010257   Magwa R A;Zhao H;Yao W;Xie W;Yang L;Xing Y; Bai X (National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Cente, Huazhong Agricultural Univ, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China, Email: a020809@webmail.hzau.edu.cn) : Genomewide association analysis for awn length linked to the seed shattering gene qSH1 in rice. J Genet 2016, 95(3), 639-46.

Awn is one of the most important domesticated traits in rice (Oryza sativa). Understanding the genetic basis of awn length is important for grain harvest and production, because long awn length is disadvantageous for both grain harvest and milling. We investigated the awn length of 529 rice cultivars and performed a Genomewide association studies (GWAS) in the indica and japonica subpopulations, and the whole population. In total, we found 17 loci associated with awn length. Of these loci, seven were linked to previously reported quantitative trait loci, and one was linked to the awn gene An-1. Nine novel loci were repeatedly identified in different environments. One of the nine associations was identified in both the whole smdjaponica populations. Special interest was the detection of the most significant association SNP, sf0l36352825, which was less than 95 kb from the seed shattering gene qSH1. These results may provide potentially favourable haplotypes for molecular breeding in rice.

3 illus, 3 tables, 30 ref

010256   Lone A H;Lal E P;Ganie S A;Wani M S;Khare A (Biological Sciences Dep, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad) : Effect of sewage and tubewell water on physiological and biochemical parameters of vegetables. Asian J biochem pharm Res 2016, 6(1), 18-28.

Vegetables commonly grown in the sewage and non-sewage irrigated area, are radish, carrot and turnip The results of the present study reveals that crops grow better in sewage irrigated soils than in tube well irrigated ones, The growth of shoots, no. of leaves, total plant length, fresh weight, dry weight, chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids, and fiber content was recorded higher in sewage irrigated crops in comparison to tube well irrigated ones. But on the other hand long term and indiscriminate application of sewage water which contain heavy metals, in association with solid particles may cause accumulation of heavy metals in surface and sub-surface soils and the build-up of heavy metals on soil profile may prove harmful to plants, but also to consumers of the harvested crops.

9 illus, 31 ref

010255   Liu C;Fan B;Cao Z;Su Q;Wang Y;Zhang Z;Wu J; Tian J (Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding of Hebei Province, Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and F, Shijazhuang 050035, People's Republic of China, Email: nkytianjing@163.com) : Deep sequencing analysis of transcriptomes and the development of EST-SSR markers in mungbean (Vigna radiata). J Genet 2016, 95(3), 527-35.

Mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) is one of the most important leguminous food crops in Asia. We employed Illumina paired-end sequencing to analyse transcriptomes of three different mungbean genotypes. A total of 38.3-39.8 million paired-cud reads with 73 bp lengths were generated. The pooled reads from the three libraries were assembled into 56,471 transcripts. I'ullowing a cluster analysis, 43,293 unigenes were obtained with an average length of 739 bp and N50 length of 1176 bp. Of ihe unigenes, 34,903 (80.6%) had significant similarity to known proteins in the NCBI nonredundant protein database (Nr), while 21,450 (58.4%) had BLAST hits in the Swiss-Prot database (E-value<60> 10^{-5). Further, 1245 differential expression genes were detected among three mungbean genotypes. In addition, we identified 3788 expressed sequence tag-simple sequence repeal (EST-SSR) motifs that could be used as potential molecular markers. Among 320 tested loci, 310 (96.5%) yielded amplification products, and 151 (47.0%) exhibited polymorphisms among six mungbean accessions. These transcriptome dala and mungbean EST-SSRs could serve as a valuable resource for novel gene discovery and the marker-assisted selective breeding of this species.}

4 illus, 3 tables, 42 ref

010254   Lamani N;Guledagudda S S;Kambrekar D N (NO, College of Agriculture, Vijayapur, UAS, Dharwad, Karnataka) : Economic impact of white grub infestation on sugarcane in northern Karnataka. J Ent Zool Stud 2017, 5(3), 18-23.

The present study was undertaken with specific objectives to assess economic loss in sugarcane due to white grub infestation. The study was conducted in 3 districts of northern Karnataka, viz. Belagavi, Bagalkot and Vijayapur Stratified random sampling method was employed for the farmers. The primary data were collected from 120 farmers' field with white grub infested sugarcane crop (FFWWGNISC) and 24 farmers' field with white grub non-infested sugarcane crop (FFWWGNISC). Study revealed that Input used was more in case of FFWWGISC as compared to FFWWGNISC and yield realized by the FFWWGISC (105 t/ha) was lesser when compared to FFWWGNISC (139.58 t/ha). The total variable cost incurred by the FFWWGISC (Rs. 1,14,988 /ha) was higher as compared to FFWWGNISC (Rs. 93,215.51/ha). Net return by the FFWWGNISC found to be less (Rs. 60,292.45/ha) than the FFWWGNISC (Rs. 1,38,950.74/ha). Net loss realized was due to the white grub in FFWWGISC (-Rs. 48,257/ha) as compared to FFWWGNISC.

7 tables, 14 ref

010253   Kumbhkar B R;Patel N M;More S G (Horticulture Dep, C.P. College of Agriculture, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural, Sardarkrushinagar-385 506, Email: sandeepmorehorticos@gmail.com) : Effect of age of seedlings on growth, yield and quality of onion (Allium cepa L.) in rabi under north Gujarat condition. Green Fmg 2016, 7(3), 758-9.

The field experiment was conducted on onion cv. Agrifound White (Allium cepa L.) at Horticulture Instructional Farm, C. P. College of Agriculture, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar during the year 2010-2011 to study the effect of age of seedlings on growth, yield and quality of onion. Different age of seedling did not exert significant effect on plant stand per plot. The plant height (29.85, 59.66 and 62.90 cm) at 45, 75 and 90 DATP, number of leaves per plant (5.14, 8.60 and 10.94) at 45, 75 and 90 DATP, neck thickness (1.37 cm) at harvesting time, bolting per cent (22.99%), diameter of bulb (5.07 cm), number of doubled bulb (22.42) per plot, weight of doubled bulb (2.64 kg) per plot, total yield (27.35 kg) per plot, marketable yield (19.68 kg) per plot, unmarketable yield (7.67 kg) per plot and Total Soluble Solids (14.47%) were significantly higher with transplanting of 8 weeks seedling i.e. treatment S3. The minimum days required for maturity (147.00) was recorded with transplanting of 8 weeks seedling.

2 tables, 6 ref

010252   Kumawat S;Sadhu A C;Sharma S;Lakhran H (Agronomy Dep, B.A College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural Univ, Anand-388 110, Email: kumawatsanju5@gmail.com) : Effect of different fertility levels and weed management practices on productivity, profitability, soil fertility and weed dynamics in winter maize (Zea mays L.). Green Fmg 2016, 7(3), 615-18.

Field experiment was conducted at B. A. College of Agriculture, Anand (Gujarat) during rabi season of 2012-13 to evaluate the effect of fertility levels and weed management on growth, yield attributes and yield of rabi maize (Zea mays L.) under middle Gujarat conditions. The experiment consisted of three fertility levels and five weed management practices were replicated four times in factorial randomized block design. Results of the experiment revealed that 125% RDF gave significantly higher plant height 42.2, 100.9 and 214.9 cm at 30, 60 DAS and at harvest, number of grain rows cob-1 (14.82), cob weight (145.85 g), grain (4795 kg ha^{-1) and stover (7770 kg ha-1) yields, protein content (10.43%), net return (57509 Rs. ha-1) and B:C ratio (3.29), available N (229.1 kg ha-1) and P2O5 (51.18 kg ha-1) as compared to 75% RDF and it was at par with 100% RDF. Among all weed management practices interculturing along with hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS gave significantly higher values of most of characters studied over un-weeded check. Atrazine @ 0.5 kg ha-1 + pendimethalin @ 0.25 kg ha-1 (PE) was also equally effective in increasing yield and gave significantly lowest weed index (4.79%).}

5 tables, 9 ref

010251   Kharade M R;Ujjainkar V V;Deshmukh S N (Agricultural Botany Dep, Post Graduate Institute, Akola, Email: mithunkharade24@rediffmail.com) : Induction of mutations for yield attributing characters in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L). Green Fmg 2016, 7(3), 562-5.

An experiment was conducted during 2012-13 to induce polygenic variability for yield and its components in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Groundnut genotype CTMG-6-1 were treated with gamma radiation (20, 30 and 40 kR) and ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS- 40mM and 60mM). The mutagenized population showed significantly higher variability in M2 generation. The various macromutations viz., earliness, height, high yielding and late maturity were identified and isolated in M2 generation. EMS 40 mM and 60 mM were found more effective for including range of desirable mutations in groundnut under present investigation. Early maturing mutants (111 days) were found among the population obtained by treatment of 60 mM EMS over the check. One of the most interesting features of mutant was the significant contributing to higher yield over check. The mutant HY 3 isolated from 40 mM EMS treatment was recorded highest seed yield per plant (30.21 g). On the basis of plant height, two tall mutants were isolated from 60 mM (EMS) treated M2 population. For late maturity 40 mM (EMS) treated M2 population shown one mutant which matured late than the control by 4-5 days. The usefulness of the mutants identified in a groundnut breeding program is discussed. These promising mutants can be further utilized in recombination breeding with other mutants or cultivars to derive distinct lines with improved agronomic traits.

5 tables, 19 ref

010250   Khan N A;Husain R;Vikram N;Ali A;Gyanendra K; Shivani (Plant Molecular Biology & Genetic Engineering Dep, Narendra Deva Univ of Agriculture & Technology, Kumarganj Faizabad-224 229, Email: rajahusain02@gmail.com) : Effect of zinc and sulphur on the biochemical charateristics of Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern and Coss]. Green Fmg 2016, 7(3), 623-7.

A field experiment was conducted during the winter (rabi) seasons 2012-2013 at the Instructional farm of Narendra Deva university of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Faizabad (U.P.) India. Five doses of sulphur (i.e., 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 kg S ha1) and zinc (i.e., 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 kg S ha1) were applied on two mustard varieties namely Varuna and NDR 8501. The maximum oil content (42.60) and oil yield (10.87 Q/ha) were recorded in Varuna variety followed by variety NDR 8501 (40.33) and (10.65 Q/ha) respectively. Oil content, oil yield, refractive index were increased in response to sulphur and zinc doses in both cultivar but did not show significant results in all treatments. Maximum refractive index was observed in variety NDR 8501 (1.4663) followed by Varuna variety (1.4632). The increasing doses of sulphur decreased oleic, linoleic and eicosanoic acids and increased the undesirable erucic acid in both cultivars. Treatment S40Zn40 resulted highest iodine value over control in both cultivar. The increasing doses of sulphur and zinc decreased the saponification values while increased the iodine value in both cultivar. The highest saponification value was observed in variety NDR 8501 (174.86) followed by Varuna variety (171.86). A non-significant difference in saponification values was noticed in each cultivar. Tryptophan, methionine and protein content were increased with increasing the level of sulphur and zinc doses in both cultivars. The maximum protein content (29.93%) was found in Varuna variety followed by variety NDR-8501 (28.68%). Increasing level of sulphur and zinc did not showed significant results in all treatments. The allyl-isothiocynate content was decreased with increasing level of sulphur and zinc doses in both the cultivars.

6 tables, 30 ref

010249   Kenenbayev S B;Ospanbayev Z O;Kydrov A K; Musagodzhaev N T;Aristangulov S S (LLP, Kazakh Research Institute of Agriculture and Plant Growing, , 1 Erlepesov str., Almalybak Village, Karasay region of Almaty oblast, 040909, the Republic of Kazakhstan) : Effectiveness of sugar beet cultivation under drop irrigation in south-east Kazakhstan. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2016, 13(2), 917-24.

The article presents the results of field studies on the productivity and quality of sugar beet depending on drip irrigation techniques and modes, sowing technology, as well as mineral fertilizers application rates and timing. The article presents also conducted agro-economic assessment of sugar beet cultivation efficiency under drip irrigation on light chestnut soils of the Southeast of Kazakhstan.

4 tables, 12 ref

010248   Karami F;Fallah Rad A H;Danesh Mesgaran M; Azizzadeh M;Heidarpour M (Clinical Sciences Dep, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi Univ of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran) : Effect of eCG in milking dairy cows with high levels of BUN and synchronized with ovsynch protocol. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2016, 13(2), 769-77.

Previous research indicates that high blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentrations are associated with decreased fertility in lactating dairy cows. This experiment was done to evaluate the effects of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) administration (with or without eCG) on fertility of lactating dairy cows with different levels of BUN subjected to fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI).Ovulation was synchronized in all cows using Presynch-Ovsynch program and start 37 days post parturition(pp). Blood samples were collected on days 50-55 pp to assess BUN and cows were classified as with high urea when BUN was 20 <60> ng/mL(n=64); otherwise, they were classified as cows with optimal urea when BUN was <62>10 and <60>15 (n=62). Within each group, cows were assigned randomly to receive either 600 IU eCG concurrent with PGF2a treatment of the Ovsynch protocol (treatment cows)or with no further treatment (control cows). Blood samples were collected on Days 0 and 5 after FTAI to evaluate the effect of eCG administration on synchornization and plasma concentration of P4. Pregnancy diagnoses were performed by ultrasound. No treatment effects were detected for Pregnancy per AI at Days 30. However, P/AI at Days 30 was not affected by treatment with eCG but P/AI at 60 days post-AI in cow with high BUN levels in control group was less and differed significantly than treatment group with optimal BUN (OR=4.722; P=0.016). This differ significant, P/AI at 60 days post-AI no observed in cow with high BUN that treatment with eCG. P4 concentrations on Days 5 differed significantly between treatments and control group in both levels of BUN concentration. Inclusion of eCG in ovsynch protocol increased progestron concentrations in early time of luteal phase after AI. The use of eCG in ovsynch protocol will improve reproductive efficiency in dairy cows with high levels of BUN.

1 illus, 3 tables, 58 ref

010247   Karadi S M;Ganiger V M;Siddappa;Mangi V; Bhuvaneshwri G (Vegetable Science Dep, College of Horticulture, Bagalkot-587 103, Email: shivukaradi@gmail.com) : Character association and path analysis studies in wild melon (Cucumis melo subsp. agrestis). Green Fmg 2016, 7(3), 666-9.

Character association and path analysis in twenty four genetically diverse genotypes of wild melon was studied for 17 important characters. The phenotypic and genotypic association of fruit yield was significantly positive with all the characters except days to first flowering and ten fruit weight. Early fruit yield and late fruit yield per plant found highly significant and positive correlation with total fruit yield. The genotypic path coefficient analysis revealed that ascorbic acid had high direct positive effect on total fruit yield.

4 tables, 22 ref

010246   Janmoni Shyam;Tripathi H;Balaraju B L (Extension Education Div, IVRI, Izatnagar) : Training needs of rural youths in various livestock production practices. Indian J soc Res 2016, 57(4), 487-91.

The study was conducted in Bareilly district of Uttar Pradesh state of India. Identifies some training needs of rural youths in livestock production practices and discusses the relevance of such needs to rural development. Structured interview schedule was used to collect information from 100 respondents. Analysis of the collected data revealed that overall training need index was 72.26%. Maximum training needs in case of area specific training were observed for cattle production (81.23%) and buffalo production (78.87%). The most important sub areas of training needs were in breeding management, health management, feeding management, forage production and storage, housing management, adaptation to climate change, marketing of milk and milk products and marketing of meat and meat products. The results of the study will help the extension agencies to develop suitable training programmes and strategies for the rural youths in the study area.

2 tables, 5 ref

010245   Janaki P;Sakthivel N;Chinnusamy C (Agronomy Dep, Tamil Naud Agricultural Univ, Coimbatore-641 003, Email: janakibalamurugan@rediffmail.com) : Sorption of aceto lactase synthase inhibiting rice herbicides in texturally different soils. Asian J Chem 2017, 29(1), 37-40.

The aceto lactase synthase inhibiting herbicides are used frequently to control weeds in wetland rice ecosystems due to low dose and flexibility in time of application. Their occurrence in surface and groundwater is a cause for concern as they have medium to high mobility in environment. Thus, the present study was undertaken to assess the sorption behaviour of pyrazosulfuron ethyl and bispyribac sodium in different agricultural soils. Adsorption of both pyrazosulfuron ethyl and bispyribac sodium was best correlated with clay and organic carbon content, soil reaction and base saturation percent of soils. Pyrazosulfuron ethyl sorption was high in low organic carbon soils and bispyribac sodium sorption was high in high organic carbon soils. Bispyribac sodium sorption was masked by high organic carbon content in sandy clay and silty clay soils. The soil organic carbon coefficient (K_oc) ranged from 11.6 to 81.8 for pyrazosulfuron ethyl and 4.6 to 198.1 for bispyribac sodium. The sorption of these herbicides fitted well with Freundlich equation. Freundlich constant (K_f) ranged from 0.38 to 0.76 and 0.30 to 1.05 mL g^{-1 for pyrazosulfuron ethyl and bispyribac sodium, respectively. The desorption rate of both the herbicides was high in high organic carbon soils. The hysteresis index was ranged from 1.7 to 4.1 for pyrazosulfuron ethyl and from 0.22 to 0.64 for bispyribac sodium in different soils and found that desorption of both herbicides from clay and silty clay loam soils was more difficult. The results indicate that the mobility of pyrazosulfuron ethyl is medium to high and bispyribac sodium is low to medium and varied according to soils.}

4 illus, 5 tables, 36 ref

010244   Jain A K;Dhuria R K;Sharma T;Saini S K (Animal Nutrition Dep, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, RAJUVAS, Bikaner-334 001, Email: rinkukumarjain7672@gmail.com) : Efficacy of rumec on digestibility of nutrients and weight gain in goats. Indian J soc Res 2016, 57(4), 493-8.

The study was carried out to evaluate efficacy of Rumec- a herbal preparation on nutrient utilization and animal performance in male goats. Eight male Marwari goats of 18-24 months of age randomly divided into control and treatment groups. Goats were fed with wheat straw and concentrate in the ratio of 60:40. Rumec was supplemented @ 12.5mg/gm in the ration of treatment group. There was significant effect on dry matter intake, balance of nitrogen, digestible crude protein intake and total digestible nutrient intake. Digestibility of DM, OM CP, EE, NFE and average daily gain (ADG) was also significantly higher in treatment group while the digestibility of NDF, ADF hemicellulose and CF was not significantly higher than control treatment. It can be concluded that supplementation of Rumec @12.5mg/gm in ration improves the digestibility of nutrients and average daily gain in goats.

1 table, 18 ref

010243   Indoria A K;Rao C S;Sharma K L;Reddy K S (NO, ICAR-Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderbad-500 059, Email: akumar.indoria2crida.in) : Conservation agriculture - a panacea to improve soil physical health. Curr Sci 2017, 112(1), 52-61.

Maintenance of soil physical health at its optimum level is essential for sustainable crop production and rational use of natural resources without jeopardizing their quality. The ongoing conventional tillage practices for crop production using intensive ploughing and removal of crop residue from the field have resulted in an increase in surface crusting, soil compaction, soil erosion, decrease in water infiltration and ultimately aggravation of the overall soil physical health deterioration. In recent years, many agricultural scientists across the world have recommended conservation agriculture as a solution to overcome the adverse effects of conventional tillage practices on soil physical health. Conservation agriculture is mainly an integration of three crop management practices, viz. minimum or no-tillage, permanent retention of crop residue and crop rotation. The present data indicates that conservation agriculture can improve soil physi-cal properties and associated processes especially, soil water infiltration and storage, soil aeration, soil structure and soil porosity. It reduces soil erosion, soil compaction and crusting, and optimizes the soil temperatures for successful crop production. This article reviews the role of conservation agriculture in improving soil physical health and its associated processes.

100 ref

010242   Imtiaz Ahmed K;Naidu N V;Raja Rajeswari V; Reddy K H P (Genetics and Plant Breeding Dep, S.V. Agricultural College, Tirupati-517 502, Email: imtu.ahmed4823@gmail.com) : Genetic divergence in ragi (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.). Green Fmg 2016, 7(3), 591-4.

Genetic divergence was studied among sixty one genotypes of ragi using Mahalanobis D2 for six nutritional and eleven quantitative characters. The genotypes were grouped into seven clusters. The mode of distribution of genotypes from different eco-geographical regions into various clusters was at random indicating that geographical distribution and genetic diversity were not related. The characters viz., zinc content, copper content, days to 50% flowering, iron content, protein content and calcium content contributed maximum towards diversity. The maximum inter-cluster distance was observed between the clusters II and VII and cluster III and VII. Hence, genotypes from these clusters namely IE-5537 and IE-5106 (Cluster VII), PPR-1012 (Cluster II), IE-4816, VR-708 and VL-349 (Cluster III) could be suggested for inclusion in hybridization programme for obtaining superior and desirable recombinants.

3 illus, 4 tables, 13 ref

010241   Ibaad M H;Srinivasa V;Shruthi H T (Vegetable Science Dep, College of Horticulture, Mudigere-577 132, Email: ibaadmh@gmail.com) : Genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance studies in brinjal (Solanum melongena L.). Green Fmg 2016, 7(3), 602-5.

Genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance and genetic advance as a per cent over mean for seventeen characters were assessed by field evaluation of twenty eight brinjal genotypes at Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Mudigere (Karnataka) during 2014. High degree of variation was observed for all the characters. The phenotypic coefficient of variation was higher than genotypic coefficient of variation for all the characters. The high estimates of heritability was observed for number of primary branches (75.40%), stem girth (64.10%), plant spread from north to south (63.93%), leaf area (88.41%), days to flowering (72.98%), days to fifty per cent flowering (71.21%), number o flowers per cluster (81.70%), number of clusters per plant (82.62%), number of fruits per cluster (85.37%), fruit diameter (80.42%), fruit length (74.31%), days to picking (86.30%), yield per plant (69.32%) and yield per plot (78.26%). Higher estimates of heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent over mean was observed for all the traits except for plant height, plant spread from east to west and pedicel length.

4 tables, 12 ref

010240   Haq Z Ul;Hussain A;Ahmad A;Ali M;Samad M A (Forestry & Wildlife Management Dep, Haripur KPK Univ, Pakistan) : Estimation of biomass and carbon stock of Quercus incana and their effect on insect population in Barawal valley of district upper dir. J Ent Zool Stud 2017, 5(3), 13-17.

The present study carried out in the Barawal valley of District upper Dir. In this study the growing stock (m3ha^{-1), biomass (t ha-1) and carbon stock (t ha-1) of the study area were estimated through field inventory. For the determination of biomass volume of the tree were calculated and for the estimation of volume (m2ha-1) tree height (m) and diameter (cm) were estimated. After that stem biomass (t ha-1) total biomass (t ha-1) and carbon stock (t ha-1) were calculated. Diameter class (cm) in the study area range from 6 to 74 cm, and density (tree ha-1) range from 1 to 38 trees ha-1. Average tree height (m), basal area (m2ha-1) and volume (m2ha-1) were 5.7, 15 and 54 respectively. The total estimated stem biomass (t ha-1) of the study area was 38 (m2ha-1) and tree biomass was 59 (t ha-1). The estimated carbon stock (t ha-1) in the study area ranged from 4 to76 t ha-1 and its average was 29 t ha-1.}

8 illus, 15 ref

010239   Hadimani A;Konda C R;Nidagundi J M;Patil R (Genetics and Plant Breeding Dep, Agricultural Sciences Univ, Raichur-584 104, Email: adh4992@gmail.com) : Genetic diversity analysis in blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] based on quantitative traits. Green Fmg 2016, 7(3), 598-601.

Genetic divergence of blackgram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper) was assessed using Mahalanobis's D2 analysis and 64 genotypes were grouped into 12 clusters where, cluster-I was the largest with 19 genotypes followed by cluster-II and cluster-III with 13 genotypes each, cluster-VII with 7 genotypes, cluster-VI with 6 genotypes. Whereas, cluster-IV, cluster-V and clusters-VIII to XII had one genotype in each cluster. The intra cluster distance was maximum in cluster-VII followed by cluster-VI and cluster-III. Whereas, inter cluster distance was maximum between cluster-IV and cluster-XII. The cluster means estimated for 14 characters revealed that the cluster-IV showed lowest mean values and cluster-V showed highest mean value for most of the characters studied. Plant height contributed maximum to divergence followed by days to 50 per cent flowering, days to maturity, clusters per plant, 100 seed weight, these traits can be utilized for future crop improvement programme.

1 illus, 5 tables, 11 ref

010238   Gupta S;Srivastava P C;Singh D K (Soil Science Dep, College of Agriculture, G.B. Pant Univ of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar-263 145, Email: to.shilpigupta@gmail.com) : Determination of critical limits of boron for Brassica napus in soils of Kumaoun region of Uttarakhand. Green Fmg 2016, 7(3), 628-32.

Pot culture experiment was conducted by using bulk soil samples collected from twenty different sites of Kumoun region of Uttarakhand (India). The critical limit of boron (B) for soil and Brassica napus plant was determined. Five treatments consisting of five different levels of B with two replicated pots in each type of soil were imposed with common recommended levels of N, P and K in respective sets of pots. Five soil test methods were evaluated for response of Brassica napus to boron application and the suitability of the extractant was in the order: Mehlich 3 <62> Hot-water <62> 0.05 M HCl <62> 0.01 M CaCl₂ + 0.05 M mannitol <62> 0.01 M CaCl₂ on the basis of highest degree of correlation with Bray's per cent yield. Therefore, hot-water, 0.05 M HCl and Mehlich 3 extractants could be used as an index of available boron for B. napus grown on soils of Kumoun region. The critical level being 0.37, 0.79 and 7.73 mg kg-1 B in the soil on the basis of hot-water, 0.05 M HCl and Mehlich-3 extractants. The critical limit of boron in B. napus at 40 days was 23.19 mg B kg-1 dry plant tissue.

2 illus, 5 tables, 24 ref

010237   Gujar B;Purohit N R;Sharma N K;Rajput D S (Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension Education Dep, CVAS, Bikaner) : Knowledge level of livestoak owners about organic animal husbandry practices in arid region of Rajasthan. Indian J soc Res 2016, 57(4), 563-7.

The present paper is highlighted knowledge level of livestock owners about different organic animal husbandry practices in arid region of Rajasthan. The study was conducted in purposively selected Barmer and Bikaner district of Rajasthan. A total of 120 livestock owners selected from 8 selected villages of 4 tehsils. The findings of the study show that the majority (55% of the livestock owners had medium level (54.74-59.68) of overall knowledge ragarding organic animal husbandry practices. Among different animal husbandry practices, maximum knowledge level was found in organic management practice (<62>21.3) and minimum knowledge level (<60>10.26) in organic practices.

2 tables, 10 ref

010236   Diraviya Raj K;Monolisha S;Patterson Edward J K (NO, Sughanthi Devadason Marine Research Institute, 44-Beach Road, Tuticorin-628 001, Email: diraviyam-raj@yahoo.co.in) : Impacts of traditional shore seine operatiom along the Tuticorin coast, Gulf of Mannar, southeast India. Curr Sci 2017, 112(1), 40-5.

Fishing pressure on marine ecosystems has increased drastically all over the world, especially in developing countries and particularly in India. Shore seine, a traditional fishing method, involves bottom trawling which makes huge impact on the ecosystems and consequently on fishing yield. It was observed that important habitats such as seagrasses and coral reefs are affected severely by this shore, seine operation. Most of the catch was observed to be juvenile in nature or very small in size. Immediate measures are needed to check this operation by creating awareness among the fishermen coupled with providing alternative livelihood options.

3 illus, 3 table, 22 ref

010235   Desai R;Sumangala P R (Extension Directorate, Agricultural Sciences Univ, Dharwad-580 005, Email: rajmanohardesajuas@gmail.com) : Workload of women in conventional and organic farming in the selected agro-climatic zones of northern Karnataka. Green Fmg 2016, 7(3), 642-8.

Women play a predominant role in almost all agricultural operations as well in organic farming. Organic farming is women oriented as they do most of the operations like cleaning the seeds for sowing, transplanting, weeding, harvesting, threshing, winnowing and seed preservation. All these are done with an admirable patience and commitment. Hence the present study was conducted with the objective to study the participation level and delineate the areas of participation of women in organic and conventional farming. The results revealed that irrespective of the agro-climatic zones, among both organic and conventional farming practices, the sole participation of women was observed in performance of value added products. Women dominance was observed among the organic farm women for seed activities also for harvesting, threshing and processing activities for both organic and conventional farm women. The sole performance of men to dominance of men in the performance of the activities was seen in performance of irrigation and marketing activities. The work load of organic farm women with respect to seed activities, sowing, after care operations and threshing and processing activities was more when compared to conventional farm women and was found to be statistically significant at one per cent level. The higher involvement of conventional farm women was found with respect to preparatory tillage activities to that of organic farm women and was found to be statistically significant. The work load of both organic and conventional farming families was almost equal with respect to irrigation, harvesting, marketing and preparation of value added products.

3 tables, 6 ref

010234   De La Cruz C P P;Gorospe M M;Paller V G V (College of Arts and Sciences, Laguna State Polytechnic Univ Loc Banos Campus, Los Banos 4030, Laguna, Philippines, Email: cpdelacruz2@up.edu.ph) : Blastocystic infection among backyard-raised pigs in bay, province of Laguna, the Philippines. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2016, 18(2), 487-94.

A cross-sectional survey aimed at providing data on determining the occurrence and risk factors associated with Blastocystis infection among backyard-raised pigs from selected villages in the Municipality of Bay, Philippines was carried out. Fresh fecal samples were collected froma total of 122 pigs and these were processed via formalin-ether sedimentation and culture method to detect the presence of Blastocystis by optical microscopy. The overall prevalence in pigs was 38.5%. The prevalence was found to be significantly higher (x2 = 9.198; P<60>0.01) in weaning pigs (60%) than growers (33%) and breeders (26%), and in female pigsless than males (46% vs. 29%; x2= 6.453; P<60>0.01). Univariate logistics regression showed significant associations between the likelihood of Blastocystis infection and handler's age, animal sex, and animal agegrouping (P<60>0.05). Subsequent multivariate logit analysis has confirmed animal age (OR=3.68) and animal sex (OR=5.76) as significant unique predictors of blastocystosis in pigs (P<60>0.01). In conclusion, Blastocystis is a ubiquitous entericparasite that frequently infects/ colonizes backyard-raised pigs with weaning pigs and sows being the more susceptible groups. High stocking density also increases the chance of Blastocystis occurrence in backyardswine farms. Analysis of genetic diversity using molecular techniques is recommended to identify the different subtypes.

3 illus, 3 tables, 44 ref

010233   Dapewar K A;Bharad S G;Satkar K;Varane P M (Horticulture Dep, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Krishi Nagar, Akola-444 104, Email: kalyani.dapewar@gmail.com) : Effect of pre-harvest foliar application of calcium on post-harvest life of guava fruits. Green Fmg 2016, 7(3), 720-4.

Effect of pre-harvest foliar application of calcium on post-harvest life of guava fruits. The selected plants were pre-harvest foliar sprayed with calcium nitrate with 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% and calcium chloride 1%, 1.5% and 2% concentration solution at colour break stage (15 days before harvest) of fruit during last week of November. Calcium nitrate (1.5%) treatment was found superior over all treatments. It found minimum fruits physiological loss in weight, fruit decay, colour changes, while maximum TSS, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid, reducing and non-reducing sugar, total sugars and pectin contents in 0, 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th & 10th day of storage. They also found less incidence of Rhizopus as post-harvest pathogen and maximum sensory rating at ambient storage condition.

7 tables, 26 ref

010232   Danchenko A M;Danchenko M A;Myasnikov A G (Forestry and Landscape Construction Dep, Institute of Biology, National Research Tomsk State Univ, Tomsk, Russia, Email: forest@mail.tsu.ru) : Genetic organization and heterogeneity of the Siberian cedar pine (Pinus sibirica du tour) population in the western Siberia (Tomsk region). Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2016, 13(2), 625-9.

Cedar forest is the most complex and dynamic formation of the Siberian Taiga. It clearly demonstrates the processes of natural regeneration dynamics, sustainability, space-time structure and biodiversity of Siberian forests (Drozdov and Grishenkov, 2003). Within its range, Siberian stone pine grows in various environmental conditions, including high mountains and marshland, which led to the formation of various ecotypes, forms, biotypes that has been created by nature for centuries (Nikolaeva and Savchuk, 2013). Much attention is currently being paid to biological and seed productivity of cedar cultures depending on their geographical origin (Bratilova and Kalinin, 2012; Matveeva et al, 2012; Dragavcev, 2008). This study involved research on the growth of the Siberian cedar pine (Pinus sibirica Du Tour) in the process of artificial plantation formation. In order to develop methods for the genetic evaluation of plant structures and search for indicators, patterns of growth for 100 model trees were analyzed in the experimental population.

2 tables, 13 ref

010231   Chithra K;Abraham L S;Thirugnanasambandham R; Prakash P (Biotechnology Dep, Sathyabama Univ, Rajiv Gandhi Road, Chennai-600 119, Email: stanleyabraham313@gmail.com) : Comparative analysis of the effect of seaweed fertilizers (Liquid & paste) and vermiwash on seed germination of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2016, 13(2), 1089-93.

The present investigation has been made to compare "the effect of seaweed fertilizers and vermiwash on seed germination of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (Cluster bean or Guar)". Seeds were soaked in various concentrations (0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3% and 5%) of seaweed fertilizers (liquid & paste) and vermiwash separately at different time periods (30, 60 and 120 minutes). After 7 days, the seeds were analyzed for their germination capacity, shoot length & root length. The study infers that seaweed liquid fertilizers with the concentration of 1% showed maximum seed germination (100%) and the optimum shoot and root length was recorded as 6.04cm and 3.34cm respectively soaking whereas in seaweed paste fertilizers, 3% showed maximum seed germination 100% with the shoot & root length of 6.58cm and 3.46cm after 120 minutes. Also, the vermiwash with the concentration of 0.5% showed maximum seed germination (100%) and the optimum shoot and root length was recorded as 6.32cm and 3.52cm respectively after 30 minutes soaking.

3 illus, 3 tables, 7 ref

010230   Chawla S;Chander Bhan (NO, S K Rajasthan Agricultural University, Rajasthan-335 001, Email: seema_jasuja@yahoo.com ) : Empowerment of rural women through entrepreneurship development. Indian J soc Res 2016, 57(4), 481-6.

Empowerment of women through developing entrepreneurship not only determines status of women but also has positive influence on family and community itself. This concept evolved and found expression in the objectives of study which emphasized the role of training in empowering the women entrepreneurs. For conducting the study, 200 women entrepreneurs were selected randomly of Sriganganagar district, which are engaged in household enterprises such as Pickle making, noodles making and vadi making. The study revealed the profile of the women entrepreneurs including their personal and financial profile of the respondents. Regarding the role of training in strengthening women entrepreneurship, it was found that yet not many women had attended training programme either before or after starting the enterprises but most of the respondents considered that trainings are needed for fruitful entrepreneurial activities, emphasizing its usefulness. They further recommended that lack of awareness about these training programmes is the major hindrance in attending these programs.

4 tables, 6 ref

010229   Chauhan S;Patel A M;Mishra S;Patel P T; Khatrani T J;Joshi D J (Centre of Excellence for Research on Pulses, S.D. Agricultural Univ, Sardarkrushinagar-385 506, Email: surbhi6691@yahoo.in) : Heterosis, combining ability and molecular characterization in fieldpea (Pisum sativum L. var arvense). Green Fmg 2016, 7(3), 512-19.

Twenty eight crosses combinations were developed by 8 x 8 diallel analysis during rabi 2012-13 and evaluated 28 F1's and 8 parents during rabi 2013-14. Thirteen crosses out of 28 crosses manifested significant positive heterobeltiosis for seed yield per plant. The range of heterobeltiosis for seed yield was wide (-71.02% to 153.44%). The hybrid PRAKASH X IPFD 10-13) expressed the highest heterobeltiosis (82.54%). An overall consideration of GCA effects indicated that the parents DF-1, ADARSH and PRAKASH appeared to be good general combiners for seed yield per plant and harvest index. For seed yield per plant, the crosses PRAKASH X IPFD 10-13, ADARSH X APARNA and VIKAS X IPFD 10-13 recorded the highest SCA effects. DNA-based markers provide powerful and reliable tools for discriminating variations within crop germplasm and for studying evolutionary relationships. Pooled RAPD analysis produced a total of 108 DNA fragments, out of which 91 were polymorphic (82.35%) average polymorphism. Parent IPFD 10-13 and KPMR 400 were least similar to each other, the cross between ADARSH X NDP-1 and DF-1 X PRAKASH revealed lowest similarity index indicating more distance between them. A wide range of genetic similarity (0.36 to 0.89) conform that a significant genetic variation exists among the various cross combinations of fieldpea.

2 illus, 7 tables, 24 ref

010228   Chauhan A;Chandel K S (Vegetable Sci. & Floriculture Dep, CSK H.P. Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur-178 062, Email: aanchalchauhanrana@gmail.com) : Genetic variability and correlation studies in biparental progenies of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). Green Fmg 2016, 7(3), 574-9.

Biparental progenies of cross Swarna Pratibha x Hisar Shyamal (SP x H-8) of eggplant were evaluated in RBD with three replications for horticultural and quality characters at the Vegetable Research Farm of Department of Vegetable Science and Floriculture, CSKHPKV, Palampur (H.P) during kharif season 2012-13 and 2013-14. The analysis of variance indicated the significant differences among the BIP's and F3 progenies for all the characters studied exhibiting the presence of good quantum of variability between BIP's and F 3 progenies. Biparental progenies when compared with F3 progenies for their overall mean values revealed that BIP's were, in general, having greater means for most of the characters except days to 50% flowering, days to first picking and bacterial wilt incidence. This may be due to more heterozygosity in biparental progenies. The superior performance of biparental families seems to be primarily due to generation of more genetic variability by breakage of both coupling and repulsion phase linkages that conceal the genetic variability in F2. The phenotypic variability as revealed by the coefficient of variation (%) was greater in BIP progenies than F3 progenies except days to first picking, branches per plant, total soluble solids, dry matter content. The association studies revealed that marketable fruit yield was positively and significantly correlated with fruits per plant, plant height and fruit weight, whereas it was negatively and significantly associated with days to 50% flowering and bacterial wilt incidence in both the populations. Path coefficient analysis revealed that direct effects in respect of fruit weight, number of marketable fruits per plant and plant height towards marketable fruit yield was higher in BIP.

7 tables, 25 ref

010227   Chandra K;Nilanjaya;Rajesh Kumar (Plant Breeding and Genetics Dep, Rajendra Agricultural Univ, Pusa-848 125, Email: cute.kushi6@gmail.com) : Genetic variability for yield and related attributes in rice under aerobic and normal condition. Green Fmg 2016, 7(3), 527-31.

An investigation was carried out with the twenty five rice genotypes to study the nature and magnitude of genetic variability among them. The results showed high GCV and PCV were recorded for flag leaf area (23.19, 15.83) ; ( 23.81, 17.84), maximum root length (15.52, 20.53) ; (20.01, 22.01), peroxidise activity in leaves (24.29, 17.65) ;( 24.49, 17.70) and grain yield per plot (31.94, 15.77) ; (36.22, 20.50). Under aerobic and normal conditions high GCV and PCV were recorded for proline accumulation in leaves (9.13, 8.89);( 10.31, 10.16). High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as % of mean exhibited by traits like 1000 grain weight (80%, 80%) ; (20.66, 21.66), relative water content (93%,98%); (18.97, 23.29), maximum root length (67%,79%) ; (26.12, 35.70), flag leaf area (95%,79%); (46.51, 28.92), peroxidise activity in leaves (98%,99%); (49.64, 36.26) under normal and aerobic condition respectively.

5 tables, 19 ref

010226   Chae S C (Horticultural Science Dep, College of Industrial Sciences, Kongju National Univ, Daehak-ro 54, Yesan-kun, Chungnam, 32439, Korea, Email: scchae@kongju.ac.kr) : Influence of auxin concentration on in vitro rooting of Chrysanthemum morfolium ramat. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2016, 13(2), 833-7.

Efficient in vitro rooting of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat., using hormone free media with different concentrations of auxins was developed. In this study we used three different auxins at various concentrations (0, 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/L) of IAA (Indole-3-acetic acid), IBA (Indole-3-butyric acid) and NAA (1-Naphthaleneacetic acid) for root development in Chrysanthemum morifolium. Shoot explants from in vitro culture were grown on a medium to determine the potential of rooting frequency, number of roots per explant and root length. However, SH medium with 1mg/L of (IBA) induced the highest number 5.7 ± 0.5 of root per explant among the three different concentrations of auxin used followed by (IAA) and NAA. The highest root length 36.2 ± 3.3 was achieved in SH medium with 1mg/L of IAA and lesser number of roots and root length were developed in NAA. The in vitro rooted plants were hardened and acclimatized in the greenhouse and successfully (100%) transplanted to the field. Protocols were developed in the present investigation for cloning and large scale plant production of Chrysanthemum (C. morifolium Ramat).

2 illus, 34 ref

010225   Bhosale M M;Mugale R R;Barik P;Honnananda B R;Vardia H K (College of Fisheries, Chhattisgarh Kamdhenu Univ, Kawardha, Chattisgarh-491 995, Email: mangeshcof@gmail.com) : Biotechnological innovations in aquaculture. Ambient Sci 2016, 3(1), 1-6.

Aquaculture is gaining commendable importance to meet the required protein source for ever increasing human population. The aquaculture industry is currently facing problems on developing economically viable production systems by reducing the impact on environment. Sustainable and enhanced fish production from aquaculture may be better achieved through application of recent biotechnological innovations. Utilisation of transgenic technology has led to production of fishes with faster growth rate with disease resistance. The full advantage of this technology could not be achieved due to concern of acceptance for Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs). The biotechnological intervention in developing plant based feed ingredient in place of fish meal which contain high phosphorus is of prime area of attention for fish feed industry. The replacement of fish meal will also reduce fish feed cost to a greater extent. Year round fish seed production of carps through various biotechnological interventions is also need of the hour. This paper discusses technical, environmental and managerial considerations regarding the use of these biotechnological tools in aquaculture along with the advantages of researchapplication and its commercialization.

41 ref

010224   Bhat Z A;Padder S A;Ganaie A Q;Gill R K;Dar N A;Wani M Y (Soil Science Dep, SKUAST-K, Shalimar, Srinagar, J & K) : Quality and yield of grape berries of Kashmir (India) and their relationship with available and petiole nutrient content. Int J chem Stud 2017, 5(3), 1-6.

Soil, plant and fruit samples were collected from 15 representative grape orchards of district Ganderbal, yield was recorded and the berries collected from the selected orchards were processed and analyzed for various quality parameters viz. total soluble salts, total sugars, acidity and anthocyanin. The total soluble salts, total sugars, acidity and anthocyanin content of grape berries varied statistically from 22.06 to 23.12, 13.84 to 14.69, 0.35 to 0.43 and 0.02 to 0.03 per cent with average values of 22.59, 14.27, 0.39 and 0.03 per cent, respectively. The yield of grape orchards statistically showed a variation from 1.80 to 1.84 t ha-1 with an average value of 1.82 t ha-1. Soil potassium, sulphur, iron, zinc and boron and petiole potassium, manganese and boron contents revealed significant and positive correlation with total sugars. Available nitrogen, and petiole nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur, iron, manganese, zinc, copper and boron showed positive and significant correlation with acidity. Anthocyanin content indicated positive and significant correlation with available boron and petiole boron and potassium. The fruit yield of grapes indicated a significant and positive correlation with soil available nitrogen, phosphorus, manganese, and petiole nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur, manganese and boron contents.

7 tables, 59 ref

010223   Bhalodiya V B;Joshi D C;Jani B L (Post-Harvest Engineering and Technology Dep, College of Food Processing Technology & Bio Energy, Anand Agricultural, Anand-388 110, Email: jb9_bhavesh@yahoo.com) : Physical properties of 'Rajapuri' and 'Kesar' mango fruits and testing of weight fruit grader based on the physical properties. Green Fmg 2016, 7(3), 715-19.

The mango (Mangifera indica L.) is an important fruit in India. Mango can be utilized for many value added products based on different varieties and grades. For value addition, market appeal, export and processing of fruits, various physical properties namely; size, shape, weight, sphericity, bulk density and static coefficient of friction of freshly harvested 'Rajapuri' and 'Kesar' mango fruits were determined. The average dimensions i.e. the length, width and thickness were 95.20 ± 7.77 mm, 74.20 ± 6.81 mm and 68.20 ± 6.58 mm for 'Rajapuri' mangoes, respectively and 89.3 ± 5.20 mm, 56.4 ± 3.85 mm and 52.20 ± 2.82 mm for Kesar mangoes, respectively. The shape of 'Rajapuri' and 'Kesar' mangoes was found to be oblong with sphericity ranging from 0.74 to 0.90 and 0.68 to 0.75, respectively. The minimum and the maximum unit mass of 'Rajapuri' mangoes were 118 and 461 g, respectively while that for 'Kesar' mangoes were 122 and 220 g, respectively. The average bulk density was found to be 552.49 ± 13.48 kgm-3 for 'Rajapuri' and 529.02 ± 7.44 kgm-3 for 'Kesar' mango fruits. The average static coefficient of friction varies for 'Rajapuri' mangoes from 0.23 to 0.37 and for 'Kesar' mangoes from 0.31 to 0.45. The testing of the weight fruit grader on the basis of above physical properties of 'Rajapuri' mango fruits showed the maximum 78% grading efficiency and 1058 kg/h capacity at 5 rpm of grader machine without any visual damage to the mango fruits.

3 illus, 8 tables, 5 ref

010222   Bhakal M;Lal G M;Rai P K (Genetics and Plant Breeding Dep, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture Technology and Sciences, Dee, Allahabad-211 007, Email: mukeshbhakal02@gmail.com) : Studies on genetic diversity in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) germplasm. Green Fmg 2016, 7(3), 566-8.

Genetics divergence using D2 analysis of 40 genotypes of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) of different geographic origins revealed existence of considerable diversity for eleven quantitative and qualitative characters. The significant treatment mean square indicated adequate variability among the genotype for all characters. The genotypes were grouped into 7 clusters. The clusters VI was the largest containing 12 genotypes each followed by cluster V consisted 7 genotypes, cluster I and cluster VII consisted 6 genotypes, cluster III consisted 4 genotypes, cluster II consisted 3 genotypes and cluster IV consisted 2 genotypes. The diversity among the genotypes measured by intra-cluster & inter-cluster distance was adequate for improvement of groundnut by hybridization and selection. The genotype included in the diverse clusters can be used as promising parents for hybridization programme for obtaining high heterotic response and thus better sergeants in groundnut.

6 tables, 9 ref

010221   Basfore S;Thapa U;Chattopadhyay S B (Vegetable & Spice Crops Dep, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari, CoochBehar-736 156, Email: shibanthbckv@gmail.com) : Assessment of different chinese cabbage genotypes for growth, yield and quality. Green Fmg 2016, 7(3), 670-2.

Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. subsp. Pekinensis) is an important winter season exotic vegetable. The present investigation was carried out at Horticultural Research Station Mondouri, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Nadia, during the year 2010-2012. Five different varieties (Optiko, Tropical Delight, Tropic Prince, Summer King and Asia Vigour) were taken in to study to evaluate growth, yield and quality. Maximum plant height (29cm), head length (31.53 cm), head width (16 cm) was observed in variety Optiko followed by Summer king and Tropical delight and has the positive effect on growth characteristics as compare to the rest of the varieties. Days required to head initiation (30.15) and days required to harvesting (60.63) was observed minimum in the variety Optiko which is preferable, maximum was observed in Tropical Delight and Summer King. Maximum total head weight (1.53kg), net head weight (0.83kg), head yield/plot (20.67kg), head yield/ha (330.67q) was observed in variety Optiko followed by Summer King and Tropical Delight. Maximum TSS (3.77 degree Brix), total soluble sugar (6.91%), total chl. (3.79mg/lit), carotene (5.68μg/100gm), ascorbic acid (51.50 mg/100gm) was observed in the variety Optiko followed by Tropical Delight and Asia vigour. Amongst these five varieties, three varieties namely Optiko, Tropical Delight and Summer King have proved to be most significant in relation to the most of the quantitative and qualitative characters. The results of the present findings may conclude that among the five varieties Optiko has been found to be superior in respect to growth, yield and quality.

5 tables, 3 ref

010220   Barsainya M;Singh D P (Environmental Science Dep, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Univ, Lucknow-226 025, Email: dpsinghbbaulko@gmail.com) : Effect of secondary metabolites produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa on root rot disease in mung bean [Vigna radiata (L.) wilczek] growth on salinized soil. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2016, 18(2), 503-12.

Rhizobacteria play important roles in the overall growth of plants, influencing it in several ways. The present study was aimed to assess the ability of rhizobacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa as biocontrol agent and plant growth promoter under both biotic and abiotic stresses. It was observed that the isolated bacterium could tolerate NaCl up to 1.4 M and displayed inhibition of phytopathogen (Rhizoctonia solani) in the presence of up to 400 mM NaCl. The exopolysaccharides and biosurfactant produced by P. aeruginosa showed antifungal activity in presence of NaCl upto 400 mM. The antifungal activity of EPS and biosurfactant against Rhizoctonia solani was about 72% and 63%, respectively, at 100 mM concentration of NaCl, when compared with control (without NaCl). Mutant of P. aeruginosa wereisolated after chemical mutagenesis (2-amino purine treatment), exhibited reduced production of EPS and biosurfactant than the wild type. Besides less production of secondary metabolites, mutant strain DM1-def also showed reduced antimicrobial and salt tolerance property. Extracted biosurfactant and EPS were characterized by FTIR analysis. The present findings demonstrated the role of secondary metabolites (EPS and biosurfactant) of P. aeruginosa against the attack of phytopathogens and salinity stress in Vigna radiata plant.

2 illus, 3 tables, 52 ref

010219   Bandana Devi L;Bishnoi R;Suresh Babu G (Experimentation Centre of Dep of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Te, Allahabad-211 007, Email: bishnoiravi@ymail.com) : Studies on genetic variability in M₃ generation for yield characters in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Green Fmg 2016, 7(3), 595-7.

The present investigation was conducted to examine the M3 generation on EMS induced mutagenesis for genetic variability among 23 mutant line, during kharif-2013 under randomized block design with three replications. The data were recorded for 13 quantitative characters and 11 qualitative characters to obtain estimates of variability, heritability, genetic advance and genetic variability. Significant differences were observed among the genotypes for all the characters studied. High estimates of GCV and PCV were observed for grain yield per hill followed by biological yield per hill. On the basis of mean performance, the mutant line 0.2% of NDR-1045 recorded best performance for grain yield. Regarding quality parameters concerned with gel consistency and alkali spreading value best performance was recorded in the 0.2% of NDR- 2026 and 0.5% of NDR-2026 respectively. The high heritability was observed in grain yield per hill, number of spikelet per panicle and biological yield per hill. These character shows additive gene action indicates ample scope of selection. Further correlation and path studies revealed that biological yield, number of panicle per hill and number of tillers per hill shows significant positive correlation with grain yield.

4 tables, 7 ref

010218   Bakhralinova A S;Kurishbayev A K;Serekpaev N A;Stybayev G Z;Negayev A A (NO, Agrotechnical S. Seifullin Kazakh Univ, 62 Pobeda Avenue, Astana, Repu, ) : Condition of pastures neighboring to the villages in Enbekshilder district of Akmola region and the effectiveness of some surface improvement techniques. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2016, 13(2), 733-42.

Studies were carried out on natural community pastures in Enbekshilder district of Akmola region in 2013-2015. We have investigated pasture performance indicators such as botanical composition, projective cover, and yield of pasture mass. In the prevailing meteorological conditions, the projective cover of plant formation of grass/forb pasture was high, the weight of pasture mass ranged from 1.3 to 2.1 t/ha. The efficiency of fertilization was manifested as early as in the first year of studies, the effectiveness of the joint effect of mineral fertilizers with harrowing during the first year of studies was reduced due to partial drying out of the soil in consequence of soil treatment with BIG-3A drag harrow and John Deer 2600 disk harrow. As a result of fertilizer aftereffect, in the second year of studies, in all variants of mineral fertilizers we observed a high crop yield of green mass in total over two years, especially in the variant with application of nitrogen fertilizer. High total crop yield of green mass in the second year of the study was noted also in the variant with the application of nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizer along with the treatment of sod layer by BIG-3A drag harrow.

5 illus, 4 tables, 22 ref

010217   Azeez Y O;Adewole H;Olaleye V;Koseemani S E (NO, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Ile-Ife, Nigeria) : Levels of selected metal in the fillets of native fish species in Saba river, Osogbo, Nigeria. Int J Fish aqua Stud 2017, 5(3), 27-31.

The concentrations of selected heavy metals (cadmium, chromium, lead, arsenic and zinc) in the water and fillet of native fish species in Saba River, Osogbo were assessed. Water and fish samples were collected fortnightly for a period of six months, and their heavy metals concentration were analysed for the selected metals using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. Heavy metal analyses in the water and fish fillet samples revealed that the concentration of zinc was highest amongst the selected metals assayed in both the water and fish fillet. The cadmium and lead concentration of the water samples (19.0 - 38.5 μg/L) were found to be above recommended regulatory acceptable limits of 3 μg/L for cadmium and 20 μg/L for lead of WHO and FEPA while the cadmium level in the fillets of all the four fish species assayed (13.17 μg/g and 24.83 μg/g) and the lead concentration in the fillet of T. zillii (21.33 μg/g) were above the recommended acceptable limits of 1 μg/g per day in fish for cadmium and 20 μg/g for lead of WHO and FEPA. The study concluded that the metallic ion concentration in the water samples from Saba River indicated that the river was polluted and also negatively impacted the fish fillet quality raising human health consumption safety issues.

5 illus, 5 tables, 18 ref

010216   Aruho C;Dbungu R;Mwanja M T;Wadunde A O; Immaculate K;Nkambo M;Ondhoro C C (National Fisheries Resources, Research Institute, Kampala, Uganda) : Growth performance and survival of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fed on different diets. Int J Fish aqua Stud 2017, 5(3), 1-5.

Two trial experiments were conducted to assess the performance of a commercial dry feed D in combination with de-capsulated Artemia (AD), Moina (FD) and dry feed alone on African catfish larvae Clarias gariepinus for 14 days. The trials were conducted sequentially, separated by two months at the same facility to validate the consistence of the weaning effect of the feed on the growth of catfish larvae. Results showed that the final larval mean total length TL (cm) of larvae weaned using a feed combination AD (Trial 1, 1.50±0.013 1; Trial 2, 1.44±0.011), significantly performed better in both trials than that of larvae weaned on the other two diets, FD (Trial1, 1.37±0.011; Trial 2, 1.3510±0.0091) and D (Trial 1, 1.39±0.0141; Trial 2,1.3150±0.009). There was no significant difference in the final mean total length of catfish larvae weaned on feed combinations FD and D (P <62> 0.05). Specific growth rate (daily length % increment) ranged between 4.2% and 5.1% in all trials with the highest noted in feed combination AD. Although, weaner feed combination AD performed better than other feeds, there were no significant differences in larval survival in all the trials (P <62> 0.05). In spite of the good performance of the combination diet (AD), results from other feed (diet) combinations were fairly good as well. Feed D (57% crude protein CP) is an imported commercial feed that has been recently introduced in the country and can be popularized as a starter feed without the need to culture tedious live feeds or use of expensive Artemia combinations.

3 illus, 4 tables, 27 ref

010215   Anjum Q;Ganie S A;Ghani M Y;Lone A H (Centre for Forest Management Studies, Faculty of Life Science, Awadesh Pratap Singh Univ, Rewa, Madhya Pradesh) : Status and symptomatology of root rot of pinus wallichiana caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. pini in Kashmir valley (IPS). Asian J biochem pharm Res 2016, 6(1), 40-1.

Survey for the incidence of Root Rot of Pinus wallichiana seedlings caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. pini was conducted in Kashmir valley from January to June 2010. The disease was found to be prevalent in all the three surveyed districts of the valley viz. Srinagar, Anantnag, Baramulla, with maximum disease incidence (31.0%) from Forest Nursery Sonawar of district Srinagar followed by Lawipora, Srinagar (28.4%), Ketriteng, Anantnag (24.6%) and Seer, Baramulla (22.3%) localities of these districts. The minimum disease incidence was found in Babareshi (17.1%) from district Baramulla. District-wise mean disease incidence was maximum in Srinagar (25.96%) followed by Anantnag (22.03 %) and Baramulla (18.9%).

3 tables, 32 ref

010214   Al-Dulaimi M K;Mutalib S A;Ghani M A;Hassan N A;Alhashmi N;Alkuwari A;Alam M S (NO, School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Faculty of Science an, Malaysia 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor D.E., Malaysia, Email: bio_micro1978@yahoo.co.uk) : Antibiotic susceptibility and plasmid profile of Vibrio vulnificus isolated from cockles (Anadara granosa) in selangor Malaysia. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2016, 18(2), 305-14.

Vibrio vulnificus infections are the worldwide public health problems associated with illnesses resulting from consumption of raw or partially cooked seafood and exposure with the contaminated sea water. The aim of this study is to isolate and identify V. vulnificus from cockles in Malaysia and detect antibiotic susceptibility and plasmid profiles. A total of 78 cockles, 40 from wet and 38 from supermarkets were examined for the presence of V. vulnificus using Thiosulfate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose agar(TCBS) and Chromagar Vibrio(CV). The antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed for 12 antibiotics by the disc diffusion method. For molecular identification of the isolates, the 16S ribosomal RNA gene fragment was amplified by polymerase chain reaction(PCR) and the nucleotide data were subjected to Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) for analysis. The morphological and biochemical test detected V. vulnificus in 32% of the cockle samples all of which showed resistance to two to eight antibiotics. Plasmids were found in 88% of the isolates with 10 different profiles having two to four plasmids each. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence homology 15 isolates were identified as V. vulnificus, five as other Vibrios and five as nonvibrios. We have observed a marked difference between morphological methods and molecular methods in identification of V. vulnificus indicating the inadequacy of the morphological technique in discriminating the Vibrio species. The occurrence of V. vulnificus in the cockle samples is quite high so consumption of uncooked and semicooked cockles should be avoided in order to prevent food-borne infection by this pathogenic bacterium.

s, 5 tables, 40 ref

010213   Ajuzie C C (Aquaculture, Freshwater and Marine Ecology Research Lab, Fisheries and Aquaculture, Nigeria) : Microalgae, zooplankton and macroinvertebrate food components of Oreochromis niloticus (Piscis: cichlidae) in liberty reservoir, Jos, Nigeria. Int J Fish aqua Stud 2017, 5(3), 14-20.

The food of Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) in Liberty Reservoir, Jos, Nigeria was studied based on the characterization of microalgae, zooplankton and macroinvertebrates present in the stomach of the cichlid. A total of 55 adult O. niloticus (Total length range 82-259 mm) were procured on the 10th of October 2014 from one of the fishermen who set fish traps in the reservoir and taken to the laboratory for stomach contents analysis. The percent frequency of occurrence and the numerical percentage methods were used to analyse the stomach contents of the fish samples. Only 56.36% of the fish had food in their stomach. A total of 98 taxa of prey items (made up of 17 genera of cyanobacteria, 27 genera of diatoms, 25 genera of chlorophytes, 15 genera of charophytes, two genera each of dinoflagellates and euglenophytes, one genus each of cryptophytes, heterokontophytes, chrysophytes and rhodophytes, and three zooplankton and two macroinvertebrate taxa) were found in the examined stomachs. Microalgae, primarily diatoms, constituted 99% of the diet with zooplankton and macroinvertebrates making up the residual 1%, showing O. niloticus in the Liberty Reservoir to be predominantly algivorous.

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010212   Ajuzie C C (Aquaculture, Freshwater and Marine Ecology Research Lab, Fisheries and, Jos Univ, Nigeria) : Status of Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) fishery in liberty reservoir, Jos, Nigeria. Int J Fish aqua Stud 2017, 5(3), 10-13.

Oreochromis niloticus samples (n = 203) were bought from one of the fishermen who fish in the reservoir on 31 October 2016. The fish were caught in fish traps. Length (mm) and weight (g) measurements of each fish were determined in the laboratory. The least-squares regression method (95% Confidence Level) was used to determine the length-weight relationship of the fish. The condition of the fish was also assessed by calculating the condition factor K. The size of the fish ranged from 62 to 292 mm total length and 50 to 244 mm standard length. The weight ranged from 4.2 to 324.2 g. Although there was a significant relationship between total length and weight (P<60>0.0001; r^{2 = 0.945; slope = 2.855) the majority of the sampled fish were small. Approximately 64% of the fish were <60> 125 mm total length, and about 90% of them weighed <60> 90 g. The condition factor (K) of the fish ranged from 0.35 to 4.21, with majority (96%) of them having a K value of 2.01 to 4.21 and, hence, were in good condition. Fish that were judged to be in poor condition had a K value that ranged from 0.35 to 1.98. In view of the fact many small fish were retained by the fisherman, and, indeed, by the other fishermen, the fishing mortality was judged to be quite high. The Plateau State Government of Nigeria needs to acknowledge the current clandestine fishing and develop appropriate regulations. Monitoring and enforcement would help to ensure sustainability of the valuable O. niloticus fishery. Suggestions regarding appropriate and realistic fisheries management options are proffered.}

2 illus, 1 table, 20 ref

010211   Acharya S;Satpathy B (NO, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Angul, Odisha, Email: sumitaacharya75@gmail.com) : Sustainable livelihood of rural women through off-farm enterprises in Angul district, Odisha. Indian J soc Res 2016, 57(4), 551-62.

Rural women play a praiseworthy role in making livelihoods for their households. The present study deals with the impact of off-farm enterprises on livelihood and specific role played by KVK in promoting women friendly technologies. The sample of the study consisted of 120 women in six villages of Angul district those are involvement with dairy, goat rearing, backyard poultry, vermicomposting, mushroom, vegetables, apiculture and value addition. Data was collected from the farm women and the economics of all enterprises with the help of pre structures and pretested interview schedule. On the basis of Benefit-cost ratio backyard poultry, mushroom and vegetables were found positively correlated with income and standard of living of small and marginal rural women. The majority of the rural women (60<37) indicated that their livelihoods improved through off farm enterprises. But the most common constraint faced by rural women is inadequate finance and lack of knowledge to run the enterprise (as indicated by constraint index 236 followed by 204). Keeping in view the above facts, KVK was conducted intensive training programmes in adopted villages to improve the knowledge of women for better living and empower them for undertaking the enterprises so that they can contribute towards family income and improve the financial status of their families. Further, impact analysis of the training programme was done and the results showed that almost all the respondents gained full knowledge of all the aspects of training programmes. But most of them used the knowledge gained for household use instead of commercial use. However, the successful implementation of these enterprises depends upon the effective cooperation of major intervening agencies for rural livelihood.

3 illus, 4 tables, 8 ref

010210   Abdukadirova Z A;Kurmanbayeva M S;Ospanbayev Z O (NO, , Kazakh State Women's Teacher Training Univ, Kazakh Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture and Plant, Email: kurmanbaevakz@mail.ru) : Effect of mulch on soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) at cultivation under drip irrigation in the South-east of Kazakhstan. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2016, 13(2), 751-9.

Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr) crops were grown in 2013-2015 to determine effect of drip irrigation in the different variants water levels with using mulch on growth and productivity under conditions of the south-east of Kazakhstan. The use of mulch in agriculture has increased in last years throughout the world. This article presents the outcome of field experiments conducted in the Kazakhstan on the effects of drip irrigation (DI) practices on reproductive stages of soybean. Drip irrigation with or without mulch was adopted for the experimental plots. The most effective way to combat weeds in soybean crops proved to drip irrigation under mulch film, where the number of weeds in the early growing season did not exceed 36-44 units/m^{2. Despite the prevailing adverse weather conditions for the growth and development of soybean in the south-east of Kazakhstan, we have received a fairly high yield (42.2 tonnes / ha) on a variant using a mulching film. The results indicated that use mulch under drip irrigation significantly increase plant growth and production soybean. This increase is due to benefits such as increase in soil temperature, reduced weed pressure, moisture conservation, reduction of certain insect pests, higher crop yields, and more efficient use of soil nutrients.}

8 illus, 8 tables, 21 ref

009264   Yuthasin R;Thummabenjapone P;Hiransalee A (Plant Pathology Div, Plant Science and Agricultural Resources Dep, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen Univ, Khon Kaen, Thailand, Email: petsir@kku.ac.th) : Seed treatment of chilli seeds infected with Colletotrichum capsici causing anthracnose disease by antagonistic streptomyces-PR22. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2016, 18(1), 19-24.

Colletotrichum capsici is both internally and externally seed-borne pathogen that can serve as a primary inoculum source of anthracnose disease of chilli. In laboratory test, Streptomyces-PR22 had a strong antifungal activity to control C. capsici. The result showed that Streptomyces-PR22 inhibited mycelium growth of any isolates fungi tested by dual culture. The culture filtrate produce of Streptomyces-PR22 had effected to hyphal morphology as swelling and distortion, also completely inhibited spore germination of C. capsici. Cell suspension of Streptomyces-PR22 treated chilli seeds infected with C. capsici had the percent of germination no differ the uninoculated control, also reduced number of seed infection and development of spore mass as well as seed treatment with benomyl fungicide. In addition, seedling growth of Streptomyces- PR22 treatments were no differ the uninoculated control. This is the first report, application of antagonistic Streptomyces treated seed to control anthracnose disease of chilli.

4 illus, 2 tables, 14 ref

009263   Yadav R K;Mundra S L (Agronomy Dep, Maharana Pratap Univ of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, Rajasthan) : Weed management and sulphur nutrition in clusterbean for higher productivity and profitability. J Pharmac Phytochem 2017, 6(3), 6-8.

An experiment was conducted during kharif seasons of 2013 and 2014 at Instructional Farm of Rajasthan college of Agriculture, Udaipur ( Rajasthan) to evaluate the effect of weed management and sulphur nutrition on weed density, their biomass, productivity of Clusterbean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub] and profitability in terms of net returns and BC ratio. Hand weeding twice at 20 and 40 DAS recorded minimum weed count and weed dry matter at 50 DAS. m The minimum weed dry matter of narrow-leaved (129 kg ha^{-1), broad-leaved (106 kg ha-1) and total weed dry weight (235 kg ha-1) was recorded under two hand weeding treatment which was closely followed by sequential application of pre emergence application of pendimethalin 0.75 kg ha-1followed by post emergence application of imazethapyr 0.075 kg ha-1. The highest yield attributing characters viz., cluster plant-1, pods cluster-1, seeds pods-1, 1000 seed weight and seed yield plant-1 were recorded under two hand weeding followed by sequential application of pendimethalin with imazethapyr. The highest seed (1218 kg ha-1) and haulm (2440 kg ha-1) was registered in hand weeded twice treatment while net returns of Rs. 36952 and BC ratio of 2.60 was recorded pendimethalin fb imazethapyr.}

2 tables, 7 ref