008163   Legha R A;Bala P A;Yashpal;Dedar R K;Kumar V; Ravi S K;Rao T;Gupta A K (Equine Production Campus, National Research Center on Equines, Bikaner-334 003, Email: drprakashvet@yahoo.co.in) : Nutrients intake and energy requirement of Marwari mares at maintenance. Vet Practnr 2016, 17(1), 74-6.

Investigation was carried out to derive nutrient intake and requirement of Marwari mares at maintenance. Adult Marwari mares (n=6, mean body weight 380.71±11.16 kg) fed with 4.0 kg of gram-oats based concentrate mixture and 10.0 kg chaffed sewan hay per animal for 45 days. The total average intake of nutrients by the animals were 8.33±0.75 kg dry matter, 0.68±0.34 kg crude protein, 498.51 g DCP, 4.19 kg TDN and 18.48 Mcal DE per animal per day. The per cent digestibility of nutrients in these mares were 61.08 ±0.88 (DM), 69.83±1.09 (CP), 67.82 ±0.37 (EE), 86.89±0.67 (NFC) and 43.48±0.59 (NDF), respectively. During the trial average body weight gain per animal was 14.14±4.18 kg and there was increase in average body condition score from 5 to 6, which indicates that the feed given to the animals was sufficient enough to maintain their body weight and for further successful breeding and to carry viable foetus.

4 tables, 25 ref

008162   Lahane P S;Khule A A;Jadhav S S;Parmar S K; Patil M B;Taware S D;Ravidrababu Y (Genetics and Plant Breeding Dep, C.P. College of Agroiculture, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural, Sradarkrushinagar-385 506, Email: amol88@gmail.com) : Molecular characterization of maize land races using random amplified polymorphic DNA markers. J Cell Tissue Res 2016, 16(2), 5591-6.

An insight on diversity and relationships among germplasm is important in any breeding program for crop improvement. The main objectives of our study were to determine the level of genetic diversity within land races collected from tribal areas of north Gujarat state. In this study, 10 RAPD markers were used to finger print twenty five maize land races to assess the genetic diversity, genetic relationships, and their population structure. In RAPD analysis, the total of 10 primers amplified 69 fragments with an average of 6.9 fragments, out of these 50 were polymorphic with an average 5.0 fragments per primer and the size of amplified fragments ranged from 130 (OPA-01) to 1380 (OPA-04). The per cent polymorphism across the maize land races ranged from 28.57-100 per cent with an average 73.01 per cent. The primers OPA-06 and OPA-14 produced distinct RAPD patterns (100 % polymorphism). The PIC (Polymorphic Information Content) value ranged from 0.646 to 0.856 with an average of 0.809. The Jaccard's similarity coefficient ranged from 0.075 to 0.313. The maximum similarity coefficient (0.313) was observed between Abhapur Local and Rajgol Local followed by Sebaliya Local and Ghoneshwar Local (0.301). Whereas, lowest similarity index (0.075) was observed in between Bharmiya Local and Ambai Gadha Local followed by Sebaliya Local and Ambai Gadha Local (0.080). The present study indicated that RAPD markers are suitable for the assessment of genetic diversity among different maize land races studied. Overall, the results obtained in this study might be useful in future maize improvement programmes through the selection of diverse parents for heterosis breeding based on the phenotypic traits as well as on the molecular markers.

3 illus, 3 tables, 21 ref

008161   Kumari S;Mehta M (Family Resource Management Dep, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar-125 004, Email: jrozydhiman@gmail.com) : Assessment of postural discomfort in workers during grape cultivation in western zone of Haryana. Int J Trop Agric 2016, 34(2), 265-7.

A Grape (Vitis vinifera) is an important fruit crop in India. Grapes are the third most widely cultivated fruit after citrus and banana. Hand pruning of vines requires the frequent squeezing of the hand to engage a clipper, or the frequent use of a knife. Hazards from the knife are obvious, as there is no solid surface against which to place the vine, shoot or stalk and frequent cuts to the fingers, hands, arms, legs and feet are likely to result. This study carried to Assessment of postural discomfort in workers during Grape cultivation in western zone of Haryana. A sample of 15 respondents was selected purposively from two grape orchards selected randomly from the six grape orchards. Postural discomfort problems assessed by workers during grape cultivation were indentify by the OWAS. In CWAS problems were recorded by activity score in BACK, ARMS, LEGS, LOAD USE FORCE different body parts, shows that land preparation weeding, planting training activity is corrective measures in near further and Pruning activity is corrective measures immediately there was hazardous activity in grape cultivation. The highest discomfort was found in different activity like land preparation, weeding, planting, traning but the highest was found in pruning is corrective measures immediately, there was undesirable posture of the trunk, the upper limbs and the head irrespective of cutting tools used.

5 illus, 4 ref

008160   Kumar K S;Ramanjaneya B;Shwetha G (NO, Proffessor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural Univ, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500 030) : Effect of irrigation and N-fertigation levels on greenhouse grown tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) in semiarid tropical climate. Int J Trop Agric 2016, 34(2), 361-8.

The present study is aimed to investigate the effect of different irrigation and fertigation levels on tomato production in a naturally ventilated greenhouse in a typical semiarid tropical climate. The experimental soil was sandy clay loam with low available nitrogen and high available phosphorous and potassium, respectively. The results of the study inferred that, plant height and dry matter production were maximum at GHC + Drip irrigation (1.0 x Epan) + 125% N at all growth stages. Significantly higher fruit yield (44.89 t ha^{-1) was observed in GHC + Drip irrigation (1.0 x Epan) +125% N, while less number of fruit yield (15.281 ha-1) was observed with NGHC + Control (100% N + surface irrigation) = IW/CPE @ 5cm. The treatment of GHC + Drip irrigation (1.0 x Epan) + 125% N recorded higher WUE (99.32 kg ha mm-1) over rest of the treatments with least WUE (33.16 kg ha mm-1) observed in NGHC + Control (100% N+surface irrigation = IW/CPE@5cm). The obtained results provide guidelines for optimizing irrigation and fertigation scliedulesfor tomato production under greenhouse conditions.}

5 illus, 4 tables, 13 ref

008159   Kishore K;Joshi R K;Pradeep Kumar;Pal R S (Animal Breeding and Genetics Dep, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Rajasthan Univ of Veterinary, Bikaner-3340 001) : Genetic and non-genetic factors affecting some production traits in tharparkar cattle. Vet Practnr 2016, 17(1), 38-40.

The least square means (LSM) for lactation length (LL), lactation milk yield (LMY), 300 days milk yield (MY300) and milk yield per day of lactation length (MYPD) in Tharparkar cattle were 279.19 ± 3.271 days, 2021.08 ± 42.806 kg, 1970.32 ± 33.044 kg and 7.45 ± 0.088 kg, respectively. The period showed highly significant (p<60>0.01) influence on LL, LMY and MY300 whereas it was significant (p≤0.05) on MYPD. The season of calving has highly significant (p<60>0.01) influence on LMY and MYPD and significant (p≤0.05) on MY300 and was non-significant on LL. The influence of parity was highly significant (p<60>0.01) on LMY, MY300 and MYPD and was non-significant effect on LL in Tharparkar cattle.It could be concluded from the study that the genetic and non-genetic factors (sire, period of calving, season of calving and age at first calving) play an important role in phenotypic expression of the traits under study in Tharparkar cattle.

1 table, 24 ref

008158   Khule A A;Kajale D B;Parmar S K;Patel J B; Acharya S (Center of Excellence for Research on Pulses, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural Univ, Sradarkrushinagar-385 506, Email: amol88gpb@gmail.com) : Biochemical analysis of male sterile and fertile anthers in pigeonpea. J Cell Tissue Res 2016, 16(2), 5587-9.

The biochemical analysis of male sterile, maintainer and fertility restorer lines of pigeonpea revealed that there were significant differences in pollen fertility between all these lines. It was ranged from 2 to 3 per cent in sterile lines. It was higher in restorer as compared to sterile lines and its fertile counterpart. The anther protein content of maintainer line was 14 % higher than the sterile line. The fertility restorer evinced 20 and 7 per cent higher protein content in anther than the male sterile and maintainer line respectively. Thus it seems that protein content in anther can be used as a tool for phenotyping male sterility/fertility/restoration in pigeonpea.

2 illus, 11 ref

008157   Khan N Z (NO, , ) : Microcontroller based automatic thermal control mechanism in small scale poultry farm. J Elect Des Technol 2016, 7(3), 1-6.

Improvements to poultry housing systems need to focus on providing an environment that satisfies the bird's thermal requirements in brooding and rearing duration. Newly hatched birds have a poor ability to control body temperature, and require some form of supplementary heating, particularly in the first few days after hatch, particularly in too cold and too hot weather. This paper presents the design of automatic thermal control mechanism in small-scale poultry farm to make sure chicken grows in required healthy manner and farmers suffer minimal loss due to young bird deaths and get maximum profit. This is achieved using temperature sensors, lamp, radiant heater, fan and cooler in conjunction with 89C51 microcontroller. Hourly based status of indoor temperature is updated through GSM module. An especial emergency alarm system with separate battery is also incorporated in the system to handle the worst case scenario.

008156   Khan M A A;Krishna A (Soil Science, AICRP on Agroforestry, Professor Jayashankar Telangana S, Agricultural Univ, Hyderabad-500 030, Email: abdulaariffkhan61@gmail.com) : Response of minor millet crops by nutrient management practices in marginal lands of Melia azedarach based agri-silvi system. Int J Trop Agric 2016, 34(2), 451-7.

The climate change can be mitigated to some extent by adopting millet crops as well as Agroforestry systems when compared to routine agriculture. The field experiments was conducted on finger millet and foxtail millet in Melia azedarach (two and three years age old) based agri-silvi system. The response of finger millet and foxtail millet to different nutrient management practices was studied in marginal soils. The field experiments were conducted in randomized block design with three replications nine treatments in finger millet and seven treatments in foxtail millet during kharif 2014 and 2015 respectively at Agroforestry research block, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Hyderabad, Telangana State. The treatments consists of alone and combinations of organic manures, biofertilizers, chemical fertilizers in agroforestry system and without tree system i.e. sole crop. The highest grain (2681 kg ha^{-1) and straw yield (5063 kg ha-1) of finger millet recorded in sole crop on par 75% RD N + 25% N poultry manure (2405 and 4733 kg ha-1) and 100% RDF (2393 and 4745 kg ha-1). The lowest grain (1583 kg ha-1) and straw yield (3402 kg ha-1) was found with control FYM 10 t ha-1 i.e. farmers practice. The NPK content in grain at Iwrvest was found significant with integrated use of 75% RDN + 25% N poultry manure (1.31, 0.264, 0.47%) and 100% RDF (1.28, 0.257, 0.47%) on par with sole crop (1.32, 0.265, 0.43%). In case of OC content slight built up (0.88%) was found with conjoint use of 75% RD N and 25% N though poultry manure closely followed by 100% RDF (0.87%) and on par sole crop (0.92%). Regarding available NPK were increased significantly in 75% RDN + 25% N though poultry manure (291.8, 39.0, 355.3kg ha-1 and 100% RDF (283.9, 38.7, 354.8 kg ha-1) on par sole crop (317.0, 37.8, 366.0 kg ha-1). The grain and straw yield (2100.0 and 3570.8 kg for-1) of foxtail millet was significantly influenced by the conjoint use of 75% RD N + 25% N poultry manure in agroforestry system was followed by sole crop without tree system (2080.7 and 3507.2 kg ha-1) over control. The B:C ratio is highest (1.84) in 75% RD N + Azospirillum + PSB each 5 kg ha-1 followed by conjunctive use of 75% RDN + 25% N poultry manure (1.72). Regarding nutrient content in grain and straw the same treatment resulted the highest NPK in grain (1.30, 0.36, 0.49%) and straw (0.63, o133, 2.52%) followed by 100% RDF (1.28, 0.236, 0.46 and 0.60, 0.133, 2.36%). Similar trend was also continued in case of NPK uptake by grain and straw (25.14, 5.00 10.24 and 22.47, 4.24, 90.12 kg ha-1). Pertaining to soil properties there is no significant effect on pH and EC but there is a significant effect and the highest OC (0.59%) and available NPK (149.7, 24.95, 219.0kg ha-1) by the integrated use of 75% RD N + 25% N poultry manure.}

7 tables, 20 ref

008155   Kailash Kumar;Adak T;Lal B;Shukla P K; Rajkumar B;Chandra S;Singh V K (Crop Production Div, Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Rehmankhera, Lucknow-226 101, Email: barsatilko@gmail.com) : Technological intervention in sustaining mango productivity in a resource poor farmers' field of Uttar Pradesh. GERF Bull Biosci 2016, 7(2), 6-11.

Mango productivity and production is low in Uttar Pradesh as compared to national average. It is further low in case of a resource poor farmer to support its orchard productivity. Proper dissemination of production and protection technologies and lack of timely intervention of these technologies makes it worse. The present work was undertaken under the financial assistance by National Horticulture Board and technological demonstration by ICAR-CISH at village Kitnakhera, Lucknow district. Age of orchards and suboptimal management of canopy, nutrient, water, diseases and insect pests are the major factors constraining the productivity and quality of mango. Interventions of ICAR-CISH technologies resulted it successful mango production with good remuneration to farmers. Results revealed that soils of the mango orchards had low water holding capacity (17.1 - 20.9%) and suffering from deficiency of zinc, copper and boron. Centre opening resulted in increased light penetration from 6100 to 6800 mol m^{-2 yr-1 to 10000-10500 mol m-2 yr-1. The fruit borer incidence was reduced from 70-80 to 1-2 per cent. Average fruit yield increased from 47.05 kg/tree in the previous years to 82.05 kg/tree due to the adoption of technological interventions. Percentage of 'A' and 'B' grade fruits increased from <60>5 and 20% to 17.3 and 54.0 % respectively. Net incomes of farmers were also increased. Farmers were highly enthusiastic and satisfied with the involvement in different activities with their increased net income.}

4 illus, 4 tables, 6 ref

008154   Jumin H B;Sulhaswardi;Rahmad A (Agro-technology Dep, Islamic Univ of Riau Indonesia, Jl. Kajaruddin Nasution no. 113 Pekanbaru Indonesia 28284, Email: hbjumin@gmail.com) : Potential use of fly ash wastes to improve nutrient levels in agricultural soils; a material flow analysis case study from RIAU province, Indonesia. Pollut Res 2016, 35(1), 37-43.

Fly ash sewage of pulp and paper industry suitably processed and well managed may possibly be used as fertilizer for agricultural purposes. The objective of this study is to evaluate re-cycling possibility of fly ash waste to be applied as fertilizer for agricultural use. Fly ash sewage was applied to maize at 28 g/plant and could significantly increase the average dry weight of seed from 6.7 to 10.3 g/plant while net assimilation rates could increase from 14.5 to 35.4 mg.m-2 day-1. Therefore, production per hectare reached 3.2 ton/ha. The chemical analyses of fly ash waste indicated that there are no threshold content of dangerous metals with biological effects. Human tolerance to heavy metals such as mercury, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, leads and molybdenum contents are also reported. This experiment indicated that fly ash sewage in suitable doses of 28 g/plant could be applied as substitution fertilizer for agricultural use and could eliminate environmental pollution.

6 illus, 3 tables, 30 ref

008153   Jnanadevan R (NO, DCCD, Kochi) : Trend in Indian cashew trade flow. Cashew Cocoa J 2016, 5(3), 26-9.

1 ref, 1 table

008152   Jinger D;Sharma R;Dass A;Shukla L;Singh S B (Agronomy Div, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110 012, Email: dineshjinger28@gmail.com) : Effect of sequential application of herbicides on yield and nutrient uptake of greengram (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek), soil microbial parameters and imazethapyr residue status in soil. Ann agric Res 2016, 37(2), 171-7.

The present field experiment was conducted at New Delhi during rainy season (2013) to evaluate the effect of sequential application of herbicides on yield, nutrient uptake of greengram, soil microbial parameter and status of imazethapyr residue in soil after crop harvest. Sequential application of herbicides found to be more efficient in improving yield, nutrient uptake by greengram and soil microbial parameters compared to their one-time application. Pendimethalin @ 1 kg/ha pre-emergence (PE) followed by (fb) 1 hand weeding (HW) at 30 days after sowing (DAS) resulted in highest seed yield (1.1 t/ha), stover yield (1.85 t/ha), protein content (24.12%). The same treatment also recorded maximum nutrient uptake by the crop, lowest nutrient uptake by weeds and maximum value of microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and dehydrogenase activity (DHA). However, this treatment did not differ significantly from pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg/ha PE fb imazethapyr @ 75g/ha POE at 30 DAS indicating that sequential application of herbicides could be an efficient alternative to manage weeds in greengram, particularly under labour constrained conditions. Imazethapyr degrades in soil by the time of crop harvest since no residues were found in soil after greengram harvest.

1 illus, 2 tables, 9 ref

008151   Janardhan P (Quality Assurance Manager, Campco Chocolate Factory, Puttur) : Quality aspects of cocoa and its products. Cashew Cocoa J 2016, 5(3), 13-16.

008150   Jain M;Bais B;Goswami S C;Chaudhary V K;Soni M;Meena M (Livestock Production and Management Dep, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Rajasthan Univ of Veterinary, Bikaner-334 001) : Fat parameters in milk of Kankrej cow supplemented with herb Jiwanti (Leptadenia reticulata). Vet Practnr 2016, 17(1), 148-9.

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of Leptadenia reticulata (Jiwanti) supplementation during postpartum period on fat content of milk of lactating Kankrej cows. A total of 16 lactating kankrej cows on the basis of their milk yield, parity and body weight were grouped in 4 homogenous treatment groups of 4 each. Out of these, one group served as control fed as per NRC (1982) wherein no supplementation was given. Cows in treatment groups T1, T2 and T3, were subjected to Jiwanti supplementation @ 50, 100 and 150 gm per day, respectively along with control diet. Although during supplementation there was no significant (p<0.05) difference observed between T1, T2 and T3 as compared to control group in fat percentage as well as fat yield. The statistical analysis reveals that jiwanti supplementation did not change fat percentage and yield in milk of Kankrej cattle. Therefore it can be inferred that Jiwanti has no detrimental effect on milk fat in lactating kankrej cows.

3 tables, 11 ref

008149   Jain A K;Dhuria R K;Sharma T;Saini J (Animal Husbandry Dep, , Government of Rajasthan, Email: rinkukumarjain7672@gmail.com) : Effect of digestovet on nutrient utilization efficiency in Marwari goats. Vet Practnr 2016, 17(1), 133-4.

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of Digestovet (a herbal preparation) on nutrient utilization and animal performance in male goats. Eight male Marwari goats of 18-24 months of age randomly divided into control and treatment group. Goats were fed with wheat straw and concentrate in the ratio of 60:40. Digestovet was supplemented @ 10 mg/gm in the ration of treatment group. There was significant effect on dry matter intake, nitrogen balance, digestible crude protein intake and total digestible nutrient intake. Digestibility of DM, OM, CP, EE, NFE and average daily gain (ADG) was also significantly higher in treatment group while the digestibility of NDF, ADF, hemicelluloses and CF was not significantly higher than treatment. It can be concluded that supplementation of Digestovet @ 10 mg/gm in ration improves the digestibility of nutrients and average daily gain in goats. Thus, inclusion of this herbal preparation in goats' diet improves the efficiency of feed utilization and enhances overall animal performance.

1 table, 19 ref

008148   Ista Dev;Singh R V;Singh R;Dhyani B P;Sengar R S;Tomar S S;Sharma D K;Ajay Kumar (Agronomy Dep, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Univ of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut-250 110, Email: istdev8@gmail.com) : Effect of herbicides and fertility levels on weed dynamics and productivity of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Ann agric Res 2016, 37(2), 178-83.

A thrice replicated 2 year field experiment was conducted during Rabi seasions of 2013-14 and 2014-15 to study the efficacy of various herbicides and fertility levels on weed dynamics and productivity of wheat in a factorial randomized block design using F test. The results revealed that among the herbicidal treatments, post emergence application (30 DAS) of Clodinafop + Metsulfuron @ (60 g + 4 g ha^{-1) performed significantly better but statistically at par with two hand weedings with respect to reduction in population as well as dry weight of weeds and obtained improved the plant height, dry matter accumulation, grain yield, straw yield and total NPK uptake, by wheat crop. Likewise, 100% NPK + FYM 7.5 t ha-1 not only resulted in significantly increasing yield and nutrient removal, but also reduced weed population as well as their dry weight compared to other nutrient sources. Thus, 100% NPK + FYM @ 7.5 t ha-1 with Clodinafop + Metsulfuron @ (60 g + 4 g ha-1) may be recommended for better weed management and higher wheat yield.}

3 tables, 19 ref

008147   Hiremath M;Shakuntala N M;Vasudevan S N; Ibrahim M;Prabhuraj A (Seed Science and technology Dep, Agricultural Sciences Univ, College of Agriculture, Raichur-584 104, Email: shakuntalanm@yahoo.co.in) : Chemical, biochemical and seed composition assays for characterisation of paddy genotypes. Int J Trop Agric 2016, 34(2), 311-22.

Raichur is coming under northern dry zone of Karnataka and is known as Rice bowl of Karnataka. Identification of paddy genotypes is of prime importance to ensure quality seed, which is required for achieving global food demand. Ten important paddy genotypes well suitable which are adjusted to this region were identified by knowing their response to different chemicals (Phenol, Modified phenol with Copper sulphate, FeSO₄, NaOH, KOH and Peroxidise) tests. All the genotypes were identified by using key based chemical tests. Phenol, Modified phenol with Copper sulphate FeSO₄ and KOH tests were able to distinguish all the genotypes. In peroxidase test, the genotypes did not show any peroxidase activity which was considered as absent. All the genotypes showed yellow colour to NaOH test. Chemical tests could be used as a powerful tool to identify every genotype in a short period of time.

4 illus, 4 tables, 10 ref

008146   Hile R B;Yadav D B;Waghmare M N (Agricultural Economics Dep, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, Email: rbhile@gmail.com) : Dynamics of land use and cropping pattern and growth trends in area, production and productivity of major crops in Pune district of Maharashtra. Int J Trop Agric 2016, 34(2), 497-503.

Agriculture is the main occupation in developing country like India. Agriculture plays an essential role in the process of economic development of less developed countries like India. Besides providing food to nation, agriculture generates employment also contributes to market of industrial goods and earns foreign exchange. Agricultural production is influenced by physical, socio-economic, technological and organizational factors. An endeavour is made to study the major crops and their growth trends in Pune district for different years. The region having 15642 sq.km. area comprises 14 tahsils of Pune district. This study is based on secondary data collected from socio-economic review and district statistical abstract of Pune district. This present study is the answer to many questions relating to land use, cropping pattern and growth trends in area production and productivity of major crops of the district as we emphasis on land use pattern, cropping pattern and growth trends in area production and productivity of major crops in this study. The study will let us know the existing pattern of land use and cropping pattern in the district. With the help of this study we can know those various changes or factors which will help in improving land use pattern, cropping pattern and growth trends in area production and productivity of major crops of the Pune district. Such type of study represents real situation of land use pattern, cropping pattern and growth trends in area production and productivity of major crops in Pune district and helps to planners and agricultural scientist for agricultural planning at tahsil level. The revealed that to maintaining forest area, expansion of irrigated facilities, supply of fertilizers and the area expansion of HYVs may be properly supervised for its best utilization in agriculture.

5 tables, 6 ref

008145   Hile R B;Sanap D J;Yadav D B (Agricultural Economics Dep, MPKV, Rahuri, Email: rbhile@gmail.com) : Comparative economic analysis of production and marketing of kharif vs summer groundnut in Satara district of Maharashtra. Int J Trop Agric 2016, 34(2), 489-95.

Groundnut is an important oilseed crop in India. Groundnut is cultivated in kharif and summer seasons. The present study was undertaken to analyze the comparative economics past performance, cost of cultivation, resource use efficiency, marketing cost and the problems faced by the farmers in the cultivation and marketing of kharif and summer groundnut in Satara district of Maharashtra. The study was based on the primary data of 45 for kharif and 45 for summer groundnut cultivators for the year 2014-15. The secondary data on area, production and productivity for period of 23 years beginning with 1990-91 to 2012-13. Results of the study revealed that, the area, production and productivity in kharif groundnut decline, while in case of summer groundnut significantly increases during different period. The comparison of per hectare cost of cultivation for summer groundnut farming was higher (Rs. 61,162.58) than the kharif groundnut (50,434.33) farming. However, the yield was more in summer groundnut (21.20 q/ha) than that of kharif groundnut (17.07 q/ha). Total benefit cost ratio is also more in case of summer groundnut (1.30) as compare to that of kharif groundnut (1.12). The results of production function analysis in kharif groundnut and summer groundnut of human labour, manures and phosphorus were significant. This indicates that there is scope to increase the use of these resources to increase the production. The comparison of per quintal cost of marketing was more in kharif groundnut farming (389.22) than summer groundnut farming (328.60). The major problem of production and marketing of kharif and summer groundnut cultivators were reported by farmers in non availability of labours, high cost of inputs, high wage rates, lack of technical knowledge, high transportation and commission charges, and low prices to the produce. The study revealed that the farmers had increase their yield levels, there is a need to increase adoption of recommended technologies like use of HYV and hybrid varieties, fertilizers, plant protection and other technologies given by the Universities for increasing the groundnut productivity. There was a scope for extension agencies to educate the farmers for adopting recommended technologies.

7 tables, 9 ref

008144   Hashmi T R;Dey D;Devi S R;Verma A;Prasad R (Entomology Div, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110 012, Email: findtahseen@gmail.com) : Records on associated endosymbionts and genetic group of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) feeding on okra. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2016, 13(4), 2337-42.

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.), is an important crop cultivated in Brazil, southern USA and India for its long, numerous seeded pods, used as a vegetable. A study was carried out to spot the dispersal frequency of bacterial endosymbionts and the genetic group of Bemisia tabaci feeding on okra plants, collected from Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India. The B. tabaci samples were examined based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I sequences and settle down along with Asia II 1 population. Dispersal frequency of seven known endosymbionts namely Portiera, Rickettsia, Wolbachia, Cardinium, Fritschea, Hamiltonella and Arsenophonus were documented. The primary endosymbiont, Portiera aleyrodidarum was present in all the studied samples and a disparity was noted in the dispersal frequency of secondary endosymbionts. The statistics of irregular dispersal of secondary endosymbionts and the genetic group of B. tabaci delivers the elementary data of this notorious pest for advance studies on the control measures of this insect pest over okra plantation.

2 illus, 2 tables, 35 ref

008143   Gupta R K;Sharma S;Singh Y;Sikka R;Chopra S (Soil Science Dep, Punjab Agricultural Univ, Ludhiana, Email: seemasharma1316@yahoo.in) : Evaluating time of first split of N application on the performance of transplanted rice. Int J Trop Agric 2016, 34(2), 425-8.

Application of first split of nitrogen after one or two weeks after transplanting in transplanted rice can increase the yield and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE.) A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2014 and 2015 at two locations at PAU, Ludhiana (sandy loam) and at RRS Gurdaspur (clay loam) to evaluate the timing of first split of urea application to transplanted rice. In all there were four treatments with different timings of first split of urea application. In first three treatments (T1: First split of nitrogen applied at transplanting, T2: First split of nitrogen applied 1 week after transplanting and T3 first split of nitrogen applied two weeks after transplanting and second and third split of nitrogen was applied at 3 and 6 weeks after transplanting in all the three treatments. In the fourth treatment T4, the three splits (first, second and third) were applied two, three and seven weeks, respectively after transplanting rice. The results revealed that grain yields or N uptake obtained at both the sites were statistically similar. However, there was a yield advantage at both the sites when first split of nitrogen was applied after one or two weeks of transplanting. Likewise the numerical values of number of tillers, panicle length and 1000 grain weight were higher in the corresponding treatments from which higher grain yields were obtained.

4 tables, 7 ref

008142   Gundappa;Adak T;Shukla P K (Division of Crop Protection, Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Rehmankhera, Lucknow-226 101, Email: gundu6100@gmail.com) : Prediction of mango thrips using thermal indices. GERF Bull Biosci 2016, 7(1), 17-20.

Wide variations in thrips populations were observed across different critical crop phenological stages and seasons. The thrips population was observed between 13th SMW to 24th SMW during 2013 cropping season, whereas it was found from 15th SMW to 28th SMW in the subsequent year. Step wise regression analysis revealed that maximum temperature, minimum temperature, maximum relative humidity, minimum relative humidity, sunshine hours and evaporation could explained 55 per cent variations in thrips population. Different thermal indices viz., growing degree days (GDD), heliothermal units (HTU), photothermal units (PTU), were cumulated up to peak population density and a positive and significant correlation was revealed. Thus, it was concluded that use of all these robust indices may be useful in assessing the pest-weather dynamics of mango growing region and serve as a basis for real time pest management advisory.

2 illus, 6 ref

008141   Gundappa;Adak T;Shukla P K (Division of Crop Protection, Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Rehmankhera, Lucknow-226 101, Email: gundu6100@gmail.com) : Seasonl dynamics of mango hoppers and their management under subtropics. GERF Bull Biosci 2016, 7(1), 6-9.

Hopper is a serious pest of mango and in cases of severe infestation cause failure of good crop. Large number of nymphs and adults puncture and suck the sap of tender parts of panicles, inflorescence, leaves and fruit. It results into weakening of inflorescence and affects fruit set and their drop. They also damage the crop by excreting sweet sticky substances which facilitates the development of sooty mold, a fungus, which affects photosynthesis activity of leaf. Based on the study farmers are advised to take up timely management with recommended practices to reduce the loss.

2 illus, 8 ref

008140   Gour S;Mandal M K;Singh R (Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension Dep, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Ve, Jabalpur-482 001) : Training needs assessment of tribal people of Madhya Pradesh in animal husbandry practices. Vet Practnr 2016, 17(1), 157-8.

The present study was conducted to assess the training needs of tribal people of Madhya Pradesh in animal husbandry practices. The study was conducted in randomly selected 10 villages (five villages each) of Mandla and Seoni district of Madhya Pradesh. Data were collected through a structured interview schedule from 150 tribal livestock owners by personal interview method. The weighted mean score method was adopted for assessing training needs of tribal livestock farmers. The major four thrust areas of animal husbandry practices namely; feeding, breeding, health care practices and management were included. The findings of the study revealed that 'management practices' was the most important area and ranked first by the respondents for the purpose of training (mean weighted score 2.47). The second rank was assigned to the area of 'feeding practices' with a mean weighted score of 2.28 followed by 'health care practices' (mean weighted score 2.26) and 'breeding practices' (mean weighted score 2.20), respectively. Therefore, realistic planning for education and training need to be done to enhance the knowledge level of tribal people. Simultaneously, it can also be suggested that the tribal livestock owners should be acquainted with improved animal husbandry practices in general with respect to management and feeding practices in particular through appropriate extension programmes (training, awareness campaign, exhibitions, demonstration etc.) to obtain more output from their livestock.

6 tables, 6 ref

008139   Giana G K;Sharma O P;Kuri B R;Shivaran A C; Boori P K (NO, Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture Univ, Jobner, Rajasthan-303 329, Email: brkuri84@gmail.com) : Effect of fertility levels on growth and productivity of pearlmillet (Pennisetum glaucum)-based intercropping system under rainfed condition. Ann agric Res 2016, 37(2), 154-8.

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy (kharif) season of 2013 at Jobner, Rajasthan to study the effect of fertility levels on growth, yield and equivalent yield of pearlmillet (Pennisetum glaucum)-based intercropping systems under rainfed condition. The treatments consisted of 4 intercropping systems viz. sole pearlmillet, pearlmillet + clusterbean, pearlmillet + mungbean and pearlmillet + cowpea with 4 fertility levels viz. no fertilizer, 30 kg N + 15 kg P₂O₅, 45 kg N + 22.5 kg P₂O₅ and 60 kg N + 30 kg P₂O₅/ha. The highest plant heights (182.0 cm) of pearlmillet at harvesting stage were recorded with pearlmillet + clusterbean intercropping system. Sole pearlmillet recorded significantly higher effective tillers/plant (2.70), grain (2.04 t/ha) and stover (5.19 t/ha) yields of pearlmillet over pearlmillet intercropped with mungbean and cowpea. Whereas, pearlmillet equivalent yield (36.0 t/ha) and net returns (`45.2 x 103/ha) was observed significantly highest in pearlmillet + clusterbean intercropping system. Fertility level increasing up to 45 kg N + 22.5 kg P₂O₅/ha were recorded significantly higher growth parameters, yield attributes, grain and stover yields as well as pearlmillet equivalent yield and net returns over control and 30 kg N + 15 kg P₂O₅/ha.

1 table, 9 ref

008138   Ghiyal V;Bhatia A K;Maan D S (Vegetable Science Dep, College of Agriculture, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar-125 004, Email: vghiyal06@gmail.com) : Efficient use of water and fertilizer through drip fertigation in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Cv. Kufribahar in Haryana. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2016, 13(4), 2025-30.

The present investigation as carried out at Research Farm of the Department of Vegetable Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during winter season of 2014-15.The experiment comprising of three fertigation frequency (Fertigaton at every 3rd (F₁), 6th (F₂) and 9th (F₃) day) and four nitrogen levels (Nitrogen @ 90 (N₁), 120 (N₂), 150 (N₃) and 180 (N₄) kg/ha) was laid out in a Randomized Block Design with three replication. The removal of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, nitrogen use efficiency and water use efficiency were significantly higher when fertigation applied at every 3rd day (F₁). However, black scurf incidence was maximum with F₃. Nitrogen levels exhibited significant difference for growth and yield. The maximum value for removal of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, nitrogen use efficiency and water use efficiency were maximum with the application of nitrogen @120 kg/ha (N₂). However, black scurf incidences were maximum with N₄. Interaction effect of fertigation frequency and nitrogen levels showed remarkable variation. The maximum nutrient use efficiency and water use efficiency with F₁N₂. When fertigation applied at every 3rd day with the application of nitrogen @120 kg/ha was found significantly superior to all other treatments combination.

3 illus, 4 tables, 13 ref

008137   Ghaswa R;Sharma N K;Sunita Kumari;Bana S K (Extension Education Dep, College of Agriculture, Bikaner, (SKRAU Bikaner Rajasthan)) : Constraints as faced by the cauliflower growers in use of recommended cauliflower production technology. Ann agric Res 2016, 37(2), 206-10.

Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) is one the most important as well as popular winter vegetable crops, which is grown through out the country. Vegetables play an important role in the maintenance of human health. These make diet nutritive and balanced. A balanced diet requires a proper quota of fresh vegetables. About 300 gm of vegetables are needed (90 gm root vegetables, 120 gm green vegetables and 90 gm other vegetables). But, about 220.8 gm vegetables per day per capita are available (Indian Agriculture, 2011). The present study was conducted in Jaipur district of Rajasthan which was selected purposely. The Jaipur district consists of 13 panchayat samities, Out of which two panchayat samities namely Bassi and Amber were selected on the basis of the highest area and production. In all 12 villages were selected from the selected gram panchayats by using simple random sampling technique and a sample of 84 cauliflower growers was selected from these villages by using proportionate random sampling technique. The ''financial constraints'' and "marketing constraints" were most perceived by the cauliflower growers followed by "technical constraints". Whereas the "input constraints" were perceived least by the cauliflower growers.

1 table, 11 ref

008136   Gharge C P;Ranpise S A;Shinde K G;Bhalekar M N;Nimbalkar C A (Horticulture Dep, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri-412 722) : Heterosis for yield in brinjal (Solanum melongena L.). Int J Trop Agric 2016, 34(2), 407-13.

A study was conducted to assess the magnitude of heterosis and combining ability in a diallel mating involving 28 hybrids generated by crossing eight diverse genotypes and two commercial hybrid standard check (Krishna and Phule Arjun) in brinjal during 2011-12 at All India Coordinated Research Project on Vegetable Crops, Department of Horticulture, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri. The analysis of variance indicated presence of significant amount of variability among the genotypes for all the traits studied. Significant heterosis in desirable direction was recorded by 23,19, 19 and 61hybrids over better, top parent, standard check 1 and standard check 2 in kharif season for fruit yield. The maximum kterosis for fruit yield per plant was observed in the cross 5X8 i.e. RHRB-74 x DBSR-195 (55.06%) followed by 4x5 i.e. JBR-2 x RHRB-74 (48.94%), 6X7 i. e. RHRB-77 x Kudachi (37.88%) and 5X7 i.e. RHRB-74 x Kudachi (36.94%). The hybrid 5X8 i.e. RHRB-74 x DBSR-195 exhibited highly significant heterosis for all the characters except number of branches per.

2 tables, 10 ref

008135   Gharge C P;Ranpise S A;Bhalekar M N;Shinde K G;Nimbalkar C A (Horticulture Dep, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri-412 722) : Combining ability studies in brinjal (Solanum melongena L.). Int J Trop Agric 2016, 34(2), 403-6.

Combining ability analysis of 8 x 8 diallel, excluding reciprocals was undertaken for yield and its component characters in brinjal. Non-additive gene action was noticed to be pre-ponderant for all the characters except days to 50% flowering in which additive gene action was predominant. A perusal of the GCA effects revealed JBR-2, RHRB-74, RHRB-77 and Kudachi to be good general combiners for yield and its contributing characters. These parents had also recorded high per se performance for the trait. Majority of their hybrids had also recorded significant and desirable SCA effects, in addition to high per se performance, for the trait, indicating their suitability in breeding programmes for development of high yielding hybrids. All the hybrids exhibited significant and desirable SCA effects for yield. Of these, nine crosses had recorded desirable SCA effects in addition to high per se performance for the trait. An analysis of these crosses revealed the involvement of a good and good general combiner parent for majority of the crosses; and both poor in few cases. The hybrid, 5x8 i.e. RHRB-74 x DBSR-195, involving good and poor combiner parents for yield, had recorded maximum fruit yield, in addition to desirable SCA effects for fruit yield and several other component characters. Hence, it is identified as a potential hybrid for commercial exploitation. Fixation of the heterotic effects may also be attempted through the isolation of desirable and high yielding homozygous lines for the cross.

3 tables, 8 ref

008134   Gaikwad S S;Sawant P A;Magar V G;Bhongale R A (Extension Education Dep, College of Agriculture, Dapoli, Dr. BalasahebSawant Konkan, KrishiVidyapeeth, Dapoli-415 712, Email: swatisg90@gmail.com) : Constraints faced in internet utilization by the post graduate students and suggestion obtain for better internet utilization by them. Int J Trop Agric 2016, 34(2), 381-4.

Rapid growth and easy access to the Internet have facilitated its influence on the studentslife.This research study explores the student belwviour in using the Internet sources of information in their academic work. Considering the importance of Internet utilizationthe present study was conducted in Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli of Maharashtra state. Sample of 120 students were selected by Ex-post facto design for selected area. The data were collected by personal and well-structured interview schedule. Result indicated that the constraints faced by respondents were recorded under five different categories, i.e. physical, technical, economical, operational and socio-psychological constraints. Among the different physical constraints the 'Inadequate accessibility to Internet services', among the different technical constraints the 'Privacy problem' as the most important constraints, among the different economic constraints the 'Variations in charges demanded at different cyber cafes', among the different operational constraints the 'Lack of adequate knowledge about hard wares, software and Internet explorer', among the different Socio-psychological constraints the 'Unfavorable attitude of seniors and family members' as the most important constraints and were ranked first under above-said five respective categories. The suggestions for effective utilization of Internet services, as perceived by the respondents in rank order were, 'Proper knowledge about search engine, search sites, browsing, paid and un paid sites' and 'Improve broadband connection' were perceived as the most important suggestions of the PG students (46.66 per cent) and was accorded first rank.

6 tables, 8 ref

008133   Gaikwad S S;Desai A N;Magar P G (Extension Education Dep, College of Agriculture, Dr. BalasahebSawant Konkan KrishiVidyapeeth, Dapoli-415 712, Email: swatisg99@gmail.com) : Analyse the internet utilization behaviour of post graduate students. Int J Trop Agric 2016, 34(2), 377-80.

The use of Internet by students at universities now is common in India. Students use the Internet for social, entertainment, and educational purposes. This study focused on exploring Internet Utilization Behaviour of Post Graduate Students. The data were collected from 120 post graduate students through a paper-based questionnaire. The results identified majority of the (52.50 per cent) students had medium level of Internet utilization behaviour followed by 32.50 percent and 15.00 per cent of students having 'low' and 'high' Internet utilization behaviour. More than half of students having one to twoyears experience of Internet use, more than half of the students having medium preference for Internet access, nearby half of students having medium frequency of Internet use and majority of students use Internet for educational purpose and 80 percent students mostly prefer the Google search engine, half of the students comment as Internet is an excellent source of information and also preference of Internet on other media for getting information by students was medium. Chi-square tests revealed that Internet utilization behaviour of post graduate students significantly based on family education status of respondents and exposure to extra-curricular activities. On the contrary, no significant differences were found based on family income, native place, mass media exposure, training being completed,experience in use of ICT's and frequency in use of ICT tool.

8 tables, 7 ref

008132   Dipti K;Yashodhara V;Tiwari T N (Biochemistry & Biochemical Engineering Dep, SHIATS-Allahabad, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, Email: yashodhara.verma@shiats.edu.in) : Relative efficacy of seed priming with vermiwash, growth regulators and bio-controlling agents in response to germination and invigoration of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.). Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2016, 13(4), 2143-6.

In a field experiment, two varieties of Okra viz: MIS077 and BHINDI No-10 were primed with vermiwash @ 20% and 50%, growth regulators i.e. Indole-3-acetic acid @ 50ppm and 100ppm, Gibberellic acid @ 50ppm and 100ppm, Kinetin @ 50ppm and 100ppm and bio-controlling agents i.e. Trichoderma viride and Trichoderma harzianum v/w for 8 h and one unprimed set was also maintained as control. Seeds after shade drying were tested in three replicates. Observations in respect of seed germination, root and shoot length and seedling dry weight were recorded at initial stage and vigour index I & II was calculated. On the basis of data recorded it is concluded that priming of Okra seeds with all above-mentioned treatments improves seed germination, seedling length, dry weight. Vigour index I which is the multiple of germination % and seedling length and vigour index II that is the multiple of germination % and seedling dry weight was found to be enhanced over unprimed control in both the varieties evaluated. Among all vermiwash @50 % showed significantly superior values for all the above-mentioned characters over rest of treatments.

2 illus, 2 tables, 11 ref

008131   Deshmukh S L;Gupta S B;Sahu N;Dash D;Nag S K; Soni R (Agril. Microbiology Dep, IGKV Raipur, Chhattisgarh, Email: sbgupta_igau2002@yahoo.co.in) : Symbiotic effectiveness of native rhizobium on different advanced genotypes of soybean. Agric biol Res 2017, 33(1), 45-52.

Symbiotic effectiveness of native Rhizobium on genotypes of soybean was studied with nine advanced genotypes i.e. RKS-113, NRC-93, MACS-1407, KDS-705, JS-2071, DSb-19, Bragg, RKS-18 and JS-9752. Data reveals that highest fresh weight (20.64 g/plant), dry weight of shoot (3.88 g/plant), N-uptake in nodule (5.4 mg/plant), dehydrogeriase activity of soil 96.2 (ng. TPF/gram/hr. soil), rhizobial population (9.81 x10^{4 /gram soil), grain yield (29.72q/ha), straw yield (47.51q/ha) were associated with soybean variety NRC-93. Whereas maximum plant height (58.13 cm) was associated with Dsb-19. The poorest performance was observed in case of Bragg. Overall findings indicate the better performance of NRC-93 on the basis of its effective symbiosis with native Rhizobium followed by RKS-113.}

2 tables, 20 ref

008130   Dalga D;Sharma J J;Tana T (NO, Madawalabu Univ, School of Agriculture, P O Box 247, Bale Robe, Ethiopia) : Evaluation of herbicides and their mixtures for weed management in bread wheat (Triticumaes aestivum L.) in southern Ethiopia. Agric biol Res 2017, 33(1), 79-99.

A field experiment was conducted at two locations in southern Ethiopia during the main cropping season of 2013 to evaluate the efficacy of different herbicides and their mixtures on weed dynamics, growth and yield of bread wheat and assess economic feasibility of herbicides for weed management in wheat. The treatments included, pendimethalin (0.70,1.20 and 1.70kg ha^{-1), Pyroxsulam (Pallas 45OD 15,20 and 25 gha-1), Isoproturon (1.0,1.25 and 1.50 kg ha-1), 2,4-DEE (0.40,0.50 and 0.60 kg ha-1), Pyroxsulam + 2,4-DEE (15,10,20 and 20 gha-1+ 0.40,0.50,0.30 and 0.40 kgha-1), Isoproturon + 2,4-DEE (1.0,0.75,1.25 and 1.25 kgha-1 + 0.40,0.50,0.30 and 0.40 kgha-1), hand weeding at three weeks after crop emergence, hand weeding at two and five weeks after crop emergence, weed free and weedy checks. The experiment was arranged in Randomized Complete Block Designwith three replications. Weed control treatments significantly influenced weed density and dry biomass accumulation. In general, Isoproturon and 2,4-DEE were more effective on grass and broad leaved weeds, respectively, while Pallas 45OD was more effective on both grassy and broadleaved weeds. Pallas 45OD and their combinations resulted in the lowest weed dry weight (2.8 g m-2 and 6.06 g m-2) Bobicho and Faate, respectivelyat harvest. The highest grain yield were obtained in weed free (5223.3 and 4950 kg ha-1) followed by Pallas 45OD that gave grain yield of 4950 and 4790 kg ha-1 at Bobicho and Faate, respectively while the lowest grain yield was obtained in weedy check at both sites.In weedy check, grain yield of wheat was reduced by 52.48 and 58.03 percent as compared to weed free at Bobicho and Faate, respectively. Application of Pallas 45OD 20g ha-1 and two hand weeding resulted in highest relative net returns of Birr 28,340 ha-1 and 27,139.9 ha-1 at Bobicho and Faate, respectively.}

1 illus, 11 tables, 27 ref

008129   Chauhan S S;Patel A M;Patel P T;Ravindrababu Y (Genetics and Plant Breeding Dep, C.P. College of Agriculture, S.D. Agricultural Univ, Sardarkrushinagar-385 506) : Estimation of heterosis in fieldpea (Pisum sativum L. var arvense) for yield attributes. Gujarat Agric Univ Res J 2016, 41(1), 19-22.

Twenty eight cross combinations were developed by 8 x 8 diallel analysis during rabi 2012-13. 28 F₁' s and 8 parents were evaluated during rabi/2013-14. Thirteen and fifteen crosses manifested significant and positive heterobeltiosis and standared heterosis, respectively, for seed yield per plant. The range of heterobeltiosis and standared heterosis for seed yield was varied from -71.02% ( KPMR 400 x NDP-1) to 153.44% (PRAKASH x IPFD 10-13) and -61.58% ( KPMR 400 x NDP-1) to 71.31% (ADARSH x APARNA),respectively. The hybrid PRAKASH x IPFD 10-13 expressed the highest heterobeltiosis (153.44%) for seed yield. The cross combination (PRAKASH x IPFD 10-13) expressed highest level of heterosis over better parent (18.09%) for test weight (%). The crosses viz, ADARSH x APARNA (71.31%) and PRAKASH x IPFD 10-13 (67.01%) expressed the highest level of heterosis over standard check (DF 1) for seed yield and indesired direction for its contributing characters.

2 tables, 10 ref

008128   Chauhan S S;Patel A M;Patel P T;Ravindrababu Y (Genetics and Plant Breeding Dep, C.P. College of Agriculture, S.D. Agricultural Univ, Sardarkrusshinagar-385 506) : Genetic analysis for seed yield and its related parameters in fieldpea (Pisum sativum L. var arvense). Gujarat Agric Univ Res J 2016, 41(1), 1-4.

Combining ability analysis was carried out in 8x8 parental diallel progenies for seed yield and its related traits in Fieldpea. General combining ability and specific combining ability variances were highly significant for all the characters indicated that both additive and non-additive gene effects involved in the inheritance of the characters under study. The ratio of GCA & SCA genetic variance showed predominance of non-additive gene action for the expression of all the traits. An overall consideration of gca effects indicated that the parents DF-1, ADARSH and PRAKASH appeared to be good general combiners for seed yield per plant and harvest index. For seed yield per plant, the crosses PRAKASH X IPFD 10-13, ADARSH X APARNA and VIKAS X IPFD 10-13 recorded the highest sca effects.

3 tables, 7 ref

008127   Chauhan S S;Das D N;Mundhe U T;Soumya N P (Animal Genetics Laboratory, Dairy Production Section, Southern Regional Station, Indian Council of, Bengaluru, Karnataka, Email: utmundhe12@gmail.com) : Association of polymorphism in exon 3,3 toll like receptor 4 gene with milk somatic cell count in deoni and holstein friesian crossbred cattle. J Cell Tissue Res 2016, 16(2), 5655-9.

Toll like receptor 4 gene is associated with resistance against infectious diseases in bovines. It plays an important role in the recognition of mycobacterial antigens [1] mediating cytokine production and stimulation of host defence mechanism [2J. Present study was conducted in Deoni (20) and Holstein Friesian (80) crossbred cattle with the aim of identification of genetic polymorphism by using Alu I PCR-RFLP technique in exon 3.3 of TLR 4 gene. The entire TLR 4 exon 3 sequence was amplified using primer sets. In the studied population, digestion of amplified product with Alu I restriction enzyme exhibited two alleles viz., A and B and three genotypes AA, AB and BB respectively. In this study Deoni cattle, on allele A (0.55) was predominant over allele B (0.45) but in case of HF crossbred cattle frequency of B (0.61) allele was higher than A allele (0.39). In Deoni cattle, genotypes frequency of heterozygote AB (0.7) was found more than both homozygotes AA (0.2) and BB (0.1), whereas in HF crossbreds, the overall frequency of homozygotes AA (0.16) and BB (0.39) observed were lower than the heterozygote, AB (0.45). The PCR amplified product of 511 bp from representative samples was sequenced and the sequencing results were further analysed by Clustal W alignment software which revealed the transition of thymine to cytosine at position of 9423 in BB genotype in both the breeds. The influence of bovine TLR 4 gene exon 3.3 allelic variations on somatic cell count showed significant Effect (p<60>0.05) in both Deoni (Bos indicus) and HF crossbred cows which revealed significantly higher somatic cell count in cows with AA genotype as compared to BB genotype. Chi- square test revealed that the both Deoni and HF crossbred were under HW equilibrium and are stable.

3 illus, 5 tables, 9 ref

008126   Chauhan S K (All Indian Coordinate Research Project on Management of Salt Affected, Raja Balwant Singh College, Bichpuri, Agra-283 105, Email: coolyash40@yahoo.com) : Effect of plant spacing and salinity of irrigation water on growth and flower yield of marigold in semi-arid conditions. Ann agric Res 2016, 37(2), 211-14.

A field experiment was carried out during rabi seasons of 2011-12 and 2012-13 at R.B.S.College research farm, Bichpuri, Agra to assess the effect of planting spacing and irrigation water salinity on behavior of African marigold (Tagetes erecta Linn) cv. 'Pusa Narangi'. Maximum plant height and secondary branches plant^{-1 increased at closer spacing of 50 cm x 40 cm; however, spread and diameter of plant, primary branches plant-1 increased in wider spacing (50 cm x 50 cm). Opening of first flower was delayed in closer spacing, whereas duration of flowering and yield 0.41 kg plant-1 was observed in wide spacing (50 cm x 50 cm) but yield 202.8 q ha-1 obtained in closer spacing (50 cm x 40 cm). The use of saline water in irrigation increase salinity levels reduced plant height; plant spared, and yields of flower 125.1 q ha-1 in ECiw 9 dS/m. Interaction between spacing and salinity levels was found non-significant in all characteristics. The net profit was maximum in (50 cm x 40 cm) row spacing (Rs. 50,120) and minimum in row spacing (50 cm x 50 cm) (Rs. 45,920). In case of salinity the maximum net profit obtained in best available water (Rs. 51,320) and lowest in Eciw 9 dS/m (Rs. 19,000) respectively.}

2 tables, 10 ref

008125   Chaudhari P G;Chaudhari P P;Patel B T (Agronomy Dep, C.P. Agriculture College, S.D. Agricultural Univ, Sardarkrushinagar-385 506) : Effect of sowing dates and spacings on summer groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Gujarat Agric Univ Res J 2016, 41(1), 9-12.

A field experiment was conducted during summer, 2012 at Instructional Farm, Department of Agronomy, C.P. College of Agriculture, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar, to study the "Effect of sowing dates and spacings on summer groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L). The soil of the experimental field was loamy sand in texture, low in organic carbon and available nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus and potash with 7.85 soil pH. Twelve treatment combinations comprising of four levels of dates of sowing viz., 31st January, 10th February, 20th February and 1st March as a main plot treatment and three levels of spacings viz., 22.5 cm, 30.0 cm and 45.0 cm were relegated in sub plot treatment tested under split plot design with four replications. Higher plant height, number of filled pods per plants, total pods per plants and pods weight per plant as well as pod yield (2431 kg/ha) and haulm (3006 kg/ha) yield were recorded with crop sown on 20th February. With regard to spacing, crop sown with 22.5 cm spacing recorded maximum number of filled pods per plants, total pods per plants and pods weight per plant which resulted in produced significantly higher pods (2482 kg/ha) and haulm (3061 kg/ha) yield.

2 tables, 12 ref

008124   Chaudhari H L;Chaudhari P P;Patel C K (Agronomy Dep, C.P. Agriculture College, S.D. Agricultural Univ, Sardarkrushinagar-385 506) : Nitrogen and potassium requirements of processing variety of potato kufri chipsona 3 under north Gujarat condition. Gujarat Agric Univ Res J 2016, 41(1), 5-8.

The field experiment was conducted during rabi season of the year 2012-13 at Potato Research Station, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Deesawith nine treatment combinations consisting of three levels of nitrogen viz., 225 kg N/ha, 275 kg N/ha and 325 kg N/ha and three levels of potassium viz., 225 kg K₂O/ha, 275 kg K₂O/ha and 325 kg K₂O/ha tested under factorial randomized block design with four replications. The yield of "A" and "B" grade tubers was increased upto 275 kg N/ha. nitrogen levels brought significant variation in chips colour index and content of reducing sugar. In case of Potassium, Potassium levels 325 kg K₂O/ha and 275 kg K₂O/ha behaved equally and produced significantly higher weight of 'A' and 'B' grade tuber with minimum weight of 'C' grade tubers. Maximum reducing sugar content and chips color index score were observed with the application of 325 kg K₂O/ha however increase was upto 275 kg K₂O/ha. Thus, for getting higher production of processing grade tuber yield and net realization, potato cv., Kufri Chipsona 3 should be fertilized with 275 kg N/ha and 275 kg K₂ O/ha.

2 tables, 12 ref

008123   Bulbul K H;Saleque A;Baruah N;Choudhury D (Veterinary Parasitology Dep, College of Veterinary Science, AAU, Khanapara, Guwahati-781 022, Email: saleque.abdus@yahoo.com) : Epidemiological studies on haemonchosis in crossbred goats of organized farm in Assam. Vet Practnr 2016, 17(1), 25-7.

On the basis of faecal examination, out of 432 pelleted samples, 202 (46.76%) were found to be positive for haemonchosis in crossbred goats of an organized farm of Assam. Faecal samples were randomly collected from 26 adults (>1 year to 5 years of age and 10 kids below 1 year of age) in every month during the study period. The overall seasonal prevalence of haemonchosis were found to be highest in the monsoon 109 (75.69%), post monsoon 35 (48.61%), winter 31 (28.70%) and pre-monsoon 27 (25.00%) season in both the age groups of crossbred goats. The egg per gram (EPG) was recorded significantly higher in monsoon season (887.15 ± 168.13) between other seasons. The prevalence of haemonchosis gradually declined from December to April and then it gradually increased from the month of May onwards and reached highest peak in the month of August and again decline from September onwards. The prevalence was found to be highest in the month of August in adult (92.31%), kid (90.00%) and both age group (91.67%). The present study also revealed that the highest faecal egg count was recorded during the month of August with an overall mean EPG of 1619.44±329.67 and lowest in the moth April with overall mean EPG 255.56 ± 89.04.

2 illus, 2 tables, 36 ref

008122   Buddhe S T;Thakre M G;Chaudharim P R (Sevadal Mahila Mahavidyalaya and Research Academy, Umred Road, Nagpur-440 009) : Effect of soil conditioner (Biosil) and recommended dose of fertilizer on soil propertiesm, growth and yield of wheat. Indian J envir Prot 2016, 36(4), 264-82.

A novel soil conditioner Biosil' has been developed from flyash through the process of magnetization. Field trials were carried out on wheat cultivar GW-273 using magnetized flyash 'Biosil' doses from 150 kg/ha to 900 kg/ha in combination with recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF), keeping control treatments of recommended dose of fertilizers and vermicompost (VC). These biosil doses were very low as compared to conventional doses (10% to 100%) given by other authors. It was observed that Biosil treatments improved the physico-chemical properties, of soil and wheat productivity with 750-900 kg/ha being optimum for most of parameters. Production of wheat grains in biosil treatment was 30% more than the recommended dose of fertilizers control. Maximum percentage increase under Biosil doses over recommended dose of fertilizers control in relation to plant population plant height, number of leaves/plant, number of effective tillers, length of earhead, number of grains/earhead, test weight and straw yield were 13.33%, 4.85%, 65%, 50.51%, 6.52%. 26%, 10.98% and 20.77%, respectively. Vermicompost control treatment was superior to recommended dose of fertilizers control treatment and over 150-450 kg/ha Biosil treatments in case of most of the parameters. However, long term field trials are required for recording maximum benefits of Biosil treatment at these low doses.

12 illus, 9 tables, 40 ref

008121   Bornare R S;Bhalkare S K;Undirwade D B; Jeughale G S (University Dep of Agricultural Entomology, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola-44 104, Email: sunilento@gmail.com) : Host plant resistance in sorghum germplasms against shoot fly: morpho-physiological characters. Int J Trop Agric 2016, 34(2), 385-91.

The investigation entitled "Host plant resistance in different sorghum germplasms against shoot fly, Atherigona soccata Rondani" was conducted on the farm of Sorghum Research Unit, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, AMa, during kharif season of 2014-15. The experiment was laid in randomized block design with twenty two treatments, replicated thrice. The screening programme was carried out with sorghum germplasms viz.IS-2123, SPV-669, ICSV-705, ICSV-93046, ICSB-413, ICSV-12002, ICSV-12003, ICSV-25022, ICSB-435, IS-2146, ICSV-12004, IS-40615, ICSV-25026, ICSV-12001, AKSV-181, AKENT-73, IS-2205, AKENT-61-1, ICSB-444, Swama, susceptible check DJ-6514 and resistant check IS-18551. All germplasms were raised, under the recommended agronomical practices in open field condition. The observations were recorded on number of eggs per plant at 14 and21 DAE; dead hearts at 14 and 28 DAE. Similarly, the data on morpho-physiological traits like seedling vigour, leaf glossiness and trichome density at abaxial surface of leaf were also recorded on 14 DAE. Finally simple correlation was performed to understand the association between morphophysiological traits and various parameters used to measure resistance (oviposition and deadhearts) to sorghum shoot fly. The significantly minimum number of eggs was observed on entries IS-2146, IS-2123 and ICSB 435 followed by resistant check IS-18551. Wliereas, maximum eggs were noticed on susceptible check DJ-6514 and Swarna at 14 DAE. Similarly, the entries ICSV-93046, IS-2146, ICSB-435, ICSV-705, and resistant check IS-18551 indicated least oviposition preference at 21 DAE. Maximum oviposition preference was observed on susceptible check DJ-6514 and entry Swama. The entries like IS-18551, IS-2123, ICSV-93046, ICSV-705, IS-2146, ICSV-25026 and ICSB-413 recorded minimum deadhearts percentage at 14 and 21 DAE. Whereas, maximum deadhearts incidence was noticed on susceptible check DJ-6514 and Swarna. Tlie studies on morpho-physiological traits at 14 DAE revealed maximum seedling vigour in IS-2123 which was at par with IS-18551 followed by ICSV-705. Wherea-s, maximum leaf glossiness was observed in entries IS-2123, IS-18551 and ICSV-25026. While, the density of trichomes measured at 14 DAE on abaxial surface of leaf blade were maximum in resistant check IS-18551 which was at par with IS-2146 and ICSB-435. Germplasms Swarna and DJ-6514 were non glossy, non trichomedand less vigorous. However, morpho-physiological characters like seedling vigour and leaf glossiness were positively and significantly associated with shoot fly damage; while trichome density was significantly and negatively associated with shoot fly damage.

3 tables, 12 ref

008120   Bochalya M S;Anil Kumar;Rathi A S;Rakesh; Kushal Raj (Plant Pathology Dep, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar, Email: punia.rakesh98@gmail.com) : Isolation and characterization of rhizobacteria from mustard field. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2016, 13(4), 2281-6.

An in vitro study were carried out in the Department of Plant Pathology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University to isolate and identify different rhizobacterial isolates present in mustard field (cv RH-30). Samples of soil, rhizoplane and rhizosphere were collected from previously grown mustard fields of pathological research farm. The rhizobacterial isolates were isolated on King's 'B'medium by serial dilution of samples. These isolated rhizobacterial isolates were identified by following standard protocols. Results indicated that in mustard field three species of genus Bacillus, three species of genus Rhizobium, two species of genus Pseudomonas, one species of genus Arthrobacter and one species of genus Micrococcus were found. All three species of genus Bacillus having same morphological, physiological and biochemical characters except colony colour (white and yellow), colony thickness (large, medium and small raised), colony smoothness (smooth and rough), colony arrangement (lobate, entire and waxy) bacteria arrangement (pair and chains), citrate utilization test (+ve and -ve), oxidase test (+ve and -ve) and acid production test (+ve and -ve). Whereas Rhizobium genus are different in colony colour (white and pink), colony thickness (large and medium raised), bacterial morphology (medium, long and big rods), bacteria arrangement (single and groups), indole production test (+ve and -ve), methyl red test (+ve and -ve), citrate utilization test (+ve and -ve), oxidase test (+ve and -ve), starch hydrolysis test (+ve and -ve)and cellulose hydrolysis test (+ve and -ve). Two species of genus Pseudomonas is different in colony colour (yellowish white and creamy white), colony appearance (flat and convex), bacterial morphology (small and medium rods) and methyl red test (+ve and -ve). After identification these rhizobacterial isolates were maintained on King's 'B'medium for further studies like their possible role in induction of systemic resistance against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum causing stem rot in mustard alone or in combination with different non-conventional chemicals (salicylic acid, acetyl salicylic acid, indole butyric acid, indole acetic acid, zinc sulphate, magnesium sulphate and carbendazim fungicide at 10, 50 and 100 ppm). Effect of these isolated rhizobacterial isolates and non-conventional chemical on biochemical composition and enzymatic activity will also be tested.

1 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

008119   Bindu J H;Reddy R S;Bharat Chandra P;Kavya Y (Agricultural Microbiology and Bioenergy Dep, College of Agriculture, Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural Univ, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500 030, Email: bindu.juttu0101@gmail.com) : Effect of liquid and carrier based biofertilizers on yield of soybean. Pollut Res 2016, 35(1), 153-7.

To investigate the effects of liquid and carrier based biofertilizers on soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.CV. Williams) yield, a factorial experiment was conducted based on Randomized complete block design 3 replications at college farm, College of Agriculture, ANGRAU, Hyderabad. Different treatments of carrier and liquid based biofertilizers as seed treatment, soil application and soil application with FYM were imposed. Biofertilizers used are Bradyrhizobium and Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria (PSB). Parameters observed are seeds per pod, test weight, seed yield per plant and seed yield per hectare. Treatment with 75% RDF + liquid based biofertilizers soil application had more, seeds per pod, test weight and seed yield per hectare. LBF are considered as best alternative for the conventional carrier based biofertilizers in the modern agriculture which help in the enhanced crop yields, regaining soil health and sustainable global food production.

2 tables, 10 ref

008118   Bilwar H;Mandal M K;Singh R;Yadav J S (Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension Dep, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Ve, Jabalpur-482 001, Email: drruchivet@gmail.com) : Socio-economic empowerment of tribal farmers self-help groups through goat farming practices. Vet Practnr 2016, 17(1), 154-6.

The present study was conducted to empower the tribal goat farmers self help groups (SHGs) through extension cum technology interventions in Mandla district of Madhya Pradesh. The study was conducted in randomly selected Ghughri, Khapa and Moiyanala villages of Narayanganj block of Mandla district. Extension interventions such as awareness cum animal health treatment camps, exposure visits, trainings and introduction of small feasible unit of Sirohi goats (10 doe + 1 buck) as technology intervention were implemented for empowerment of tribal goat farmers SHGs. The data were collected through a structured interview schedule by personal interview method. The study showed a significant empowerment in term of knowledge and attitude of tribal goat owners after extension interventions having chi square value 111.12 and 91.61, respectively, at 1 per cent level of significance. Regarding economic empowerment, on an average each SHG received an income of Rs. 20317/- during the experimental period (up to 8 months). Thus, it can be concluded that proper extension cum technological interventions on goat farming can improve the socio-economic status of tribal people through SHG approach.

7 tables, 5 ref

008117   Bhusnar D M;Chavan A S;Hole D V (Animal Husbandry and Dairy Science Dep, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola-444 104, Email: chavanatul2@gmail.com) : Sensory evaluation and cost of production of kheer prepared from cow milk blended with sweet potato (ipomea batatas l.). Int J Trop Agric 2016, 34(2), 505-8.

Kheer was prepared from cow milk blended with sweet potato (Ipomea batatas L.) in the Dairy Technology laboratory, Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairy Science, Dr. PDKV, Akola. Kheer was prepared from five different combinations of cow milk and sweet potato paste i.e. 97.50 per cent cow milk with 2.50 per cent rice T₁ (control), 95:05 (T₂), 90:10(T₃), 85:15(T₄) and 80:20 (T₅) was evaluated for various sensory attributes and it was found that kheer prepared from cow milk blended with 10 per cent sweet potato paste was superior as compare to other treatments, considering the cost of ingredients it was found that cost of preparation of kheer was decreased with increase in level of sweet potato.

2 tables, 10 ref

008116   Bairambekov S B;Somolova G F;Garyanova E D; Dubrovin N K;Sokolov A S (NO, Federal State Budget Establishment All-Russian Research Institute of I, Lybicha st. 16 Kamizyak 416341 Astrachan Region Russia) : Harmfulness of weed plants in crops of vegetables and melons. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2016, 13(4), 1929-43.

Weeds pose the greatest danger to vegetables and melons in the second half of May, when their number reaches a maximum. The purpose of the research is to assess the degree of harmfulness of weed plants in crops of vegetables and melons in irrigated plots in the Lower Volga region. The studies were conducted in accordance with the "Guidelines for the study of economic thresholds and critical periods of harmfulness of weeds in agricultural crops". Assessment of harmfulness of weed plants was performed by the method of the model plots, where was created a weed infestation of soil of varying degrees by one type of weed by removing excess plants as they appear within the whole period of vegetation. As the result of the research were studied the dynamics of germination, intraspecific and interspecific competitive abilities. Were identified critical periods of weed infestation for non-seedlings of cucumber and tomato - 20 days after germination, seedlings of watermelon and tomato - 50 days from germination of watermelon or transplanting. Were determined the economic thresholds of harmfulness in the planting of tomato: barnyard grass - 4±2; amaranth upturned - 3±1; nightshade black - 5±2,5 PCs./m^{2. In watermelon crops: barnyard grass - 3,5 pieces/m2; amaranth upturned - 3.8 pieces/m2; black nightshade - 4,2 PCs./m2.}

14 tables, 22 ref

008115   Ashok Kumar;Adak T;Muralidhara B M;Singh V K (Crop Production Div, ICAR- Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Rehman Khera, P.O.-Kakori, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh-226 101, Email: ashokhort@gmail.com) : Enhancing farmer's income through strawberry cultivation under subtropical climate- a new initiative. GERF Bull Biosci 2016, 7(2), 12-6.

New initiatives are essentially required for increasing farmer's income. Introduction of future crops in subtropics are the need of the hour in order to increase the farmers income, employment generation, to support livelihood in addition to nutritional security. In this direction an effort was initiated to introduce strawberry cultivation under subtropical environment. Of course the crop is mostly grown under temperate climates; however it can be tried as an important cash crop in other climate too. The crop performed satisfactorily in subtropical Lucknow conditions of Uttar Pradesh. Three north Indian leading varieties namely Sweet Charlie, Camarosa and Winter Dawn performed nicely under different low cost tunnel structures like ventilated polytunnel, covered polytunnel and open system. A range of 176 to 260 q/ha productivity across these system were recorded in Sweet Charlie variety while in case of Winter Dawn, 175 to 245 q/ha productivity was observed. A range of 8.95-22.63g fruit weight, 0.60- 0.80% acidity, 5.33-7.17øBrix TSS, 43.78-64.68 mg/100g Vitamin C and 17.19 to 25.47 mg /100g anthocyanins across the structures and varieties were estimated. In order to have an idea about the interrelationship (heat stress) among the tunnel soil temperature, air temperature and bare soil temperature, positive and significant relationship were observed among them. Farmers can get more net profit by cultivating this high value crop in this region.

7 illus, 7 ref

008114   Arvind Kumar;Jat M L;Ashok Kumar;Tomar J; Sudhir Kumar;Kushwaha S R;Singh C B (NO, Indian Institute of Maize Research, New Delhi, Email: ashok_agro@iari.res.in) : Response of rice residue, tillage and nitrogen management on wheat in rice-wheat cropping system in the indo-gangetic plains of India. Ann agric Res 2016, 37(2), 141-6.

Rice-wheat (RW) cropping system of the Indo-Gangetic Plains has played a significant role in the food security of India. Field experiments on sandy loam soils was conducted during rabi 2005-06 and 2006-07 at the Research Farm of the Janta Vedic (P.G.) College, Baraut, District-Baghpat (U.P.) to evaluate the impact of different rice residue and tillage practices in main-plots and four nitrogen levels (0, 50 kg, 100 kg and 150 kg N/ha) in sub-plots on crop growth rate, relative growth rate, physiological efficiency and N uptake of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown after rice (Oryza sativa L.). Zero tillage sown treatment resulted in highest CGR and RGR as compared to conventional tillage at all the residue management practices. Both CGR and RGR enhanced with the each successive increase is nitrogen level from 0 to 150 kg/ha, being the highest value at 150 kg N/ha. Physiological efficiency was positively higher in residue retained with zero tillage than residue removed under zero tillage. Residue retained with zero tillage recorded significantly higher uptake of nitrogen by wheat plants as compared to residue incorporated with conventional tillage. The physiological efficiency was higher with 50 kg N/ha. Maximum uptake of nitrogen was observed in 150 kg N/ha which was significantly higher than 100 and 50 kg N/ha. In this study authors have discussed current concerns and possible options for efficient management of rice residue, tillage and nitrogen in the RW cropping system.

3 tables, 9 ref