007179   Renukaswamy N S;Megha B R;Kiran B A;Chetti M B (Crop Physiology Dep, Univ of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad-580 005, Email: jimmyrns@gmail.com) : Effect of moisture stress and fungicide on biochemical traits and yield of soybean. Res Crop 2016, 17(2), 262-7.

A field experiment was conducted at University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during kharif 2012 and 2013 under rainout shelterto study the influence of fungicide (Opera 18.3% SE) in improving yield by recovering biochemical traitsin moisture stressed soybean. The results revealed that in all the four moisture stress treatments viz., withholding water for 0, 5, 10 and 15 days imposed on 40 DAS, application of fungicide opera recorded high chlorophyll, soluble protein and less proline content withreduced membrane injury over their respective counterparts without fungicide application. Further the yield in moisture stress for 5, 10 and 15 days without fungicide treatment (3902, 3614 and 3902 kg/ha, respectively) was significantly reduced compared to their respective counterparts with fungicide treatment (3910, 4075 and 4224 kg/ha, respectively).

3 tables

007178   Ray B P;Mahfuz M S;Bir M S H;Kamruzzaman M; Lee J J;Park K W (NO, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI), Rangpur, Bangladesh, Email: jeunglee@gnu.ac.kr) : Genetic variability and selection criteria of drought tolerant rice (Oryza sativa L.). Res Crop 2016, 17(2), 194-8.

Rice improvement for drought tolerance requires reliable assessment of drought tolerance variability among segregation populations. The present study was undertaken to assess the genetic variability among different drought tolerant genotypes. Seven rice genotypes and three check varieties were evaluated in this study in the drought-prone environments of the farmers' fields. Drought stress was applied, through proper draining of water from the field, starting four weeks after transplanting up to maturity. In the field under drought stress conditions, the highest grain yield was found in IR82635-B-B-145-1 (4.1 t/ha) followed by IR82635-B-B-75-2 (3.8 t/ha), while the yield of check varieties ranged from 2.9-3.6 t/ha. Plant height, growth duration and grain yield were considered for selecting the drought tolerant variety through participatory variety selection (PVS) by farmers, GOs, NGOs (BRAC, ASHA and RDRS), extension personnel and researchers. According to drought tolerance indices analysis, the line IR82635-B-B-145-1 was selected as a genotype with the most yield potential under drought environments in the Rangpur region of Bangladesh.

6 tables, 10 ref

007177   Ravishankar M;Pan R S;Kaur D P;Giri R R;Anil Kumar V;Rathore A;Easdown W;Nair R M (NO, World Vegetable Center South Asia, ICRISAT Campus, Hyderabad-502 324) : Vegetable soybean: a crop with immense potential to improve human nutrition and diversify cropping systems in eastern India. Soybean Res 2016, 14(2), 1-13.

Vegetable soybean was introduced into Jharkhand state in India to provide local communities with an alternative protein source as well as to diversify the cropping system. The paper covers the introduction of the crop, testing of different lines in farmers' fields, a taste survey, the release of a vegetable soybean cultivar and its popularization, and seed production by the community. The acceptance of the crop by the local community has led to seed production of the cultivar 'Swarna Vasundhara' by farmers. A major challenge is to expand beyond household level consumption and local Jharkhand markets to create awareness among other consumers and establish a larger market throughout India for the crop. Infrastructure such as cold storage facilities will be required to support a viable value chain for vegetable soybean. The good progress made in Jharkhand has given greater hope of expanding vegetable soybean production and consumption across India, particularly in the major grain soybean growing states.

1 illus, 3 tables, 23 ref

007176   Raut S S;Sharma D P;Yadav S (Livestock Products Technology Dep, College of Veterinary Science, Lala Lajpat Rai Univ of Veterinary and, Hisar-125 004, Email: drsubhashraut@gmail.com) : Studies on assessment of Emu carcass characteristics and composition of lean meat. Haryana Vet 2016, 55(1), 59-61.

The study was conducted to evaluate the carcass characteristics of emu and proximate composition of lean emu meat. Three emu birds of 14 months of age were slaughtered by halal method. The mean live weight of emu birds was 31.79 kg. Dressing percentage of emu carcass was 67%. There was considerable amount of separable abdomen, back and breast fat present in emu carcass. Lean meat yield was 57%. Inedible and edible byproducts constituted 27.08 and 5.06% of live wt. of birds. The weight of leg was the highest followed by back and breast among all cut up parts. Highest meat bone ratio was recorded in leg cut. In contrast to broiler chicken, meat bone ratio was the lowest in breast cut. Emu meat had around 72% moisture, 22% protein content and very low fat content (1.74%). Emu meat had higher amount of fat in leg portion than back and breast meat.

1 table, 16 ref

007175   RameshBabu S;Mahla M K;Ameta O P;Meghwal M (a, Agriculture Research Station (MPUA&T) Borwat Farm, Banswara-327 001, Email: babuento@yahoo.co.in) : Bioefficacy of a new diamide molecule, tetraniliprole 200 SC (W/V) against semiloopers in soybean. Res Crop 2016, 17(2), 331-5.

An experiment was conducted in kharif season during 2013 and 2014 to find out the bioefficacy of newer diamide class molecule against semiloopers (Chrysodeixis acuta and Gesonia gemma) in soybean. The present study was undertaken to find out the bioefficacy of tetraniliprole SC 200 (w/v) (BCS CL 73507 SC 200) of different doses along with chloranthraniliprole 18.5 SC and triazophos 40 EC against semiloopers in soybean. The results revealed that tetraniliprole @ 50 g a. i./ha or 60 g a. i./ha was the most effective dose in reducing the semilooper larval population in soybean. It was followed by tetraniliprole @ 40 g a. i./ha or chloranthraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 30 g a. i./ha which was significantly superior over triazophos 40 EC @ 250 g a. i./ha and untreated control. The pooled mean data of both the years on seed yield also proved similar results and showed an incremental yield of 11.2 and 13.8 q/ha for tetraniliprole @ 50 and 60 g a. i./ha, respectively, over untreated control, then followed by treatments tetraniliprole @ 40 g a. i./ha, chlorantraniliprole @ 30 g a. i./ha and triazophos @ 250 g a. i./ha with a mean seed yield of 11.5 to 20.2 q/ha and an incremental yield of 2.5 to 11.2 q/ha over untreated control. This diamide class molecule, tetraniliprole has a unique mode of action and is effective against devastating pests of soybean which can be new tool for integrated pest management programmes.

4 tables, 13 ref

007174   Rakesh S;Banik G C;Ghosh A;Sarkar D (Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry Dep, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari-736 165, Email: gcbanik79@yahoo.co.in) : Effect of sulphur fertilization on different forms of sulphur under mustard cultivation in an acid soil of terai region of West Bengal. Res Crop 2016, 17(2), 248-52.

A field experiment was conducted growing Indian mustard with added doses of sulphur in the form of bentonite-S and single super phosphate (SSP) to evaluate effect of S addition on different forms of S in an acid soil under mustard cultivation during 2013-14. The preponderance of S in initial soil followed the order: total sulphur <62> organic sulphur <62> non-sulphatesulphur <62> heat soluble sulphur <62> adsorbed sulphur <62> water soluble sulphur <62>sulphate sulphur. The analysis of soil after harvest showed that all S forms decreased in the control plot. The total S content was increased with addition of S but organic S content decreased in all treatments. Although, this decrement was lower down with addition of S. The status of the SO₄^{-2-S in the soil at harvest had no much variation across the treatments. The bentonite S showed the better S use efficiency by the plant.}

1 illus, 3 tables, 10 ref

007173   Rakesh Kumar;Chatterjee D;Deka B C;Manoj Kumar;Kuotsu R;Merasenlaao;Ngachan S V (NO, ICAR Research Complex fo North-Eastern Hill Region Nagaland Centre, Jharnapani, Medziphema, Nagaland-797 106, Email: rakeshbhu08@gmail.com) : Weed management practices in upland direct seeded jhum rice under the Eastern Himalayas. Res Crop 2016, 17(2), 199-204.

In upland direct seeded jhum rice, weed infestation is a serious problem, which results in drastically reduced the crop yield. Average yield of rice crop in North-Eastern Hilly region including the Nagaland is very low due to non-availability of adequate and suitable crop production technology. Among them, the principal factor associated with low yield in jhum rice is severe weed competition. Jhum farmers of this region traditionally apply common salt (NaCl) in upland rice as a post-emergence to manage broad leaf weeds. Keeping the above facts in view, an efforts have been made to study the validation of indigenous technical knowledge for weed management in upland jhum rice to evolve a feasible weed management practices for tribal community of the region. Therefore, a replicated field experiment with rice cv. Bhalum-3 was conducted during kharif seasons of 2013 and 2014 at farmers' field in Medziphema village of Dimapur district in Nagaland. The following 12 treatments of common salt (2-20% or 20-200 kg/ha) including control and weed free check were imposed in completely randomized block design and replicated thrice. The common salt was applied as foliar spray through flat fan nozzle using water as a carrier @ 500-600 l/ha at 20 and 40 DAS to the rice. Results revealed that altogether 17 weed species were identified in upland jhum rice, among them the broad-leaved weeds viz. Borreria hispida, Urena lobota, Eupotorium odoratum and Biden pilosa noted the prominent weed flora. Application of increasing levels of common salt i.e. 2 to 20% NaCl increased weed control efficiency (WCE%) but highest values were recorded with application of 20% common salt at 20 DAS as compared to salt applied at 40 DAS. Among the levels of common salt, application of 10% NaCl gave significantly higher grain yield (2315.6 kg/ha) as compared to their preceding levels except weed free check (2517.7 kg/ha).

5 tables, 12 ref

007172   Raju G;Teggelli S;Suresh S M;Zaheer Ahamed B (Programme co-ordinator, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kalaburagi-585 101) : Improvement in productivity of the pigeon pea through innovative production technology. Int J Sci Nat 2016, 7(3), 601-3.

Kalaburagi is called as "Pulse bowl of Karnataka" and pigeonpea is one of the most important pulse crop grown in this region. In this point of view Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kalaburagi conducted 78 demonstrations in farmers field of different villages of Kalabugragi district during the period from 2012-13 to 2014-15 of three years to enhance the yield of transplanted pigeon pea through improved production technology. The result showed that, in an average the highest yield achieved by adopting improved production technology was 27.26 q/ ha over farmer's practices was to 19.54 q/ha. Which was increase the yield 39.35 % over farmer practices. The average technological gap, extension gap and technological index were noticed 27.74 q/ha, 7.72 q/ ha and 50.44 %, respectively. The economics of average of Rs. 96697 per ha was recorded net profit under recommended practices while it was Rs 65076 per ha under farmer practices. Cost benefit ratio was 4.74 under demonstration, while was 3.85 under farmer practices.

5 ref

007171   Raju G;Teggelli S;Suresh S M;Zaheer Ahamed B (Programme co-ordinator, Krishi Vigyan, Kalaburagi-585 101) : Influence of pulse magic application on yield and economics of transplanted pigeonpea. Int J Sci Nat 2016, 7(3), 598-600.

Pigeon pea is most important pulse crop in Kalabugragi district of Karnataka. Yield of pigeon pea is decreasing due to flower drop and pod setting in climatic vulnerability situvation. Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kalaburagi has made 40 demonstrations in farmers field of Kalabugragi district from 2014-15 to enhance the yield of transplanted pigeon pea (BSMR-736 variety) through pulse magic spray and improved production technology to convincing the farmers for enhancing the productivity of pigeon pea. The results noticed that due to front line demonstration on pulse magic spray on transplanted pigeon pea (BSMR-736) on an average yield was recorded 28.57 q/ ha under demo plots (T₁: pulse magic sprayed field) as compared check 25.14 q/ha (T₂: no pulse magic spray) which was 13.64 % higher yield over the check plot. On an average the T₁ recorded higher yield parameter like no. of pods/plant (1365), No. of seeds/ pod (3.5 seeds/pod), pod 100 seed weight (11.34 g), seed yield per plant (220 g/plant) and litter yield per ha (20 q/ha) and higher net returns compared to check (T₂).

8 ref

007170   Rahul Chopra;Sharma M;Sharma S K;Nepalia V; Jain H K;Singh A (Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science Dep, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, MPUAT, Udaipur, Rajasthan-313 001, Email: r.chopra051988@gmail.com) : Effect of integrated nutrient management on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Haplustepts. Int J Sci Nat 2016, 7(3), 622-8.

A field experiment was conducted at Agronomy Farm, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur during rabi season in 2013-14 and 2014-15. The results of the study showed that application of poultry manure @ 5 t ha^{-1 significantly increase the plant height (7.26, 38.54, 86.40 and 88.60 cm) dry matter accumulation (12.17, 54.86,143.22 and 196.84 g) at all stages of growth (30, 60, 90 and at harvest), Yield attributes (Effective tillers m-1 row length (107.25), number of grains ear-1 (42.40) and test weight (43.42 g)) and yield (grain (5.04 t ha-1), straw (9.69 t ha-1) and biological (14.73 t ha-1)). Further results showed that the enrichment of soil with 75 per cent RDF significantly increased the plant height (7.34, 38.37, 84.76 and 86.15 cm), dry matter accumulation (11.32, 53.03, 138.55 and 189.45 g), yield attributes (effective tillers m-1 row length (102.81), number of grains ear-1 (40.96) and test weight (42.66)) and (grain (4.84 t ha-1), straw (9.24 t ha-1) and biological (14.07)) yield over 50 per cent RDF and statistically at par with 100 per cent RDF and inoculations of seed with Azotobacter + PSB significantly increased the plant height (7.31, 38.67, 86.24 and 88.04 cm), dry matter accumulation (12.45, 53.93, 141.32 and 194.38 g), yield attributes (effective tillers m-1 row length (105.43), number of grains ear-1 (42.95) and test weight (43.12 g)) and (grain (5.01 t ha-1), straw (9.65 t ha-1) and biological (14.67 t ha-1)) yield of wheat crop. So results showed that 5 t ha-1 poultry manure + 75% NPK + dual inoculation of Azotobacter + PSB were gave significant yield over other treatments. There by a saving of 25% of nutrients.}

24 ref

007169   Priya H R;Shashidhara G B (NO, IWRC (UAS), Belvatgi, Karnataka, Email: priya.agron@gmail.com) : Effect of crop residues as mulching on maize-based cropping systems in conservation agriculture. Res Crop 2016, 17(2), 219-25.

A field experiment was carried out at MARS, Dharwad during kharif and rabi seasons of 2013-14 and 2014-15 to study the effect of mulching practices in maize-based cropping systems. The experiment comprising two main plot treatments like, maize grown on kharif mulch and without mulch in kharif with sub-plot treatment as rabi crops (wheat, safflower, chickpea and sorghum) and sub-sub plot treatments (rabi crops with mulch and rabi crops without mulch). The results of two years showed that maize grown with mulching practices recorded significantly higher grain yield (83.45 q/ha) of maize and yield parameters like test weight (40.83 g), cob length (21.09 cm) and grain weight per plant (172.5 g) as compared to without mulching practice (72.05 q/ha of grain yield). The per cent of grain yield increase with kharif residue mulching practice was to an extent of 15.82 and 19.32%, respectively, over without mulching practices. These were significantly higher WUE (water use effciency) (14.03 kg/ha.mm), gross returns (Rs.109316/ha) and net returns (Rs.74021/ha) as compared to without mulching practices. Mulching in both the seasons recorded significantly higher grain yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of wheat (17.29 q/ha and 23.92 kg/ha.mm), safflower (18.55 q/ha and 26.89 kg/ha.mm), chickpea (18.79 q/ha and 27.05 kg/ha.mm) and sorghum (19.70 q/ha and 26.82 kg/ha.mm) as compared to without mulching practices. Application of kharif mulch to chickpea crop in rabi season recorded significantly higher the total system net returns (109652 Rs./ha) as compared to without mulched treatment. It was on par with the safflower crop with rabi mulch (Rs. 106337/ha).

2 tables, 9 ref

007168   Pozveh H H;Golparvar A R (Agronomy & Plant Breeding Dep, College of Agriculture, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch Islamic Azad Univ, Isfahan, Iran, Email: dragolparvar@gmail.com) : Assessment of genetic diversity tolerance and determination of the best resistance indices for some common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes. Res Crop 2016, 17(2), 347-50.

In order to evaluate genetic diversity of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to identify the most drought resistant genotypes and also finding the best drought tolerance indices, an experiment was carried out in research center of Kabotarbad, Isfahan, Iran, using randomized complete block design in three replications. Twenty wheat genotypes were selected for this study. The experiment was done under normal (Y_p) and water stress (Y_s) conditions. The stress was applied after heading stage. The results showed that stress tolerance index (STI), geometric mean productivity (GMP) and mean productivity (MP) indices had the most correlation with the yield, therefore, they were used for screening drought tolerant varieties. Biplot analysis also showed that genotypes 10, 18, 19 and 20 had the highest grain yield under both the conditions. Genotypes 3, 6, 14 and 15 were also suitable for the stress condition. The principal component analysis (PCA) showed that two first components accounted for 99.945% of the variance for the observed genotypes. The first component had the most positive coefficients in both irrigated and stress conditions and also the highest GMP and STI values, therefore, it can be named as the yield potential component under drought condition and also the tolerance index. The second one had the most positive and highest correlation with tolerance index (TOL) and SSI and it can be referred as the drought susceptibility component.

1 illus, 2 tables, 12 ref

007167   Poonam Kumari;Khanna V;Prafull Kumar;Shori A (Microbiology Dep, Punjab Agricultural Univ, Ludhiana-141 004, Email: poonam15sep@gmail.com) : Efficacy of Bacillus sp. to augment chickpea growth under biotic stress caused by Fusarium oxysporium F. SP. Ciceris. Int J Sci Nat 2016, 7(3), 699-701.

The experiment was conducted during the year 2013-14 in glasshouse of Schools of Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University, India to study the influence of antagonistic Bacillus sp. isolate, B-I, as seed bioinoculant alone and in consortium with Mesorhizobium ciceris on seedling emergence, growth parameters and wilt incidence in pathogen inoculated chickpea plants. Seed bacterization with isolate B-I reduced the wilt incidence in bacterized pots (36%) as compared to non-bacterized plants (74%). Co-inoculation with Mesorhizobium ciceris further reduced the wilt incidence (26%) and provided defense against the pathogen which was significantly higher than that recorded with fungicides (46%). Inoculation with isolate B-I alone and in co-inoculation with Mesorhizobium recorded 94 and 96% seedling emergence respectively as compared to 89% in control. Chlorophyll content affected by B-I inoculation alone and in combination with Mesorhizobium was also at par to control (0.87 and 0.90 mg/g leaf tissue respectively). In pathogen challenged plants, Bacillus sp. isolate alone increased the fresh weight by 29.2 % and in combination with Mesorhizobium by 49.9% over uninoculated control. Maximum increase in root and shoot length was also recorded with dual inoculation. Co-inoculated treatment (B-I + Mesorhizobium) recorded maximum shoot and root length (21.5 cm and 15.9 cm respectively).

10 ref

007166   Plania P K;Panchal N S (Biosciences Dep, Surashtra Univ, Rajkot, Email: nspanchal@live.com) : Role of calcium and vegetation in salinity and desertification (Western India). Envir Conserv J 2016, 17(1-2), 119-35.

Excess salinity is one of the main factors for low productivity of land and desertification. To know the effect of salinity and sodicity on vegetation study was taken at Little Rann of Kutch (saline desert). Ca have positive since EC and Na have negative consequence on vegetation. Calcium enhances tolerance capacity for salinity/sodicity and diminishes their adverse effects on vegetation. Species found dominating were capable to tolerate high salinity/sodicity, temperature and low rainfall. 82 species representing 64 genera belonging to 25 families were recorded. Poaceae, Papilionaceae and Cyperaceae were dominant in herbs and Mimosaceae and Salvadoraceae in shrubs and trees. Cyperus rotundus Linn. (4.438 plants/m^{2) and Aeluropus lagopoides (Linn.) (4.104 plants/m2) were dominating in herbs and Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) (7.109 plants/10 m2) in shrubs and trees. Concentration of dominance and diversity indexes were very low. Sustainable management and novel indigenous plantation of spe cies with high tolerance capacity should be made to enhance vegetation which will improve soil structure and help to combat salinity/sodicity and desertification.}

3 illus, 7 tables, 78 ref

007165   Patta S;Keshavulu K;Satyanarayana J;Eswari K B;GouriShankar V;Ramyashree T;Ravi Krishna T N V S;Raheem A;Ghatty S (College of Agriculture, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State, Agricultural Univ, Rajendranagad, Hyderabad, Email: patta.sujatha@gmail.com) : Divergence of seed quality and storability traits in Pongamia genotypes. Envir Conserv J 2016, 17(3), 47-52.

Pongamia is an important renewable resource for biodiesel production. Evaluation of this legume tree will provide an insight in the understanding ways to improve seed storability through breeding and enable us to meet the future seed demand for taking up of afforestation programme. Twenty four Pongamia pinnata accessions were collected from M/s Tree Oils India Limited, Zaheerabad and evaluatedfor sixteen seed qualitv parametersand grouped into 6 clusters. The genotypes in cluster II showed more number of accessions (17) followed by cluster I (3) and remaining clusters showed one accession each. There is a wide genetic diversity existed between cluster IV (TOILI3) and III (TOIL17), followed by cluster I (TOIL 2, 19 and 9) and IV (TOIL13) and crosses between genotypes of these clusters may result in substantial seggregates. Cluster II exhibited high cluster means for 9 characters. Traits like seedling vigour index-ll and seed germination after aging and initial speed of germination contributed more towards genetic diversity in pongamia genotypes for seed storability.

16 ref

007164   Patil T;Jeyasekaran G;Shanmugam S A (NO, Fisheries Research and Information Center, KVAFSU, Hessaraghatta, Bengaluru-560 089, Email: ravi.patil30@gmail.com) : Incidence and activity of actinomycetes isolated from marine samples from Thoothukkudi, Tamil Nadu, on the east coast of India, against bacterial pathogens of fish. Int J Sci Nat 2016, 7(3), 541-49.

The present study was undertaken to isolate, detect inhibitory activity, determine the anti-microbial profile, identify and determine the inhibitory profile of the crude extract of the marine actinomycetes. Actinomycetes were isolated from seawater, marine sediment and swab samples of submerged substrates from two different sampling stations, Mangrove swamp and Roche Park located along the coast of Thoothukkudi, Tamil Nadu, India. Significantly higher values for the bacterial population of 3.99 ± 0.16 x 10^{5 and 9.84 ± 0.14 x 106 CFU per ml/g were observed for water and sediment samples respectively, while the actinomycete population recorded significantly lower values of 1.77 ± 0.21 x 104 and 7.84 ± 0.13 x 105 CFU per ml/g of water and sediment samples respectively from Roche Park (p<60>0.05). A total of 36 antagonistic actinomycetes were detected among 46 actinomycete strains isolated from 55 marine samples by spot-inoculation assay. Nine, highly antagonistic actinomycetes were tested for their inhibitory profile against the selected test fish pathogens, Aeromonas hydrophila, A. sobria, Vibrio fischeri, Vibrio vulnificus, Edwardsiella tarda and Pasteurella spp. by crossstreak assay. 78% of actinomycetes among the nine antagonistic isolates inhibited 100% of the test fish pathogens. The isolate A15 exhibited prominent inhibitory activity with a zone of growth inhibition of ≥ 20 mm against all the test fish pathogens. 53% of the marine actinomycetes belonged to white followed by 37% to gray and 10% to violet color series. The isolate A₁₅ with a high level of antagonism against all the test fish pathogens was identified to be belonging to the genus Streptomyces spp. The ethyl acetate crude extract of the actinomycete isolate A15 at the concentration of 50 μg/ml, recorded the highest zone of growth inhibition of ≥ 20 mm against two of the test fish pathogens, whereas, at 100 μg/ml concentration, highest zone of growth inhibition of ≥ 20 mm was recorded against five of the test fish pathogens. The results of the present study indicate that high number of antagonistic actinomycetes producing novel antimicrobial compounds can be isolated from the marine environments with high organic load and also that marine antagonistic actinomycetes can be used as bio-remediation agents for the suppression of proliferation of disease causing microbes thereby preventing the outbreak of diseases in aquaculture systems.}

36 ref

007163   Panwar V S;Dahiya D S;Lohan O P;Tewatia B S (Animal Nutrition Dep, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai Univ of Veterinary and, Hisar-125 004, Email: bstewatia44@gmail.com) : Effect of replacement of maize with raw and processed wheat on performance of broilers. Haryana Vet 2016, 55(1), 80-4.

Commercial day-old broiler chicks (n=520) were randomly distributed into 13 treatments (T₁ to T₁₃) having two replicates of 20 birds each to study the effect of replacing maize with raw or dry heated wheat with or without multi-enzyme supplementation on their performance. Maize and soybean meal based mash was formulated as control group ration (T₁). In treatments T₂, T₃ and T₄ maize was replaced with raw wheat at 50, 75 and 100% level, respectively. In T₅, T₆ and T₇ maize was replaced with dry heated wheat at 50, 75 and 100 % level, respectively. Other treatments were T₈ (T₂ with multi-enzyme), T₉ (T₃ with multi-enzyme), T₁₀ (T₄ with multi-enzyme), T₁₁ (T₂ in the form of pellets), T₁₂ (T₃ in the form of pellets) and T₁₃ (T₄ in the form of pellets). Significantly (P<60>0.05) higher body weight gain was recorded during overall growth period when maize was replaced with wheat at 75% level. Dry heating of wheat showed non-significant improvement in weight gain as compared to control. However, supplementation of enzymes in 50% wheat based diet and pelleting of 75% wheat based diet resulted in significantly (P<60>0.05) higher body weight gain as compared to control. Reduced feed intake was recorded in T₂ as compared to T₃ and T₄ treatments, however, statistically this difference was non-significant. Among wheat fed groups significantly (P<60>0.05) higher feed intake was recorded in T₃ and T₄ treatments as compared to T₂ treatment. Dry heating of wheat showed non-significant effect on feed intake during overall growth period. Supplementation of enzyme did not affect feed intake. Pelleting of 50 and 75% wheat based diet resulted in lower (P<60>0.05) feed intake as compared to control; whereas 100 percent wheat based pelleted diet showed non-significant difference. Incorporation of wheat in place of maize did not affect the feed conversion ratio (FCR) significantly. Similarly, dry heating of wheat showed no significant effect on FCR. Enzyme supplementation to 50% wheat based diet improved (P<60>0.05) the FCR as compared to control diet. Significantly (P<60>0.05) better FCR were also recorded when 50 and 75% wheat based pelleted diets were fed to broilers as compared to control diet. The total feed cost was lower in all the treatment groups as compared to control. Higher weight gains in dry heated, enzyme supplemented and pelleted groups resulted in better gross returns in these groups. The present study suggested that maize can be safely replaced with wheat up to 100% level without I affecting the performance of broilers.

4 tables, 25 ref

007162   Panigrahy S R;Sanjiv Kumar;Aggrawal S; Mohapatra A (IABMI, Anand Agricultural Univ, Anand, Gujarat) : Milk production and marketing of dairy holders in four villages of Karnal taluka of Karnal district, Haryana. Indian J soc Res 2016, 57(3), 361-6.

Milk is a liquid and a perishable commodity; that's why a quick disposal is necessary. Marketed surplus of milk is a crucial parameter on which the interest of many stakeholders like dairy holders, consumers, middleman like itinerant traders depend on. As milk is very ready to perish in quick time, different channels exist in the study area for its disposal. It was observed from the study that large dairy holder has significance contribution in overall marketed surplus of milk. Karnaltaluka has its own importance as it is the agricultural hub of Punjab and Haryana due to the presence of National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI) that disseminates dairy related information in various modes. Taking all into consideration this study captured major information like marketed surplus of milk through different existing channels has a great importance.

2 tables, 1 ref

007161   Navale D;Gupta S (NO, Sinhgad Jr. College, Vadgaon, Pune, Maharashtra) : To detect types of adulteration present in buffalo and cow milk samples. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2016, 5(2), 45-6.

Milk is a pale liquid produced by the mammary glands of mammals. It is the primary source of nutrition for young mammals before they are able to digest other types of food. Early-lactation milk contains colostrums, which carries the mother's antibodies to its young and can reduce the risk of many diseases. Milk contains many other nutrients and the carbohydrate lactose. An emulsion is a suspension of droplets of one liquid into another liquid. Milk is an emulsion of fat in water. Butter is an emulsion of water in fat. The solute is known as the dispersed phase and the solvent is known as the continuous phase. Other examples of emulsions include margarine, mayonnaise, cream, and salad dressing. A colloidal solution is when matter exists in a state of division in between a true solution, which is sugar in water, and a suspension, which is chalk in water. The characteristics of a colloid are small particle size, electrical charge, and affinity of the particles for water molecules. In milk, the whey proteins are in colloidal solution. This paper detects various types of adulteration present in buffalo and cow milk samples.

27 ref

007160   Navale D;Gupta S (NO, Sinhgad Jr. College Vadgaon, Pune) : Detection of lactose and casein in different milk samples. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2016, 5(6), 139-42.

Milk has been a good source of various nutrients including lactose and casein. We check quality of milk and detection of lactose and casein present in the milk. In this paper various milk samples was analyzed and found that Casein and Lactose values were negligible as compared to its World Health Origin value.

44 ref

007159   Navale D;Gupta S (NO, Sinhgad Jr. College, Vadgaon, Pune) : Detection of an adulteration present in milk and milk products. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2016, 5(6), 71-4.

Milk contains many other nutrients and the carbohydrate lactose. An emulsion is a suspension of droplets of one liquid into another liquid. Milk is an emulsion of fat in water. Butter is an emulsion of water in fat. The solute is known as the dispersed phase and the solvent is known as the continuous phase. Other examples of emulsions include margarine, mayonnaise, cream, and salad dressing. A colloidal solution is when matter exists in a state of division in between a true solution, which is sugar in water, and a suspension, which is chalk in water. The characteristics of a colloid are small particle size, electrical charge, and affinity of the particles for water molecules. In milk, the whey proteins are in colloidal solution. Milk is a pale liquid produced by the mammary glands of mammals. It is the primary source of nutrition for young mammals before they are able to digest other types of food. Early-lactation milk contains colostrums, which carries the mother's antibodies to its young and can reduce the risk of many diseases. Milk may contain some harmful microorganisms like bacteria along with some potentially beneficial microbes. Microbiological analysis of milk is carried out to determine the degree of bacterial contamination in milk and to understand the chemical changes brought in milk as a result of microbial action. Pasteurization is done to destroy such harmful bacteria. If pasteurization of milk is not carried out properly there will be presence of larger count of bacteria in the milk. Methylene blue Reduction test is used to detect the presence of bacteria in milk. This test works on the principle that the methylene blue indicator is present in an oxidized form, but in the presence of bacteria, leads to the reduction of this indicator in a comparatively short span of time. The blue color developed on addition of the indicator to the milk will change to white color within a short period indicates the presence of bacteria in the milk and thus denotes improper pasteurization. Milk may contain some harmful microorganisms like bacteria along with some potentially beneficial microbes. Microbiological analysis of milk is carried out to determine the degree of bacterial contamination in milk and to understand the chemical changes brought in milk as a result of microbial action. Pasteurization is done to destroy such harmful bacteria. If pasteurization of milk is not carried out properly there will be presence of larger count of bacteria in the milk. Methylene blue Reduction test is used to detect the presence of bacteria in milk. This test works on the principle that the methylene blue indicator is present in an oxidized form, but in the presence of bacteria, leads to the reduction of this indicator in a comparatively short span of time. The blue color developed on addition of the indicator to the milk will change to white color within a short period indicates the presence of bacteria in the milk and thus denotes improper pasteurization..

32 ref

007158   Navale D;Gupta S (NO, Sinhgad Jr. College Vadgaon., Pune) : To find types of adulteration present in milk products. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2016, 5(5), 64-6.

Milk is a pale liquid produced by the mammary glands of mammals. It is the primary source of nutrition for young mammals before they are able to digest other types of food. Early-lactation milk contains colostrums, which carries the mother's antibodies to its young and can reduce the risk of many diseases. Milk contains many other nutrients and the carbohydrate lactose. An emulsion is a suspension of droplets of one liquid into another liquid. Milk is an emulsion of fat in water. Butter is an emulsion of water in fat. The solute is known as the dispersed phase and the solvent is known as the continuous phase. Other examples of emulsions include margarine, mayonnaise, cream, and salad dressing. A colloidal solution is when matter exists in a state of division in between a true solution, which is sugar in water, and a suspension, which is chalk in water. The characteristics of a colloid are small particle size, electrical charge, and affinity of the particles for water molecules. In milk, the whey proteins are in colloidal solution. This paper detects various types of adulteration present in milk products.

35 ref

007157   Navale D;Gupta S (NO, Singhad Jr. College Vadgaon., Pune) : Comparative study of buffalo milk and cow milk samples containing urea and cellulose. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2016, 5(5), 53-5.

Milk has been a good source of various nutrients including different chemicals. In this paper quality of milk and comparative study of buffalo milk and cow milk was done. Buffalo milk gave higher result as compared to Cow milk. All these results compared to its World Health Organization recommended value. Urea and cellulose were absent in all sample.

48 ref

007156   Navale D;Gupta S (NO, Sinhgad Jr. College Vadgaon., Pune) : Comparative study of buffalo milk and cow milk samples containing reducing sugar and solid not fat. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2016, 5(5), 36-40.

Milk has been a good source of various nutrients including different chemicals. In this paper quality of milk and comparative study of above chemicals present in the milk was done. Various milk samples was analyzed and found that solid not fat was low as compared to reducing sugar in the milk. Buffalo milk sample gave higher result as compeered to Cow milk sample. All these results compared to its World Health Origin value, reducing sugar and solid not fat were negligible.

48 ref

007155   Navale D;Gupta S (NO, Sinhgad Jr. College Vadgaon, Pune) : To find an adulteration available in milk. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2016, 5(3), 107-9.

Milk and dairy-based ingredients are used as components of many food products. Their contributions consist of unique flavor, desirable texture, excellent nutritive value, and a widely accepted "natural"image. In many instances, the success of the product in the marketplace is significantly enhanced by incorporation of traditional functional ingredients familiar to the consumer. Thus, dairy ingredients provide a consumer-friendly label on packaged foods. Dairy ingredients contribute a number of characteristics critical to a food product. These include the emulsifying and stabilizing ability of caseinates, the gelling properties of whey protein concentrates and isolates, the water-absorption capacity of high-heat nonfat dry milk, and the browning of lactose during heat processing. Furthermore, the crystallization characteristics of lactose and the hydrolytic activity of the enzyme lactase are important in confectionery and frozen products. In addition, butter flavor carryover can be achieved with enzyme-modified butterfat and various cheese flavors imparted by enzyme-modified cheeses. Therefore, a food developer can select an appropriate dairy-based ingredient to create certain desirable attributes in foods. An understanding of the functional properties of dairy ingredients allows food technologists to utilize their potential contribution to product characteristics to meet consumer expectations. Milk may contain some harmful microorganisms like bacteria along with some potentially beneficial microbes. Microbiological analysis of milk is carried out to determine the degree of bacterial contamination in milk and to understand the chemical changes brought in milk as a result of microbial action. Pasteurization is done to destroy such harmful bacteria. If pasteurization of milk is not carried out properly there will be presence of larger count of bacteria in the milk. Methylene blue Reduction test is used to detect the presence of bacteria in milk. This test works on the principle that the methylene blue indicator is present in an oxidized form, but in the presence of bacteria, leads to the reduction of this indicator in a comparatively short span of time. The blue color developed on addition of the indicator to the milk will change to white color within a short period indicates the presence of bacteria in the milk and thus denotes improper pasteurization. Milk may contain some harmful microorganisms like bacteria along with some potentially beneficial microbes. Microbiological analysis of milk is carried out to determine the degree of bacterial contamination in milk and to understand the chemical changes brought in milk as a result of microbial action. Pasteurization is done to destroy such harmful bacteria. If pasteurization of milk is not carried out properly there will be presence of larger count of bacteria in the milk. Methylene blue Reduction test is used to detect the presence of bacteria in milk. This test works on the principle that the methylene blue indicator is present in an oxidized form, but in the presence of bacteria, leads to the reduction of this indicator in a comparatively short span of time. The blue color developed on addition of the indicator to the milk will change to white color within a short period indicates the presence of bacteria in the milk and thus denotes improper pasteurization. Paper finds various types of adulteration available in the milk.

25 ref

007154   Navale D;Gupta S (NO, Singhad Jr. College Vadgaon., Pune) : To identify an adulteration present in milk. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2016, 5(3), 95-7.

Milk may contain some harmful microorganisms like bacteria along with some potentially beneficial microbes. Microbiological analysis of milk is carried out to determine the degree of bacterial contamination in milk and to understand the chemical changes brought in milk as a result of microbial action. Pasteurization is done to destroy such harmful bacteria. If pasteurization of milk is not carried out properly there will be presence of larger count of bacteria in the milk. Methylene blue Reduction test is used to detect the presence of bacteria in milk. This test works on the principle that the methylene blue indicator is present in an oxidized form, but in the presence of bacteria, leads to the reduction of this indicator in a comparatively short span of time. The blue color developed on addition of the indicator to the milk will change to white color within a short period indicates the presence of bacteria in the milk and thus denotes improper pasteurization. Milk may contain some harmful microorganisms like bacteria along with some potentially beneficial microbes. Microbiological analysis of milk is carried out to determine the degree of bacterial contamination in milk and to understand the chemical changes brought in milk as a result of microbial action. Pasteurization is done to destroy such harmful bacteria. If pasteurization of milk is not carried out properly there will be presence of larger count of bacteria in the milk. Methylene blue Reduction test is used to detect the presence of bacteria in milk. This test works on the principle that the methylene blue indicator is present in an oxidized form, but in the presence of bacteria, leads to the reduction of this indicator in a comparatively short span of time. The blue color developed on addition of the indicator to the milk will change to white color within a short period indicates the presence of bacteria in the milk and thus denotes improper pasteurization. This paper identifies various types of adulteration present in the milk.

26 ref

007153   Navale D;Gupta S (NO, Sinhgad Jr. College Vadgaon., Pune) : Detection of adulteration present in the buffalo and cow milk samples. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2016, 5(3), 79-81.

Milk is very valuable food, readily digested and absorbed. It consists of nutrients, which are needed for proper growth and maintenance of body. Milk and milk products form a significant part of the diet and a substantial amount of our food expenditures goes on milk and other dairy products. In Pakistan, milk is transported from the point of production to consumers and processing plants by middlemen called "Gawalas". They don't maintain proper hygienic conditions during this transport, which leads to increase the total viable bacterial count. They also adulterate milk to increase their profit margin by several chemicals like urea, starch, flour, cane sugar, vegetable oils, detergents etc. Various preservatives like formalin and some antibiotics are also added in milk to increase its shelf life. This addition decreases the nutritive value of milk. These adulterants, preservatives and drugs in milk cause very serious health related problems. This paper detects various types of adulteration present in the Buffalo and Cow milk samples.

25 ref

007152   Navale D;Gupta S (NO, Parvatibai Genba Moze Engineering College Wagholi, Pune) : Detection of adulteration present in milk. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2016, 5(3), 66-8.

Milk is very valuable food, readily digested and absorbed. It consists of nutrients, which are needed for proper growth and maintenance of body. Milk and milk products form a significant part of the diet and a substantial amount of our food expenditures goes on milk and other dairy products. In Pakistan, milk is transported from the point of production to consumers and processing plants by middlemen called "Gawalas". They don't maintain proper hygienic conditions during this transport, which leads to increase the total viable bacterial count. They also adulterate milk to increase their profit margin by several chemicals like urea, starch, flour, cane sugar, vegetable oils, detergents etc. Various preservatives like formalin and some antibiotics are also added in milk to increase its shelf life. This addition decreases the nutritive value of milk. These adulterants, preservatives and drugs in milk cause very serious health related problems. This paper detects various types of adulteration present in the milk.

26 ref

007151   Nasar W;Pal M (Microbiology Dep, Immunology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agric, P.B.No.34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia, Email: palmahendra2@gmail.com) : Prevalence, cyst viability, fertility and economic significance of bovine hydatidosis in an Abattoir at Kombolcha, Ethiopia. Haryana Vet 2016, 55(1), 17-22.

A study was undertaken at ELFORA Industrial Abattoir, Kombolcha, Ethiopia to determine the prevalence and economic importance of bovine hydatidosis. A total of 400 cattle were randomly selected and examined after slaughter for the presence of hydatid cysts in the visceral organs using the standard meat inspection procedures. Hydatid cyst count, characterization and assessment of economic loss were also undertaken. Of the 400 cattle slaughtered, 134 (33.5%) animals were found harboring hydatid cysts. The statistical analysis revealed that there was no significant difference (P<62>0.05) between the prevalence of bovine hydatidosis and sex of animals. The prevalence of hydatidosis was found to be significant with origin of the studied animals (P<60>0.05). Of 319 cysts examined, 81 (25.4%), 188 (58.9%) and 50 (15.67%) were calcified, sterile and fertile, respectively. Out of the total fertile cysts, 31 were found to be viable. Of the 145 cysts recorded in the lungs, 20 (13.79%), 95 (65.52%), 18 (12.4%) and 12 (8.28%) were calcified, sterile, viable and non-viable fertile cysts, respectively. Furthermore, of the 160 cysts recorded in the liver, 53 (33.13%) were calcified while 13 (8.13%) were viable. The rate of cyst calcification was higher in the liver than in the lungs, while fertility rate was higher among the cysts of the lungs. The annual financial losses from organ condemnation and carcass weight loss due to bovine hydatidosis at this abattoir were estimated to be 1848849.765 Ethiopian Birr (ETB) (US$ 1=21.0 ETB). Thus, hydatidosis is considerably a prevalent disease in cattle with considerable losses in the study area. Therefore, initiation and implementation of control measures are necessary in order to alleviate its economic impact as well as zoonotic risks to the humans.

1 illus, 4 tables, 33 ref

007150   Naha B C;Chakravarty A K;Mir M A;Bhakat M (ICAR - Dairy Cattle Breeding Div, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132 001, Email: binoychandranaha@gmail.com) : Effect of non-genetic factors on age at first semen collection in Sahiwal bulls. Int J Sci Nat 2016, 7(3), 579-81.

The aim of this study was to investigate factors affecting the age at first semen collection (AAFSC) in Sahiwal bulls. The records of 43 Sahiwal bulls during 27 years (1987-2013) maintained under 8 sets of Sahiwal breeding project at National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal (India). On standardization and normalization of age at first semen collection, 41 bulls for age at first semen collection was considered for final study. The present study revealed that the average age at first semen collection in Sahiwal breeding bulls was estimated at (2.57 ± 0.014) years with the coefficient of variation of 6.6%. The fixed linear models were used to estimate the effect of non-genetic factors. The overall least-squares mean for age at first semen collection was estimated as (2.49 ± 0.005) years in Sahiwal breeding bulls. Period of semen collection had significant effect on age at first semen collection (P <60> 0.01) in this study. Season of first semen collection did not have significant effect on AAFSC. Since, temporary environmental factors play a major role in inheritance of this trait so better breeding management should be implemented.

12 ref

007149   Nagar L;Kushwaha M L;Chittora A;Kaushal A (Vegetable Science Dep, G.B. Pant Univ of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar-263 145, Email: dhaker88@gmail.com) : Economic heterosis in brinjal (Solanum melongena L.). Res Crop 2016, 17(2), 316-19.

The present investigation was carried out at Vegetable Research Centre, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand in RBD with four replications during kharif seasons of 2012 and 2013. Nine brinjal F1 hybrids were evaluated under this investigation to know the per se performance and to estimate the magnitude of economic heterosis (over two standard checks Pant Rituraj and Pant Samrat) for yield and yield attributing characters. For fruit yield per hectare, the F1 hybrid Pusa Abhinav x DBL02 showed highest economic heterosis (120.16% over Pant Rituraj and 29.22% over Pant Samrat) followed by PB-71 x BB-85 (110.71% over Pant Rituraj and 23.67% over Pant Samrat). The results indicated that Pusa Abhinav x DBL-02, PB-71 x BB-85 and BARI x Pant Rituraj could be exploited as commercial F1 hybrids as they exhibited high economic heterosis over standard parents.

2 tables, 13 ref

007148   Mustapha C G;Igwebuike J U;Adamu S B;Kwari I D;Abba Y (Raw Materials Research and Development Council, , 17, Aguiyi Ironsi Street, Maitama District, P.M.B. 232, Garki, Abuja, Nigeria) : The effects of replacement levels of boiled and fermented castor seed meal on the haematology, serum biochemistry and histopathology of broiler chickens. Int J Sci Nat 2016, 7(3), 508-19.

The objective of the study is to determine the effects of boiled and fermented castor seed meal on the haematology, serum biochemistry and histopathology of broilers chickens. A total of two hundred and twenty-five (225) day-old mixed sexed broilers were fed ad libitum with starter (0- 4 weeks) and finisher (5-9weeks) diets containing graded levels of boiled and fermented castor seed meal, which replaced 0 (control), 5, 10, 15 and 20% of groundnut cake and soya bean meal in the respective diets. At the end of the experiments, blood samples were collected from 3 birds per treatment for the determination of haematological and serum biochemical parameters. Samples of the liver, lungs small intestine, kidney, heart and the spleen were collected from the slaughtered birds and immediately preserved in 10 % formalin, labelled and prepared for histopathological presentation. The packed cell volume (PCV) of the birds on the control (0) and 5% BFCSM were significantly (P <60> 0.05) higher than those on 10, 15 and 20% BFCSM. Alanine Amino transferase (ALAT) level of the birds fed on 10% BFCSM diet was significantly (P <60> 0.05) higher than the birds fed the control (0%) and 5 % BFCSM diets, but did not differ from the birds fed 15 and 20% BFCSM diets. Histopathological findings also revealed that there were adverse effect of the BFCSM on the liver, lungs, intestine, kidney, intestine, heart and spleen and the intensity of these effects increased with increase in the replacement levels of BFCSM from 5 to 20 % in the diets. It was concluded that boiled and fermented castor seed meal has adverse effect on the haematology, serum biochemistry and histopathology of broilers chickens.

36 ref

007147   Mohanakumara V;Hulagur B;Tamagond P S;Elalli R C (Agricultural Extension Education Dep, UAS, Dharwad, Email: mohan4141@gmail.com) : Adoption of post-harvest management practices in pigeonpea crop for sustainable income. Int J Sci Nat 2016, 7(3), 492-5.

A study was conducted in Gulbarga district of North Karnataka during the year 2013-14 to know the extent of adoption of post harvest management practices adopted by the pigeonpea growers. By following purposive sampling 120 respondents were selected from the district. The data was elicited through personnel interview method using structured interview schedule and analyzed using mean, standard deviation, frequency and percentage. The results of the study revealed that, less than half of respondents (41.67 %) belonged to medium level of adoption category. With respect to individual post harvest management practices, large majority (91.66 %) of the respondents harvesting their produce by sickle, majority (87.50 %) of the respondents followed the practice of beating with sticks. Over one third (38.33 %) of the respondents adopted grading by manual winnowing at the time of cleaning, majority (86.66 %) of respondents adopted transportation by tractor. In case of marketing majority (75.00 %) of the respondents were sold their produce in APMC. In case of value addition, cent per cent of respondents were used for dhal making, followed by husk as animal feed (35.00 %). Majority of the respondents faced the problem of high fluctuation in market prices (71.66 %), followed by non-availability of processing units at village level (45.83 %) and inadequate storage facility at village level (35.83%).

7 ref

007146   Mogalekar H S;Canciyal J;Ansar C P;Bhakta D; Biswas I;Deepak Kumar (Fisheries Biology and Resource Management Dep, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries Univ, Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu) : Freshwater fish diversity of West Bengal. J Ent Zool Stud 2017, 5(2), 37-45.

In the present communication, an attempt has been made to provide a systematic classification of freshwater fishes of West Bengal along with their local names, environment and conservation status, as far as possible. We recognized 267 species of freshwater fishes (186 primary freshwater species, 81 secondary freshwater species), belonging to 12 orders, 40 families and 123 genera. Thirteen species of exotic fishes have been introduced to freshwater bodies of the state. The top order with diverse species composition was Cypriniformes (117 species, 46 genera and 4 families). The most diverse family was Cyprinidae with 84 species and 35 genera. Freshwater fishes of West Bengal revealed existence of 109 ornamental fishes, 92 food fishes and 66 were ornamental or food fishes. Out of the 267 freshwater fishes, 17.97% are under threatened or near threatened categories. Updated checklist will lead to a better understanding of the freshwater fish diversity of this area for conservation.

3 tables, 33 ref

007145   Malik A;Gautam;Kamaldeep;Rachna;Sarita (Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension Education Dep, Lala Lajpat Rai Univ of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar-125 004, Email: anikadhundwal@gmail.com) : Livestock and gender- is it same for everyone?. Haryana Vet 2016, 55(1), 12-16.

To study the effect of different antecedent variables on the contribution of rural women to animal keeping and on different factors associated with animal husbandry, 120 women were chosen by multi-stage sampling from four villages of Hisar district. The data on day today contribution to animal keeping, participation in decision making, access to markets and inputs were collected using a structured interview schedule. The respondents across different categories seemingly devoted similar time in doing daily chores of animals. Their role in the animal husbandry activities was not significantly affected by the level of education, social participation and mass media exposure. Although their formal education favoured increased access to inputs but ability to participate in the decision did not vary significantly. It is conjectured that gender roles are strictly defined and followed in the society. These roles are in keeping with the idea that men are the owners of animal resources and women are passive workers. The findings of the study raise doubts on the idea that the animal husbandry is a powerful tool of women empowerment. It is concluded that a deeper examination of the gender and livestock relationship is required.

1 illus, 4 tables, 22 ref

007144   Malekpoor F;Pirbalouti A G;Salimi A (Plant Biology Dep, Faculty of Biology Science, Kharazmi Univ, 15719-14911, Email: ghasemi@iaushk.ac.ir) : Effect of foliar application of chitosan on morphological and physiological characteristics of basil under reduced irrigation. Res Crop 2016, 17(2), 354-9.

Plants show morphological and physiological responses to microbial, physical or chemical factors which are known as elicitors. Chitosan is a natural biopolymer modified from chitin, which is the main structural component of squid pens, cell walls of some fungi and crab shells. Water deficit stress is one of the most important abiotic stresses that affects plant physiological and morphological traits. To evaluate the effect of chitosan on morphology and physiology characteristics of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) under different irrigation regimes, an experiment was conducted at Shahrekord, south-western Iran. Treatments comprised control, 0.0, 0.2 and 0.4 g/l chitosan applied to plants under normal irrigation, and slight and mild drought stress. Drought stress decreased the content of photosynthetic pigments and growth parameters. Foliar-applied chitosan, in particular 0.4 g/l increased plant growth under stressed or non-stressed conditions compared withuntreated plants. In conclusion, it is suggested that chitosan could be used to reduce the harmful effect of water deficit on the growth of basil plants.

1 illus, 31 ref

007143   Lalit;Malik Z S;Dalal D S;Patil C S;Dahiya S P;Kapil Dev (Animal Genetics and Breeding Dep, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai Univ of Veterinary and, Hisar-125 004, Email: drlalit78@gmail.com) : Genetic and non genetic factors affecting wool traits in Harnali sheep. Haryana Vet 2016, 55(1), 70-2.

Twenty two years data (1992-2013) pertaining to wool traits of a synthetic population of Harnali sheep developed by inter-se mating of Corriedale and Russian Merino with Nali maintained at Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, were utilized for the present study. The overall least squares means for greasy fleece weight (GFW), staple length (SL), fibre diameter (FD), medullation percentage (MP) were found to be 1.62±0.02kg, 5.65±0.03cm, 25.85±0.07 μ and 26.98±0.36%, respectively. The effect of year of birth and dam's weight at lambing was significant on GFW but was non-significant on SL, FD and MP. No definite trend was observed over the years on wool traits. Heritability estimates for various wool traits were moderate and obtained as 0.24±0.05,0.28±0.20 and 0.32±0.18 for SL, FD and MP, respectively. High estimate of heritability for GFW (0.54±0.07) was obtained. The genetic and phenotypic correlations among all the wool traits were positive, significant and low to moderate.

3 tables, 15 ref

007142   Kumar G V S;Bhaskar L V;Satish Y;Rehaman S J (Agricultural Research Station, Darsi, Prakasam Dt. -523 247, Email: suneelkumar.gonam@gmail.com) : Evaluation of liquid formulation of Bt against gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) and spotted pod borer, Maruca vitrata (Geyer) in pigeopea. J appl Biol Biotechnol 2016, 4(1), 39-42.

A field experiment was conducted during 2012-13, 2013-14 and 2014-15 at Agricultural Research Station, Darsi, Prakasam district, Andhra Pradesh to evaluate Bt liquid formulations and other biopesticides against gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera and spotted pod borer, Maruca vitrata in pigeonpea. There were 10 treatments (2 strains of Bt liquid formulation each at two doses, powdered Bt formulation, two doses of Beauvera bassiana, neem formulation, chemical check) including untreated control. Pooled analysis of three years data revealed that two sprays of chlorpyriphos 0.25% at fortnightly interval was significantly superior over other treatments in suppressing the larval population of H. armigera (av. 0.81 larvae/plant) and M. vitrata (av. 0.80 larvae/ inflorescence) on pigeon pea and recorded minimum pod (5.07%) and seed (3.24 %) damage with maximum 16.9 q/ha yield. It was however, at par with the Bt strain NBAII-BtG4 @ 2% in respect of pod damage (5.30%), seed damage (3.91%) and yield (15.3 q/ha). The Bt strain NBAII-BtG4 @ 2% ranked next best to the insecticidal spray in recording surviving larval population of H. armigera (av. 1.01 larvae / plant) and M. vitrata (av. 1.10 larvae / inflorescence). Moreover, the treatment PDBC-BT1 @ 2% was also found to be equally effective to superior ones. It is therefore biopesticides should be encouraged as eco-friendly insecticides.

4 tables, 15 ref

007141   Kuchlan M K;Kuchlan P;Shrivastava A N;Husain S M (NO, ICAR-Indian Institute of Soybean Research, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, Email: mrinal.kk@gmail.com) : Present status of registration of soybean varieties under PPV&FR Act and future perspective. Soybean Res 2016, 14(2), 63-76.

In compliance to the international agreement on TRIPS, a sui-generous system on protection of plant varieties and farmers' rights came into force by enacting PPV&FR Act in 2001 by Government of India. Soybean is one of the 110 crops, which became eligible for protection after gazette notification on April, 2010. Several soybean varieties from public sector institutions, private seed companies and farmers have either been protected or in the process of protection. The soybean cultivation in India is mostly dominated by the public sector protected varieties. These protected soybean varieties are being marketed by public as well as private sector seed producing agencies without obtaining any legal license or paying my royalty or license fees to the legal right holder of these varieties (ICAR) at present. Though the Council had been conferred with the legal right of marketing and licensing others for marketing these varieties, provision of researchers' right for use of protected varieties for further research and unique farmers' right to produce, market without branding and resow own saved seeds by farmers are adequately framed in the said act. Setting of appropriate guidelines to fetch the benefits of this act by legally conferring license to commercialize protected varieties, strengthen the varietal development programme by paying royalty to breeders and prevent unauthorized commercialization of protected varieties by the legal right holder (ICAR) remains to be done.

2 tables, 2 ref

007140   Krishnamurthy S L;Sharma P C;Sharma S K;Batra V;Kumar V;Rao L V S (Crop Improvement Div, Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal-132 001, Email: krishnagene@gmail.com) : Effect of salinity and use of stress indices of morphological and physiological traits at the seedling stage in rice. Indian J expl Biol 2016, 54(12), 843-50.

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the most important cereal crop and a major staple food for majority of the human populations worldwide. Rice crop is sensitive to salinity. In spite of large number of studies on salinity tolerance of rice, our knowledge on the overall effect of salinity on rice seedling growth is limited. Improvement in salt tolerance of crop plants remains indescribable, largely due to the fact that salinity is a complex trait which affects almost every aspect of the physiology, biochemistry and genomics of plants. The present investigation was conducted to establish the relationship between various morphological, physiological traits and stress indices. A set of 131 rice accessions was evaluated in two levels namely, non-stress (EC <126> 1.2 dS/m) and saline stress (EC <126> 10 dS/m) in hydroponics at seedling stage. Root length and shoot lengths were reduced by 52 and 50%, respectively in saline stress compared to non-stress conditions. There was a significant correlation between various morphological and physiological parameters in non-saline in addition to saline stress as well as non-stress. The effect of the increased Na^{+ concentration in the medium is detrimental to root length and shoot length as observed by reduction in root length and a concomitant reduction in shoot length. Increased concentration of Na+ led to augmented Na+/K+ ratio with increased stress in the medium and decreased expression of traits. A significant positive correlation (r=0.60) was noticed between stress tolerance index (STI) of root and shoot length. The stress susceptibility index (SSI) for root length was expressed significant positive correlation with SSI for shoot length (r=0.43). SSI for K+ content was registered significant negative correlation with STI for Na+ content (r=-0.43). The three accessions namely, IC 545004, IC 545486 and IC 545215 were found to be the best performers adjudged on the morphological and physiological criteria in saline stress situation. These three rice accessions could be used as a donor parent or for genotypic studies in future breeding programs.}

4 tables, 34 ref

007139   Kotresh Prasad C;Abraham J;Sunanda C (NO, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana) : Effect of nutritiona flushing on the birth weight and body weight gain of Malabari kids. Int J Sci Nat 2016, 7(3), 533-6.

A study was conducted to assess the effect of nutritional flushing on Malabari does on the birth weight of kids and their productive performance. Twenty Malabari does were randomly divided into two groups (T1 and T2) of ten each. All the does were on natural grazing for four hours daily, provided with potable water and ad-libitum supply of jack fruit leaves/grass. All the animals were provided with 200g commercially available pellets, daily as a maintenance ration. The second group was provided with 250g flushing ration (18% DCP and 70% TDN) individually for two weeks prior to breeding. The conception rate, kidding rate and twinning rate was higher by 20%, 20% and 3.2% respectively in flushed does as compared to that of non-flushed. The birth weight of the kids was higher (p<60>0.01) in T₂ (3.05 ± 0.03 kg) than in T₁ (1.97±0.05 kg). Furthermore the study of growth of kids revealed a better Average Daily Gains in T₂ than in T₁, indicating the carryover effect of flushing on the body weight gains of Malabari kids.

10 ref

007138   Khyalia N K;Sagar M P;Hussain K;Suneel Kumar; Vijay Kumar (Extension Education Div, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122) : Comparative adoption of scientific dairy farming practices in Rajasthan. Indian J soc Res 2016, 57(3), 415-22.

Present study was conducted in Sikar district of Rajasthan. A total of 120 respondentswere selected from the two blocks of the district. Out of these, 60 were member of dairy co-operative and 60 were non-member. The study revealed that highest adoption gap was found in the use of dean milk production practices (42.61%) and lowest gap in the use of breeding practices (25.42%). Adoption of scientific dairy farming practices among member dairy farmers was found comparatively higher than the non-member dairy farmers.

2 tables, 9 ref

007137   Khanna S;Gulati H K;Kapoor P K (Livestock Production Management Dep, Lala Lajpat Rai Univ of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar-125 004, Email: hkgulati07@gmail.com) : Effect of amla and spirulina supplementation on body measurements of rabbits. Haryana Vet 2016, 55(1), 50-2.

One hundred and eight, weaned New Zealand White rabbits of either sex and six weeks of age were randomly allocated to three different I feeding treatments viz., I, Control; II, EO (supplemented with 2% Emblica officinalis) and III, SP (supplemented with 5% Spirulina platensis) in I addition to ad lib barseem fodder. The concentrate diets formulated were iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric. Body measurements were taken at the beginning of the experiment and thereafter fortnightly and the experiment continued for 45 days. Supplementation of diets with Emblica officinalis and Spirulina platensis had no significant effect on the body length, body height, hearth girth, abdominal girth, fore canon length and thigh length of rabbits.

3 tables, 21 ref

007136   Keykhosravi R;Mozafari H;Madani H (Agronomy Dep, Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Islamic Azad Univ, Tehran, Iran, Email: h.mozafari@qoudsiau.ac.ir) : Impact of different nitrogen amound and sources on the yield of three silage corn cultivar (KSC500 - KSC703- KSC704). Envir Conserv J 2016, 17(3), 91-6.

Nitrogen is one of the most important elements required for grain production in different parts of the country. In order to investigate nitrogen consumption in planting three silage corn cultivar: medium Karaj KSC500, new serotinous KSC703 and local serotinous KSC704 were tested as factorial in the form of random blocks with three replications in the land located in l.amahad Village- Malard- Tehran. In this experiment, two factors have been considered the first one of which is factor (A) including three silage corn cultivars of local KSC704, KSC500 and KSC7U3 and factor (B) presenting different levels of nitrogen fertilizer at four treatments including: control (use of urea in accordance with local fields), spraying urea at one stage plus topdressing, spraying urea at two stages and the use of sulfur coated urea (granular) at the time of planting. The effect of nitrogen on plant height was significant at 1 % level. Based on the comparison of the mean leaf length based on cultivar factor the maximum length of the leaf was 83.28 obtained by KSC 704 and there was no significant difference between KSC 703 and KSC 500. The results of variance analysis revealed that there was a significant difference between the cultivars at 1 % level hut the effect of nitrogen and the interaction between nitrogen and number of leaves was not significant.

2 illus, 9 tables, 24 ref

007135   Kavitha K;Umadevi M;Suresh S;Ravi V (Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural Univ, Aduthurai-612 101, Email: kavitha_nem@yahoo.com) : The rice root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne graminicola) - life cycle and histopathology. Int J Sci Nat 2016, 7(3), 483-86.

Meloidogyne graminicola (Golden and Birchfield) is a major pest of rice throughout the world due to its broad host range and ability of causing potential yield loss. The losses caused by M. graminicola may vary from negligible to heavy depending on the severity of disease. The main symptoms of root knot disease of rice are yellowing, dwarfing and gall formation on the roots of rice plants. The degree of symptom manifestation differs with time of infection, age of the plants and load of inoculums. The life cycle of rice root-knot nematode, M. graminicola in rice was studied under glasshouse conditions at Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute, Aduthurai. The duration of life cycle ranged from 25- 28 days at ambient temperature 28± 2°C. The adult females were smaller in size and laid eggs inside the root. Histopathological studies of the infected root revealed a severe dislocation of xylem and phloem vessels in the cortical region which resulted in the formation of giant cells.

7 ref

007134   Kaushik H;Dutta P (Plant Pathology Dep, Assam Agricultural Univ, Jorhat-785 013, Email: himadrikaushik18@gmail.com ) : Establishment of Metarhizium anisopliae, an entomopathogen as endophyte for biological control in tea. Res Crop 2016, 17(2), 375-87.

Metarhizium anisopliae is among the ubiquitous members of the soil rhizosphere which also survives as an endophyte in a wide range of plants. The extent of colonization depends on the plant part evaluated and inoculation method used. Current research reveals that foliar spray favours leaf colonization, whereas soil drenching favours root colonization. Besides M. anisopliae, many other fungal isolates were recovered as endophyte which was found to be endosymbiont with each other. Infestation of aphid, Toxoptera aurantii; tea mosquito bug, Helopeltis theivora; termite, Odontotermes obesus; red spider mite, Oligonychus coffeae and carpenter worm, Prionoxystus robiniae was found less in the treated plot as compared to the untreated control. System season long endophytic colonization with the plants suggests a novel approach of biological control of these pests via foliar spray with M. anisopliae for aerial pests and soil drench for soil arthropods. The same entomopathogen was also further confirmed by light and electron microscopic techniques inside the host plant. Molecular study showed that the original culture and endophytic reisolated culture of M. anisopliae were 100% identical to each other.

2 illus, 5 tables, 29 ref

007133   Karthik D;Sailaja A;Vasantha R (Agricultural Extension Dep, College of Agriculture, Acharaya N G Ranga Agricultural Univ, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500 030, Email: karthik.dharamkar@gmail.com) : Factors influencing effectiveness of cotton farmer groups. Indian J soc Res 2016, 57(3), 333-9.

Present paper focuses upon the factors influencing effectiveness of cotton farmer groups in Warangal district of Telangana. Farmer groups selected for the study were Rythu Mitra Groups represented by G₁, farmer groups of NGO represented by G₂ and commodity interest group of cotton represented by G₃ in the district. 40 members from each group were selected from entire district. Groups were selected were in majority of members cultivate cotton. Correlation analysis explains that age and training received were significantly and positively correlated with effectiveness in three groups.

2 tables, 6 ref

007132   Kamboj N;Kamboj V;Bharti M;Sharma S (Zoology and Environmental Science Dep, Gurukula Kangri Univ, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, Email: kambojgurukul@gmail.com) : Productive assessment of Pisum sativum l.by using organic fertilizers. Envir Conserv J 2016, 17(3), 79-83.

The present study was carried out to study the effect of organic fertilizer on soil fertility and productivity on Pisum sativum l. A total of eight parameters viz. Moisture Content, pH, Electric Conductivity, Total Organic Carbon, Organic Matter, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium were analyzed. The pH range was observed during this study between 6.33-6.19 in control treatment, 7.60-7.44 in Vennicompost treatment and 7.40-720 in Farm Yard Manure. Maximum moisture content was found in (T3) 28.84% - 24.73 %. The equal value of moisture content were found in FYM (T2) was 22.73 % -19.57 % and control pot (24.99% - 22.35%). highest mean value of Nitrogen was present in Vermicompost treatment (7.21 -6.47%), while slightly low value was found in Farm Yard Manure treatment (6.38 - 5.57%) and lower value was found in control treatment (1.76-1.75%). The study also showed distinct differences between Vermicompost, farm yard manure and garden soil (control) in terms of their nutrient content and their effect on germination and plant growth. The study revealed that Vermicompost is the best organic fertilizer for the growth of plant as well as best method to reduce the organic waste and utilization through Vermicomposting.

2 tables, 13 ref

007131   Kamaleswari K;Nandagopalan V;Prabha A L (Botany Dep, National College, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, Email: k.kamaleswari09@gmail.com) : Effects of plant growth regulators on in-vitro regeneration of a potential medicinal plant- Scilla hyacinthina (Roth.)J.F. Macbr. J appl Biol Biotechnol 2016, 4(1), 43-6.

A suitable plant regeneration protocol has been developed from scale leaf and bulb scale explants of Scilla hyacinthina, a medicinally important plant species belonging to the family liliaceae. The maximum number of shoots (13.2), with average length 6.5 cm, was achieved with medium containing 1.5 mg/l TDZ. Rooting of shoots was achieved on half-strength MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg/1 IAA.

2 illus, 3 tables, 18 ref

007130   Kamaldeep;Yadav A S;Dhaka S S;Magotra A;Malik A;Jakhar V (Animal Genetics and Breeding Dep, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai Univ of Veterinary and, Hisar-125 004, Email: kamaldeepdhundwal@gmail.com) : Efficiency of sire evaluation methods to improve milk yield of murrah buffaloes. Haryana Vet 2016, 55(1), 1-5.

The present investigation was conducted on records of 345 Murrah buffaloes from Buffalo Research Centre of this University distributed over 20 years (1993-2012) to compare progeny of 61 sires. Three sire evaluation procedures [ordinary least squares (OLS), regressed least squares (RLS) and best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP)] were used. These were based on estimated breeding value of production efficiency traits such as milk yield per day of first lactation length (MYLL), milk yield per day of first calving interval (MYFCI), milk yield per day of age at second calving (MYASC), milk yield per day of age at conception after first calving (MYAC), life time milk production (LMY4) and herd life milk yield (HLMY) in Murrah buffalo. The results indicated that sire number 60 had the highest merit computed by OLS, RLS and BLUP methods for MYLL. Product-moment correlations were comparatively higher than those of rank correlations barring a few exceptions. When comparison was made on the basis of coefficient of skewness, BLUP was found superior for MYLL, MYFCI, MYASC and MYAC. When comparison was made on the basis of coefficient of kurtosis, OLS was found better for MYLL, MYFCI, MYAC and HLMY. The OLS showed nearly perfect normal distribution for MYAC. When coefficient of determination was considered, OLS was found to be more accurate followed by RLS method for all the traits. RLS method was the most appropriate when coefficient of variation was considered.

5 tables, 18 ref