008213   Singh S;Kingra P K;Singh S P (School of Climate Change and Agricultural Meteorology, Punjab Agricultural Univ, Ludhiana-141 004, Email: pkkingra@pau.edu) : Heat unit requirement and its utilisation efficiency in wheat under different hydrothermal environments. Ann agric Res 2016, 37(2), 130-40.

A field experiment was conducted at the Research Farm, School of Climate Change and Agricultural Meteorology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during rabi 2013-14. Wheat variety PBW 621 was sown on three dates viz. D₁ (29th October), D₂ (12th November) and D₃ (28th November) and four irrigation levels namely I₁ (Irrigation at CRI stage), I₂ (Irrigation at CRI and Flag leaf emergence stage), I₃ (Irrigation at CRI, flag leaf emergence and soft dough Stage) and I₄ (Recommended 4 post sowing irrigations) in randomized block design. D₁ took 157 days to attain maturity followed by 151 days taken by D₂ and 142 days taken by D₃ sown crop. The AGDD and APTU at physiological maturity were higher under D₁ (1759.9øC day and 19403.2øC day hr) followed by D₂ (1695.3øC day and 18992.6øC day hr) and D₃ (1623.2øC day and 18570.2øC day hr) respectively, where as AHTU were higher under D₂ (11897.8øC day hr) followed by D₁ (11386.9øC day hr) and D₃ (11234.2øC day hr). Heat use efficiency w.r.t. straw and grain yield were higher under D₁ followed by D₂ and D₃. Phenophasic models explained 96 to 99% variation in crop phenology due to heat units under D₁, 94 to 98% under D₂ 89 to 97% variation under D₃. Heat use efficiency also exhibited positive linear relationship with dry matter production (R2 = 0.99) and grain yield (R2 = 0.87). The study concluded that timely sowing of wheat improves heat use efficiency, which is essentially required under climate warming scenarios.

6 illus, 5 tables, 13 ref

008212   Singh J;Singh V;Rajesh Kumar;Ramesh Chand (Mycology and Plant Pathology Dep, Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi-221 005, Email: jagjeetsingh211@gmail.com) : Screening of different genotypes of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp.) against Phytophthora dreschsleri f. sp. cajani under natural epiphytotic environment. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2016, 13(4), 2239-43.

Pigeonpea is one of the major legumes and it is one of the most important among edible legumes of the world. Diseases are major constraints affecting both production and yield stability of pigeonpea(Kannaiyan and Nene, 1984). In IndiaFusarium wilt, sterility mosaic, Phytophthora blight and Phoma stem canker are considered most important diseases of pigeonpea causing extensive damage to the crop. The study were based on screening resistant genotypes against Phytophthora blight of pigeonpea caused by Phytophthora drechsleri f. sp. cajani(Pdc). Seventy three genotypes were planted with susceptible check (ICP-7119). All genotypes were inoculated with Phytophthora drechsleri f. sp. cajani by knife cut method and data of lesion size were taken at two different time intervals.Out of 73 genotypes only five of them viz.WRG-220, GT-101, GAUT-001, BSMR-853, ICP-2376 were found fully resistant against infection of Phytophthora drechsleri f. sp. cajani(Pdc).

4 tables, 11 ref

008211   Siddiqui M Z;Yadav R A;Khan N;Parihar G S; Arvind Kumar (Agronomy Dep, C.S. Azad Univ of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur-208 002) : Bio-efficacy of herbicides against different weed flora of wheat in central plain zone of Uttar Pradesh. Ann agric Res 2016, 37(2), 184-8.

Wheat is the most widely cultivated crop among the cereals and ranks next to the rice in term of production. Wheat crop incurred heavy loss due to weed infestation, the most dominant weeds in wheat crop are Phalaris minor, Chenopodium album, Melilotus alba, Anagallis arvensis and Convolvulus arvensis etc. About 37% yield losses occurs due to grass weeds only. Conventional method of weed removal is costly as well as ineffective. Whereas, application of herbicides for controlling weeds have been found effective and economical in wheat crop. Results revealed that weeds prevailed through-out the crop period caused, on an average, yield reduction of 42%. The application of herbicides viz. clodinafop-propargyl (15%) + metsulfuron (1%), sulfosulfourn (75% WG) + metsulfuron methly (5% WG) and clodinafop-propargyl 15% WP @100% recommended dose (RDC) shows greater effect on control of Phalaris minor. clodinafop-propargyl (15%) + metsulfuron (1%) @ 100% RDC showed very effective against grasses as well as broadleaf weeds followed by SF-10 100% RDC and clodinafop-propargyl (15%) + metsulfuron (1%) @ 75% RDC, respectively. All the yield attributing character viz., spike weight (g), length of spike (cm), number of spikelets/spike and 1000-grain weight were also maximized under clodinafop-propargyl (15%) + metsulfuron (1%) (100% RDC) under herbicide application treatments. The weed free treatment provided maximum grain yield (50.06 q/ ha) followed by treatment where clodinafop-propargyl (15%) + metsulfuron (1%) (100% RDC) (49.13 q/ha) was applied.

3 tables, 12 ref

008210   Shukla P K;Adak T;Gundappa (Division of Crop Protection, Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Rehmankhera, Lucknow-226 101, Email: pkmush@gmail.com) : Seasonal dynamics of powdery mildew of mango and its management under subtropics. GERF Bull Biosci 2016, 7(1), 21-5.

Mango is one of the most important fruit crop in SAARC countries, which has severely been affected by powdery mildew during panicle development and fruit set stages, which in turn reduces its production and productivity. The disease is caused by Oidium mangiferae Berthet and is reported from more than 35 countries in the world and it may reduce yields as much as 90 per cent. It is widely distributed and can also be a major foliar disease of mango. The flowering stage, however, appears to be the most critical for infection; little infection occurs before flower opening or during fruit-set. Conidia are wind disseminated and are released on a diurnal basis. Peak spore release during 11.00 to 16.00 h, was positively correlated with temperature and negatively correlated with humidity, vapour pressure deficit and leaf wetness. The cardinal temperatures for conidium germination are 9, 32 and 23 øC. Conidia germinate at wide range of relative humidity (as low as 20%). Infection can take place within 5-7 h, and conidia are produced within 5 days of infection. Disease development occurs between 10-31 øC and 60-90% relative humidity. Infestation of the bloom clusters by powdery mildew causes flowers and young fruits to drop and direct yield loss.

4 illus, 7 ref

008209   Sharma S;Manchanda J S (Soil Science Dep, PAU, Ludhiana, Email: seemasharma1316@yahoo.in) : Effect of soil boron on seed cotton and lint yield. Int J Trop Agric 2016, 34(2), 421-4.

A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of graded levels of boron in a boron deficient soil, hot water soluble boron (hws B:0.2 mgkg^{-1), having pH 8.1, electrical conductivity (EC) 0.28dSm-1 medium organic carbon (0.58 percent), medium available phosphorus (16 kg ha-1), high in available potassium content (242 kgha-1). Boron was applied @ 0 (control), 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 kg ha-1. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with three replications. Results revealed that significant increase in monopods plant-1, sympods plant-1, boll number and boll weight was observed with boron application and maximum increase was observed with the application of boron @ 1.5 kg ha-1. Similarly, seed cotton yield and lint yield were also highest with the application of boron @ 1.5 kg ha-1.}

1 table, 22 ref

008208   Sharma N K;Sharma R K;Hari R;Goyal T C;Jain A K (Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension Dep, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, G.B. Pant Univ of Agricultur, Pantnagar, US Nagar, Uttarakhand) : Prevailing animal husbandry practices and knowledge of livestock farmers in Udham Singh Nagar district of Uttarakhand. Vet Practnr 2016, 17(1), 152-3.

The present study was undertaken on 100 livestock farmers belonging to eight villages of four blocks of Udham Singh Nagar district to identify prevailing animal husbandry practices of livestock farmers. The information was collected by conducting personal interviews of the livestock farmers with the help of well-structured and pre-tested interview schedule. Animal husbandry practices were categorized into different sub areas viz. housing, feeding, healthcare and breeding practices.The findings showed that majority of livestock farmers had kachcha animal houses. The results indicated that only 6% livestock owners frequently used disinfectant in animal houses. Farmers possessed comparatively higher knowledge (95%) about composition of ration to be fed to the animals. Only 35% livestock farmers had knowledge about importance of mineral supplementation. Majority of livestock farmers (71 per cent) were aware about common animal diseases. The results revealed that majority of livestock farmers (47.9%) told that FMD was commonly occurred disease. Majority of livestock farmers (75%) preferred artificial insemination rather than natural service. The results revealed that 30% livestock farmers said that infertility is a common problem.

11 ref

008207   Sandeep Kumar;Umrao R S;Singh A K (Entomology Dep, NDUA&T, Kumarganj, Faizabad) : Population dynamics of major insect-pests of cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] and their correlation with metrological parameters. Agric biol Res 2017, 33(1), 13-21.

A total of five insects namely aphids, jassid, thrips, legume pod borer and Coccinellids predators appeared on cowpea. On the basis of population and damage only two insects viz. jassids and pod borers were found as major pests of cowpea. Jassid population showed highly positive correlation with relative humidity and significant positive correlation with maximum temperature, minimum temperature and rainfall. Pod borer population showed significant negative correlation with minimum temperature, relative humidity and rainfall and significant positive correlation with maximum temperature.

2 tables, 7 ref

008206   Saleem T;Shah M A;Ganai N A;Mir M S (NO, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Bandipora, Shalimar, Srinagar, Email: tahirsaleem08@gmail.com) : Effect of date of transplanting and nutrition on yield of onion cv. red coral under cold arid conditions of Kargil. Agric biol Res 2017, 33(1), 53-7.

The field experiment was conducted during 2007 and 2008 at Regional Agricultural Research Sub-Station Kargil of Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir. The treatments consisted of three dates of transplanting (1st May, 15th May and 31st May) as main plots and six combinations of fertilizer and manures as sub-plots were tried in split plot design with three replications during both the years. The results of both the years indicated that transplanting onion on 1st of May produced significantly higher yields as compared to other two dates of planting with similar levels of inorganic fertilizer and manure. The highest yield of onion bulbs was recorded in treatment with highest level of inorganic fertilizers (175:75:75 NPK kg ha^{-1) in combination with highest level of farmyard manure (20t ha-1) within the 1st date of transplanting (1st May) during both the years. From the findings it was observed that 1st May date of transplanting with highest level of fertilizer and manure in combination i.e., 175:75:75 NPK kg ha-1 and 20t farmyard manure were most suitable for increasing the yields of onion cv. Red Coral.}

1 table, 6 ref

008205   Sai Prasad S V;Patidar M;Ambati D;Singh J B; Sharma B;Tiwari D;Patidar C P;Malviya P (NO, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Regional Station, Indore-452 001, Email: sprasad98@yahoo.com) : Genetic variability and correlation analysis of exotic bread wheat accessions under early sown, irrigated and high fertility conditions. Ann agric Res 2016, 37(2), 123-9.

Exotic bread wheat genotypes (132) received from CIMMYT, Mexico along with 3 check varieties were evaluated for 2 years under early sown irrigated and high fertility conditions to identify genotypes for coping with contemporary and projected climate extremes; and to estimate variability parameters, distribution and correlations for grain yield and its contributing traits. Significant genotypic differences were observed for all the traits studied indicating considerable amount of variation among genotypes for each character. High to moderate heritability coupled with high to moderate genetic advance as percentage of mean was exhibited for 5 traits viz., days to flowering, days to maturity, plant height, 1000 grain weight and spike length, which indicate that predominance of additive gene action in the expression of these characters and consequently greater chance of improving these traits through simple selection. No. of tillers/m, biomass/plot, harvest index and grain yield/plot showed low heritability along with low genetic advance, which suggested that the presence of non-additive gene action and hence, improvement of these traits could be difficult through direct selection. Grain yield/plot showed significantly positive correlation with days to heading, plant height, spike length, no. of tillers/m, 1000 grain weight, biomass/plot and harvest index. As a whole, genotypes viz., 45th IBWSN 1315, 29th SAWSN 3125 and 30th SAWSN 3036 showed high grain yield along with superior yield contributing traits, hence, they can be utilized as a potential donors for improving grain yield in our wheat varieties under early sown, irrigated and high fertility conditions.

1 illus, 3 tables, 22 ref

008204   Sahu R K;Raut S;Chappalwar A M;Bhong C D; Deshmukh V V (Veterinary Public Health & Epidemiology Dep, COVAS, MAFSU, Parbhani, Email: rajeshwarrior32@gmail.com) : Physio-chemical and bacteriological analysis of Osmanabadi goat milk. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2016, 18(3), 615-18.

The Osmanabadi goat is a native breed of Marathawada region of Maharastra. It has high yielding capacity of milk (1.5L/day). This study was conducted to evaluate quality of milk by physio-chemical and bacteriological analysis of raw Osmanabadi goat milk. A total of 50 milk samples were collected and processed in the laboratory. Samples were collected in sample collection bottles. Temperature of individual samples was recorded at the time of collection. The physio-chemical parameters and bacteriological analysis were done. The overall mean of parameters were pH (6.58±0.01), Fat(7.89±0.34%), SNF(9.13±0.18%), Protein (3.60±0.08%), Lactose (5.07±0.09%), Density (1029.18±0.51 Kg/m^{3), Added water (0%), Freezing point (- 0.591±0.010C), Salt (0.78±0.01%), Temp (31.5±0.240C). The TVC of all milk samples comes lower than 3.5x105 cfu/mL. Out of 50 samples the organisms like E. coli (40%), Staphylococcus spp (16%), Streptococcus spp(30%) & Enterobacter spp(36%) were isolated respectively. The above study revealed that milk quality of Osmanabadi goat was fair quality according to physio-chemical & bacteriological analysis. Proper hygienic practice and sanitation should be maintained in goat shed to lower the bacterial load.}

2 tables, 22 ref

008203   Sadimantara G R;Muhidin;Ginting S;Suliartini N W S (Agrotechnology Dep, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Halu Oleo Kendari, 93232, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia) : Potential yield of some superior breeding lines of upland rice of southeast Sulawesi Indonesia. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2016, 13(4), 1867-70.

Demand for rice as a source of food in Indonesia continues to increase in line with the growth of population, while the capacity to produce paddy rice increasingly limited. One of the efforts is to develop upland rice that tolerant to drought and high production potential the hybridization. The study was conducted at the experimental field of the Faculty of Agriculture Halu Oleo University. Production characters were observed and assessments are tillers number, a number of productive tillers, panicle length, number of filled grain/panicle and weight 1,000 seed grains. The results showed that there is eight promising progeny of upland rice that are tolerant to drought and high potential yield.

3 illus, 3 tables, 26 ref

008202   Reshi P A;Ganai A M;Ahmad H A;Gull G;Daraz I A;Mir D M (Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir Univ of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmi, Shuhama, Alusteng, Srinagar-190 006, Email: parvaiz85@gmail.com) : Chemical composition of locally available feedstuffs and feeding practices of dairy cows in hilly regions of Kashmir, India. Vet Practnr 2016, 17(1), 145-7.

A field study was conducted in hilly area (Kupwara, Handwara and Karnah regions) of Kashmir valley situated in middle greater north western Himalayas to find out the chemical composition (DM, CP, CF, EE, ADF, NDF, Ash, Ca, P, Zn, Cu and Fe) of the locally available feedstuffs and feeding practices in the areas. The main dry fodder available for livestock was found to be paddy straw, oats hay, grass hay and wheat straw. Homemade concentrates comprising of ricebran, wheat bran and oil cakes were fed as concentrates. The daily intake of dry roughages and concentrate in the study area for lactating cows was 4.59 and 4.25 kg, respectively. Among the dry roughages available in the area oats hay was found to contain highest CP level (10.2%) followed by dried local grasses (8.6%) while other feed ingredients contain CP below 5%. All the concentrates available in the area were found to contain good nutritive value with adequate level of different proximate principles and minerals. Most of the dry roughages analyzed were deficient in P, Cu and Zn. Therefore, dairy cattle need dietary supplementation of these minerals besides balanced ration recommended by Indian feeding standards that need to be fed to lactating cows for optimum productivity and production.

3 tables, 14 ref

008201   Repalli S K;Baruah A M;Rai R;Dash P K (ICAR-NRC on Plant Biotechnology, , Pusa, New Delhi-110 012, Email: pdas@nrcpb.org) : Isolation and cloning of cytokinin oxidase 5 gene from Arabidopsis. Ann agric Res 2016, 37(2), 115-22.

Phytohormones play intricate physiological and biochemical roles to control growth and development of plants. Amongst several phytohormones cytokinins (CKs) play an important role as they govern yield in crops. While controlling cardinal growth of plants, CKs govern a complex trait i.e. shoot apical meristem formation and there by yield in crops. Mutation studies on cytokinin oxidase (ckx) genes had revealed that decreased activity of cytokinin oxidase results in increased bioavailability of cytokinin and thereby increasing seed yield. In this study, we isolated ckx5 gene from Arabidopsis and cloned into an E coli vector so as to make it ready for mobilization into binary vector for future plant transformation experiments. Sequence of steps followed to clone the gene from Arabidopsis and confirm its presence were ncomphishel by (i) PCR based amplification with gene specific primers, (ii) restriction digestion followed by (iii) authentication of ckx gene by Sanger's DNA-sequencing are discussed.

5 illus, 19 ref

008200   Raut A A;Kadu R V;More H G (Agril. Process Engineering Dep, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri) : Studies on engineering properties of aonla fruit (Phyllanthus emblica L.) for design and development of Aonla pricking machine. Int J Trop Agric 2016, 34(2), 355-60.

The studies on engineering properties of aonla fruit were undertaken for designing and development of low cost manual operated aonla pricking machine. The findings of seventy five fruits taken for observation of various parameters on average basis revealed, unit weight (33.00 grams), size (39.77 mm), spherecity (98.82%), volume (33.70 cm^{3), surface area (14.78 cm2) and volume to surface area ratio (2.32 : 1). The aonla pricking machine designed and developed after exploring engineering properties of fruit consisted of, mild steel (M.S) supporting frame angle (35 L x 35 B x 600 H mm) and plate (300 x 300 x 5 mm thick ) and pricking stand of Wolf ES 14. The pricking die unit comprise of die plate, die support, needle support, needle (spike), spring, spindle and alien bolt of various dimension.}

3 tables, 13 ref

008199   Raut A A;Kadu R V;More H G (Agril. Process Engineering Dep, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri) : Effect of pricking methods on physical properties and pricking capacity of aonla (Phyllanthus emblica L.) fruit used for preparation of candy. Int J Trop Agric 2016, 34(2), 351-3.

An effect of pricking methods involving liand pricking with pricking fork having seven brass spikes and machine pricking having needles of different diameter were studied for post pricking physical properties of aonla fruit used for preparation of candy. The results of study revealed that, among needles of different diameter used in pricking machine, 3 mm needle was found to be significant for average percent surface area pricked (17.17%) and average pricking capacity (5.80 kg/hr) over hand operated pricking fork. The average depth of penetration (8 mm) and damage to the fruits (1.30%) the parameters considered beneficial for improving quality of candy were also promising over hand operated pricking fork.

4 tables, 8 ref

008198   Rathod S R;Parihar R P;Daundkar K S (Agricultural Economics Dep, MPKV, Rahuri) : Economics of production of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L) in Raigad district (M.S.). Int J Trop Agric 2016, 34(2), 273-81.

The present study entitled "Economics of production of Utter gourd (Momordica charantia L) in Raigad District (M.S.)" was undertaken to estimate resource use pattern, cost, returns and profitability of Utter gourd cultivation with a cross sample of 120 bitter gourd cultivators. Results revealed that, the per hectare physical input utilization indicated that, the proportion of family labour days was more (53.50%) than hired labour days (46.00%) with per hectare average of 267.84 labour days. Regarding other inputs Rs.5045.00 of supporting and shading materials, 148.90 kg. N, 116.60 kg. P, 19.88 kg. K, 34.58 q, FYM, 637.07 kg. mulching materials, and netting materials Rs.1242.40 wire and Rs.1200.00 net and 13.40 hrs. /ha of machine labour were used. At the overall level the perhectare cost of cultivation of bitter gourd worked out to Rs. 129582.24 in which, cost 'A' and cost 'B' shared (49.31%) and (72.53%), respectively. The per hectare gross returns were Rs.172888 and realizing net return of Rs. 41962.30 with benefit-cost ratio of '1.33.

5 tables, 6 ref

008197   Rathod S R;Parihar R P;Daundkar K S (Agricultural Economics Dep, MPKV, Rahuri) : Economic analysis of marketing of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L) in Raigad district (M.S.). Int J Trop Agric 2016, 34(2), 269-74.

The present study entitled "Economic analysis of marketing of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L) in Raigad District (M. S.)" was undertaken with the specific objective such as to estimate price spread in different marketing channels, with a cross sample of 120 bitter gourd cultivators and 45 intermediteries. Study revealed that, In marketing of bitter gourd three channels were observed viz., I) Producer - Consumer, II) Producer - Retailer - Consumer, III) Producer -Commission/wholesaler agent - Retailer - Consumer. Of the sample cultivators, majority of farmers (60.00) and the maximum quantity (59.33%) sold through channel III. However, the producer share in consumer's rupee was highest (98.28%) in channel I followed by (82.76%) in channel II and 68.97%) in channel III. The marketing efficiency estimated by using modified Sliepherd's formula, was higher (57.91%) in channel I, than that of (19.83%) in diannel II and (9.44%) in channel III. This revealed that, the marketing margins were taken away by the market intermediaries in channel III and channel I resulted in poor efficiency in the marketing of bitter gourd.

3 tables, 10 ref

008196   Rastgu S;Zeinali H (Agriculture Dep, Payame Noor Univ (PNU), P.o. Box, 19395-3697, Tehran Iran) : Examination of antioxidant, physiological and chemical responses of olive, rose and pine, under the stress of air pollution in Isfahan. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2016, 13(4), 2055-65.

Since different plants have different reactions to pollutants, in this study the physiological, chemical and Antioxidant changes of three plants, Olive (broadleaf), Rose (shrubs) and Pine (conifer), affected by urban (traffic ) and industrial (petrochemical)pollution, compared to the control group (in Semirom), were studied. Leaf samples from the three plants were collected randomly during the two different periods (June and July). The results showed significant differences in chlorophyll, carotenoids, anthocyanins, the number of stomata in the three plants Rose, Olive and Pine in the three regions (P <60> 0.01). Protein content in the Soffeh and petrochemical regions decreased compared to Semirom, and catalase activity increased significantly. Ascorbate peroxidase enzyme activity differences among the plants in the regions, at 0.01, was not significant. The results showed significant differences in the concentration of zinc and copper inRose, Olive and Pine was found in thethree locations (P <60> 0.01). The soils of all three regions were diagnosed withlead elements and the soil of Soffeh and Petrochemical plant were found to bepolluted by zinc. The results indicate physiological, chemical and Antioxidant adjustments in the three plants and, consequently, the possibility of using all three plants of Roses, Olive and Pine as aliveindicators of air pollution.

15 tables, 39 ref

008195   Rao D M;Krishna K;Alferd S (Science Dep, Technology and Environment (Government of Puducherry) and Doctoral Ca, Coimbatore), Email: dwarak98@gmail.com) : Sector-wise GHG inventorization for union territory of Puducherry with special reference to agriculture-phase I. Int J Trop Agric 2016, 34(2), 509-14.

The anthropogenic emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs), that is, carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), and nitrous oxide (N₂O), is bringing about major changes to the global environment. Wliereas most of the emissions come from combustion of fossil fuels and industrial processes, agriculture accounts for10% -12% of the total anthropogenic emission of GHGs. The emissions under Puducherry region mainly from enteric fermentation, manure management and agricultural soils in agriculture sector. Total emission (tCH₄/year) through enteric fermentation, manure management and rice cultivation are 4,036.00; 354.00 and 1,900.00 respectively. Whereas carbon dioxide equivalent (CO₂e) emission (Million Tonnes of CO₂e/year) computed through enteric fermentation, manure management and rice cultivation are 0.0848; 0.0075 and 0.0399 respectively. The adoption of improved management practices and mitigation technologies could help in reducing emissions. The study concludes that the GHG emissions in the agriculture sector remain significant and their proper assessment is required for climate change adaptation and mitigation policies.

2 illus, 3 tables, 20 ref

008194   Ramani H R;Bambharolia R P;Sanghani A O; Mandavia M K (Main Cotton Research Station, Navsari Agriculture Univ, Surat-395 007, Email: hiteshramani2007@gmail.com) : Effect of higher temperature on leaf anatomy of heat tolerant and heat susceptible wheat genotypes (Triticum aestivum L.) by scanning electron microscopy. J Cell Tissue Res 2016, 16(2), 5679-84.

A heat tolerant (GW-190) and heat susceptible (J-2010-11) wheat genotypes were selected and grown up to tillering and grain filling stages. The plants were subjected to two groups: control and heat treatments. 40<60>C and 45<60>C of heat treatments were given for 2 h and 4 h of duration under artificial heat house. Scanning electron microscopy of wheat leaves showed that analysis of variance indicated significant differences for stomatal length existed among heat tolerant and susceptible genotypes as well significant differences were found for stomatal width among heat tolerant and susceptible genotypes. Also anatomy was destructed under higher temperature in both genotypes leaf but level of destruction was higher in susceptible as compared to tolerant genotypes.

3 illus, 12 ref

008193   Raju R;Thimmappa K;Pathan A L;Siddayya (NO, ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal-132 001) : Impact of saline soil reclamation on enhancing farm productivity and farmers income in Karnataka - an economic analysis. Int J Trop Agric 2016, 34(2), 303-10.

In India 2.95 m ha. area is affected by soil salinity spread in 13 states, out of which Karnataka has 1893 ha. In Kamataka about 925 ha saline land has been reclaimed through installation of subsurface drainage technology which costs about Rs. 52000 per ha of land reclamation. The post reclamation study revealed that land has become almost normal within 2 to 3 years and the land value has been increased upto 500 per cent. The yield of sugarcane has been increased from 42 t/ha to 119 t/ha after reclamation. Overall, the crop yield has been increased upto 200 per cent. The farmers obtained per hectare net income of Rs. 1.02 lakh after reclamation compare to a loss of Rs. 53,000 per hectare before reclamation. Though the saline soil reclamation technology is capital-intensive, fanners in Karnataka are coming forward to install the subsurface drainage technology on their own cost due to its effectiveness.

7 tables, 20 ref

008192   Rai S K;Solanki D K;Xalxo A;Rathore K;Sharma M (Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry Dep, Indira Gandhi Agriculture Univ, Raipur-497 012, Email: dilnishi85@gmail.com) : Changes in soil urease activity as influenced by fertilization practices at different growth stages in wheat. Pollut Res 2016, 35(1), 123-6.

The experiment was carried out at Research Farm, College of Agriculture, IGKV, Raipur (C.G.) during Rabi season, 2012-2013. The experimental conducted in Vertisol and laid out in a split plot design with four replications. The samples were collected during crop growing season with a regular development stages of wheat, i.e. tillering, panicle initiation, milky and dough stage with the soil depths of 0-15 and 15-30 cm. The maximum urease activity (μg urea hydrolysed g^{-1 soil h-1) was recorded 717.54 μg at tillering, 824.04 at panicle initiation, 271.23 at milky and 254.74 in dough stage. Where activity ranged from 384.26 to 515.89 under treatment T₁ (Control) and T₈ (100% RDF+ FYM), respectively. The significantly higher urease activity (μg urea hydrolysed g-1soil h-1) was recorded 482.97 in surface soil and significantly lower 430.17 in subsurface soil.}

3 tables, 14 ref

008191   Qi J;Takahashi N;Aiuchi D;Tani M;Asano S I; Koike M (The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate Univ, Japan) : A potential of biofilm formation by entomopathogenic Bacillus thuringiensis on tomato root surface. Int J Trop Agric 2016, 34(2), 369-75.

Bacillus thuringiensis has been used as an effective bio-insecticide. But, recently B. thuringiensis was treated as a biological control agent which can suppress the plant disease. B. thuringiensis can suppress the growth of Rdstoniasolanacearum and the development of wilt symptoms in plants. Bacillus subtilis, which is ubiquitous in soil, can promote plant growth, protect against fungal pathogen attack as a biocontrol agent on plants. It is now widely recognized that Bacillus subtilis settings persist in association with surfaces by forming biofilm. In this study, we would like to determine if B. thuringiensis would colonize and form biofilms on tomato roots. We use 10 under test strains: 8. thuringiensissotto 15, israelensis 16, japonensis 17, kurstaki 18, roskildiensis 19, CR371-H20, DF, GC-91, B.subtilis MB1600, B.simplex CGF2856. Tlie microtiter plate assay was used to evaluate B. subtilis biofilm formation. Biofilm formation was quantified by measuring the OD₅₉₅ for each well using a spectrophotometer. Also the tomato root was soaked in each tested bacterial strains by co-culture method for 48h, and transplant tomato to soil condition. The result is B. thuringiensishas the ability of biofilm formation. Our results also indicate that B. thuringiensis formed biofilm can colonize plant root.

3 illus, 24 ref

008190   Praneeth Y S;Gowda A P M;Thimmegowda M N; Umesha K;Ranjini T N (Plantation Dep, Spices, Medicinal and Aromatic Crops, College of Horticulture, Bangalore, Horticultural Sciences Univ, Bagalkot, Email: praneethchama@gmail.com) : Biomass production, yield and quality in coleus (Plectranthus barbatusbriq.) as influenced by irrigation and nutrient schedule. Pollut Res 2016, 35(1), 85-9.

A field experiment was conducted for standardization of irrigation and nutrient schedule for drip fertigation in coleus (Plectranthus barbatus Briq.)" at College of Horticulture, UHS Campus, GKVK (Po), Bengaluru. The experiment was laid in factorial concept in randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. Treatments comprised of a combination of drip irrigation regimes, viz., 0.9, 0.7 and 0.5 IW/CPE ratio and fertigation schedules up to 4 months, fertigation up to 5 months, and with soil application as per recommended dosage. Among drip irrigation regimes, irrigation at 0.7 IW/CPE recorded maximum fresh weight of leaves (725.7g), dry weight of leaves (172.8g), fresh weight of tubers per plant (395.89g), dry weight of tubers per plant (51.48g), fresh tuber yield (32.99 t ha^{-1) and moisture per cent (6.69%). The total forskolin content was maximum with 0.5 IW/CPE ratio (0.86%). Among fertigation schedule, highest fresh weight of leaves (734.3g), dry weight of leaves (174.8g), fresh weight of stem (1870.3g), dry weight of stem (301.6g), fresh weight of tubers per plant (398.77g), dry weight of tubers per plant (53.01g), fresh tuber yield (33.23t ha-1), dry tuber yield (4.42 t/ha) and forskolin yield (37.57 ha-1 kg) was registered with fertigation up to 5 months.}

1 illus, 2 tables, 13 ref

008189   Prakash G;Srinivasa N;Mukesh Sankar S;Singh S P;Tara Satyavathi C (Plant Pathology Div, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110 012, Email: prakashg.ganesan@gmail.com) : Standardization of pearl millet blast (Magnaporthe grisea) phenotyping under artiicial conditions. Ann agric Res 2016, 37(2), 200-5.

In India, pearl millet blast caused by Magnaporthe grisea is becoming a serious problem and causes significant yield losses in various parts of country. In this study, we have standardized phenotyping procedure against pearl millet blast disease. Further, we have evaluated 15 inbred lines in which three entries were highly resistant viz., PPMI 1087, PPMI 1089 and PPMI 660 and two entries (PPMI 1084 and J 108) were identified as resistant. This method will be useful for large scale screening of pearl millet entries against blast pathogen.

2 illus, 2 tables, 10 ref

008188   Prajapati P M;Sheikh A S;Desai H K (Veterinary & A.H. Extension Eduction Dep, College of Veterinary Science & A.H.S.D. Univ of Agricultural, Sardarkrushinagar-385 506) : Constraints faced by the dairy farm women in animal husbandry practices and solutions to overcome those constraints. Gujarat Agric Univ Res J 2016, 41(1), 32-6.

The study was conducted in Vijapur and Mehsana talukas of Mehsana district, where production of milk was highest as compared to other talukas. Ten villages having the larger number of female in milk producer' co- operative societies were selected purposively. The sample consisted of 120 respondents for the study. The major economical constraints faced by dairy farm women in sequential order were: high cost of concentrate feed, high rates of interest on loans, high cost of milch animal, high cost of construction of cattle shed and lack of loan facilities. The important technological constraints were, lack of knowledge about recommended practices of animal husbandry, lack of technical know-how about feed, fodder and health management aspects, inadequate knowledge of vaccination schedule and lack of knowledge about latest technological related to milk and milk processing. The most important input-supply constraints were, non-availability of roughages, lack of supply of crossbred and nonavailability of medical aids for animal treatments. The important marketing constraints were, nonavailability of remunerative prices of milk and milk products, high cost of preparation of milk product and irregular collection of milk. The major administrative constraints where, lack of proper training on animal husbandry, lack of artificial insemination facility in villages and lack of veterinary services in time. The major suggestion offered by dairy farm women to overcome the constraints in animal husbandry practices were; supply of roughages and concentrate feed should be made available for construction of cattle shed and purchase of dairy animals, loan/subsidy facilities should be cattleshed and purchase of dairy animals, supply of good quality of crossbred cows should be regular, provisions should be made for regular training of dairy farm women, veterinary health care and cattle camp should be organized time to time, at least five member of dairy co-operative society should be trained to solve the problems in animal husbandry and technical guidance regarding latest technology related to milk and milk processing should be provided to dairy farm women.

2 tablesm, 6 ref

008187   Prajapati G V;Subbaiah R;Vithlani N S; Kunapara A (College of Agril. Engg and Technology, Junagadh Agricultural Univ, Junagadh-362 001, Email: prajapati_girish@jau.in) : Crop coefficient for biodegradable and wheat mulched Bt. cotton under variable irrigation regimes. Int J Trop Agric 2016, 34(2), 345-50.

Bt. Cotton is one of the important cash crops being adopted by the fanners of Gujarat. Lack of knowledge on irrigation scheduling for mulched cotton and poor design of the drip system are the major constraints for reduced water productivity. Irrigation scheduling based on the fraction of evapotranspiration require a priori information of temporal synchronization of crop coefficient. No study came across by the authors for developing Bt. cotton crop coefficient operated at various drip irrigation regimes under mulched (biodegradable and wheat straw) conditions. An experiment was undertaken in this direction consecutively for two years (2013-14 and 2014-15) to address this issue. Diurnal and temporal variation of soil moisture with depth was monitored using soil moisture sensors at two irrigation regimes (1.0 and 0.8 IW/ ET). Drip with no mulch was accounted towards control treatment. Split plot design was used. The treatments were replicated thrice. Crop coefficient was developed using the local corrected procedure for mulch condition outlined by FAO 54 and compared with the actual crop coefficient determined using diurnal, temporal and profile variated soil moisture values observed through moisture sensors. Adjusted FAO K_c predict higher value than sensor based K. values at both irrigation regimes. Biodegradable plastic mulch reduced K_c-iniJ K_c-dev K_c-m, K_c-endvalue by 5.64%, 9.52%, 6.43%, 0.56% and 71.26%, 29.49%, 14.23%, 9.50% and 66.54% over wheat straw mulch and control respectively at 1.0 IW/ET_c whereas, it was reduced K_c-ini K_c-dev, K_{c_mid}, value by 2%, 5.4%, 10.89% and 66.54%, 16.11% 12.21% over wheat straw mulch and control respectively 0.8 IW/ET_c respectively. Overestimated adjusted FAO K_c values caused a loss of 78.13mm and 66.54mm of precious water at 1.0 IW/ET_c and 0.8 IW/ET_c respectively. This study admonishes blind adoption of published FAO K. curves, for mulch conditions.

6 illus, 2 tables, 9 ref

008186   Prabhu G G (Achal Industries, Industrial Area, Baikampadi, Mangalore) : Approach to cashewnut development-2030. Cashew Cocoa J 2016, 5(3), 23-5.

008185   Patel P D;Patel A D (Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Anand Agricultural Univ, Ahmedabad, Arnej-382 230) : Impact of different growth regulators, chemical and wax coating on shelf-life of sapota fruits cv. 'Kalipatti'. Gujarat Agric Univ Res J 2016, 41(1), 13-8.

Studies were conducted to assess the effects of different growth regulators, chemical and wax coating to extend the shelf-life of sapota at ambient temperature. Sapota fruits were dipped in GA₃ @ 100, 200 ppm, NAA @ 100, 200 ppm and AgNO₃ @20, 40 ppm and then coated with wax 3 and 6% under different treatments. Observations on various parameters were recorded at 6th, 9th, 12th and 15th days of storage period. Fruit firmness (Kgcm^{-2) was recorded at the end of the storage period. Results indicated that minimum PLW (2.64%) was recorded with treatment of AgNO₃40 ppm. Treatment combination of AgNO₃40 ppm treated fruits coated with wax 6% recorded minimum PLW (3.68 and 6.35%) on 9th and 12th day of storage period, respectively. Maximum marketable fruits (92.50, 66.67 and 45.83%) was recorded with GA₃100 ppm on 6th 9th and 12th day of storage periods, respectively. The treatment of GA₃100 ppm and NAA100 ppm could significantly minimized spoilage of the fruits during storage. Minimum spoilage of the fruits (22.08%) on 6th day of storage and 52.92 and 63.75% on 9th and 12th day of storage period was recorded with GA₃100 ppm and NAA 100 ppm, respectively. Maximum shelf-life (9.17 days) was recorded with GA₃ 200 ppm and coating of fruits with wax 6%(7.92%). Maximum fruit firmness (0.53 Kgcm-2) was recorded with treatment of NAA 200 ppm.}

5 tables, 16 ref

008184   Patel J M;Patel B T;Patel I M (Centra Instrumentation Lab, S.D. Agricultural Univ, Sardarkrushinagar-385 506) : Fertility status of cultivated soils in Patan district of North Gujarat. Gujarat Agric Univ Res J 2016, 41(1), 23-7.

An investigation was carried out to study the fertility status of cultivated soils in Patan district of north Gujarat. The soils of Patan district are neutral to alkaline in reaction (pH 7.10 to 9.30) having electrical conductivity value varied from 0.103 to 9.230 dSm^{-1. The data on nutrient status showed that soils are low in organic carbon, medium to high in available phosphorus, high status of potash and adequate amount of sulphur. Among the DTPA extractable micronutrients, high to very high amount of manganese and copper, whereas marginal to adequate amount of iron and zinc supply. The availability of potash, sulphur and DTPA extractable micronutrient cations were significantly and positively correlated with organic carbon content of soils.}

4 tables, 18 ref

008183   Patel C K;Chongtham S K;Patel R N;Patel C R; Maheshwar M N (Potato Research Station, S.D. Agricultural Univ, Deesa-385 535) : Effect of calcium application on yield and post harvest qualities of potato. Gujarat Agric Univ Res J 2016, 41(1), 28-31.

Three years studies were conducted at Potato Research Station, SDAU, Deesa to study the effect of calcium application in the form of gypsum on yield and post harvest qualities of potato cv. Kufri Badshah. Results revealed that calcium application did not have significant influence on growth and yield of potato. However, application of 80 kg/ha calcium at the time of planting in the form of gypsum enhanced net returns, benefit-cost ratio and % dry matter of tubers over rest of treatments. Post harvest studies indicated that split application of 40 kg/ha calcium during planting and 40 kg/ ha calcium at earthing up reduced tuber weight loss, number of sprouts and rotting of tubers during 90 days storage.

3 tables, 9 ref

008182   Parmar I B;Vihol D P;Sheikh A S (Home Science Extension and Communication Management Dep, ASPEE College of Home Science & Nutrition, S.D. Agricultural Univ, Sardarkrushinagar-385 506) : Adoption of vermicompost practices among the tribal beneficiaries of NAIP-III. Gujarat Agric Univ Res J 2016, 41(1), 39-41.

Vermicomposting is the term given to the process of conversion of biodegradable matter by earthworms into vermicast. Vermicompost supplies a suitable mineral balance, improve nutrient availability could act as complex fertilizer granules. Vermicompost may also bring about a greater decrease in bio available heavy metals than in the composting process and there is evidence that the final product may contain hormone like compounds which accelerate plant growth. This study was undertaken in one district viz., Bansakantha, of North Gujarat state. The district was purposively selected for the study being the more number of Vermicompost making framers under NAIP-III. For selection of taluka, villages and respondents, three stage random sampling technique with purposive selection was employed. All beneficiaries' farmers of vermicompost farmers were selected from each village. A total of 120 vermicompost farmers were selected from 6 villages of 2 talukas. Thus final sample constituted of 120 farmers. Majority (57.5 per cent) of the respondents were having medium level of adoption. 21.67 per cent of the respondents fall under the category of low level of adoption and 20.83 per cent respondents were found having high level of adoption.

2 table, 7 ref

008181   Parmar D V;Ashwar B K;Sheikh A S;Rajput M B (Veterinary & A.H. Extension Education Dep, College of Veterinary Science & A.H.S.D. Agricultural Univ, Sardarkrushinagar-385 506) : The behaviour of dairy farmers towards rearing cross bred cows in Banaskantha district of Gujarat. Gujarat Agric Univ Res J 2016, 41(1), 37-8.

Dairy farming in India is one of the most important means of providing livelihood and nutritional security to vast rural population. Though Gujarat is one of the leading states in dairy sector it has inherent constraints of low yielding non-descript cattle population along with scarcity of balanced resources of feeds and fodder. No previous attempts had been made to study the attitude of dairy farmers towards rearing of Crossbred cows, So taking these considerations the present study was conducted in the Banaskantha district of Gujarat. Majority of the respondents had neutral attitude towards rearing Crossbred cows, followed by favourable and unfavourable attitude. The study highlighted the need of organizing more number of training related with Crossbred cows rearing practices and active participation by dairy farmers which would bring a significant change in the attitude of dairy farmers towards Crossbred cows.

1 table, 4 ref

008180   Panchal V V;Shetye V N;Banker P B (Agronomy Dep, College of Agriculture, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli-415 712) : Effects of constraints of various input resources on pest infestation and economics of rice. Int J Trop Agric 2016, 34(2), 447-50.

A field experiment was conducted during the Kharif season of 2013 to study the effect of constraints of various input resources on growth and yield of rice at Agronomy Farm, College of Agriculture, Dapoli, Dist. Ratnagiri (M.S.). The experiment was laid out in randomized block design consisting eight treatments viz., T₁: Full recommended package (FRP), T₂: FRP - Fertilizer (Pert.), T₃: FRP - Plant protection (PP), T₄: FRP - Weed management (WM), T₅: FRP -(Fert. + PP), T₆: FRP - (Pert. + WM), T₇: FRP - (PP + WM), T₈: FRP - (Pert. +PP + WM) and replicated three times. Results reveals that the full recommended package (T₁) was found to be better in terms yield and economics over all other treatments. Among various input resource constraints full recommended package (TJ recorded significantly highest grain (45.18 q ha^{-1) and straw (55.26 q ha-1) yield over all other treatments, except treatment T₄. The per cent infestation of blue beetle was significantly higlier in case of treatment T₈ over rest of the treatments,except treatment T₇ T₅and T₃ which remained statistically at par with each other. From the economic point of view, gross returns (Rs. 67522.17 ha-1), net returns (Rs. 7773.49 ha-1), and B: C ratio (1.13) were higlier under treatment full recommended package (T₁) over rest of the treatments, except treatment T.}

2 tables, 11 ref

008179   Panchal V V;Shetye V N;Bankar P B (Agronomy Dep, College of Agriculture, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli-415 712) : Effects of constraints of various input resources on nutrient uptake and economics of rice. Int J Trop Agric 2016, 34(2), 441-5.

A field experiment was conducted during the Kharif season of'2013 to study the effect of constraints of various input resources on growth and yield of rice at Agronomy Farm, College of Agriculture, Dapoli, Dist. Ratnagiri (M.S.). The soil of the experimental field was sandy clay loam in texture and acidic in reaction, low in available nitrogen, medium in available pliosphorus, available potassium and organic carbon. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design consisting eight treatments viz., T₂: Full recommended package (FRP), T₂: FRP - Fertilizer (Pert.), T₃: FRP - Plant protection (PP), T₄: FRP - Weed management (WM), T₅: FRP - (Pert. + PP), T₆: FRP - (Pert. + WM), T₇: FRP - (PP + WM), T₈: FRP - (Fert. + PP + WM) and replicated three times. Results reveals that the full recommended package (T₁) was found to be better in terms yield, nutrient uptake and economics over all other treatments. Among various input resource constraints full recommended package (T₁) recorded significantly highest grain (45.18 q ha^{-1) and straw (55.26 q ha-1) yield over all other treatments, except treatment T₄. Also treatment full recommended package (T₁) recorded significantly more N, P and K contents in grains and straw, uptake of N, P and K by grain and straw and total N, P and K uptake by the rice crop than the other treatments, except treatments T₃, T₇ and T₄. From the economic point of view, gross returns (Rs. 67522.17 Ha-1), net returns (Rs. 7773.49 ha-1), and B: C ratio (1.13) were higher under treatment full recommended package (T₁) over rest of the treatments, except treatment T₄.}

4 tables, 16 ref

008178   Nikam V;Singh P;Satyapriya;Sharma D K (Agricultural Extension, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110 012, Email: vinayakrnikam@gmail.com) : Nature and effectiveness of extension services provided by producers organization. Ann agric Res 2016, 37(2), 215-23.

Mahagrapes was established in the year 1991 as marketing partner to grapes growers' cooperative. Many studies indicate that it has helped grape growers from Maharashtra to increase their income and export competitiveness by providing good extension services to the members. Therefore study was conducted to study the nature and effectiveness of services of Mahagrapes with 90 grapes growers who were members of cooperatives linked to Mahagrapes from Nashik, Sangli and Pune districts of Maharashtra. Data were collected through focused group discussion and personal interview of the farmers. Regarding nature of extension services of Mahagrapes it was found that Mahagrapes provided biobased pesticides to the members. Mahagrapes consultants provided consultancy services about Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) standards, cultural practices, weather, harvesting etc. Mahagrapes provided all support during marketing operations like grading, packaging, transport cooling and storage. It also was involved in extension activities like demonstrations, trainings, group meetings and farm tours. Overall effectiveness index score with indicators satisfaction, knowledge and adoption was 92.34 percent indicating high effectiveness of services. Thus, quality and effective services provided by the producers' organizations have direct bearing on the success of organization and satisfaction of the members.

2 illus, 6 tables, 10 ref

008177   Nejad N G (Biology Dep, Faculty of Sciences, Tonekbon Branch, Islamic Azad Univ, Tonekabon, Iran) : Isolation of E. coli O157:H7 bacteriophages of livestock waste of Mazandaran province (case study: a phage therapy approach). Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2016, 13(4), 2211-19.

Phage therapy for E.coli O157:H7 in animals is considered as a popular research topic. E.coli O157: H7 is a pathogenic potential. It can cause hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Considering this matter, thepresent research aims at analyzing the isolation of E.coli O157:H7 bacteriophages of livestock waste of Mazandaran province using a phage therapy approach. The separation and culture processes of E.coli O157:H7 from livestock wastewaterhave been analyzed in this research. Also, differential tests were used to identify E.coli O157:H7. First, the Lytic bacteriophages of E.coli O157:H7 were isolated from livestock wastewater. Then, both identification and susceptibility tests for bacteria E.coli O157:H7 were done and phages were isolated using various methods. Finally, phage therapy to animal model was conducted. In this study, I have used two methods including disk diffusion and overlay tests. This test can be used for three strains standards including Enteropathogenic E.coli (EPEC), Enterotoxigenic E. Coli (ETEC), Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC), and wild E.coli O157:H7. According to the results, 45 samples had lytic phages vs. four different E. coli strains and only 19 samples had significant effect on E.coli O157: H7.Also, it can be concluded that isolated phages affect bacteria in a significant manner (p<60>0.05).In the current research, the isolated lytic phages removed the infection of E.coli O157:H7 of five groups of mice. As a result, the lytic bacteriophages have the ability to replace antibiotics.

4 illus, 3 tables, 27 ref

008176   Nasseer S;Nagoo S A;Dar N A (Saffron Research Station, SKUAST-K, Pampore) : Influence of weight of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) corm on daughter corm production. Int J Trop Agric 2016, 34(2), 459-61.

Saffron known worldwide for its aroma, colour, and medicinal properties propagates through daughter conn production. The weight of the mother conn has a profound impact on the number and weight of daughter conn production. Eight saffron conns weighing 5g-13g from each category were used for study and it was found that the conns weighing <62>10 grams yielded maximum daughter conns whereas conns weighing between 6-9 gram yielded less conns with lesser weight. The diameter of the daughter conns also varied with the weight of mother corm.

2 illus, 2 tables, 8 ref

008175   Nadaf M;Shakuntala N M;Beladadi R V;Vasudevan S N;Amaresh Y S (Seed Science and Technology Dep, Agricultural Sciences Univ, Raihur-584 104) : Chemical, biochemical and seed composition assays for characterization of pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.]. Int J Trop Agric 2016, 34(2), 323-31.

Raichur is coming under North-Eastem dry zone (Zone 2) of Karnataka state, wherein among the major pulse crops, pigeonpea is grown in maximum cultivable area during kharif, hence it is regarded as pulse bowl of South India. TJtz's region is blessed with suitable agro-climatic conditions for quality seed production of varieties of pulses. Ten important pigeonpea genotypes well suitable which are adjusted to this region were identified by knowing their response to different chemical (Phenol, Modified phenol with Copper sulphate, FeSO₄, NaOH, KOH and Peroxidise) tests. All the genotypes were identified by using key based chemical tests. Plienol, Modified phenol with Copper sulphate, FeSO₄ and KOH tests were able to distinguish all the genotypes. In FeSO₄ test, the genotypes did not show any reaction which was considered as absent. Chemical tests could be used as a powerful tool to identify every genotype in a short period of time. The highest electrical conductivity was recorded in Maruti (0.66 dSm^{-1) and lowest in PT-221, Asha (0.62 dSm-1) where as highest Dehydrogenase enzyme activity was observed in BSMR-736 (0.78) and lowest in Maruti (0.63). Among ten genotypes, significantly highest seed protein content was noticed in Maruti (22.50%) followed by ICPL-87 (21.60%), TS-3 (21.50%), and remaining six genotypes had low protein content.}

3 tables, 22 ref

008174   Muktamath V U (Rural Home-Science College, Univ of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad) : Prospects of cocoa processing and value addition-An experience in Uttara Kannada district. Cashew Cocoa J 2016, 5(3), 17-22.

1 table

008173   Mukesh Kumar;Simon S (Plant Pathology Dep, Faculty of Agriculture, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Te, Allahabad-211 007, Email: mukeshkumar123450@gmail.com) : Efficacy of certain botanical extracts in the management of brown leaf spot of rice cause by Helminthosporium oryzae. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2016, 13(4), 2015-18.

Rice is suffering from several fungal diseases among them brown spot caused by Helminthosporium oryzae is important. In the present investigation, Results showed that the treatment Azadirachta indica@10% FS was found most effective treatment against brown leaf spot of rice. Minimum disease intensity was recorded significantly at 30, 45, 60, 75 days in treatment carbendazim (2.73, 6.21, 11.10, 21.09 %), as compared to the untreated control, Maximum Plant height was recorded at 30, 60, 90 and number of tillers at 60 days after transplanting in treatment Azadirachta indica (19.43, 40.13, 58.73) and (23.6)as compared to control, on the other hand maximum fresh shoot weight and dry shoot weight was recorded at 110 and 120 days after transplanting in treatment Azadirachta indica (187.46), (26.04) compared to control, maximum fresh root weight and dry root weights was recorded at 110 and 120 days after transplanting in Azadirachta indica (37.46), (25.42) compared to controls. Maximum yield and cost benefited ratio was recorded in carbendazim (43.01 q/ha), (2.16) as compared to controls respectively, So it may be concluded that botanical extracts can be use for the effective management of brown leaf spot of rice.

1 table, 12 ref

008172   Mubarakati N J;Aulanni'am A;Sumitro S B; Ciptadi G (Biology Dep, Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Science, Islamic Univ of Malang, Indonesia) : Effectiveness of biologics application against root rot of grain crops. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2016, 13(4), 1997-2001.

The article studies the application of biologics in agriculture. Laboratory and field experiments were conducted on spring wheat. The effect of biologics on germination and biomass accumulation of wheat was studied. Also, laboratory and field experiments were conducted with "Baisheshek" barley variety. Rating of winter wheat biometrics in soil salinity conditions was conducted as well. The effect of biologics on germination and yield of wheat was studied.

6 tables, 12 ref

008171   Mohanty M (Directorate PME, Orissa Univ of Agriculture & Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha-751 003, Email: mmohanty877@gmail.com) : Effect of planting primed single budded setts on yield and quality of sugarcane. Ann agric Res 2016, 37(2), 194-9.

A field experiment was conducted during 2012-13 and 2013-14 cropping seasons at the research farm of Sugarcane Research Station, Nayagarh (Odisha). The soil was sandy loam, slightly acidic (pH 6.4) with low organic carbon (0.486%) and available N (228 kg/ha). Available K (122 kg/ha) and P (18 kg/ha) were in medium range of soil fertility. The experiment consisted of six treatments laid out in RBD with four replications. The sugarcane cultivar 'Co Or 04152 (Raghunath)' of midlate maturity group was raised using recommended doses of fertilizer (N: P2O5 :K2O @ 250, 100 and 60 kg/ha). The crop was managed as per standard package of practice and received irrigation as and when required. The setts were dipped in 100 litres of water mixed with bavistin (150g) and chlorpyriphos 50 EC (200 ml) for 20 minutes before planting to avoid white ant and fungal infestation besides, the priming treatments as per the technical proggramme. Results revealed that planting of 3 bud setts (T₅) could record highest germination percentage of 57.50 followed by T6 i.e. planting primed and sprouted single budded cane setts with 55.25% germination at 40 DAP. Conventional method of planting with three budded setts proved to be the best with highest number of millable canes, cane and CCS yield. The treatments next in order were T6 with primed and sprouted cane nodes followed by T₅ where cane nodes were primed in cattle dung, cattle urine and water in 1:2:5 ratio which could produce millable canes, cane and CCS yields at par with conventional planting of three budded setts. These three treatments were significantly superior to other treatment combinations. The higher yield parameters i.e. number of millable canes/ha, length and girth of canes in the above mentioned treatments were the factors of higher cane and CCS yield.

4 illus, 3 tables, 9 ref

008170   Mir S D;Ahmad M;Zaffar G;Lone A A;Rather M A; Dar Z A;Mehraj U;Mir M A (Genetics and Plant Breeding Div, Faculty of Agriculture Wadura, Sher-e-Kashmir Univ of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar campus, Srinagar-191 121, Email: drmushtaqdardarskuastk@rediffmail.com) : Contribution of biotechnology to higher maize productivity. J Cell Tissue Res 2016, 16(2), 5727-32.

In the context of current climate variability, as well as predicted increases in mean temperature and annual precipitation, what do recent advances in agricultural biotechnology offer the genetic enhancement of agricultural crops so that they are better adapted to biotic and abiotic stresses, leading to higher crop productivity? Developing crops that are better adapted to abiotic stresses is important for food production in many parts of the world today. Anticipated changes in climate and its variability, particularly extreme temperatures and changes in rainfall, are expected to make crop improvement even more crucial for food production. Biotechnology approaches, molecular breeding and genetic engineering, and their integration with conventional breeding to develop verities for Maize, Sorghum and Barley crops that is more tolerant of abiotic stresses. In addition to a multidisciplinary approach, we also examine some constraints that need to be overcome to realize the full potential of agricultural biotechnology for sustainable crop production to meet the demands of a projected world population of nine billion in 2050.

27 ref

008169   Meena R A;Monga D;Venugopalan M V;Ahuja S L; Sahay R (Central Institute for Cotton Research, Regional Station, Sirsa, Haryana-125 055, Email: rameenacotton@rediffmail.com) : Screening of desi cotton (G.Arboreum) suitable for surgical properties. J scient ind Res 2016, 75(9), 570-3.

Among 40 G. arboreum cultivars evaluated for surgical properties during 2011-12 and 2012-13 at CICR, regional station, Sirsa, fifteen cultivars were identified with excellent inherent properties for surgical cotton better than the Indian Pharmacopia Standards for surgical properties. The superior cultivars for absorbency were hybrid CICR 2 (1.0 sec) followed by CISA 17-93 (1.1 sec) and HD 432 (1.1 sec); for water holding capacity cultivars CISA 310 (28.1 g), HD 123 (27.3 g) and hybrid CICR 2 (27.1 g); for sinking time the cultivars were LD 694 (1.2 sec) followed by CISA 17-93 (1.3 sec) and hybrid CICR 2 (1.4 sec); for lowest ash content cultivars were AC 36-31(0.25 %) followed by LD 327 (0.28%) and CISA 6-256; for minimum water soluble substances cultivars were CISA-6-256 (0.26 g), RG 540 (0.27 g) and LD 327 (0.28 g). All the identified cultivars did not show any response with acidity/alkalinity. The yield was significantly higher in hybrid CICR 2 (35.2 qtl), CISA 17-93 (31.0 qtl) and CISA 6-295 (27.0 qtl). The promising lines with high yield in combination of superiority for absorbent properties were hybrid CICR 2 followed by varieties CISA 17-93, CISA 614, LD694, and HD 432. These can be promoted among the farmers for higher yield and profitability and also to provide the raw materials for reviving the surgical cotton industry.

3 tables, 7 ref

008168   Maurya R (NO, N.D. Univ of Agricultyure & Technology, Faizabad) : Design of chute spillway structure in eastern Uttar-Pradesh. Agric biol Res 2017, 33(1), 38-44.

The study undertaken in the year 2014 for permanent gully control to save fertile soil in the village Bajdaha of Ambedkar Nagar district in the eastern Uttar - Pradesh. This area was under sever water erosion problem. Cultivated land of 36 farmers (10.186 ha) has taken under study to design a erosion control structure ( Chute spillway). Total runoff, peak runoff rate and drainage coefficients were used for the design of a chute spillway at suitable location. It was found that this permanent gulley control structure saved the fertile land in considerable amount and increases the water holding capacity in soil.

1 table, 8 ref

008167   Malhotra S K;Hubballi V N (NO, Agriculture and Horticulture Commissioner, Govt. of India) : Softwood grafting in cashew- A novel approach promoted under national horticulture mission. Cashew Cocoa J 2016, 5(3), 8-12.

5 illus, 5 tables

008166   Maktabi M;Nouruzi A;Farzinnia Z;Kamali A (Gynecology Dep, Arak Univ of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran, Email: alikamaliir@yahoo.com) : Studying the influence of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) on reducing the post-natural delivery pain during breastfeeding period. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2016, 13(4), 2325-9.

The uterine contractions remain constant a few hours after delivery. Various studies have pointed to the fact that uterine contractions are quite similar to those contractions that result in child delivery. Various medical methods are used to sedate the pain. As TENS is a non-invasive method with no side effect, we seek to study it here in this paper. This is a clinical trial research conducted on 120 women aging 18 to 40 without any particular background disease with any parity who had a natural delivery in Taleghani Center. All the participants were chosen through a random selection procedure. In one group, TENS was placed on both sides of the back and around T10 to L1 and S2 to S4 half an hour, 1 hour and 6 hours after operation. The information correlated with two hours after delivery, while using TENS (the first and the sixth hour) and 6 hours after delivery was measured and recorded. The results showed no statistically significant difference between the average age of participants in the control and case groups. The average scale of pain within the first hour following the operation showed no statistically significant difference. However, the average scale of pain in the 2nd, 6th, and 12th hour following the operation exhibited a statistically significant difference between the two groups (P-value < 0.05). Considering the great advantages of TENS such as its safety and no side effects and toxicity, non-invasiveness and its simplicity, we may recommend TENS as an effective method to reduce natural delivery induced pain.

2 illus, 20 ref

008165   Majumder D;Kingra P K;Singh S (School of Climate Change and Agriculural Meterology, Punjab Agricultural Univ, Ludhiana-141 004, Email: pkkingra@pau.edu) : Climate variability impact on water requirement of spring maize in central and sub-mountainous Punjab. Ann agric Res 2016, 37(2), 159-64.

Long-term variability in potential evapotranspiration (PET) of spring maize during the period 1985- 2014 was assessed for two agroclimatic regions i.e. Ludhiana representing central plain region and Ballowal Saunkhari representing sub-mountainous agroclimatic region of Punjab. PET of spring maize has been observed to increase over years at both the locations @ 1.3 mm year^{-1 at Ludhiana and 2.9 mm year-1 at Ballowal Saunkhari. During the period of three decades, Ludhiana experienced lowest of 693.0 mm of PET during 1997 and highest 931.9 mm during 2010, while, Ballowal Saunkhari experienced lowest PET of 723.7 mm during 1992 and a highest of 954.7 mm during 2010 during the growing period of spring maize. Day time temperature was found to have positive correlation with PET of spring maize at Ludhiana (r = 0.87) and Ballowal Saunkhari (r = 0.90). Similarly, morning and evening RH were negatively correlated with PET at Ludhiana (r = -0.56 and -0.42) and Ballowal Saunkhari (r = -0.36 and -0.31). Multiple regression models explained 75 to 82 per cent variation in PET of spring maize at Ludhiana and 79 to 90 per cent variability at Ballowal Saunkhari because of the weather parameters. The study indicates that increase in water requirements under warming scenarios will put more pressure on already depleting water resources in the state and hence need to be managed in view of changing climatic conditions.}

1 illus, 3 tables, 11 ref

008164   Lokanathan S;Sarath Chandran M A (NO, Tamil Nadu Agricultural Univ, Coimbatore-641 003) : Yield and quality of different rice hybrids (Orysa sativa) and aromatic rice varieties grown under saturated and flooded soil conditions. Agric biol Res 2017, 33(1), 100-5.

Performance of seven different rice hybrids (PA6444, NDR-359, CORH-3, KRH-2, Ajay, Goraccknath and TNRH-185) and seven aromatic rice varieties (Pusa Basmathi, GEB 24, Jeeragasambha, Kalanamak, Indrabhog. Bhadshabhog and Mugad Sugandi) under two different soil conditions; saturated soil (0.5 mm of water) and flooded soil (2.5 mm of water) were evaluated in a field experiment conducted during 2008-09 at the research farms of TNAU, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. Rice hybrids and aromatic rice varieties recorded higher yield in flooded soil condition. But water use efficiency was higher (35% more) in saturated soil condition. A significant difference in grain yield was observed under puddled aerobic (2610 kg ha^{-1) when compared with (3471 kg ha-1). NDR- 359 rice hybrid recorded taller plants (96.7) and high dry matter production (10308 kg ha-1). Similarly, Mugad sugandhi aromatic rice resulted in higher dry matter production of 10580 kg ha-1. Even though low land rice hybrids and aromatice rice varieties, two hybrids, NDR-359 and KRH-2 and one aromatic rice variety, Mugad sugandhi recorded less yield reduction and better water productivity than other varieties in saturated soil condition. However, there were no significant difference in rice quality with two different soil conditions, but interaction effects were found significant.}

2 tables, 11 ref