similar circular columns with nominal reinforcement strengthened with PVC wrap. The third series comprised two similar circular RCC columns confined with one layer of chicken mesh and one layer of weld mesh and outer confined with PVC wrap. Axial compressive load was applied to the specimen by UTM in predetermined increments of loads up to failure of the specimen. The ultimate crushing strength was noted for each specimen and the results are compared with that of the control specimen. According to the test results, the PVC wrap increases the strength of circular columns. The conventional RCC column when subjected to direct compression may not reach its ultimate load carrying capacity because of the premature buckling. This experimental study shows clearly that when the conventional concrete is confined by an external confinement, the load carrying capacity is considerably increased.

4 illus, 5 ref

004696   Ashok M;Shenbagavinyagamoorthi N; Neelakrishnan;Saravanan S V (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Nachimuthu Polytechnic College, Pollachi 642 003, Email: ashokm2000@yahoo.com) : Experiment analysis of automobil cabin temperature variation iwth different sun shades for its windows and rear wind screen glasses. Pollut Res 2013, 32(2), 447-50.

In this paper, the temperature variations inside a passenger cabin of an automobile parked in the open sun with different sun shades for its window were analyzed. The car door windows and rear wind screen glasses account for nearly 30% of the total heat gain area. These glasses are given shades having different percentage of heat transmittance and the temperature variations for a period of time of the day is recorded corresponding to the ambient temperature. The analysis reveals that cloth curtain as sunshade significantly reduces the cabin temperature. This analysis will be helpful in deciding on the material to cover the window glasses so as to reduce the car air conditioner load which in turn helps to improve the mileage of the automotive.

16 illus, 1 table, 2 ref

004695   Ashfaq A (Faculty of Engineering & Technology, AMU, Aligarh, Email: ahmad_ashfaq76@yahoo.com) : Environmental benign utilization of fly ash for the removal of toxic metal ions from wastestreams. Pollut Res 2013, 32(2), 375-8.

14 ref

004694   Arya S;Subramani T (NO, Anna University, Geology ep, Email: aryasuruchand@gmail.com) : Rapid assessment of suitability of groundwater for drinking and irrigation purposes. Pollut Res 2013, 32(2), 321-6.

Groundwater is the major source for drinking and irrigation purposes in Vattamalaikarai River in, Tamilnadu, India. Though the basin area is very small, the groundwater quality variation highly erratic. Thus a field study was conducted during November 2011 for the rapid assessment of suitability of groundwater for drinking and irrigation purposes. Some of the important insitu groundwater quality parameters such as temperature, pH, electrical conductivity and salinity were measured in 70 observation wells. Based on these parameters, areas which are suitable for drinking and irrigation were demarcated using geographical information system (GIS). The study indicates that about 60 of the Vattamalaikarai River basin area is suitable for drinking purposes. Groundwater quality is not good in the western part when compared with the eastern part.

7 illus, 3 tables, 18 ref

004693   Anuradha;Manhas R S;Gera M (J&K State Pollution Control Board, , Parivesh Bhawan, Gladni-180 006, J*K, Jammu) : Hydrological profile of mansar and suinsar lakes of Jammu and Kashmir, India. Pollut Res 2013, 32(2), 277-82.

Environmental degradation is one of the prime indicators of unsustainable socio- economic and inequitable development. The urgent need for present times is to utilize our natural resources in a sustainable manner so that their depletion is minimised and pollution is kept under control. As the global population continues to increase rapidly, the growing human need for freshwater is leading to a crisis like situation in many parts of the world. The fresh water resources comprise the river systems, groundwater and wetlands. Updated information on environmental changes undergoing in these life support fresh water systems is necessary for their protection and remediation. Apart from important river systems, the State of Jammu and Kashmir is bestowed with a number of lakes and wetlands which have been notified as Ramsar Sites. Mansar and Surinsar are two such lakes located in Jammu region. These lakes for their importance to local communities and tourism are being monitored by the State Pollution Control Board for their water quality. The paper highlights the Physico-chemical characteristics of Mansar and Surinsar lakes based on the parameters recorded during the year 2010-2011. Chemical analysis of lake water samples reveals that the Ca and Mg account for 68% of the cations and HCO₃ accounts for 85% of the total anion. The concentration of phosphate (<60>0.01) confirms that the lakes have entered into the eutrophic stage. High values of alkalinity and hardness and their direct relation with each other show that they are resulting from a common source of dissolution of carbonates.

2 illus, 2 tables, 9 ref

004692   Alwis Deva Kirupa J P;Sakthieswaran N (Civil Engineering, Ponjesly College of Engineering, Nagercoil, , , Email: adkjp.civil@gmail.com) : Possible materials for producing Geopolymer concrete and its performance with and without Fibre addition- A State of the art review. Int J civ struct Engng 2015, 5(3), 296-307.

Global warming is one of the most pronounced terms in this present century. Hence reducing the greenhouse gas emissions, which is the reason behind global warming, is the need of the hour and so efforts are urgently underway all over the world to develop environmentally friendly construction materials, which make minimum utility of fast dwindling natural resources and help to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Five to eight percent of the world's manmade Greenhouse gas emissions are from the Cement industry itself. It is an established fact that the green house gas emissions are reduced by 80% in Geopolymer concrete vis-a-vis the conventional Portland cement manufacturing, as it does not involve carbonate burns. In this connection, Geopolymers are showing great potential and several researchers have critically examined the various aspects of their viability as binder system. Considerable research has been carried out on development of Geopolymer concretes (GPCs), which involve heat curing. A few studies have been reported on the use of such GPCs for structural applications. Thus Geopolymer based Concrete is highly environment friendly and the same time it can be made as high performance concrete. This paper presents a review of the literature, outlining the various research approaches undertaken in an effort to check the feasibility of geopolymer to Civil Engineering applications. The findings of these varying approaches are compared, and the different strategies employed are compiled and discussed. It is expected that this review will provide a key step in advancing the understanding of this innovative construction material.

8 illus, 1 table, 16 ref

004691   Aleem M I A;Arumairaj P D (Civil Engineering Dep, Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology, Coimbatore-641 010, Email: aleomces@gmail.com) : Pollution free geopolymer concrete with M- Sand. Pollut Res 2013, 32(2), 327-32.

Geopolymer concrete is the concrete made without using any quantity of cement. Instead the waste material from the thermal power station called Fly Ash is used as the binding material. This fly ash reacts with alkaline solution like Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) and Sodium Silicate (Na₂SiO₃) and forms a gel which binds the fine and coarse aggregates. Similarly another Artificial material called Manufactured Sand (M-Sand) is also used as the fine aggregate against the normal river sand. Concrete cubes of size 100 x 100 x 100 mm, Cylinder specimen of size 150 mm diameter and 300 mm height and Prism specimen of size 100 xl00 x 400 mm were prepared for both the Geopolymer Concrete with M-sand and conventional ordinary Portland cement concrete, for the same mix. The Cube compressive strength, Split Tensile Strength, Cylinder Compression and Prism Beam Flexure Tests were found out at 7, 14, 21and 28 days. The strength of Geopolymer Concrete is compared with normal cement concrete and found the strength of Geopolymer concrete with M-sand is high. Hence, pollution free Geopolymer concrete with M-sand can be an alternative to ordinary Portland cement concrete.

16 illus, 3 tables, 7 ref

004690   Alam M Z;Hazari N;Das D K (Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory, , Kanchanbagh, Hyderabad-500-58, Email: zafir_in@rediffmail.com) : Microstructure and oxidaton performance of a <199>-<199>' Pt-aluminide bond coat on directionally solidified superalloy CM-247LC. Bull Mater Sci 2014, 37(6), 1551-61.

The microstructure of a Pt-modified <199>-<199>' bond coat on CM-247LC Ni-base superalloy has been examined and its cyclic oxidation performance at 1100 °C in air is comparatively evaluated with that of a conventional β(Ni, Pt)AI bond coat. The <199>-<199>' bond coat was effective in imparting oxidation resistance to the CM-247LC alloy for about 100 h, whereas the β coating imparted oxidation resistance for significantly longer duration of about 1000 h. The nature of surface damage that occurred to the <199>-<199>' coating during oxidation has been compared with that reported in the case of β coating.

12 illus, 35 ref

003831   Yogesh;Ashok Kumar;Arun Kumar (NO, Satya College of Engineering and Technology, Palwal (Haryana), Email: ys45150@gmail.com) : Analyzing the influence of channel roughness on heat transfer and fluid flow. Invertis J Sci Technol 2015, 8(2), 70-7.

Effect of roughness on pressure drop and heat transfer in circular tubes has been extensively studied in literature. The pioneering work of Nikuradse (1933) established the sand grain roughness as a major parameter in defining the friction factor during laminar and turbulent flows. Recent studies have indicated a transition to turbulent flows at Reynolds number values much below 2300 during single-phase flow in channels with small hydraulic diameters. In the present work, a detailed experimental study is undertaken to investigate the roughness effects in small diameter tubes. The roughness of the inside tube surface is changed by etching it with an acid solution.

11 illus, 3 tables, 7 ref

003830   Vodyanenko G R (NO, Perm National Research Polytechnic Univ, Russia, 614000, Perm, Komsomolsky Prospect, 29) : Information and cognitive activities of a student as a way to interact with the new information reality. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2014, 11(3), 1731-5.

The article considers the relevance and the method of changing the traditional model of cognitive activity, aimed at the interaction between the person (student) and the modern information and technologically rich world. A new model is proposed to call the information and cognitive activity. The existing model structure transformation is produced by increasing the conjugacy of components of thinking, information and engineering research activities. The pedagogical experiment for the development of information and cognitive activity by students is described, and the obtained data are discussed and interpreted herein.

1 table, 12 ref

003829   Vlasov V A;Vlasova S V;Olegovich T A (National Research Nuclear Univ, MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), Russian Federation, 115409, Moscow, Kashirskoye, 31) : Current statistical quality control of technological process. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2014, 11(3), 1757-9.

The task of statistical testing of changing quality of technological process in case of making changes in the process for the purpose of quality improvement is considered in the article. Almost every technological process is subjected to random disturbances which mean that the current quality of technological process is casual. It is described by the special parameter connected with the distribution law of random variables xi the values of which after the experiment are the certain values ci. Such parameters, for example, could be a failure rate l of products in large let-outs, an average sports result of an athlete, an average life expectancy of a patient after considerable treatment (operational interventions etc.). The greatest difficulty of statistical control is that it is necessary to face the procedure of testing composite parametrical hypotheses. For example, the hypothesis H can be a statement that the failure rate is less than the predetermined value (l <60> l0, where l0 - is a predetermined value). Usually for testing composite parametrical hypothesis the distribution law of unknown parameter is applied. However this law in the majority of practical situations is unknown, and this fact complicates the procedure of correct reduction.

10 ref

003828   Tsigklifis K;Lucey A D (Fluid Dynamics Research Group, Mechanical Engineering Dep, Curtin Univ, Perth, WA 6845, Australia, Email: k.tsigklifis@curtin.edu.au) : Global instabilities and transient growth in blasius boundary-layer flow over a compliant panel. Sadhana 2015, 40(3), 945-60.

Aim is develop a hybrid of computational and theoretical approaches suited to study the fluid-structure interaction (FS1) of a compliant panel, flush between rigid upstream and downstream wall sections, with a Blasius boundary-layer flow. The ensuing linear-stability analysis is focused upon global instability and transient growth of disturbances. The flow solution is developed using a combination of vortex and source boundary-element sheets on a computational grid while the dynamics of a plate-spring compliant wall are couched in finite-difference form. The fully coupled FSI system is then written as an eigenvalue problem and the eigenvalues of the various flow- and wall-based instabilities are analysed. It is shown that coalescence or resonance of a structural eigenmode with either a flow-based Tollmien-Schlichting Wave (TSW) or wall-based travelling-wave flutter (TWF) modes can occur. This can render the nature of these well-known convective Instabilities to become global for a finite compliant wall giving temporal growth of system disturbances. Finally, a non-modal analysis based on the linear superposition of the extracted temporal modes is presented. This reveals a high level of transient growth when the flow interacts with a compliant panel that has structural properties which render the FSI system prone to global instability. Thus, to design stable finite compliant panels for applications such as boundary-layer transition-postponement, both global instabilities and transient growth must be taken into account.

8 illus, 1 table, 22 ref

003827   Talakokula V;Bhalla S;Bhattacharjee B;Gupta A (Civil Engineering Dep, ABES Engineering College, Ghaziabad-201 009, Email: sbhalla@civil.iitd.ac.in) : Non-destructive assessment of rebar corrosion based on equivalent structural parameters using peizo-transducers. Curr Sci 2015, 108(10), 1890-1900.

Occurrence of corrosion in rebars of reinforced concrete (RC) structures is a common problem faced by the ageing infrastructure across the world. This article presents a newly developed approach for detecting and quantifying corrosion of steel bars utilizing a piezoelectric ceramic (PZT) patch surface-bonded on the rebars employing equivalent structural parameters using the electro-mechanical impedance (EMI) technique. This technique utilizes the electromechanical coupling property of piezoelectric materials for a damage diagnosis. Through tests on three steel rebars, empherical relations are derived to relate the corrosion-induced mass and stiffness loss to the loss in the equivalent mass and stiffness identified by the PZT patch. The equivalent mass loss and stiffness loss correlate well with the actual mass loss and stiffness loss and, provide an alternative corrosion assessment paradigm suitable for diagnosing corrosion in steel rebars. The model-based corrosion assessment presented can be utilized for real-life steel structures.

14 illus, 47 ref

003826   Subramanian S;Swain P K;Deshpande A V; Satyamurthy P (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Veermata Jijabi Technological Institute, Mumbai-400 019, Email: 17.sharnaya@gmail.com) : Effect of Hartmann layer resolution for MHD flow in a straight, conducting duct a high Hartmann numbers. Sadhana 2015, 40(3), 851-61.

Conventionally, obtaining a converged solution for a MagnetoHydro-Dynamic problem entails a highly resolved Hartmann boundary layer, leading to excessive time and computational requirements. For high Hartmann number flows through electrically conducting channels, majority of the current loops close through the walls and the Hartmann layer contributes only a small fraction of the global current path. Hence, the effect on flow parameters due to coarsening the mesh of the Hartmann Layer was investigated using the ANSYS FLUENT code. Numerical simulations have been carried out in square and rectangular ducts with wall conductance ratio of 0.156 and 0.078 respectively. Magnetic field was varied from 1T to 4T to obtain solution for Hartmann numbers (Ha = Ba√σ/μ) in the range of 260-1040 for the square duct, and 520-2080 for the rectangular duct. B, a, μ, and a are the strength of applied magnetic field, characteristic length of the channel, dynamic viscosity and electrical conductivity of the fluid respectively. The errors in estimating core and side layer peak velocity and fully developed pressure gradient were found to be low even for a grid system having 46% coarser grid than a well-resolved system. The analysis indicated that for high Hartmann number flows through thick, conducting ducts, coarsening the mesh in the Hartmann boundary layer reduced computational time, not compromising on the solution accuracy and appears to be a promising option for complex geometry MHD simulation.

4 illus, 7 tables, 8 ref

003825   Srivastava P;Dubey S (NO, Delhi College of Technology & Management, Palwal Haryana, Email: parul.1988sr@gmail.com) : Experimental investigations to study tool wear during turning of alumina reinforced aluminium composite. Invertis J Sci Technol 2015, 8(2), 107-16.

Metal matrix compositions (MMC) have become a leading materials and particles reinforced aluminum MMCs have received considerable attention due to their excellent mechanical properties like high hardness, high tensile strength etc. These materials are difficult to machine because of high hardness and abrasive nature of reinforcing elements like alumina particles. In this study, homogenized (2%, 4%, and 6% by weight of alumina) aluminum metal matrix composite materials were fabricated and selected as workpiece for experimental investigations of tool wear, surface roughness and metal removal rate. The titanium nitride coated tungsten carbide tool and uncoated tungsten carbide tools were used at different cutting speeds (265,400,535 rpm), feed rates (0.29, 0.32, 0.35 mm/rev.), and depth of cut (1.0, 1.5, 2.0 mm). The microstructures and mechanical properties of produced composite specimens have been investigated. It has been observed that increase of reinforcement element produced better mechanical properties such as hardness and tensile strength. The turning experiments were planned by Taguchi method. The obtained experimental data has been analyzed using signal to noise ratio and ANOVA. The main effects have been discussed and percentage contribution of various process parameters speed, feed, depth of cut and concentration effecting tool wear, surface roughness and metal removal rate have been determined. Empirical relations by regression have been developed to predict the tool wear, surface roughness and material removal rate as a function of considered process parameters.

9 illus, 10 tables, 18 ref

003824   Sivasubramanian K;Jaya K P;Ramanjaneyulu K (NO, CSIR-Structural Engineering Research Centre, Taramani, Chennai-600 113, Email: ksiva@serc.res.in) : Improved thermography technique for identifying structural elements under ambient conditions. Curr Sci 2015, 108(10), 1882-9.

Infrared thermography is an interesting non-contact evaluation technique which relies on surface thermal gradient. It is used to identify dissimilarity in geometry or material property. The application of this method in civil engineering is limited, as concrete components are heavy and require large amount of heat to reveal differential thermal gradients. Hence, the present work focuses on assessing the applicability of the infrared thermography technique for civil engineering structures under ambient conditions using solar heat. For the study, the exterior frames in real structures have been chosen, wherein the reinforced concrete and masonry members are not explicitly visible to the eye. The initial studies showed that the thermograms revealed different temperature gradients corresponding to the main beams and masonry walls, thus aiding in their identification. However, when the method was extended to multi-storey framed structures, the thinner elements like lintel beams could not be identified. The application of improved thermography technique using wavelet packet analysis to two test structures showed that lintel beams could also be identified. Also, the possibility to evaluate the geometric dimensions of structural members and floor heights, using the thermogram and a reference dimension, has been studied on two test structures. The geometric dimensions could be evaluated with more than 90% accuracy.

10 illus, 1 table, 35 ref

003823   Sinha A;Balasubramanian S;Gopalakrishnan S (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Baombay, Mumbai-400 076, Email: avick.sinha@iitb.ac.in) : Numerical study on dynamics of spray jets. Sadhana 2015, 40(3), 787-802.

Study of flow characteristics of spray jets in an injector nozzle, sol-gel process is very critical for scientific studies. In this communication, we report results from a numerical modeling of spray jet dynamics and its breakup. The nature of instability depends on the density of the jet fluid and the ambient fluid and also on the velocity of the jet. The present work is motivated by the lack of quantitative measurement to explain the nature of instability of a vertically descending jet into a stagnant medium. In order to capture the sharp gradient between the interfaces, modified Volume of Fluid, using an extra compression term is used. The velocity profiles and spread angle are measured to quantitatively explain the mixing and growth of the instability in such complex multiphase flows.

17 illus, 16 ref

003822   Sharma P K;Agrawal B N (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Delhi College of Technology & Management, Palwal Haryana, Email: pankajshrm656@gmail.com) : Cost calculation of a machined component (machine hour rate CNC machine). Invertis J Sci Technol 2015, 8(2), 93-4.

Cost of any component is earlier provided by the manufacturer only, but now a day cost of any component is given by market or we can say directly by user. All of this is because of competitive market and new technology. Now a days users give the target price and accordingly manufacturer planns material, process, etc. to meet the price. There are many types of components used to assemble an automobile like sheet metal components, rubber & plastic components, machined components of various parts. Here we report how to know the cost of a machined component.

5 ref

003821   Sharma A K;Mahapatra P S;Manna N K;Ghosh K (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Jadavpur Univ, Kolkata-700 032, Email: nirmalkmannaju@gmail.com) : Mixed convection in a baffled grooved channel. Sadhana 2015, 40(3), 835-49.

In the present numerical work, flow structure and heat transfer characteristics are investigated in a baffled grooved channel, differentially heated from the sides. The baffle is placed vertically downward from the top wall of grooved channel geometry, with the motive of diverting outside forced flow towards the inside of the square cavity. In-house CFD code based on finite volume method has been used to solve the 2D equations of continuity, momentum and energy. The effect of change in baffle position and height is investigated in the range of Richardson numbers 0.1 to 10. For the present study, external flow from both left and right of the grooved channel are considered. A remarkable enhancement of heat transfer is observed in presence of baffle. The study has also pointed out that for optimal performance, the position and height of the baffle need to be adjusted depending on the direction of external flow.

10 illus, 20 ref

003820   Sharma A (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai-400 076, Email: atulsharma@iitb.ac.in) : Level set method for computational multi-fluid dynamics: a review on developments, applications and analysis. Sadhana 2015, 40(3), 627-52.

Functions and conservation as well as subsidiary equations in Level Set Method (LSM) are presented. After the mathematical formulation, improvements in the numerical methodology for LSM are reviewed here for advection schemes, reinitialization methods, hybrid methods, adaptive-grid LSM, dual-resolution LSM, sharp-interface LSM, conservative LSM, parallel computing and extension from two to multi fluid/phase as well as to various types of two-phase flow. In the second part of this article, LSM method based Computational Multi-Fluid Dynamics (CMFD) applications and analysis are reviewed for four different types of multi-phase flow: separated and parallel internal flow, drop/bubble dynamics during jet break-up, drop impact dynamics on a solid or liquid surface and boiling. In the last twenty years, LSM has established itself as a method which is easy to program and is accurate as well as computationally-efficient.

8 illus, 117 ref

003819   Semin M I;Karelina M Y;Atamanenko N V; Tcherepnina T Y (NO, , 125319, MADI, Leningradskiy prospect, building 64, Moscow, Russia, The Moscow State Automobile and Road Technical Univ () : Model of compound rod in designing of adhesive and adhesive-mechanical joints. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2014, 11(3), 1725-9.

The capabilities of calculation methods for the design of adhesive and adhesive-mechanical joints are regarded, based on the model of the compound rod. Recommendations on estimation of the impact of number of structural factors and parameters on the load of the connecting node of layered construction.

3 illus, 18 ref

003818   Salakhov I I;Voloshko V V;Galimyanov I D; Mavleev I R (NO, Naberezhnochelninsky Institute (branch) Kazan Federal Univ, Russian Federation, 423812, Naberezhnye Chelny. pr. Syuyumbike, 10A, Email: iis_kfu@mail.ru) : Universal differential mechanism. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2014, 11(3), 1553-7.

The existing differential mechanisms - the planetary systems, which are the basis for creation of automatic transmissions are analyzed, the prospects for the application and development of planetary automatic transaxles are examined. The kinematic diagrams of differential mechanisms, which are the part of developed universal differential mechanism structure and the very mechanism, are presented. Its key structural parameters, kinematic connection between parts, which are summarized in the table, are detected. The design procedure of the universal differential mechanism, which is associated with the design philosophy and internal gear ratios, determined in accordance with the required gear ratio transmission is expounded.

2 illus, 1 table, 11 ref

003817   Saha A K;Shrivastava A (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208 016, Email: aksaha@iitk.ac.in) : Suppression of vortex shedding around a square cylinder using blowing. Sadhana 2015, 40(3), 769-85.

Direct numerical simulation (DNS) of flow past a square cylinder at a Reynolds number of 100 has been carried out to explore the effect of blowing in the form of jet(s) on vortex shedding. Higher order spatial as well as temporal discretization has been employed for the discretization of governing equations. The varying number of jets, jet velocity profiles and different blowing velocities are studied to investigate the characteristics of vortex shedding. The parabolic velocity profile has been found to be more effective in suppressing the vortex shedding as compared to the uniform velocity. Complete suppression of vortex shedding along with remarkable reduction in drag coefficient has been achieved for both jet velocity profiles but at different velocities. The corresponding values for uniform and parabolic jet profiles are 0.87 and 0.6, respectively at a mass flux of 0.120. The study also reveals that there is considerable effect of the number of jets on the vortex shedding phenomena.

10 illus, 3 tables, 30 ref

003816   Razinovich G R;Nikolaevich B A;Abdullovna A L;Grigorievich K V (NO, Kazan Federal Univ-18 Kremlyovskaya St., Kazan 420008 Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation) : Modification of argillous raw materials by additives comprising carbonates. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2014, 11(3), 1689-94.

In order to improve technological and drying properties of argillaceous raw materials and to produce face brick of light color shades from low-melt and red-burning clay, a modification of carbonate-containing additive, in a form of oil-slime utilization product, was carried out. An influence of a concentration of an additive on structure and properties of a modified mixture is discussed. Structure of ceramics and chemical composition of minerals formed during burning is studied, their influence and an influence of organic component of the additive on a change of color and properties of ceramic brick, manufactured by means of plastic molding method, are identified.

3 illus, 6 tables, 19 ref

003815   Razinovich G R;Faritovna M L;Abdullovna A L (NO, Kazan Federal Univ - 18 Kremlyovskaya St., Kazan 420008, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation) : Reinforcement of polymers by means of modification with an implementation of porous fillers. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2014, 11(3), 1667-72.

The presented paper demonstrates effectiveness of an application of fillers in polymer on an example of plasticized polyvinylchloride composites and carbamide foamed plastics with expanded perlite sand. The studies of structure and properties of optimal compositions of developed materials are presented.

2 illus, 6 tables, 10 ref

003814   Prinja S;Gursimer Jeet;Manmeet Kaur;Aggarwal A K;Manchanda N;Rajesh Kumar (School of Public Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh) : Impact of referral transport system on institutional deliveries in Haryana, India. Indian J med Res 2014, 139(6), 883-91.

Creation of a strong referral transport network across the country is necessary for improving physical access to public sector health facilities. In this study we evaluated the referral transport services in Haryana, i.e. Haryana Swasthya Vaahan Sewa (HSVS), now known as National Ambulance Service (NAS), to assess the extent and pattern of utilization, and to ascertain its effect on public sector institutional deliveries. Secondary data on 116,562 patients transported during April to July 2011 in Haryana state were analysed to assess extent and pattern of NAS utilization. Exit interviews were conducted with 270 consecutively selected users and non- users of referral services respectively in Ambala (High NAS utilization), Hisar (medium utilization) and Narnaul (low utilization) districts. Month-wise data on institutional deliveries in public facilities during 2005-2012 were collected in these three districts, and analysed using interrupted time series analysis to assess the impact of NAS on institutional deliveries. Female gender (OR = 77.7), rural place of residence (OR = 5.96) and poor socio-economic status (poorest wealth quintile OR = 2.64) were significantly associated with NAS ambulance service usage. Institutional deliveries in Haryana rose significantly after the introduction of NAS service in Ambala (OR=137.4, 95% CI=22.4-252.4) and Hisar (OR=215, 95% CI=88.5-341.3) districts. No significant increase was observed in Narnaul (OR=4.5, 95% CI= -137.4 to 146.4) district. The findings of the present study showed a positive effect of referral transport service on increasing institutional deliveries. However, this needs to be backed up with adequate supply of basic and emergency obstetric care at hospitals and health centres.

2 illus, 4 tables, 17 ref

003813   Pedley T J;Pihler-Puzovic D (Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics Dep, Cambridge Univ, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, UK, Email: t.j.pedley@damtp.cam.ac.uk) : Flow and oscillations in collapsible tubes: physiological applications and low-dimensional models. Sadhana 2015, 40(3), 891-909.

Motivation for this subject comes from physiology: Air-flow in the lungs, where flow limitation during forced expiration is a consequence of large-airway collapse, and wheezing, which is a manifestation of self-excited mechanical oscillations; Blood flow in veins, such as those of giraffes, in which the return of blood to the heart from the head must be accompanied by partial venous collapse, and in arteries, which exhibit self-excited oscillations (Korotkov sounds) when compressed by a blood-pressure cuff. Laboratory experiments are frequently conducted in a Starling resistor, a finite length of flexible tube, mounted between two rigid tubes and contained in a pressurised chamber. Steady conditions upstream and downstream give rise not only to steady flows, but also to a rich variety of self-excited oscillations, which theoreticians have been seeking to understand for at least five decades. Some of the observations have been reproduced in full Navier-Stokes computations for a two-dimensional model, but these do not provide physical understanding. We seek a self-consistent mathematical model for the oscillations. We concentrate first on 1D models, in which the key dependent variables are the cross-sectional area A and the cross-sectionally averaged velocity u and pressure p, all taken to be functions of longitudinal coordinate x and time t. The governing equations are those of conservation of mass and momentum and a tube law representing the elastic properties of the vessel. In the momentum equation, the viscous resistance term is conventionally modelled either as a linear function of fluid velocity, accurate at low Reynolds number, or with an ad hoc representation of the energy loss at flow separation. Even with such crude approximations, the predictions of 1D models agree quite well both with observations in the giraffe and with some of the 2D computations and 3D experiments. For a more rational model, we examine a 2.D model problem, in which part of one wall of a parallel sided channel is replaced by a membrane under tension. One approach, for large Reynolds-number flow, and a long membrane, is to consider small deflections of the membrane and use interactive boundary-layer theory. This leads to interesting predictions, such as the impossibility of simultaneously prescribing the flow rate and the upstream pressure, but not to oscillations, except in cases where wall inertia is important (flutter). Another approach is to assume a parabolic velocity profile everywhere, leading to a rational choice for the inertia and viscous terms in the 1D momentum equation. If, further, the undisturbed membrane is taken to be flat, by a suitable choice of external pressure distribution, the system leads to an oscillatory instability even without wall inertia. Whether these oscillations have the same physics as those computed numerically at lower Reynolds number remains to be seen.

15 illus, 31 ref

003812   Needhidasan S;Nallanathel M (Civil Engineering Dep, Saveetha Univ, Saveetha School of Enineering, Chennai-602 105) : Composites as building material for sustainable environment - an overview. Indian J envir Prot 2014, 34(4), 265-76.

Composite materials with superior quality will not only replace the traditional materials but also find new applications in the emerging construction sector. A composite material is a combination of two or more materials wherein each one have very different properties but work together to give the unique properties. Being light as well as strong, composites have the advantage that it can be used for specific material developments. The growing human population adds to the ever increasing demand for shelter which calls for the need of flexible building materials. Composites bridge this gap with its versatility in moulding to complex shapes in no time. High cost is one of the hindrances in composites. Material selection, product forms and processes may add up the initial cost but for long run, composites are affordable. Furthermore most of the ill effects in finished construction can very well be averted by using composites. The present day practices in construction buildings minimize the opportunity for sustainable environment, which will lead us to self destruction in the name of development. This paper discusses the usage of composites in the construction sector in India, where it is growing too fast by disturbing balance of environment and also the necessity of the composites as an alternative to conventional materials to maintain the sustainable environment.

10 illus, 3 tables, 29 ref

003811   Mishra A;Shukla A;Sharma A (NO, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology (RGIPT), Rae Bareli-229 316, Email: amritanshu.shukla@gmail.com) : Latent heat storage through phase change materials. Resonance 2015, 20(6), 532-41.

Energy requirement is increasing day-by-day for all of us. Though the major demand comes in the form of electrical energy for domestic as well as the industrial sector, some of this demand can be reduced by appropriately utilizing thermal energy available via solar radiation. Phase change material (commonly known as PCM), which has become an attractive means to store thermal energy, has a wide range of applications in today's world. This article explains the PCM-based technology, its principle and its numerous applications in everyday life.

2 illus, 1 table, 3 ref

003810   Mahamuni S;Ramamoorthy P;Veera Lakshmi A; Sagadevan S (Electronics and Communication Engineering Dep, Sree Sastha Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chennai) : Voice recognition system for physically disable using spectrogram techniques. Asian J biochem pharm Res 2014, 4(3), 112-121.

The Speech signals are processed with the help of wavelet signal processing techniques. Speach technologies are commercially available for an unlimited but interesting range of tasks.The Hidden Markov Model (HMM) is used to classify the speech signals. The analysis of speech signals using Haar wavelet tansform. Which decompose the speech signals. The various parameters such as mean and standard deviation for the different ages are measured to identify the Tamil vowels. The measured values of mean and standard deviation will be used as reference for recognizing the speech of deaf and dumb. Earlier systems concentrated on identifying the Mandarin speech and this work mainly focused on identifying Tamil speech for web browsing. The speech signals are captured and analyzed using SIGVIEW and Matrix Laboratory (MATLAB) tools respectively. We have developed the recognition system using Harr Wavelet.

7 ref

003809   Lakdawala A M;Thaokar R;Sharma A (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400 076, Email: atulsharma@iitb.ac.in) : Break-up of a non-newtonian jet injected downwards in a Newtonian liquid. Sadhana 2015, 40(3), 819-33.

Present work on downward injection of non-Newtonian jet is an extension of our recent work (Lakdawala et al, Int. J. Multiphase Flow. 59: 206-220, 2014) on upward injection of Newtonian jet. The non-Newtonian rheology of the jet is described by a Carreau type generalized Newtonian fluid (GNF) model, which is a phenomenological constitutive equation that accounts for both rate-thinning and rate-thickening. Level set method based numerical study is done for Newtonian as well as various types of shear thinning and thickening jet fluid. Effect of average injection velocity (V_av,i) is studied at a constant Reynolds number Re = 14.15, Weber number We = 1, Froude number Fr = 0.25, density ratio χ = 0.001 and viscosity ratio η = 0.01. CFD analysis of the temporal variation of interface and jet length (L_j) is done to propose different types of jet breakup regimes. At smaller, intermediate and larger values of V_{av, i}, the regimes found are periodic uniform drop (P-UD), quasi-periodic non-uniform drop (QP-NUD) and no breakup (NB) regimes for a shear thinning jet; and periodic along with Satellite Drop (P+S), jetting (J) and no breakup (NB) regimes for a shear thickening jet, respectively. This is presented as a drop-formation regime map. Shear thickening (thinning) is shown to produce long (short) jet length. Diameter of the primary drop increases and its frequency of release decreases, due to increase in stability of the jet for shear thickening as compared to thinning fluid.

7 illus, 21 ref

003808   Kumaran V (Chemical Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560 012, Email: kumaran@chemeng.iisc.ernet.in) : Experimental studies on the flow through soft tubes and channels. Sadhana 2015, 40(3), 911-23.

Experiments conducted in channels/tubes with height/diameter less than 1 mm with soft walls made of polymer gels show that the transition Reynolds number could be significantly lower than the corresponding value of 1200 for a rigid channel or 2100 for a rigid tube. Experiments conducted with very viscous fluids show that there could be an instability even at zero Reynolds number provided the surface is sufficiently soft. Linear stability studies show that the transition Reynolds number is linearly proportional to the wall shear modulus in the low Reynolds number limit, and it increases as the 1/2 and 3/4 power of the shear modulus for the 'inviscid' and 'wall mode' instabilities at high Reynolds number. While the inviscid instability is similar to that in the flow in a rigid channel, the mechanisms of the viscous and wall mode instabilities are qualitatively different. These involve the transfer of energy from the mean flow to the fluctuations due to the shear work done at the interface. The experimental results for the viscous instability mechanism are in quantitative agreement with theoretical predictions. At high Reynolds number, the instability mechanism has characteristics similar to the wall mode instability. The experimental transition Reynolds number is smaller, by a factor of about 10, than the theoretical prediction for the parabolic flow through rigid tubes and channels. However, if the modification in the tube shape due to the pressure gradient, and the consequent modification in the velocity profile and pressure gradient, are incorporated, there is quantitative agreement between theoretical predictions and experimental results. The transition has important practical consequences, since there is a significant enhancement of mixing after transition.

41 ref

003807   Kemalov A F;Kemalov R A;Abdrafikova I M (NO, Kazan (Volga region) Federal Univ, Russian Federation, 420008, Kazan, Kremlyovskaya street, 8) : Use of plant oils for gaining the colored plastoconcrete. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2014, 11(3), 1699-1706.

Development of road infrastructure is an indispensable condition for economic and social progress of many countries. In this paper we studied in detail the patterns of interaction between components studied in order to obtain a binder for color plastoconcrete based on thermoplastic resins and the mixtures of unsaturated and saturated acids of vegetable origin from plant oils as solvents, with addition of ultrathene, pigments. There is some evidence about the nature and quality of interaction obtained in the synthesis of binders. The main performance properties of the obtained binder systems were analyzed as well as softening point, penetration, ductility, adhesion to mineral particles.

1 illus, 4 tables, 14 ref

003806   Katyal M;Kaushik R (NO, Delhi College of Technology & Management, Palwal (Haryana), Email: manish.katyal@yahoo.com ) : Design and analysis of a semielliptical leaf spring. Invertis J Sci Technol 2015, 8(2), 82-7.

Design and Analysis of a Semi Elliptical Leaf Spring for Operating Load Conditions based on markets major failure cases where rear leaf assembly fails while carrying optimum operating service load is studied. The involved vehicle's rear suspension system contains leaf springs that are constructed of either three or four leaves. There is a possibility that a leaf could fracture due to stress. Static analysis has been carried out to determine the Safe Stresses, Strains and check load. Modeling is done using NX8.5 Software and Analysis is done by using ANSYS Workbench 14.5 software. The present work attempts to modeling and static analysis of the leaf spring.

19 illus, 3 tables, 8 ref

003805   Kanchan Rani;Kaushik R (NO, , Mechanical Engineering Dep, Palwal, (Haryana), Email: ertwinkle22@gmail.com ) : Optimization of machining process parameters of tool steel on WEDM using Taguchi method. Invertis J Sci Technol 2015, 8(2), 63-9.

Experimental study has been carried out on a WEDM machine to identify various significant control factors and their interaction that affect the machining performance of HCHCr such as metal removal rate and surface finish based on Taguchi method.

5 illus, 7 tables, 6 ref

003804   Janardan N;Panchagnula M V;Bormashenko E (NO, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600 036, Email: mvp@iitm.ac.in) : Liquid marbles: physics and applications. Sadhana 2015, 40(3), 653-71.

Liquid marbles are formed by encapsulating microscale volume of liquid in a particulate sheath. The marble thus formed is robust and resists rupture if the particulate layer covers the entire volume of liquid and prevents contact between the liquid and the substrate. Liquid marbles have been objects of study over the past decade. Research has been focused on understanding their formation and properties - both static and dynamic. A range of particulate materials as well as liquids have been employed to make these objects. This paper summarizes the state of the art in this regard and discusses new- developments that are being discussed. Finally, some directions are proposed based on lacunae observed in the community's understanding - both in terms of the science as well as on the application fronts.

9 illus, 1 table, 44 ref

003803   Guillaume K B;Sergeyevich S N;Vyacheslavovna Y Y;Nikolaevich S E (Doctor of Technical Sciences (PhD), Professor at the Dep of Water Supply and Sanitation of Rostov State, Univ of Civil Engineering, Email: guillaumekb@yahoo.fr) : Analysis of the flocculation process in purification of environmental waters during dry and wet seasons in the West african countries. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2014, 11(3), 1825-9.

An investigation of the performance of flocculators in the city of Dimbokro, Cote d'Ivoire was conducted. The correspondence between theoretical and experimental hydrodynamic and design parameters of the performance of flocculators with propeller mixers was reviewed according to Camp's criterion. Recommendations are provided on the operation of flocculators with the goal of intensifying the coagulation process and energy conservation.

3 illus, 20 ref

003802   Gopika S K;Karthikeyan S;Ambily N (NO, Government Engineering College, Trivandrum, Kerala, Sathyabama Univ, Chennai) : Metaphorical scrutiny in banishing salt and pepper noise using time domain and frequency domain filters. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2014, 11(3), 1867-72.

In this paper, an attempt is made to de-noise the image using isolation model and a comparison is made between the existing time domain and frequency domain filters based upon their performance analysis, and parametric estimations. An image gets corrupted by various noises during transmission through the channels. One of the noise types that include for image noising is salt and pepper noise. Salt and pepper noise is also known as Impulse noise. The main objective of filter is to remove the impulse noise without affecting the original image. The filters used for de-noising are of two domains, they are time or spatial domain and frequency domain. The time domain filters include mean, median, standard median filter and Decision Based Unsymmetrical Trimmed Median filter (DBUTM). The frequency domain includes the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) using shrinkage rule. The experiment result shows that the isolation algorithm provides better de-noising than the time domain filters and DWT.

2 illus, 3 tables, 16 ref

003801   Gajjar J S B (School of Mathematics, Manchester Univ, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK, Email: j.gajjar@manchester.ac.uk ) : High reynolds number liquid layer flow with flexible walls. Sadhana 2015, 40(3), 961-72.

Stability of liquid layer flow over an inclined flexible wall is studied using asymptotic methods based on the assumption that the Reynolds number is large. The flexible wall behaviour is described by a spring-plate model, and parameters chosen so that the wall flexibility affects the governing boundary layer problem. For the case of a rigid wall, the problem reverts to one studied by Gajjar. Asymptotic analysis of the governing equations leads to the triple-deck equations governing the interaction between the wall layer and the free-surface. The linearised and other solution properties of these set of equations are discussed.

5 illus, 13 ref

003800   Fazeli M;Safari M (Faculty of Water and Environmental Engineering, Shahid Beheshti Univ, A.C., Tehran, Iran) : Performance comparison of polymeric and inorganic coagulants in coagulation and flocculation. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2014, 11(3), 1707-11.

The most important steps in water treatment plants are coagulation and flocculation. Various researches have been done about the best coagulant for water treatment. The present study is aimed to the performance of polymeric coagulants (including: poly aluminum chloride, poly ferric sulfate and poly aluminum ferrous sulfate and minerals coagulants (e.g. ferric chloride and alum) on clot formation, turbidity and organic material removal. Aluminum ferrous chloride has been used for the first time in Iran for water treatment. The total poly ferric sulfate showed a better performance among all coagulants tested for turbidity removal and organic carbon.

4 illus, 7 tables, 7 ref

003799   Fazeli M;Memarnia R;Safari M (Faculty of Water and Environmental Engineering, Shahid Beheshti Univ, A.C., Tehran, Iran) : Analysis of risk and vulnerability assessment of existing water supply facilities Mahshahr special economic zone. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2014, 11(3), 1719-24.

Water facilities are among basic infrastructures in any country. In case of lack of preparedness and preventive and predictive programs and suitable staff training, any potential damage to these facilities may result in crisis and have adverse health, political and social impacts. Water transfer and distribution systems are one of the main elements in water supply facilities which are subject to qualitative and quantitative risks resulting from dangers and natural threats (earthquake and floods) as well as man-made risks (e.g. unstable flow, corrosion, high pressure, executive operation, etc.).Accidents in water supply networks especially water transmission lines annually create considerable damage for organizations. Negligence to potential dangers and determining vulnerability and risk in design, utilization and maintenance stages of facilities may create irreversible costs for operation of the water utilities, side facilities and the environment. Using methods based on hierarchical series and fuzzy inference system, risk analysis in water transmission system from Koot Amir Water Treatment Plant to Mahshahr Special Economic Zone was done. This system is composed of a collection of pipe lines, canals, and pumping stations, and supplies water needs of Mahshahr Special Economic Zone as well as drinking water of some cities and towns on its path, and it is considerably important economically and socially.

12 illus, 6 ref

003798   Chokshi P (NO, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi-110 016, Email: paresh@chemical.iitd.ac.in) : Role of viscoelasticity in instability in plane shear flow over a deformable solid. Sadhana 2015, 40(3), 985-1000.

Stability of the flow of a viscoelastic fluid over a deformable elastic solid medium is reviewed focusing on the role played by the fluid elasticity on the earlier known instability modes for the Newtonian fluids. In particular, two classes of modes are emphasized: the viscous mode for the creeping flow, and the wall mode for high Reynolds number flow. The flow geometry is restricted to plane Couette flow of fluid supported on elastic substrate of finite thickness. The viscoelastic fluid is described using the Oldroyd-B model and the dynamics of the deformable solid continuum is described by either Hookean or neo-Hookean elastic model. In the limit of Re → 0, the introduction of fluid elasticity delays the onset of instability and for sufficiently viscoelastic fluid with dilute polymer concentration, the instability is suppressed rendering the flow stable. For concentrated solution and polymer melt, the instability persists, but with higher value of critical shear rate than for the Newtonian fluid, indicating stabilizing role of fluid elasticity in creeping flow regime. However, for high Reynolds number flow of dilute polymer solution, the polymer addition plays a destabilizing role for wall modes, indicated by reduction in critical Reynolds number by an order of magnitude.

10 illus, 29 ref

003797   Chigorina E A;Razinov A L;Retivov V M (NO, Federal State Unitary Enterprise State Scientific Research Institute, 3, Bogorodsky val, Moscow, 107076, Russia, Email: chigorina@irea.org.ru ) : Optimal bituminous impregnating compound for asphalt coat protection in the Russian federation. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2014, 11(3), 1679-83.

Currently, to strengthen and extend the durability of the bituminous macadam pavement surface compositions are used-impregnating composition (emulsions, solutions). These compositions are effective, but they have several disadvantages: instability to temperature changes; high water saturation; low water loss when applied, because of which the service life of the surface layer and of the pavement are reduced, and resource consumption is quite high; long drying time and others. This paper presents a brief overview of the main components included in the protective impregnating compositions for road pavements in Russian Federation, as well as the optimal in its purpose, and its components, the composition of the impregnating composition to protect the pavement from the negative effects of natural and manmade factors.

3 tables, 22 ref

003796   Bharadwaj K K;Das D;Sharma P K (Aerospace Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208 016, Email: das@iitk.ac.in) : Near field characteristics of buoyant helium plumes. Sadhana 2015, 40(3), 757-68.

Puffing and entrainment characteristics of helium plumes emanating out into ambient air from a circular orifice are investigated in the present study. Velocity and density fields are measured across a diametric plane using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence (PLIF) respectively in phase resolved manner. Experiments are performed in Froude numbers range 0.2-0.4 and for Reynolds numbers 58-248. Puffing frequency measurements reveal that the plume puffing frequencies are insensitive to the plume exit conditions, since the instability is buoyancy driven. The frequencies obtained in the present case are in agreement with frequencies obtained by Cetegen & Kasper (1996) for plumes originating from circular nozzles of various L/D ratios. Velocity and density measurements reveal that toroidal vortex formed during a puffing cycle entrains ambient air as it traverses downstream and this periodic engulfment governs the entrainment mechanism in pulsating plumes. The obtained velocity and density fields are used to calculate mass entrainment rates. It is revealed that though the flow is unsteady, the contribution of unsteady term in mass conservation to entrainment is negligible, and it becomes zero over a puff cycle. Finally, an empirical relation for variation of mass entrainment with height has been proposed, in which the non-dimensional mass entrainment is found to follow a power law with the non-dimensional height.

8 illus, 1 table, 16 ref

003795   Bespalov V I;Gurova O S;Samarskaya N S;Lysova E P;Mishchenko A N (NO, Rostov State Univ of Civil Engineering (RGSU), Rostov-on-Don, Sotsialisticheskaya, 162, 344022, Email: nat-samars@yandex.ru) : Development of physical and energy concept for assessment and selection of technologies for treatment of emissions from urban environment objects. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2014, 11(3), 1615-20.

In the article the authors propose a scientific physical and energy concept for solving the problem of assessment and selection of eco- and energy-efficient methods and means for the treatment of waste and exhaust gases from the main sources of urban air pollution. Development of the concept involved the stages of survey of toxic substances as disperse systems, physical models building of the processes of urban air pollution and pollution reduction. At the final stage of the research, a technique was developed for selection of eco- and energy-efficient methods and means for treatment of waste and exhaust gases from main sources of urban air pollution and its practical approbation.

2 illus, 19 ref

003794   Bali V;Kaushik R (NO, Delhi College of Technology & Management, Palwal (Haryana), Email: varunbali10@yahoo.in) : Studying the properties of EN-31 steel under different machining characterstics. Invertis J Sci Technol 2015, 8(2), 78-81.

EN-31 Steel is an attractive material due to its unique high strength that is maintained at the elevated temperature and its exceptional wear resistance. EN-31 Steel possesses high toughness and its strength is usually known to create major challenges during its machining. However, there is no evidence regarding the application of turning process for the machining of a material like EN31 steel in the literature available till now. Hence the aim of the experiment is to investigate the machining characteristics of EN-31 Steel under different process conditions. The machining characteristics investigated are Thrust force (T.F), Radial force(R.F), Surface roughness (S.R), Feed force (F.F) and Material removal rate(M.R.R)

2 illus, 4 tables, 12 ref

003793   Ankur Kumar;Joshi J B;Nayak A K;Vijayan P K (NO, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai-400 094, Email: jbjoshi@gmail.com) : Review on the thermal hydraulic characteristics of the air-cooled heat exchangers in forced convection. Sadhana 2015, 40(3), 673-755.

In this paper, a review is presented on the experimental investigations and the numerical simulations performed to analyze the thermal-hydraulic performance of the air-cooled heat exchangers. The air-cooled heat exchangers mostly consist of the finned-tube bundles. The primary role of the extended surfaces (fins) is to provide more heat transfer area to enhance the rate of heat transfer on the air side. The secondary role of the fins is to generate vortices, which help in enhancing the mixing and the heat transfer coefficient. In this study, the annular and plate fins are considered, the annular fins are further divided into four categories: (1) plane annular fins, (2) serrated fins, (3) crimped spiral fins, (4) perforated fins, and similarly for the plate fins, the fin types are: (1) plain plate fins, (2) wavy plate fins, (3) plate fins with DWP, and (4) slit and strip fins. In Section 4, the performance of the various types of fins is presented with respect to the parameters: (1) Reynolds number, (2) fin pitch, (3) fin height, (4) fin thickness, (5) tube diameter, (6) tube pitch, (7) tube type, (8) number of tube rows, and (9) effect of dehumidifying conditions. In Section 5, the conclusions and the recommendations for the future work have been given.

11 illus, 2 tables, 201 ref

003792   Anand K;Sarkar S (Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208 016, Email: subra@iitk.ac.in) : Experimental investigation of separated shear layer from a leading edge subjected to various angles of attack with tail flap deflections. Sadhana 2015, 40(3), 803-17.

Shear layer development over a thick flat plate with a semi-circular leading edge is investigated for a range of angles of attack under different pressure gradients for a Reynolds number of 2.44 x 10^{5 (based on chord and free-stream velocity). The characteristics of the separated shear layer are very well documented through a combination of surface pressure measurement and smoke flow visualization. The instability of the separated layer occurs because of enhanced receptivity of perturbations leading to the development of significant unsteadiness and three-dimensional motions in the second-half of the bubble. The onset of separation, transition and the point of reattachment are identified for varying angles of attack and pressure gradients imposed by tail flap deflections. The data concerning bubble length, laminar portion and reattachment points agree well with the literature.}

14 illus, 1 table, 21 ref

003791   Amaan A;Dubey S K;Vij C;Bhardwaj S K (Mechanical Engineering Dep, MVN Univ, Palwal, Haryana, Email: aasa.1311@yahoo.in) : Flow analysis of IC engines. Invertis J Sci Technol 2015, 8(2), 88-92.

Vehicles with SI engines are provided with carburettor for fuel air mixture supply. Fuel consumption affects the design of carburettor. For better uniform fuel air supply there is a need to design the carburettor with an effective design tool. Parameters of the carburettor will be analysed using computational fluid dynamics. The results obtained from the open source software's enGrid, open FOAM, will be analysed for optimum design of a carburettor. Current CFD models describe important physical and chemical processes of engine flows, but validation experiments are needed for model development and improvement. CFD combustion models capture engine performance and emissions trends and can be combined with optimization tools for design and evaluation of engine design concepts. In recent years CFD has been successfully established for the calculation of fluid flow, mixture formation and combustion in internal combustion engines as a complementary tool to incylinder pressure analysis and optical mixture formation and combustion diagnostics.

5 ref