007316   DEEPTHI M P, SAMINATHAN K, KATHIRESWARI P (PG and Research Zoology Dep, Kongunadu Arts and Science Coll, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, Email: kathireswari@gmail.com) : Beneficial influence of elephant dung on conventional vermicomposting technology. J Adv Sci Res 2019, 10(4), 60-6.

The study was aimed to evaluate the nutrient element of vermicompost produced from different vermibed materials viz elephant dung and cow dung. Triplicate vermireactors were run distinctly by the addition of precomposted cow dung, elephant dung and garden soil with various proportions, which comprises 100 % elephant dung, 100 % cow dung, 50 % elephant dung+50 % cow dung, 50 % elephant dung+50 % garden soil and 50 % cow dung+50 % garden soil. Vermireactors were operated with ten individuals of fully clitellated earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae and maintained for 45 days. The result revealed that all the macro nutrients were found to be significantly higher in compost made from elephant dung as one of the vermibed material. The C/N ratio was decreased in all vermicompost and maximum reduction was observed in elephant dung compost by 11.28 ± 0.48. The pH of the vermicompost was neutralized and slightly alkaline which indicate the maturity and stability of the vermicompost. The present studies were concluded that the supplementation of elephant dung along with conventional vermiculture practices has the potential to increase the bioenrichment of the vermicompost.

6 illus, 2 tables, 57 ref

007410   SHARMA R P, SINGH R S, SINGH S K, SHARMA S S (Soil Resource Studies Div, ICAR-NBSS&LUP, Nagpur- 440 033, Email: rpsharma64@yahoo.com) : Weathered basalt application for management of vertisols: A traditional knowledge of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) growers of Gujarat, India. Indian J Tradit Know 2019, 18(4), 793-9.

Gujarat tops with 27.87 % of total groundnut production. The basaltic shrink-swell soils are generally evaluated as unsuitable for groundnut production in Saurtashtra region of Gujarat. They have untapped source of traditional knowledge for managing heavy shrink-swell soils of basaltic terrain. Groundnut growers of the region are applying weathered basalt (WB, Vēraḍēḍa bēsālṭanuṁ in Gujarati) in pure form which is naturally available or sometimes treated by mixing the farmyard manures (FYM) or groundnut husk, and/or fortified with nitrogenous and phosphatic fertilizers. A study was planned to find out the reason for higher production of groundnut with the application of WB before sowing the seed. For this study the farmers were divided in to 05 groups on the basis of forms and combinations of WB application in groundnut fields. The participatory approaches and personal interviews were combined to collect the data from 25 farmers of each group. After interviewing the farmers, we came to know that this practice is being followed since 40 years. The study revealed that the practice significantly reduces the contracting and expanding phenomenon in black Vertisols and improve physico-chemical properties of soils like hydraulic characteristics (infiltration, permeability, percolation and drainage), aeration, bulk density, porosity, thermal conductivity and also improve availability of secondary (Ca, Mg & S) and micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn & Cu). The present study forms the basis for upgrading the traditional management packages for sustainable groundnut production in black soil region of India.

1 illus, 3 tables, 22 ref

007328   GURJAR P S, BHATTACHERJEE A K, SINGH A, DIKSHIT A, SINGH V K (ICAR-Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Lucknow- 226 101, Email: pawan09996@gmail.com) : Characterization of nutraceuticals in bael powder prepared from fruits harvested at different developmental stages. Indian J Tradit Know 2019, 18(4), 724-30.

Bael [Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa], is well known in Indian traditional medical system for its multipurpose use in treatment of various diseases. Fresh ripe fruits are used in various types of shakes and sharbats but bael fruits are mainly used into its processed form like nectar or squash, jelly, candy and murabba. Bael powder is another form of product which has very high pharmaceutical value, long storability and is the pure concentrated form of fruit pulp. The aim of this study is to measure the nutraceutical values in bael powder (dry weight basis) prepared from fruit of CISH B-1 harvested at various stages of growth and development [180–335 days after fruit set (DAFS)] by using a simple HPLC technique and atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The antioxidants value (in terms of FRAP) ranges from 13.45 mmol/g at 180 DAFS (month of November) to 22.6 mmol/g at 335 DAFS (month of April). Maximum polyphenols content (5.99%) was observed at 305 and 335 DAFS (months of March and April). The antioxidants and polyphenols were enhanced significantly with the maturity of the fruits. Marmelosin and psoralen concentrations were highest at 215 DAFS and were found as 737 and 511 µg/g, respectively. Thereafter, both compounds declined significantly in mature fruit powder. Mineral contents in powder also varied with maturity stages. From this study, it may be concluded that powder prepared from immature fruits collected at early stages of development (November-January; 180–245 DAFS), possessed significantly higher amount of potassium, iron, marmelosin, psoralen and tannic acid, whereas, mature fruit powder (harvested during March-April; 305-335 DAFS) contains significantly higher content of zinc, copper, polyphenols and antioxidants.

7 illus, 30 ref

007423   SRAVYA V S S, RAO B K, KHALKHO D, SAILAJA A, GOUD A S (Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Raipur- 492 012, Email: sravyavishnumolakala49@gmail.com) : Estimation of crop water requirement, demands and supplies in D– 51 distributary command of sri ram sagar project in Telangana state for conjunctive use planning. Indian J Soil Conserv 2019, 47(3), 294-7.

In view of increasing water demand in agriculture and for other allied sectors, there is a need to use irrigation water efficiently. Weekly irrigation water requirements of major crops were estimated in the selected D-51 distributary of Sri Ram Sagar project during the years 2015 to 2018. In the present study, reference evapotranspiration (ETo) were calculated by using FAO Penmen-Monteith method. The weekly supplies data of canal water during the years 2015-16 to 2017-18 were collected, analysed and compared to estimated demands of crops in the distributary command. From the study, it was found that the average gross irrigation requirements of paddy in rabi and kharif, maize in rabi and sesame in rabi were found as 2245 mm, 1855 mm, 694 mm and 202 mm, respectively. During 2015-16, there was a surplus of water available due to more rainfall, and a severe deficit of water during the years 2016-17 to 2017-18 due to less amount of rainfall. This study concluded that effective rainfall, actual crop water requirements can be considered to reduce the gap between canal water demands and supplies in command areas.

2 illus, 3 tables, 10 ref

007310   CHOUDHARY R L, BEHERA U K (ICAR- Directorate of Rapeseed-Mustard Research, Bharatpur, Rajasthan, Email: rl.choudhary@icar.gov.in) : Conservation agricultural and nitrogen management practices in maize wheat cropping system: Effect on productivity, nutrient uptake and profitability of maize. Indian J Soil Conserv 2019, 47(3), 286-93.

Performance of maize (Zea mays L.) grown in sequence with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was evaluated under conservation agriculture and nitrogen management practices for two consecutive years. The experiment was conducted in split plot design with six main plot treatments of tillage and crop establishment practices, i.e. conventional tillage-flat bed (CT-F), CT-raised bed (CT-B), zero tillage-flat bed with crop residue (ZT-F+R) and without crop residue (ZT-F), ZT-raised bed with crop residue (ZT-B+R) and without crop residue (ZT-B), and four sub-plot treatments of fertilizer-nitrogen -1 (N), i.e. 0, 60, 120 and 180 kg N ha . Significant (p ≤0.05) effect of conservation agriculture (CA) on performance of maize was observed during second year of the study. Significantly higher values of plant height and yield attributes, viz., grains were recorded under ZT-B+R than rest of the treatments, except CT-B. ZT-B+R recorded significantly higher grain, stover and biological yields and improved nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake as compared to other treatments, except CT-B in case of yields. Grain yield with ZT-B+R improved significantly by 7.9 % to 15.5 %, 15.0 % to 16.0 % and 8.6 % to 12.1 % over CT-F, ZT-F and ZT-F+R, respectively. ZT-F and ZT-B practices reduced the cost of cultivation on an average by 18.9 % as compared to CT practices. ZT-B registered the maximum net 3 returns (₹ 29.17×10³ ha^-1 ), B:C ratio (1.98) and economic efficiency (₹ 291.7 ha^-1 day^-1 ). Significantly higher values of most of the growth, yields, nutrient uptake and monetary  parameters were recorded at 120 kg N ha^-1 as compared to other N levels. However, the economic optimum dose of N derived from quadratic response function was 142 kg N ha^-1 for the best yield producing treatment, i.e. ZT-B+R. Therefore, the maximum maize productivity with higher nutrient content and gross returns could be achieved with CA(ZT-B+R) and optimum N fertilization.

2 illus, 5 tables, 30 ref

007372   NARAYAN D, BISWAS H, KUMAR P (ICAR- Indian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Datia- 475 661, Email: drdevnarayan@gmail.com) : Efficacy of contour bunds and vegetative barriers in resource conservation on sloping agricultural land in Bundelkhand region. Indian J Soil Conserv 2019, 47(3), 280-5.

A field experiment was conducted during rainy seasons of 2005 to 2007 at ICARIndian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Research Centre, Datia, Madhya Pradesh to evaluate the efficacy of contour bunds and vegetative barriers in resource conservation on sloping agricultural land in Bundelkhand region. The treatments consisted farmer's practice (up and down cultivation without contour or vegetative barrier), earthen contour bund at 0.7 m vertical interval (VI), earthen contour bund at 0.9 m VI, vegetative barrier (VB) of Cenchrus ciliaris at 0.7 m VI, and VB of Heteropogon contortus at 0.7 m VI in runoff plots of 80 m x 20 m having 3 % slope. Results of 3 years indicated that the time of starting of runoff was delayed most (ranging from 9 to 72 min) under contour bunds at 0.7 m VI followed by contour bunds at 0.9 m VI (ranging from 6 to 27 min) and followed by VB treatments (VB of C. ciliaris: from 1 to 31 min, and VB of H. contortus: from 2 to 39 min). Similarly, the time to peak by runoff was delayed highest under contour bunds at 0.7 m VI (from 5 to 474 min) followed by contour bunds at 0.9 m VI (from 4 to 384 min) and VB treatments (VB of C. ciliaris: from 1 to 19 min and VB of H. contortus: from 1 to 32 min) over farmer's practice. Among different treatments, contour bund at 0.7 m VI was found as a superior rainwater conservation measure for sloping agricultural lands in red soils of Bundelkhand region in Central India.

3 illus, 3 tables, 15 ref

007303   CHAND S, MEENA B, CHAUDHARY G, SRIVASTAVA R C, CHAUDHARY K R (ICAR- National Institute of Agricultural Economics and Policy Research, Pusa, New Delhi, Email: scchand46@gmail.com) : Leased farming degrading the farmlands? Analysis of farmers' perceptions in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. Indian J Soil Conserv 2019, 47(3), 273-9.

This study was undertaken in Andaman and Nicobar Islands by conducting primary survey of leased-in and non-leased land cultivators. Total agriculture land of the islands decreased due to massive tsunami followed by earthquake during 2004. Due to various biotic and abiotic factors, land degradation in these islands is high, and   land leasing practice aggravates it. The leased rent varies from ₹ 17,500 ha^-1 annum^-1 to ₹ 26,500 ha^-1 annum^-1, and both cash and crop sharing mechanisms are practiced. Our analysis indicated that soils of leased land are degraded, and were categorized from moderate to severe level of degradation. The main reasons observed were that leasedin farmers mostly cultivate vegetables wherein more cultural working is required, which leads to loosening of soil and permits soil erosion at higher rate. Since, these islands receive more than 2800 mm rainfall annually with high intensity, it leads to faster erosion of soils. As the conservation measures need high investment, leased-in farmers are hesitant to invest due to short time lease of agreement (1 to 2 years). Thus, the study highlights that there should be clear cut policy for leased land to protect the limited and fragile agri-ecosystem of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The findings will provide information for future research and policy decisions on leased land practices.

6 tables, 32 ref

007297   BARSILA S R (Agriculture and Forestry Univ, Chitwan, Nepal, Email: srbarsila@afu.edu.np) : Effect of parity in different grazing seasons on milk yield and composition of cattle × yak hybrids in the Himalayan alpines. J Appl Anim Res 2019, 47(1), 591–6.

This study assessed the effect of parity in different seasons on the milk yield and composition of lactating cattle × yak hybrids (Dimjo Chauries) in the Nepalese Himalayan alpines. A pasture site typically grazed in summer and autumn was selected at 4200 m.a.s.l. The experimental animals were grouped into 2nd, 4th, and 6th parity groups (n = 18). The pasture characteristics, and milk and body parameters of the animals were measured in both seasons. Parity and season had a significant effect on the bodyweight of lactating hybrids, and almost constant daily weight gain was observed in 4th parity Chauries. The daily milk yield and fat content were affected by both season and parity, whilst parity did not affect milk protein or lactose content. The highest daily milk yield was obtained from the 6th parity Chauries in summer (3.42 kg day⁻¹ ) with unchanged fat content, and the lowest (1.46 kg day⁻¹ ) was from the 2nd parity in autumn. This implies that the older parity cattle × yak hybrids, especially of the 4th parity, are promising for persistently higher milk yield and composition than that of 2nd and 6th parity hybrids.

4 tables, 36 ref

007355   LI J, CHENG Y, CHEN Y, QU H, ZHAO Y, WEN C, ZHOU Y (Nanjing Agricultural Univ, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China, Email: zhouym6308@163.com) : Effects of dietary synbiotic supplementation on growth performance, lipid metabolism, antioxidant status, and meat quality in Partridge shank chickens. J Appl Anim Res 2019, 47(1), 586-90.

ABSTRACT This experiment aimed to evaluate the effects of incorporating a synbiotic into diet on growth performance, lipid metabolism, antioxidant status, and meat quality in Partridge shank chickens. A total of 128 1-day-old male Partridge shank chicks were randomly divided into 2 groups, and each group consisted of 8 replicates with 8 birds each. Birds in the 2 treatments were fed a basal diet supplemented with or without 1.5 g of a synbiotic per kg of feed consisting of prebiotics (xylooligosaccharide and yeast cell wall) and probiotics (Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus subtilis, and Clostridium butyricum) for 50 days. Compared with control group, supplementation with synbiotic significantly decreased feed to gain ratio during days 1–21, absolute and relative abdominal fat weight, and hepatic malondialdehyde concentration as well as plasma triglyceride concentration at 50 days of age. In addition, dietary supplemented with synbiotic had lower 24-h postmortem drip loss, cooking loss of breast muscle, whereas higher plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol level, 24-h postmortem redness, and pH of breast muscle. Dietary synbiotic supplement could promote growth performance, regulate lipid metabolism, and improve antioxidant capacity and meat quality in Partridge shank chickens.

6 tables, 34 ref

007424   SULTAN R, ASLAM A, TIPU M Y, REHMAN H, ANJUM A, KRULL W, KUMOSANI T, SHAIB H, BARBOUR E K (American Univ of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon, Email: hs45@aub.edu.lb) : Appraisal of a new patented method for control of chicken coccidiosis. J Appl Anim Res 2019, 47(1), 573–81.

The aim of this research is to appraise a newly patented method for control of chicken coccidiosis in comparison to a classical approach. The new method implements an invented Disinfectant (WSD) for decontamination of rearing surfaces, and a developed drinking water-herbal coccidiostat (EOBWE) supplement. The experimental design has 8 treatments (TRTs), with four pens/TRT, and 25 broiler chicks/pen. The floors of TRT1 to TRT7 are contaminated with 4.0 × 10⁵ sporulated oocysts/m² of each of E. acervulina, E. maxima, and E. tenella, while TRT8-floor is left uncontaminated. The floors of TRTs 1 and 2 are disinfected with chlorine, while that of TRTs 3–6 are disinfected by WSD. Floors of TRTs 7 and 8 are deprived of disinfection. Birds in TRTs 1, 6, 7, and 8 are deprived of coccidiostat, while birds in TRTs 2 and 3 are fed salinomycin in their feed; birds of TRT 4 are administered EOBWE in drinking water, while birds of TRT 5 are administered simultameously both, the salinomycin and EOBWE. Birds in TRT 4 (WSD/EOBWE treated) and TRT 5 (WSD/salinomycin + EOBWE) had improved protection (lowest oocyst output and intestinal lesions) and enhanced production (lowest mortality, lowest feed conversion ratio, and highest live body weight) compared to the other five challenged treatments, associated with significant improvements compared to positive controls (TRT 7) (P < 0.05).

8 tables, 97 ref

007403   SALEH A A, ABUDABOS A M, ALI M H, EBEID T A (Poultry Production Dep, Kafrelsheikh Univ, Kafr El-Sheikh- 33516, Egypt, Email: ahmed.saleh1@agr.kfs.edu.eg) : The effects of replacing corn with low-tannin sorghum in broiler’s diet on growth performance, nutrient digestibilities, lipid peroxidation and gene expressions related to growth and antioxidative properties. J Appl Anim Res 2019, 47(1), 532–9.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of substituting yellow corn with low-tannin sorghum on growth performance, nutrient digestibilities, and some gene expressions. Chickens were divided into the four groups: 1) the basal diet containing 100 % yellow corn, 2) 25 % yellow corn was replaced with low-tannin sorghum, 3) 50 % yellow corn was replaced with low-tannin sorghum, and 4) 100 % yellow corn was replaced with low-tannin sorghum. Body weight significantly improved (P < 0.05) by low-tannin sorghum substitutions, however, feed conversion ratio (FCR) was improved numerically (P = 0.672). Moreover, a significant decrease in the thiobarbituric acid reactive substance in muscle was found in all sorghum groups (P < 0.05). The mRNAs of genes related to growth and antioxidative properties insulin growth factor (IGF), β-Actin, fatty acids synthesis (FAS), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were significantly increased due to low-tannin sorghum substitutions. Interestingly, feeding the 50 % yellow corn + 50 % low-tannin sorghum diet led to a significant increase in mRNA expressions of IGF, β-Actin, FAS, GPX and SOD in broilers. It could be concluded that substitution of 50 % yellow corn with low-tannin sorghum might improve performance, modify plasma lipids and enhance the antioxidative status in broilers.

1 illus, 4 tables, 62 ref

007329   HOSSEINI-VASHAN S J, RAEI-MOGHADAM M S (Animal Science Dep, Birjand Univ, Birjand, Iran, Email: jhosseiniv@birjand.ac.ir) : Antioxidant and immune system status, plasma lipid, abdominal fat, and growth performance of broilers exposed to heat stress and fed diets supplemented with pomegranate pulp (Punica granatum L.). J Appl Anim Res 2019, 47(1), 521-31.

Pomegranate pulp (PP), an antioxidant source, is a major by-product of pomegranate processing industry. Four-hundred and forty d-old broilers were randomly allocated to eight treatments consisting of five replicates. The birds were divided into one of 2×4 factorial experiments, including two controlled housing temperatures (21°C for 24 h/d thermoneutral, TN; or 37°C for 8 h/d heat stress, HS) and four PP levels(0, 40, 70, and 100 gram PP/Kg diet). Significant interactions were observed in body weight gain, FCR and production broiler index between PP and HS at 42 d. Heat stress decreased feed intake compare to control. The interaction between HS and PP significantly affects the concentration of uric acid, malondialdehyde, the enzyme activity of Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC; P < 0.05). The HS-birds had lower plasma protein, the enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD) compared to TN-birds. The abdominal fat and liver percentage were significantly affected by the interactions between HS and PP(P < 0.05). The PP diets reduced the plasma concentration of cholesterol and LDL compared to the control. It is concluded that HS shows reduced performance, total protein and antioxidant status of broilers, while PP at the levels higher than 7%, improves the performance, blood cholesterol, and antioxidant status of HS-birds

1 illus, 7 tables, 62 ref

007384   PARRINI S, ACCIAIOLI A, FRANCI O, PUGLIESE C, BOZZI R (Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry Dep, Florence Univ, Firenze, Italy, Email: silvia.parrini@unifi.it) : Near Infrared Spectroscopy technology for prediction of chemical composition of natural fresh pastures. J Appl Anim Res 2019, 47(1), 514-20.

This study evaluates the potential of Fourier-Transform Near Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-NIRS) to estimate the chemical composition of fresh natural pastures of Tuscany without previous drying and grinding. Chemical composition of herbage samples is determined by applying usual chemistry. FT-NIRS calibration and cross-validation were developed applying spectra pre-treatment and two statistical models: partial least square regression and principal component regression. The results are evaluated in terms of coefficients of determination (R² ), root mean square error (RMSE) and residual prediction deviation (RPD). Calibration results, using partial least square models, obtained a R² in calibration greater than 0.95 for dry matter and crude protein, intermediate values (>0.75) for the fibre fraction and lower results for ash and crude fat (<0.75). The chemometric analysis shows lower results using principal component regression than partial least square models, although dry matter and acid detergent fibre obtained relatively high R² in calibration (0.876 and 0.863, respectively). Crossvalidation achieved both lower R² and higher errors than calibration. Despite the wide variability of the data set, the results suggest that coupling FT-NIRS with partial least squares analysis allows us to estimate some chemical parameters of natural pastures, while the use of principal component regression models needs further evaluation.

2 illus, 3 tables, 38 ref

007288   ALLAHYARI S, CHAJI M, MAMUIE M (Animal Science Dep, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Univ of Khuzestan, Khuzestan- 6341773637, Iran, Email: chaji@asnrukh.ac.ir) : Investigation changes in production, some blood hormones, and metabolites, serum and colostrum IgG of calves of Holstein cows fed with two levels of zinc supplement in transitional period. J Appl Anim Res 2019, 47(1), 440-8.

The aim of experiment was to investigate the effect of feeding high level of zinc on cow production, and health and immunity of calves. The cows in each period of pre and post calving were allocated to two treatments containing 75 and 150 mg/kg Zn, respectively, as control, and containing 110 and 250 mg/ kg, respectively, as second treatment. On days −25, −5, 7 and 21 relative to parturition, blood samples were obtained from 24 cows per each treatment. High level of zinc in the diet increased serum zinc, leptin and insulin in both periods but serum glucose was constant. Serum non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) was increased by high Zn in diet, but beta hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) decreased on day 7 of lactation. In compared to the control, milk Zn on days 1 and 7 of lactation had a significant increase. High level of Zn increased colostrum IgG, calves serum IgG and total protein. Obese cows had more serum leptin and NEFA but BHBA was higher only on day 7 of lactation. In conclusion, increased serum Zn increases leptin and insulin before and after calving. It seems that their cumulative effect in spite of an increase in NEFA had a beneficial effect on milk production and calves immunity.

2 illus, 4 tables, 60 ref

007332   IGWE A O, NNSEWO U E, EZE D C, ABBA Y, OKOYE J O A (Veterinary Pathology Dep, Michael Okpara Univ of Agriculture, Abia State, Nigeria, Email: docoleji@yahoo.com) : Increased doses of La Sota vaccine increased Newcastle disease antibody response significantly in broiler chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus). J Appl Anim Res 2019, 47(1), 423-8.

This study investigated if increased doses of La Sota vaccine can increase antibody response to Newcastle disease without any serious adverse effect on the bursa. One hundred broilers aged four weeks were randomly assigned into four groups of 25 each: ZD, each drenched with phosphate-buffered saline, SS, DD and TD broilers were each drenched with single, double and triple dose of La Sota vaccine, respectively. The broilers were examined for signs and lesions. At weekly intervals, serum samples were collected post-vaccination (PV) and assayed for haemagglutination inhibition antibody. Groups DD and TD antibody titres were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that of the SD on day 21 PV. But there was no significant (p > 0.05) difference between titres of DD and TD groups. Groups DD and TD geometrical mean titres were more than two times higher than that of SD group on day 21 PV. The bursa of all the vaccinated groups appeared reduced in size, with mild depletion of lymphocytes on day 10 PV. Generally, the integrity of the bursa was intact. This suggests that doubling the dose of La Sota vaccine may be considered in improving the performance of the vaccine in the control of velogenic Newcastle disease.

3 illus, 1 table, 34 ref

007283   ABDALLAH A, WANG J, ELEMBA E, ABUBAKARI A-H , ZHONG Q, SUN Z (Jilin Agricultural Univ, Changchun, People’s Republic of China, Email: sunzewei@jlau.edu.cn) : Amino acid release patterns of growing pig diets formulated with different dietary protein sources. J Appl Anim Res 2019, 47(1), 417-22.

This study elucidated the dynamics of AA release in low-protein growing pig diets formulated with different protein sources. Four protein sources including soybean meal (SM), corn gluten meal (CGM), fish meal (FM) and fermented soybean meal (FSM) were used to formulate growing pig diets and subjected to in vitro digestion for 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, and 28 h at 39°C. The AA contents were measured by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). FSM group recorded the highest AA release rate at 4-12 h digestion while the CGM group recorded the lowest at 8-20 h digestion (p < 0.05). AA release in the SM group was significantly higher than that in the FM group at 8, 12 and 20 h digestion (p < 0.05). Lysine, methionine and phenylalanine contents in the dietary groups showed significant variations within the first 8 h of digestion due to synthetic AA supplementation. However, after 8 h, the essential AA (EAA) release rate in the FSM group was consistently higher while those in the CGM group were consistently lower (p < 0.05). Based on the results, the AA release patterns of diets can be effectively regulated to meet animal demand by adjusting the structure of the dietary protein source.

7 illus, 1 table, 36 ref

007357   LIU B, GUO H-Y, ZHU K-C, LIU B-S, GUO L, ZHANG N, JIANG S-G, ZHANG D-C (Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Affairs, Guangzhou- 510 300, People’s Republic of China, Email: zhangdch@scsfri.ac.cn) : Nutritional compositions in different parts of muscle in the longfin batfish, Platax teira (Forsskål, 1775). J Appl Anim Res 2019, 47(1), 403-7.

Longfin batfish (Platax teira) is a coastal marine fish life. The aims of this study are to investigate the compositions and content of amino acid and fatty acid in three parts of P. teira. The results showed that P. teira muscle protein content was as high as 21.00%. For amino acid composition, seventeen kinds of amino acids were detected in three parts. The essential amino acid score (EAAS) and essential amino acids (EAA) / total amino acids (TAA) ratio of P. teira were both above 70 and 0.4. EAAS in the upper part of the abdominal muscle showed higher than those two parts. The content of saturated fatty acids (SFA) and the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the upper part of the abdominal muscle was higher than that in other groups. No significant differences in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and n-3/n- 6 were detected among three parts. Overall, the upper part of the abdominal muscle was thought to have a higher nutritious value. These results showed P. teira is a high quality marine fish with high protein content and low fat, abundant amino acids with proper proportion, however, it was regarded as an excellent breeding varieties.

4 tables, 26 ref

007337   KANWAL Z, TAYYEB A (Zoology Dep, Lahore Coll for Women Univ, Lahore- 54000, Pakistan, Email: zakia.kanwal@lcwu.edu.pk) : Role of dietary probiotic Ecotec in growth enhancement, thyroid tuning, hematomorphology and resistance to pathogenic challenge in Labeo rohita juveniles. J Appl Anim Res 2019, 47(1), 394-402.

In the present study effects of a commercial probiotic, Ecotec on growth, thyroid hormone profile, hematology, immuno-biochemical responses, monocyte morphology and survival against pathogenic challenge in Labeo rohita juveniles have been investigated. Two different concentrations of the probiotic (t1: 8 × 10⁷ CFU/g feed and t2: 16 × 10⁷ CFU/g feed) were administered to the fish. Probiotic treated fish showed a high growth increment as compared to the control. Level of thyroid hormones T3 and T4 was found to be lowered while TSH level was high in probiotic treated groups. Total Leukocyte Count was significantly low in the probiotic supplemented groups. The Differential Leukocyte Count showed abundance of lymphocytes and monocytes in the control group while neutrophils and basophils were abundant in the probiotic treated groups. Biochemical parameters (Albumin and Globulin) were high in probiotic fed groups. Immunological paraameters (Super oxide dismutase, Catalase, Myeloperoxidase and Lysozyme) were significantly high in probiotic fed fish. Monocyte morphology in control group showed a pronounced phagocytic activity in comparison to probiotic treated groups. Infection with Aeromonas hydrophila showed that probiotic treated fish had a better survival rate. In conclusion Ecotec supplementation enhanced growth and improved immunity in Labeo rohita juveniles.

7 illus, 2 tables, 56 ref

007323   DONG X, XU Q, WANG C, ZOU X, LU J (Zhejiang Univ, Hangzhou- 310 058, People’s Republic of China, Email: jjlu@zju.edu.cn) : Supplemental-coated zinc oxide relieves diarrhoea by decreasing intestinal permeability in weanling pigs. J Appl Anim Res 2019, 47(1), 362-8.

This study aimed to evaluate the anti-post-weaning diarrhoea effect of a low dose coated-ZnO in weaned piglets in relation to intestinal permeability. A total of 72 cross-bred piglets, weaned at 27 d, were allocated to three dietary treatments as follows: basal diet without supplemental ZnO (control group); basal diet supplemented with 2250 mg/kg ZnO (ZnO group); basal diet supplemented with 562.5 mg/kg coatedZnO (C-ZnO group). The trial lasted 21 days. Compared with control group, supplementation with coated-ZnO reduced (P < .05) diarrhoea index, plasma D-lactate level, and improved (P < .05) jejunal villus height and the expression of occludin and zonula occludens protein-1 in jejunal mucosa. In the C-ZnO group, intestinal total antioxidant capacity was enhanced (P < .05), and levels of malondialdehyde were decreased (P < .05) compared with the control group. The apoptotic index of intestinal epithelial cell was decreased (P < .05). Furthermore, the effects of the low dose coated-ZnO were similar to the high dose ZnO on the aforementioned parameters. Our results indicated that the low dose of coated-ZnO can alleviate diarrhoea by decreasing intestinal permeability as does a pharmacological dose of ZnO.

6 illus, 2 tables, 31 ref

007330   HU H, WU C, DING Y, ZHANG X, YANG M, WEN A, YIN Z (Anhui Agricultural Univ, Anhui- 230 036, People’s Republic of China, Email: yinzongjun@ahau.edu.cn) : Comparative analysis of meat sensory quality, antioxidant status, growth hormone and orexin between Anqingliubai and Yorkshire pigs. J Appl Anim Res 2019, 47(1), 357–61.

The pig breeds play an important role in post-mortem meat sensory quality. The aim of this study was to analyse the differences of meat sensory quality, antioxidative ability, growth hormone and orexin between Anqingliubai and Yorkshire pigs. Six Anqingliubai and Six Yorkshire pigs (approximately 100 kg ± 1.5 kg) were slaughtered to assess the longissimus dorsi meat sensory quality, antioxidant ability, serum growth hormone and orexin. Results showed that the Anqingliubai pigs exhibited higher pH, a* and intramuscular fat, but lower L* and cooking loss in longissimus dorsi compared with the Yorkshire pigs (P < 0.05). The malondialdehyde level in the longissimus dorsi muscle of the Anqingliubai pigs was lower than that of Yorkshire pigs. Compared with the Yorkshire pigs, the Anqingliubai pigs exhibited higher superoxide dismutase, catalase and total antioxidant capacity in longissimus dorsi muscle (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the Anqingliubai pigs showed lower serum growth hormone, but higher serum orexin compared with the Yorkshire pigs (P < 0.05). The different meat sensory quality between two pig breeds may be partly caused by different muscle antioxidant ability, intramuscular fat, serum GH and orexin level.

3 illus, 1 table, 36 ref

007306   CHEN J, KANG B, YAO K, FU C, ZHAO Y (Hunan Agricultural Univ, Hunan- 410 128, People’s Republic of China, Email: chenjiashun1988@163.com) : Effects of dietary Macleaya cordata extract on growth performance, immune responses, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal development in weaned piglets. J Appl Anim Res 2019, 47(1), 349-56.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Macleaya cordata extract (MCE) on growth performance, immune responses, antioxidant capacity, intestinal morphology and microbiota in weaned piglets. A total of 36 weaned piglets [Duroc× (Large White × Landrace)] with an average body weight of 6.55 ± 0.32 kg at weaning were used in a 21-day experiment. Pigs were divided into three treatments (n = 12). Control (basal diet); MCE (basal diet plus MCE) and ABO (basal diet plus 20 mg/kg falvomycin & 100 mg/kg aureomycin). Compared with the control group, piglets in the MCE and ABO groups had higher average daily gain, lower feed efficiency and diarrhea rates (P < 0.05). Serum IgG level in MCE -fed piglets was higher (P < 0.05) than that of control -fed piglets. A higher (P < 0.05) serum the activity of total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) was observed in MCE-fed piglets than those in the control and ABO groups. The addition of MCE increased the amount of Lactobacillus spp. (P < 0.05), while decreased the amount of Salmonella spp. (P < 0.05) and tended to reduce the E. coli population (P < 0.10). Dietary MCE increased villus height and the villus height to crypt depth ratio in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum, and decreased the crypt depth in the jejunum of piglets (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary MCE supplementation would exert beneficial effects on growth performance, immune status, antioxidant capacity and the intestinal health and may be used as a potential alternative to antibiotics in weaned piglets

2 illus, 6 tables, 50 ref

007308   CHENG Y-H, HSIAO F S-H, WEN C-M, WU C-Y, DYBUS A, YU Y-H (Biotechnology and Animal Science Dep, National Ilan Univ, Yilan County, Taiwan, Email: yuyh@niu.edu.tw) : Mixed fermentation of soybean meal by protease and probiotics and its effects on the growth performance and immune response in broilers. J Appl Anim Res 2019, 47(1), 339-48.

Soybean meal (SBM) contains several anti-nutritional factors, which limit the use of soy protein. Exogenous enzyme supplementation and microbial fermentation can reduce anti-nutritional factors and increase the bioavailability of nutrients in SBM. In this study, we investigated the optimal parameters for the solid-state fermentation (SSF) of SBM by protease in combination with probiotics and evaluated its effect on the growth performance and immune response in broilers. Protease in combination with Bacillus subtilis significantly increased the degradation of soybean protein and soybean allergens in a dose-dependent manner during the SSF of soybean meal. Broilers fed 10% fermented SBM (FSBM), which was produced with protease and B. subtilis, consumed more daily feed on average during the entire feeding period than the SBM group did (P < 0.05). Dietary supplementation with 10% FSBM attenuated IL-4 mRNA expression in the spleen and bursa of Fabricius of broilers (P < 0.05). Furthermore, 10%-FSBM-fed broilers had significantly lower serum anti-soybean IgG levels than SBM-fed broilers (P < 0.05). These results suggest that the supplementation of B. subtilis and protease during the SSF of SBM reduces anti-nutritional factors. Moreover, dietary supplementation of 10% FSBM could inhibit the allergic immune response in broilers.

6 illus, 3 tables, 32 ref

007312   CYGAN-SZCZEGIELNIAK D, MAIORANO G, JANICKI B, BUZALA M, STASIAKA K , STANEKA M, ROSLEWSKA A, ELMINOWSKA-WENDA G, BOGUCKA J, TAVANIELLO S (Animal Physiology Dep, UTP Univ of Science and Technology, Bydgoszcz, Poland, Email: cygan@utp.edu.pl) : Influence of rearing system and sex on carcass traits and meat quality of broiler chickens. J Appl Anim Res 2019, 47(1), 333-8.

The trial was conducted in order to evaluate the effect of the rearing system and sex on live body weight, daily weight gain, carcass traits and meat quality of broiler chickens. Sixty 1-d-old Ross 308 chickens (males and females) were randomly divided, according to the sex, into 2 experimental groups based on rearing system: intensive system (IS; n = 30), birds reared till 42 d of age and semi-intensive system (SIS; n = 30), birds reared till 56 d of age. Compared with SIS group, IS group had higher (P < 0.01) daily weight gain, weight and yield of pectoral muscle (PM). Differently, SIS group had higher (P < 0.05) carcass weight and carcass yield. Males have usually a better performance than females. In comparison with IS, SIS exhibited a lower (P < 0.01) breast meat pH and higher (P < 0.01) lightness and yellowness values. Pectoral muscle from IS broiler chickens showed a greater (P < 0.01) fibre diameter and significantly higher shear force values than PM from SIS chicken. PM from IS chicken group had higher (P < 0.01) dry matter and protein content and slight fat content than PM from SIS chickens. The sex influence was not observed on physicochemical characteristics of PM in chickens reared in both system.

4 tables, 41 ref

007307   CHENG L, KIM I H (Animal Resource & Science Dep, Dankook Univ, Cheonan, South Korea, Email: inhokim@dankook.ac.kr) : Effects of dietary supplementation with Bacillus licheniformis derived-protease on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and fecal microbial shedding in post-weaned growing pigs. J Appl Anim Res 2019, 47(1), 322-5.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of Bacillus licheniformis derived-protease supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and fecal microbial shedding in postweaned and growing pigs. A total of 90 crossbred (Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc) weaning pigs with an initial average body weight of 6.61 ± 1.73 kg were randomly allotted into 2 treatments with 9 replicate pens of 5 pigs for a 4-phase feeding trial. The treatments were: CON, basal diet; PROT, basal diet + 0.5 g/kg protease of diets (contained 75000 protease units per gram). During phase 3 (wk 3–6), average daily gain, and gain: feed ratio was increased (P < 0.05) in pigs fed PROT diet compared with those fed CON diet. During phase 3 and 4 (wk 6–11, growing phase), pigs fed PROT diet had higher (P < 0.05) apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter and crude protein than pigs fed CON diet. No differences were observed in fecal microflora between CON and PROT groups. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of Bacillus licheniformis derived-protease increased growth performance in post-weaned pigs and increased the digestibility of dry matter and crude protein in post-weaned and growing pigs.

4 tables, 25 ref

007378   OMOKANYE A, LARDNER H, SREEKUMAR L, JEFFREY L (Peace Country Beef & Forage Applied Research Association, T0H 1L0, Canada, Email: akim@pcbfa.ca) : Forage production, economic performance indicators and beef cattle nutritional suitability of multispecies annual crop mixtures in northwestern Alberta, Canada. J Appl Anim Res 2019, 47(1), 303-13.

A 2-year field study compared annual crop mixtures and monoculture cereal crops (controls) for forage yield and quality value for beef cattle production. Each of the mixtures consisted of 2 to 9 crop species. The cropping treatments investigated significantly influenced (P < 0.05) forage dry matter (DM) yield, quality and economic performance parameters. Forage DM yield was up to 9.25 t/ha for the mixtures compared to 7.72 t/ha for the control crops. Forage yield advantage from mixtures was up to 50 % over controls. Forage crude protein (CP) was >13.0 % for most mixtures, while CP for controls was ≤12.0 %. All mixtures and controls mostly exceeded the suggested required levels of K, Mg, Na, S, Fe and Zn for beef cattle. The four top ranked mixtures in terms of marginal returns and benefit/cost ratio were mixtures #4, 8, 10 and 12 in that order. Study results demonstrated that growing a minimum of 3 annual crops, rather than 1 or 2 crops, increased forage production and offered a forage-based diet that, which in most cases, was able to adequately meet the nutritional requirements of beef cattle. The mixture with the highest forage yield consisted of crops from 3 different species categories: Poaceae, Leguminosae and Brassicaceae.

9 tables, 41 ref

007361   MA X, HU J, SHANG Q, LIU H, PIAO X (China Agricultural Univ, Beijing- 100 193, People’s Republic of China, Email: piaoxsh@cau.edu.cn) : Chemical composition, energy content and amino acid digestibility in cottonseed meals fed to growing pigs. J Appl Anim Res 2019, 47(1), 280-8.

Two experiments were conducted to determine the content of digestible energy (DE) and metabolisable energy (ME) as well as the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardised ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids in cottonseed meal (CSM) for growing pigs. In Experiment 1, 78 growing pigs (51.1 ± 4.2 kg) were randomly allotted to 1 of 13 diets, including a corn–soybean meal basal diet and 12 CSM test diets. In Experiment 2, 11 growing barrows (55.2 ± 4.1 kg) were allotted to 6 × 11 Youden square with 6 periods and 11 diets. The diets included a N-free diet and 10 CSM test diets. The chemical composition of CSM varied among samples. The DE and ME also differed (p < 0.05) among the 12 CSM samples. The AID and SID of CP varied largely (p < 0.05) and of indispensable amino acids (AA) except for the tryptophan and valine varied largely (p < 0.05) among CSM samples. The results of the experiments indicated that there are significant variabilities in the chemical composition, energy content and the SID and AID of CP and AA among the CSM samples.

9 tables, 48 ref

007322   DONG W, WANG Q, CHEN J, LIU L, ZHANG S (China Agricultural Univ, Beijing- 100 193, People’s Republic of China, Email: zhangshuai16@cau.edu.cn) : Apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients and the digestible and metabolizable energy values of five unconventional feedstuffs fed to growing pigs. J Appl Anim Res 2019, 47(1), 273-9.

This study was conducted to determine the nutrient profiles, the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients and the digestible energy (DE) and the metabolizable energy (ME) values of five unconventional feedstuffs: highland barley (HB), buckwheat (BKW), glutinous broomcorn millet (GBM), non-glutinous broomcorn millet (NBM) and Chinese naked oat (CNO) fed to growing pigs. Thirty-six crossbred barrows were allotted to six dietary treatments in a completely randomized design including a cornsoybean meal basal diet and five test diets containing unconventional ingredients. The ATTD of nutrients and energy as well as the DE and ME values of the five ingredients were calculated using the difference method. Among the five unconventional feedstuffs, GBM had the greatest ATTD of dry matter (DM) and CP, and NBM had the greatest ATTD of organic matter (OM), ether extract (EE), and acid detergent fibre (ADF), while HB had the lowest ATTD of OM, DM, CP, and ADF. On DM basis, the DE and ME values for HB, BKW, GBM, NBM and CNO were 15.97–17.87 MJ/kg and 15.38–17.34 MJ/kg, respectively. From the nutritional point of view, those five unconventional feedstuffs especially the broomcorn millets could be potential replacements of corn in growing pig diets.

7 tables, 25 ref

007356   LI S, TANG S, YAN L, LI R (Southwest Minzu Univ, Chengdu- 610 041, People’s Republic of China, Email: stang01@126.com) : Effects of microwave heating on physicochemical properties, microstructure and volatile profiles of yak meat. J Appl Anim Res 2019, 47(1), 262-72.

The effects of microwave cooking on the changes of physical properties, protein denaturation, microstructure and volatiles of yak meat were investigated. Various microwave power settings were used for cooking the yak longissimus meats, and SDS-PAGE, cooking loss, colour difference, shear force, microstructure and volatile flavour compounds of longissimus muscle were evaluated. Cooking losses (37.03–45.92%) and shear forces (257.20–315.57 N) in microwave heated meats were higher and lower, respectively, than these in boiled meats (p < .05). Cooking loss, a* values, and shear force significantly (p < .05) increased as the prolonged microwave cooking time, while L* value decreased (p < .05) and more muscle fibres fractured and contracted. High power (700 W; 100%) microwave cooked yak meat had higher L* values, but lower a* values and shear force than meats cooked at medium (560 W; 80%) or low (420 W; 60%) settings. Significant higher cooking loss and volatiles were found in medium power cooked meats compared to high and low power groups. The results suggested that microwave cooking could yield yak meat product with better texture and volatiles attributes but higher cooking loss and decolorization compared to conventional boiling cooking, and maybe an applicable processing method to obtain high quality yak meat products.

6 illus, 3 tables, 40 ref

007420   SOLTANI Z, TORKI M, MOHAMMADI H (Animal Science Dep, Razi Univ, Kermanshah, Iran, Email: torki@razi.ac.ir) : Single or combined effects of dietary supplemental vitamin C and ethanol extracts of propolis on productive traits, egg quality and some blood biochemical parameters of laying hens. J Appl Anim Res 2019, 47(1), 243-9.

This 8-week study was conducted to determine the effects of adding ethanol extract of propolis (EEP) and vitamin C (VitC) to diet on performance, egg quality characteristics and blood biochemical of laying hens. A total number of 144 Lohmann LSL-Lite laying hens (59 weeks of age) were assigned to six experimental diets with four replicate cages and six hens per cage. Based on a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments, 6 iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous diets consisting 3 levels of EEP (0, 150 and 300 mg/kg) and 2 levels of Vit C (0 and 250 mg/kg) were fed. EEP and Vit C had no significant effect on overall egg production, egg weight, abnormal egg and feed intake. Improved egg mass and feed conversion ratio were observed in the EEP group. Increased shell thickness was seen in birds fed the diets included 150 and 300 mg/kg EEP compared to the control. VitC decreased the blood level of glucose, but had no significant effect on performance and egg quality characteristics. Decreased serum triglycerides were observed in birds fed 300 mg EEP/kg. In conclusion, EEP could improve productive performance, shell thickness and decreased blood plasma triglycerides; besides, diet inclusion of VitC decreased serum level of glucose.

4 tables, 62 ref

007282   AALAEI M , KHATIBJOO A, ZAGHARI M , TAHERPOU K, AKBARI-GHARAEI M, SOLTANI M (Animal Science Dep, Ilam Univ, Ilam, Iran, Email: a.khatibjoo@gmail.com) : Effect of single- and multi-strain probiotics on broiler breeder performance, immunity and intestinal toll-like receptors expression. J Appl Anim Res 2019, 47(1), 236-42.

Effects of multi-strain (Lactofeed) and mono-strain (Pediguard) probiotics on broiler breeder performance and expression of toll-like receptors (TLR) were evaluated. Three hundred broiler breeder hens (Ross 308) at the age of 51 weeks were randomly allocated into 1 of 5 dietary treatments with 6 replicates in each in a completely randomized design. The dietary treatments included (1) the basal diet (control), (2) control + 0.1 g/kg Lactofeed, (3) control + 0.1 g/kg Pediguard, (4) control + 0.1 g/kg Lactofeed + 0.1 g/kg Pediguard and (5) control + 0.5 g/kg oxytetracycline antibiotic. Compared to the control group, treatments had no effect on hen-day egg production and body weight of broiler breeders (P > .05). The egg yolk cholesterol concentration of broiler breeders fed probiotic-supplemented diet was decreased (P < .05). There were no differences in the immune response to PHA-P injection, serum glutathione peroxidase activity, malondialdehyde and cholesterol concentration and blood haematology of broiler breeder among different dietary treatments (P > .05) while TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA expression up-regulated (P < .05). It can be concluded Lactofeed and Pediguard did not improve broiler breeder performance and T-cell-mediated immune response and are not advisable for breeder nutrition.

1 illus, 6 tables, 39 ref

007344   KIM D-H, AN B-K, OH S, KEUM M-C, LEE S, UM J-S, AYASAN T, LEE K-W (Animal Science and Technology Dep, Konkuk Univ, Seoul 05029, South Korea, Email: kyungwoolee@konkuk.ac.kr) : Effects of different methionine sources on growth performance, meat yield and blood characteristics in broiler chickens. J Appl Anim Res 2019, 47(1), 230-5.

Three graded levels of MHA (methionine hydroxyl analogue) added into the broilers’ diets were based on the assumption that the relative bioavailability of MHA sources to DL-methionine (DLM) on a molar basis was 100 %, 90 % or 80 % to meet the requirement of total sulphur amino acids. DLM was used as the reference control group. Live body weight at 21 and 35 days was retarded (p < 0.05) in chicks fed a diet containing 100 % equivalent MHA-FA (methionine hydroxyl analogue free acid) across dietary treatments. Chicks fed the diet containing MHA-Ca vs. MHA-FA grew faster at 35 days (p < 0.05). Chicks consumed least (p < 0.05) when 100 % equivalent MHA-FA was added during 1–21 days. FCR was enhanced in MHA-Ca (methionine hydroxyl analogue calcium salt) vs. MHA-FA at all days measured. MHA effect on mortality, being higher (p < 0.05) in chicks on MHA-FA vs. MHA-Ca, was noted. Serum concentration of total cholesterol was lowest (p < 0.05) in chicks fed on DLM-added diet, but highest (p < 0.05) in those fed 100 % equivalent MHA-Ca. Serum concentration of immunoglobulin A was low (p < 0.05) in chicks fed on 100 % or 80 % equivalent MHA-Ca compared with the rest of treatments. Collectively, MHA-Ca performed better than MHA-FA as to performance traits.

3 illus, 6 tables, 32 ref

007286   AKRAM Z, FATIMA M, SHAH S Z H, AFZAL M, HUSSAIN S M, HUSSAIN M, KHAN Z I, AKRAM K (Zoology Dep, Gujarat Univ, Gujarat, Pakistan, Email: dr.zakirhussain@uog.edu.pk) : Dietary zinc requirement of Labeo rohita juveniles fed practical diets. J Appl Anim Res 2019, 47(1), 223-9.

The present study was designed to estimate the zinc (Zn) requirement of Labeo rohita juveniles fed practical diet. Treatments used for the study were consisted of six experimental diets supplemented with graded levels of Zn (0, 21, 42, 63, 84 and 104 mg/kg diet) from Zn gluconate. For each experimental diet, two replicates were allocated, and 18 fish were stocked in each replicate. The feeding trial was lasted for 90 days. Results showed that final weight, absolute weight gain, weight gain % and specific growth rate increased with increasing dietary Zn levels up to 42 mg/kg and started to decrease with further increase in dietary Zn level. Quadratic regression analysis of weight gain% data indicated that L. rohita juveniles required 62.58 mg/kg Zn for normal growth. Maximum Zn absorption was observed in fish fed diet supplemented with 42 mg/kg Zn compared with other dietary treatments. Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) activity in kidney and spleen of L. rohita juveniles increased with the increase in dietary Zn levels up to 42 and 63 mg/kg, respectively. Conclusively, supplementation of graded levels of dietary Zn-gluconate improved the growth performance and increased the Zn bioavailability and ALP activity up to a certain limit in L. rohita juveniles.

2 illus, 8 tables, 56 ref

007400   SAFIULLAH, CHAND N, KHAN R U, NAZ S, AHMAD M, GUL S (Poultry Science Dep, Agriculture Univ, Peshawar, Pakistan, Email: rukhhan@gmail.com) : Effect of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) and organic selenium on growth dynamics, blood melanodialdehyde and paraoxonase in broilers exposed to heat stress. J Appl Anim Res 2019, 47(1), 212-6.

A total of 480 1-week-old chicks of about similar average weight, and size were divided into 6 groups. One group served as control, and was fed only basal diet, second group was fed ginger at the rate of 5 g/kg (T1), third group was given organic selenium (Se) at the rate of, 0.3 mg/kg diet (T2), fourth group was given organic Se at the rate of 0.4 mg/kg (T3), fifth group was fed with organic Se at the rate of 0.3 mg/kg + 5 g/ kg ginger (T4), sixth group was given organic Se at the rate of 0.4 mg/kg + 5 g/kg ginger (T5). Mean feed intake was significantly (P < 0.05) high in T3 and T5 while body weight was significantly (P < 0.05) high in T3 compared to the control. Mean feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly (P < 0.05) high in T2, T3 and T5 compared to the control. Dressing percentage was significantly (P < 0.05) high in T4 and T5 compared to the control. Serum Antibody titre against Newcastle disease and paraoxonase (PON1) were significantly (P < 0.05) high in the T4 and T5 groups compared to the control while melanodialdehyde (MDA) concentration was significantly (P < 0.05) low in the same groups. Results of this study showed that ginger at the rate of 5 g/kg and Se at the rate of 0.4 mg/kg were more effective in improving the growth performance, immune response and antioxidant status in broiler chickens exposed to high ambient temperature.

6 tables, 23 ref

007379   ONYEMA I, EZE D C, ABBA Y, EMENNAA P E, SHOYINKA S V O, OKWOR E C, EZEMA W S, IHEDIOHA J I, OKOYE J O A (Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology Dep, Nigeria Univ, Enugu State, Nigeria, Email: didacus.eze@unn.edu.ng) : Lesions of velogenic viscerotropic Newcastle disease virus infection were more severe in broilers than pullets. J Appl Anim Res 2019, 47(1), 189–94.

This study compared the pathologic effects of velogenic Newcastle disease (ND) virus in broilers and pullets using the normal pathogenic dose of the virus following an earlier report that challenge of the two types of chickens with a low dose of the virus caused mortalities in broilers but none in pullets. One hundred and twenty chickens (10 weeks old) were randomly assigned into four groups (n = 30 each): inoculated intramuscularly with velogenic viscerotropic ND virus (vvNDV) pullets – IP, uninfected pullets – UP, infected broilers – IB and uninfected broilers – UB. Anorexia, depression, ruffled feathers, green diarrhoea, tucking of the head under their wings, droopy wings and prostration were observed on days 2 and 3 post inoculation (PI) in groups IP and IB respectively. Mortality in IP and IB was 100%. Weight loss was significant (P < 0.05) by day 4 PI in both IP and IB when compared with their controls. Percentage weight loss in IP and IB were 20.26% and 38.66%, respectively. Proventricular, intestinal and caecal tonsil haemorrhages were significantly (p < 0.05) more severe in group IB than IP. Histopathology showed more severe necrosis and depletion of the lymphocytes in the bursa of Fabricius, thymus and spleen of group IB than IP. The above observations show that the lesions of vvNDV infection may be more severe in IB than IP.

7 illus, 4 tables, 27 ref

007358   LIU D, LIU H, LI D, WANG F (China Agricultural Univ, Beijing, People’s Republic of China, Email: wangfl@cau.edu.cn) : Determination of nutrient digestibility in corn and soybean meal using the direct and substitution methods as well as different basal diets fed to growing pigs. J Appl Anim Res 2019, 47(1), 184–8.

Two experiments were conducted to compare methods of determination of the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of various chemical constituents in corn and soybean meal (CS) when fed to growing pigs. Expt. 1, eighteen barrows (34.3 ± 1.1 kg) were randomly allotted to 1 of 3 diets. The three diets were Corn, CS-Basal, and CS-Test. The ATTD of DM, GE, CP, and organic matter (OM) in corn determined by the direct method were not different from those determined by the substitution method. Expt. 2, twenty-four barrows (36.2 ± 1.4 kg) were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 diets. The four diets were Basal diet 1 (97.5% corn), Test diet 1(replaced corn in Basal diet 1 with 15% SBM), Basal diet 2 (72.5% corn and 25% SBM), and Test diet 2 (58% corn and 39.5% SBM). The ATTD of GE and CP of SBM were greater (p < 0.05) determined by the Corn-Basal diet method than Corn-SBM-Basal diet method. In summary, there was no difference in the ATTD of nutrients in corn when determined using direct or substitution method, but the ATTD of GE and CP in SBM determined using the Corn-Basal diet method were greater than using Corn-SBM-Basal diet method.

7 tables, 23 ref

007321   DONG W, HUANG C, XIE F, ZHAO J, LI Z, LI Y, LIU L, PIAO X, DONG B, ZHANG S (China Agricultural Univ, Beijing, People’s Republic of China, Email: dongbing@cau.edu.cn) : Comparative energy digestibility of protein feed ingredients in crossbred barrows in different growing stages. J Appl Anim Res 2019, 47(1), 176–82.

This study was conducted to determine the effect of different growing stages on digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) in soybean meal (SBM), cottonseed meal (CSM), rapeseed meal (RSM), corn gluten meal (CGM), and corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) fed to crossbred barrows. Thirty-six growing barrows (GS 1: 29.1 ± 2.85 kg BW), 36 growing barrows (GS 2: 59.2 ± 4.91 kg BW), and 36 finishing barrows (GS 2: 105.4 ± 6.91 kg BW) were allotted to 6 diets in a completely randomized design with 6 replicated pigs per diet per growth stage or BW. Faecal and urine samples were collected for 5 days after a 12-day adaption period. The results showed that the concentration of DE in corn for pigs at GS 3 was greater (P < .05) than that for pigs at GS 1. The concentration of DE and ME in CSM were lower (P < .05) fed to pigs at GS 1 and 2 compared with those at GS 3. Similar effects of BW were observed with corn DDGS. In conclusion, different DE values for corn, and DE and ME values for CSM and corn DDGS, should be used when formulating diets for growing and finishing barrows.

7 tables, 29 ref

007414   SIGOLO S, DELDAR E, SEIDAVI A, BOUYEH M, GALLO A, PRANDINI A (Animal Science Dep, Islamic Azad Univ, Rasht, Iran, Email: alirezaseidavi@iaurasht.ac.ir) : Effects of dietary surpluses of methionine and lysine on growth performance, blood serum parameters, immune responses, and carcass traits of broilers. J Appl Anim Res 2019, 47(1), 146–53.

We evaluated the effects of dietary surpluses (100 %, 110 %, and 120 % of Ross recommendations) of methionine (Met) and lysine (Lys) on growth performance, blood serum parameters, immune responses, and carcass traits of broilers using a completely randomized design with a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement. Broilers fed a diet containing Met and Lys according to Ross recommendations had maximal growth performance. During the starter period, higher Lys decreased intake of feed, energy, and protein (linear, P < 0.01) and weight gain (linear, P = 0.01). A diet with 110 % Lys decreased feed efficiency (quadratic, P = 0.03) during the grower period and decreased the pre-slaughtered body weight (tendency; quadratic, P = 0.10), and increased serum uric acid (quadratic, P = 0.03). Dietary Lys level had an inverse correlation with serum phosphorus (linear, P = 0.02) and immune response against Newcastle disease virus after the first vaccination (linear, P = 0.03). There were Met × Lys interaction effects on serum glucose (P = 0.01), and relative weights of the rectum (P = 0.02) and liver (P = 0.02). Taken together, our results indicate that dietary surpluses of Met and Lys provided no additional benefits in broiler performance.

5 tables, 42 ref

007399   ROMANINI E B, VOLPATO A M, SANTOS J S, SANTANA E H W, SOUZA C H B, LUDOVICO A (Norte do Paraná Univ, PR, Brasil, Email: agostinho@rocketmail.com) : Melatonin concentration in cow’s milk and sources of its variation. J Appl Anim Res 2019, 47(1), 140-5.

The effects of weather/season (winter and summer), milk production (high and low), and milking time (night and day) on melatonin levels were evaluated. The melatonin in the milk from 30 individual cows, the bulk tank milk (BTM) from 16 farms, and ultra-high temperature (UHT) processed milk of 12 brands over two seasons were also assessed. The melatonin average concentration was 6.98 pg/mL in the cows’ milk, 4.71 pg/mL in the BTM, and 5.62 pg/mL in the UHT milk. In the night milk, the melatonin concentration averaged 14.87 pg/mL, whereas it was 6.98 pg/mL in the total daily milk. In winter, the milk melatonin concentration was, on average, 74.7% higher than in the summer (13.89 vs. 7.95 pg/mL). The night milk from the low production group in winter also had a higher concentration of melatonin (41.94 pg/mL). The variables related to illuminance, such as the time of milking and season of the year, had considerable effects on the melatonin concentration in milk. Collecting and marketing melatonin-rich milk could benefit populations and agribusiness.

3 illus, 2 tables, 41 ref

007374   NAZARIZADEH H, POURREZA J (Animal Science Dep, Isfahan Univ of Technology, Isfahan, Iran, Email: hasan.nazarizade@gmail.com) : Evaluation of three mycotoxin binders to prevent the adverse effects of aflatoxin B1 in growing broilers. J Appl Anim Res 2019, 47(1), 135-9.

Aflatoxins are a major problem in poultry production and are significant economic and public health burdens worldwide. Three commercial mycotoxin binders (TXB) were used to determine their efficacy in preventing the toxic effects of Aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) on broiler productivity, biochemical and hematological parameters, and liver function. A total of 600 day-old broilers were randomly allotted to 12 treatments in a 3 × 4 factorial arrangement with 3 levels of AFB₁ (0, 2, and 4 µg/g) and 4 TXB (no toxin binder, 1.0 g/kg Mycosorb, 1.0 g/kg Formycin, and 20.0 g/kg Anzymit) with 5 replicates of 10 chicks each per treatment. Results indicated that AFB₁, in comparison with the control, caused a significant decrease in feed intake, weight gain, feed efficiency, and hematological values. Serum proteins (globulin, albumin, and total protein) and serum Ca and P concentrations followed the same pattern. Relative weights of the heart, gizzard and liver, and AST activity in serum were increased in a dose-dependent manner, but ALT activity was not statistically affected by AFB₁. Adding TXB to the AFB₁ contaminated diet increased weight gain, feed efficiency, hematological values and serum proteins. The commercial mycotoxin binders decreased AST and ALT activities but did not have a significant effect on the relative organs weight and serum Ca and P concentrations. Neither AFB₁ nor commercial toxin binders affected total cholesterol, LDL, or HDL in this study. It was concluded that the addition of the commercial toxin binders to the AFB₁-containing diets reduced the adverse effects of AFB₁ and could be helpful as a solution to the aflatoxicosis problem in young broiler chicks.

5 tables, 23 ref

007318   DINEV I, DENEV S, VASHIN I, KANAKOV D, RUSENOVA N (General and Clinical Pathology Dep, Trakia Univ, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria, Email: idinevnz@mail.bg) : Pathomorphological investigations on the prevalence of contact dermatitis lesions in broiler chickens. J Appl Anim Res 2019, 47(1), 129-34.

The aim of the survey was to determine the prevalence of all types of lesions associated with contact dermatitis in commercial broiler chickens using pathomorphological methods. Contact dermatitis in commercial broiler chickens was monitored for a period of one year. The samples were taken from a fattening Ross 308 hybrid farm. The annual production cycle was 696,000 birds. The investigations were performed by clinical examination of chickens which showed obvious signs of contact dermatitis on their carcasses in the slaughterhouse. The number and type of contact dermatitis lesions in the different flocks were determined through a meat inspection process. In addition to the gross examination, a histological study on a predetermined proportion of tissue samples was conducted. The total number of contact dermatitis lesions was 152,215 (21.87%). The occurrence was most prevalent during the winter-spring and autumn seasons – 88,932 (12.77%), as opposed to 63,283 (9.1%) during the summer period. Lesions on the plantar skin surface of the foot were predominant – 109,272 (15.7%). This was followed by contact dermatitis lesions on the breast, affecting the sternal bursa – 36,888 (5.3%). The contact dermatitis lesions in the tarsometatarsal joint region were the least prevalent – 6,055 (0.87%).

6 illus, 2 tables, 34 ref

007415   SILVA F L M, BITTAR C M M (Animal Science Dep, Sao Paulo Univ, Piracicaba, Brazil, Email: carlabittar@usp.br) : Thermogenesis and some rearing strategies of dairy calves at low temperature – A review. J Appl Anim Res 2019, 47(1), 115–22.

An efficient management of the newborn dairy calf around birth results in reduced rearing costs and increased future milk yield. To maintain young calves healthy and maximize performance and profit it is important to create an environment that maintain low levels of stress. Low environment temperature directly affects newborn and young calves’ performance, health and survival due hypothermia. For that reason, the adaptation of the dairy calf to the cold environment is important, with body responses of primary importance. However, some strategies may also be adopted to reduce cold stress induced by heat loss. There are several ways to aid the young calf in low environmental temperature, starting immediately after birth with colostrum feeding. Besides that, factors such as adequate housing, management and nutrition, result in significantly decrease morbidity and mortality, and similar growth rates as calves in the zone of thermoneutrality. The calf physiology adaptation to cope with cold stress and the positive effect of feeding systems, resulting in greater heat production, health, and performance will be approach in this literature review.

1 illus, 3 tables, 67 ref

007325   GOETSCH A L (Langston Univ, OK, USA, Email: arthur.goetsch@langston.edu) : Recent research of feeding practices and the nutrition of lactating dairy goats. J Appl Anim Res 2019, 47(1), 103-14.

Dairy goats can mobilize considerable body fat for support of milk production, but this can necessitate a high nutritional plane later for replenishment. Tissue mobilization during gestation should be controlled so as not to impair lactational performance. Dairy goats can markedly vary feeding behaviour in response to factors such as restricted periods of access; however, further studies are needed to address the efficiency of production. With some tolerance of goats to plant secondary metabolites and voluntary consumption of a wide array of materials, regionally available byproducts and other nonconventional feedstuffs can be used to minimize production costs. Dairy goats are resilient to moderately harsh environmental conditions, but more extreme ones should be addressed with anticipated future climate change. Some differences in the effects of dietary inclusion of fats and oils between dairy goats and cattle may relate to ruminal microbial conditions as well as the susceptibility of mammary gland enzymes to bioactive conjugated linoleic acid isomers. Much research is being conducted to improve the fatty acid composition of fat in goat milk in regard to effects on human health through the use of fats and oils as well as plant secondary metabolites, and effects on antioxidant status are increasingly being considered as well.

83 ref

007301   CAO Y, DONG Z, ZHANG D, ZHOU H (Inner Mongolia Agricultural Univ, Hohhot- 010 018, People’s Republic of China, Email: dongzhangp@yahoo.com) : Stillbirth risk on fat-1 transgenic foetus of sheep caused by deregulated DNA methylation of imprinted genes. J Appl Anim Res 2019, 47(1), 96-102.

Imprinted genes play important roles on embryonic development. Aiming at the stillbirths in fat-1 transgenic foetuses of sheep, we detected the DNA methylation levels of candidate CpG regions in five imprinted genes (h19, igf2, igf2r, dlk1 and gtl2) of diverse tissues in the sheep foetuses, including both male and female fat-1 transgenic stillbirths of sheep and the wild live-births of sheep. Imprinted gene igf2, igf2r and dlk1 exhibited gender-neutral methylation except h19, which implies that the deregulated DNA methylation influenced by exogenous gene fat-1 in imprinted gene h19 more likely differs with gender. Besides, we found that exogenous gene fat-1 could tend to influence DNA methylation of imprinted gene igf2r in kidney of sheep male-foetus by comparing number of differentially methylated CpG sites. Since the bio-function of fat-1 on growth is consistent with h19 and igf2r, but opposite with igf2 and dlk1, we suggest that the stillbirth risk factors on sheep foetus with exogenous gene fat-1 should be focused on abnormal development (of organs or cells) that probably caused by deregulated methylation status of imprinted genes, and the deregulated methylation may be driven by conflicting and overlapped bio-function between exogenous gene and imprinted genes, rather than extrinsic source of gene.

4 illus, 39 ref

007313   DALTRO D D S, PADILHA A H, SILVA M V G B, KERN E L, SANTOS D C A, PANETTO J C D C, GAMA L T D, COBUCI J A (Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Univ, Porto Alegre, Brazil, Email: darlenedaltro@gmail.com) : Heterosis in the lactation curves of Girolando cows with emphasis on variations of the individual curves. J Appl Anim Res 2019, 47(1), 85-95.

Linear and nonlinear models were used to evaluate the effect of heterosis on the components of the lactation curves of different crossbred groups of cows from Girolando cattle. Data consisted of 233,587 test-day milk yield records from 33,995 primiparous cows from 1998 and 2014. The Wood’s linear model (WD_lin), Wood’s nonlinear model (WD_nlin), Wilmink’s model (WL) and Ali and Schaeffer’s model (ASH) were used to estimate individual peak milk yield (PY), day of peak milk yield (PT), 305-day milk yield (TMY), different persistency measures and parameters of lactation curves. The quality of fit of models was different for the genetic groups. The WL model was used to the estimation of heterosis because of the best fit of lactation curve. The heterosis effect was significant (P < .001) for TMY, PY and for the ‘a’ parameter of WL model (initial production). For TMY and PY, crossbred cows presented 14.64% and 20.60% larger yields than the average of the parental breeds, respectively. The heterosis effect from crossbreeding presents more benefits for the components of initial stage of milk yield and milk yield at the peak and with a lesser extent with the two final stages (persistency).

1 illus, 6 tables, 56 ref

007406   SANTOS V B D, SILVA V V, ALMEIDA M V D, MARECO E A, SALOMAO R A S (Instituto de Pesca, Água Branca, Brazil, Email: vander@pesca.sp.gov.br) : Performance of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus strains in Brazil: A comparison with Philippine strain. J Appl Anim Res 2019, 47(1), 72-8.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of three Nile tilapia strains in Brazil compared to Genomar Supreme™ Generation 24 from the Philippines. Tilapia fingerlings, male population, of approximately 8 g which were cultivated in water recirculation systems containing 0.5 m3 tanks, density of 60 fish m−3 , with four replicates (tanks). The fish will be fed three times a day with the same commercial feed for each particular growth phase according to biomass in each tank. Five fish from each tank were sampled at the start and 60th, 120th, 180th and 240th days of cultivation. They were determined the weight gain, feed conversion and homogeneity of batch in each period. The Gompertz model given by y = Ae(−Be−Kx ) was fit and it was calculated the absolute and relative growth rate. The weight and age at inflection point were calculated too. The improvement programme from Genomar in the Philippines brings tilapia strain with better growth rate and performance when compared with the one commercialized in Brazil. This Philippine strain constitutes an important potential to improve tilapia farm in Brazil. However, the use of this genetics needs to be accomplished in this country.

6 illus, 5 tables, 21 ref

007342   KHACHLOUF K, HAMED H, GDOURA R, GARGOURI A (Sfax Univ, Sfax, Tunisia, Email: ahmed.gargouri@fss.rnu.tn) : Effects of dietary Zeolite supplementation on milk yield and composition and blood minerals status in lactating dairy cows. J Appl Anim Res 2019, 47(1), 54-62.

The purpose of this study was to determine effects of inclusion of Zeolite in lactating dairy cows’ rations on blood Ca, P, and Mg status during periparturient period, as well as on milk yield and composition during early lactation. Forty-two pregnant dry Holstein cows were randomly assigned as Zeolite treated cows (EG) or untreated cows (CG) comprising 21 cows each. The EG group received the same diet as the CG group, but with addition of 200 g/cow/day of Zeolite. There was no treatment effect on milk total solids, milk fat, milk protein, lactose, milk ash, milk Ca, milk P, milk Mg, plasma P, and plasma Mg for CG and EG. Conversely, milk yield, fat corrected milk (FCM), fat yield, protein yield, lactose yield, and plasma Ca were significantly increased by Zeolite addition. These results indicate that Zeolite can be effectively used in the rations of dry and lactating cows with positive effects on milk production and components yields and no deleterious effects on milk composition or blood parameters. Blood Ca was enhanced around calving and at the beginning of lactation. It is suggested that prepartum Zeolite supplementation may alleviate the negative Ca balance and therefore reduce the incidence of subclinical hypocalcaemia during the periparturient period.

9 illus, 4 tables, 72 ref

007446   WEI S, GUO Y, YAN P (Nanjing Agricultural Univ, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China, Email: yanps@njau.edu.cn) : Comparison of two housing systems on behaviour and performance of fattening pigs. J Appl Anim Res 2019, 47(1), 41-5.

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of different housing systems on behaviour and growth performance of fattening pigs. Forty Duroc × Meishan pigs aged 100 d were assigned into two housing systems: indoor deep litter (DL) housing (4 pens with 5 pigs/pen) and indoor pen with outdoor playground (PG; 4 pens with 5 pigs/pen). Pig behaviour, body weight, and feed intake were recorded and analysed. Results showed that DL pigs spent more time exploring (DL: 231.0 vs. PG: 178.0 s/h, P < .01), while PG pigs were more aggressive (PG: 6.6 vs. DL: 0.4 s/h, P < .01) and engaged in higher levels of abnormal behaviour (PG: 20.0 vs. DL: 3.2 s/h, P < .01), specifically stereotyped behaviour and mouth-holding/biting tail. No difference was observed for the final body weight and feed conversion efficiency. The results of this study suggest that the DL system improves pig welfare at aspects of exploratory behaviour and abnormal behaviour compared with the PG housing system under the conditions studied, providing a basis for the selection and design of optimum housing systems for pigs.

3 tables, 20 ref

007382   PAGHEH E, AGH N, MARAMMAZI J G, NOURI F, SEPAHDARI A, GISBERT E, MOZANZADEH M T (Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization, Ahwaz, Iran, Email: mansour.torfi@gmail.com) : Dietary soybean lecithin affects growth performance, fillet biochemical composition and digestive enzyme activity in Sparidentex hasta juvenile. J Appl Anim Res 2019, 47(1), 24-33.

An eight-week study was conducted on silvery-black porgy (Sparidentex hasta) juveniles to evaluate four isoproteic, isolipidic and isoenergetic different diets (50% crude protein, 20% crude lipids, 18.5 MJ kg⁻¹ ) containing graded levels of soybean lecithin (SBL) (0, 30, 60 and 90 g kg⁻¹ diet) at the expense of fish oil (FO). Fish fed the 60 g SBL kg⁻¹ diet had significantly higher weight gain (32.4%) and feed intake (8.8 g fish⁻¹ ) than the control group (SBL 0) (P < 0.05). The fillet fatty acid (FA) profiles were correlated with the FA profile of the experimental diets. Fish fed with SBL-supplemented diets had higher fillet phosphatidylcholine levels than the control group (P < 0.05). Plasma total immunoglobulin was higher in fish fed 60 and 90 g SBL kg⁻¹ diets than in the other groups (P < 0.05). Total protease activity was higher in fish fed the 90 g SLB kg⁻¹ diet than other treatments (P < 0.05). Results indicated that substitution of dietary FO with SBL diet up to 67% (60 g SLB kg⁻¹ diet) improved somatic growth performance and profoundly affected the fillet fatty acid profile in silvery-black porgy juveniles.

3 illus, 7 tables, 68 ref

007359   LOUHAR G (Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi- 110 012, Email: loharganpat95@gmail.com) : Growth and yield attributes of wheat crop in response to application of micronutrients: A review. J Appl Nat Sci 2019, 11(4), 823-9.

Wheat is one of the most important cereal crop and staple foods in the world. Increase in productivity of wheat by balance nutrient management is one of the most crucial factors. The main objective this study is to assessing the role of micronutrients in improving different components of wheat yield. There are different methods of application such as seed priming, soil application and fortification but foliar application is more beneficial. This is due to response of foliar application has positive and quadrate in nature i.e.the optimum dose of foliar application of zinc for grain yield of wheat was observed as 0.04%. Among treatments of micronutrient alone or combined forms give better results over control. Results have show that micronutrient application substantially improved leaf area index (LAI), leaf area duration, CGR (Crop growth rate), RGR (Relative growth rate), NAR (Net assimilation rate), plant height, spike length, spikelets/spike, grains/spike, test weight, tillers m^-2, grain yield, chlorophyll content and biological yield as well as harvest index of wheat. The yield and quality of wheat products improved and boosted by micronutrient applications. Therefore, human and animal health will be protected with the feed of en-riched and balanced nutrition of produce as well as it will help in facing the severe global food security.

61 ref

007339   KARPAGAM C, SELVAM M K, MOOVENTHAN P (Central Institute for Cotton Research, Coimbatore– 641 003, Email: karpsicar@gmail.com) : Technology mapping and adoption behaviour for sugarcane protection technologies by Dharmapuri district sugarcane growers. J Appl Nat Sci 2019, 11(4), 806-9.

Sugarcane is the second most important industrial crop in the country occupying about 5 million hectares of area with the production of 376.9 mt. Although more than 40% of the cane area in the country is in Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu ranks first in productivity of sugarcane. Even though Tamil Nadu is in higher productivity zone, the average farm-level potential yield was very less which leads a lot of scope for increasing production in Tamil Nadu. Sugarcane farmers from Tamil Nadu ranged from small to large. All the farmers not following all the recommended practices. Hence, a study is required to analyses the predominant technologies in the particular area and adoption behavior of the farmers to bridge the technological gap. With that idea in mind, a study has been taken up with the objectives that to document the technological mapping and to study the adoption behavior of sugarcane farmers at Subaramani Siva Co-operative Sugar Mill area in Dharmapui district of Tamil Nadu state. From Dharmapuri districts seven blocks were selected. From each block ten respondents were selected; thus 70 respondents were constituted for the study. The Study revealed that all the blocks are not similar in case of technologies, the predominant technologies are differing block to block. Adoption pattern for protection technologies revealed that integrated weed management was adopted by majority of the respondent. The technologies ‘pheromone trap’ and ‘soil trenching of recommended termiticides’ are not at all adopted by the respondents in the study area.

2 illus, 2 tables, 8 ref