025912   SINGH A, KUMAR A, JASWAL A, SINGH M, GAIKWAD D S (Agronomy Dep, Lovely Professional Univ, Phagwara-144411, Email: arshdeep.21965@ lpu.co.in) : Nutrient use efficiency concept and interventions for improving nitrogen use efficiency. Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 1015-23.

Nutrient use efficiency (NUE) is a very important concept in the evaluation of crop production systems. All the essential plant nutrients play a vital role in plant growth and development. Nitrogen (N) is the most critical externally added input for any crop production system. Most of the population depends on fertilizers for food supply. More than 90 % of the fertilizers are consumed by the cereals mainly wheat, maize and rice. Less use of fertilizers leads to low yield and more use of fertilizers leads to soil, water and environment pollution. The main point of consideration is that the response of applied fertilizers and their use efficiency to get the maximum output. Nutrient use efficiency of applied fertilizers is very low due to many reasons like surface run off, leaching, volatilization, denitrification and fixation of micro nutrients in the soil due to very high pH. The highest nutrient use efficiency always occurs at the lower parts of the yield response curve, where fertilizer inputs are the lowest, but effectiveness of fertilizers in increasing crop yields and optimizing farmer profitability should not be sacrificed for the sake of efficiency alone. There must be a balance between optimal nutrient use efficiency and optimal crop productivity. Hence here is a need to understand the best soil and water management practices which helps in increasing nutrient use efficiency and yield by using less fertilizers so that the goal of sustainable agriculture can be achieved. Nutrient use efficiency can be optimized by fertilizer best management practices that apply nutrients at the right rate, time, and place and accompanied by the right agronomic practices. This paper is a review, in which an approach has been made to clear the concept of nutrient use efficiency and the interventions which can be used to increase the nutrient use efficiency.

52 ref

025911   SINGH H, SINGH R P, YADAV R R, BARELIA P K, BHARTI A K, KUMAR P (Horticulture Dep, Bundelkhand Univ, Jhansi) : Effect of FYM and phosphorus on growth and yield of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.). Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 1009-10.

A field experiment was conducted during rabi season of 2015-16 at the Bundelkhand University Farm, Jhansi (U.P.) to study the effect of FYM and P on growth and yield of okra. Application of FYM up to 30 t/ha resulted in significantly higher plant growth, yield and yield attributes as compared to 20 t FYM/ha. The maximum fruit yield was 65.3 q/ha under 30 t/ha as against only 61.5 q/ha from 20 t FYM/ha. The applied phosphorus up to 100 kg/ha resulted in maximum growth, yield- attributes and yield up to 81.2 q/ha just double than the yield from without phosphorus.

1 table, 7 ref

025910   KADHIM A J, SALMAN J M (Al-Nisour Univ Coll, Iraq, Email: jasim.s@nuc.edu.iq) : Evaluation PAHS in agriculture soil samples - Al-Khacheya site south of Baghdad, Iraq. Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 1005-8.

Al-Khacheya site south of Baghdad (75 km), one of the important agriculture sites, there few of oil wells (currently closed) appears in these fields. In this study, soil and cutting samples were collected from different locations during the period from January to June 2017. HPLC analysis for 16 priority pollutant polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were performed, using optimum separation condition on efficient, PAH (50 × 4.6 mm ID), 3 µm particle size column from supelco Ltd. The summation of PAHs concentrations in soil samples ranged from 0.991-0.3226 mg/kg, while the total PAH concentrations in cuttings ranged from 0.14799 to 0.302 mg/kg. SPAH concentrations of the seven carcinogenic PAH compounds in soil varied between 0.0991- 0.3226 mg/kg. In terms of composition of patterns in surface water and soil, the PAHs were dominated by four and three rings. The distribution pattern showed marked predominance by low molecular weight compounds. In comparison with SPAHs concentrations in other part of the world, the total PAH concentrations of this area were higher than those reported for some urban soils in some regions of the world. The goal of this work is to study the concentrations distribution of the sixteen PAHs and elements in soil samples from AlKhacheya site south of Baghdad.

3 tables, 9 ref

025909   KRISHNA V N P S, REDDY M L N, RAO A V D D, VENKATARAMANA K T, SUDHAKAR P (Dr.YSR Horticultural Univ, Anantharajupeta- 516 105, Email: vnpsrk@gmail.com) : Effect of nutritional substitution on growth, flowering & fruit yield of papaya cv. Arka Prabhat. Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 1000-4.

A study was conducted on the effect of substitution of nutritional source on growth, yield and quality aspects of papaya cultivar Arka Prabhat at College of Horticulture, Dr.Y.S.R. Horticultural University, Anantharajupeta (Andhra Pradesh), India during 2013-14 and 2014-15. Farm yard manure and vermicompost were used to replace the nutritional source at 25 % recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) and 50 % RDN level. These levels of substitution were tried with and without addition of Biofertilizers. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with 10 treatments replicated thrice. The result revealed that vegetative characters like stem circumference, leaf area plant^-1 and canopy spread were at maximum by the application of 50 % RDF + 50 % RDN through vermicompost + biofertilizers and the nutritional substitution with FYM and vermicompost produced dwarf plants compared to 100 % RDF . Initiation of flowering and reaching to 50 % flowering stage were also at the earliest by the application of 50 % RDF + 50 % RDN through vermicompost + biofertilizers. The lower level of nutritional substitution i.e. 25 % RDN though vermicompost and FYM in other treatments had to wait for more period of time to initiate flowers. Further, the earliest fruit harvest as well as highest fruit yield per plant and per hectare were also recorded by the application of inorganic + organic source combination wherein 50 per cent RDN was replaced through vermicompost along with biofertilizers.

4 tables, 13 ref

025908   KALAIYARASI G, RAMU M G (Genetics and Plant Breeding Dep, Annamalai Univ, Annamalai Nagar- 608 002, Email: kalaiyarasi111@gmail.com) : Effect of seed pelleting by vermicompost on sesame seeds (Sesame indicum). Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 984-6.

Seed pelleting is the process of packaging effective quantities of foreign materials to increase a standard size, shape and weight of the seed, used for precision sowing/mechanical sowing. It can be used to pack an inoculants, growth regulators, protectants, nutrient, herbicide and hydrophilic substance as well as to increase supply of oxygen. Pellet can have a colour so that birds and small animals cannot recognize the seeds. The laboratory experiments were conducted on seed pelleting in SVPR 1 sesame variety by using vermicompost of 10 g, 15 g, 20 g, 40 g as organic pelleting by using maida gruel as an adhesive material. The germination was taken by roll towel and sand tray method. The seedlings were analysed for parameters like root length, shoot length, germination %, vigour index and the seeds pelleted with vermicompost show increase in their shelf life, root length and shoot length.

3 illus, 4 tables, 6 ref

025907   DATKAR B R, DESAI V S, PATIL H D (Agriculture Entomology Dep, Agriculture Coll, Dapoli-415712, Email: bharatdatkar21@gmail.com) : Efficacy of different lures against fruit fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae coq.) Infesting little gourd (Coccina indica L.). Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 979-83.

The experiment was conducted on the management of fruit fly infesting little gourd during August 2015 to February 2016, at College of Agriculture, Dapoli. The methyl eugenol, cue lure and mixture of both the lures were used to trap the fruit flies of little gourd. The weekly catch of the fruit flies was recorded treatment wise for 26 weeks. Analyzed data revealed that the cue lure 3 ml and 2 ml trapped maximum (1440.82 and 1413.62 respectively) number of fruit flies followed by the mixture of both (3 ml methyl eugenol and 3 ml cue lure) and minimum fruit fly trapped in treatment 2ml methyl eugenol (302.98) during the course of investigation. Hence it is recommended to use cue lure 3 ml per trap for mass trapping of fruit flies.

1 illus, 2 tables, 5 ref

025906   SHAKER E M, AL-SHAIBANI K T M, AL-ABODI H R J (Samarra Univ, Iraq) : Effect of alcohol extract of green tea plant Camellia sinensis as a therapeutic treatment of parasite Entamoeba histolytica. Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 953-9.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of various concentrations of the extract of the green tea plant Camellia sinensis on the parasite causing the bloody diarrhea Entamoeba histolytica in laboratory mice where the extract of alcohol for green tea concentrations (100,150) mg/kg of the weight of the mouse has been used for 10 consecutive days It was found that the effect of the 100 mg/kg green extract of green tea reduced to decrease the number of cysts in the mice stool with therapeutic efficiency (84 %) on the tenth day of treatment, while the effect of 150 mg / kg was the highest therapeutic efficiency on the fifth day of treatment (86.6 %) either in the day 10 was equal with 100 mg/kg concentration (84 %), indicating that the two concentrations had a reduced susceptibility and could be used as a treatment against amoebic dysentery.

11 tables, 31 ref

025905   KUMAR S, YADAV R S, SING R (K.K.P.G. Coll, Etawah- 206 001, Email: ramarsy@rediffmail.com) : Path coefficient analysis in elite mutant lines in six cultivars of Khesari (Lathyrus sativus L.). Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 939-40.

The relationship between seed yield and seven agronomic traits was studied through path analysis in 81 elite mutant lines of khesari (Lathyrus sativus L.). There was strong positive direct effect of seeds per plant on seed yield at both phenotypic and genotypic level. 100 seed weight and seeds per pod were the other traits which directly affected yield in positive direction while number of primary branches at genotypic level only had negative direct effect but this negative effect has been nullified by positive indirect effect via seeds per plant. In addition to direct effect, indirect effect via other traits have also influenced yield considerably.

1 table, 6 ref

025904   KUMAR R, NISHAD T L (Agril. Economics and Farm Management Dep, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur, Email: rsinha613@gmail.com) : Studies on cost and return structure of banana on sample farm. Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 935-8.

The production of fruits in Chhattisgarh, banana ranks first. The total area and production of banana fruits in Chhattisgarh was 22082 ha. and 533257 metric tonnes (Anonymous, 2014-15). It is cultivated in almost all the districts in state. The major Banana growing district Raipur, Bilaspur, Durg, Mahasamund, Balod, Bemetara Raighar. Banana production plays an important role in Chhattisgarh state. The total area under Banana in Durg district was 1650 ha. and 47850 metric tonnes production, respectively (2014-15). It was found that the average size of land holding in small size group was 1.47 and 3.72 ha medium and 7.31 ha in large size group, respectively. The overall percentage of irrigated area was found to be significantly higher 96.02 percent to the total cultivated area. Overall cropping pattern in study area was still dominated by rice, banana followed by maize, vegetable was the next preference. The intensity of cropping was higher in small size group (298 %) followed by medium and large size group. The employment of human labour showed reverse relation with the size of farm but employment of hired human labour showed a scale relation with the size of farm. Bullock labour utilization was higher in small size and tend to decline as per increase of size. Fertilizer application was higher in small size and tends to decline as per increase of farm size because, use of intensive cultivation. The operational cost comprised human labour to fertilizer inputs known as cost A₁/A₂ showed a significant increase with the size of farm. The same was observed in the case of cost B₁, Cost B₂ but in the case of Cost C₁ there was no considerable difference in size farm though slightly higher in small size group. The same was happened in the case of cost C₂. The cost C₃ was slightly higher in large size followed by other size farms. The net return over cost C₃ (total cost) observed higher in small size followed by medium and large size farm in banana. The productivity of banana was higher in small size group followed by medium and large size group. The average production was 543 q/ha. and gross income receive per ha. higher in small size group (392000 Rs/ha) and lower in large size group. And also found net income higher in small size group (192992 Rs/ha) fallowed by medium and large (180225.35 and 170378.93 Rs/ha ). The benefit cost ratio found higher in small size group (1.96) fallowed by medium and large (1.89 and 1.84).Cost and margin of various agencies in the marketing of banana in Channel-I. The share of producer in consumer’s paid price was maximum as approaching nearly 94 %.

3 illus, 2 tables, 8 ref

025903   TIRKEY M, SARAVANA S, LATA P (Horticulture Dep, Naini Agriculture Institute Sam Higginbottom Univ of Agriculture, Allahabad - 211 007, Email: muktim80@yahoo.com) : Correlation coefficients and path coefficients analysis studies on yield and yield attributing characters in brinjal. Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 930-4.

Eighteen genotypes of brinjal (Solanum melongena L. 2n = 24) was evaluated in randomized block design with three replication at vegetable research farm, Department of Horticulture, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture,Technology and Science, Allahabad (U.P.), India. Correlation and path coefficient analysis studied the characters association and contribution respectively for fourteen characters namely plant height at 30 days (cm), plant height at 60 days (cm), plant height at 90 days (cm), number of branches at 60 days, number of branches at 90 days, day to first flowering, days to 50 % flowering, days to first fruit set, fruit length (cm), single fruit weight (g), number of fruits per plant, fruit yield per plot (kg).

3 tables, 12 ref

025902   SINGH S K, SINGH S K, SINGH S (Horticulture Dep, Lovely Professional Univ, Phagwara - 144 401, Email: lpushailesh@gmail.com) : Vegetable crops as most efficient and economical intercrops : a brief review. Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 923-9.

Vegetable crops are short durational and shade loving crops with high efficiency of photosynthesis and biological fixation. This ensures their suitability for growing as intercrops under fruit plantation. Intercropping of the vegetables ensures efficient resource and space utilization including improvement of soil and orchard nutrient status, reduction in fruit drop and enhancing fruit yield and quality. It also provides additional income to farmers and helps in maximization of land use.

1 table, 51 ref

025901   MADAKEMOHEKAR A H, PRASAD L C, PRASAD R (Genetics and Plant Breeding Dep, Lovely Professional Univ, Phagwara - 144 411) : Generation mean analysis in barley (Hordeum vulgare l.) under drought stress condition. Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 917-22.

Barley is one of the drought tolerant crop in rabi season. The objective of study is was to generate genetic information, which can help to study genetic control of drought tolerance in barley. Four varieties (K 603, RD 2508, Lakhan and BH 902) evaluated to make four different cross combination and to determine the genetic parameters contributing to 13 characters. Generation mean analysis was carried out on six generations (P₁ , P₂ , F₁ , F₂ , Bc₁ and Bc₂ ) to complement the genetic information obtained from analysis. The gene effects indicate that additive component was predominant over dominant one for majority of the character under rainfed condition. While among the epistatic interaction the major role played by additive x additive type of epistasis which was followed by additive x dominance and dominance x dominance in all the four crosses, which shows that transgressive segregants obtained from these crosses may perform well in the next generations and variety can be develop by selection from these breeding material.

2 tables, 12 ref

025900   DUBEY N, AVINASHE H A, SHRIVASTAVA A N (Genetics and Plant Breeding Dep, Lovely Professional Univ, Phagwara - 144 411, Email: havinashe@gmail.com) : Evaluation of genetic diversity among soybean [Glycine max (l.)] genotypes using multivariate analysis. Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 908-12.

Divergence analysis among 50 genotypes was carried out using Mahalonobis D² statistic. The genotypes were grouped into ten clusters. Maximum differences among the genotypes within the same cluster (intracluster) were shown by cluster II (141.18) followed by cluster V (125.80), cluster VII (119.12) and cluster I (95.74). Clusters III, IV, VI, VIII, IX and X showed zero intracluster distances. Diversity among the clusters varied from 53.05 to 3181.79 intercluster distances. Cluster II and X showed maximum inter cluster distance (3181.79) followed by that between cluster II and IX (2270.24). The lower intercluster distance was noticed between cluster IV and VI (53.05) followed by that between cluster VI and VII (71.78). Genotypes belonging to clusters with maximum intra-cluster distance are genetically more divergent and hybridization between divergent clusters is likely to produce wide variability with desirable segregants. The most important trait causing maximum genetic divergence was biological yield per plant (78.53 %) followed by days to maturity (8.90 %), protein content (5.55 %), seed yield per plant (3.10 %), days to 50 % flowering (2.29 %) and oil (1.14 %). Hence, it is advisable to select divergent parents based on these three characters and attempt crossing between them so as to achieve a broad spectrum of favourable genetic variability for yield improvement in soybean.

1 illus, 5 tables, 11 ref

025898   GUPTA R, HARDAHA M K, MISHRA K P (Horticulture Coll, Mandsaur – 458001, Email: rajgupta171@gmail.com) : Effect of different fertigation levels on growth and yield of garlic (Allium sativum l.) cv. G-282. Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 893-6.

Field experiments were carried out during the two consecutive rabi seasons 2014-15 and 2015-16 with three fertigation levels viz., 60 %, 80 %, 100 % recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) (100:50:50:50 Kg/ha of N:P:K:S) and 100 % RDF with flood irrigation as control to determine the suitable fertigation level for Garlic (Allium sativum L.) cv. G-282 in agro-climatic conditions of Malwa plateau of Madhya Pradesh. The experiment was laid out in a factorial randomized block design with three replications. Fertigation levels significantly affected (P<0.05) the plant height, marketable bulb yield and gross bulb yield of garlic. However, the neck thickness was unaffected by fertigation levels. Among different fertigation levels tested, fertigation level of 100 % RDF recorded highest plant height (73.48 cm), neck thickness (0.87 cm), marketable bulb yield (138.91 q/ha) and gross bulb yield (153.25 q/ha). Therefore, it can be inferred that application of 100 % RDF (N:P:K:S) under drip fertigation in garlic crop is the best fertigation dose in order to get higher marketable and gross bulb yield for agro-climatic conditions of Malwa plateau of Madhya Pradesh.

4 illus, 3 tables, 10 ref

025897   LAL P, BUTOLA J S, KHANDURI V P (Uttarakhand Univ of Horticulture and Forestry, Uttarakhand, Email: lalpankajforestry@gmail.com) : Natural regeneration status of forest community at Dandachali forest, Tehri forest division in north west Himalaya Uttarakhand, India. Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 885-92.

Studies on forest vegetation pertaining to diversity, natural regeneration status of plant communities. The present investigation was conducted in Dandachali forest of Tehri Forest Division, North-Western part of Himalaya. Surveys and sampling of the vegetation were done using standard ecological assessment methods with an aim to study plant species natural regeneration pattern at community level. nineteen woody species (19) in 6 forest communities viz., Pinus roxburghii-Quercus leucotrichophora mixed, Pinus roxburghii, Pinus roxburghii- Rhododendron arboreum mixed, Cedrus deodara- Pinus wallichiana mixed, Cedrus deodara- Rhododendron arboreum mixed and Rhododendron arboreum- Quercus leucotrichophora mixed, have been recorded in 16 sites between 1482- 2200 m asl. Among the communities, total tree density ranged from 263.34-1493.33 Ind ha^-1, TBA 260.2- 310.7 m² ha^-1. All the communities showed optimum regeneration of dominant species. Total seedlings density ranged from 280-2470.0 Ind ha^-1 and saplings density 140-446.7 Ind ha^-1. R. arboreum – C. deodara showed maximum regeneration in terms of higher seedling and sapling density in this community

4 tables, 30 ref

025896   AL-HAMEEDAWI A M S, AL-SHEMMERYI W H M (Kufa Univ, Iraq) : The influence of sparing with seed fenugreek extracts, willow bark extracts and cisslein on fruits of sours orange (Citrus aurantium L.) pre and post storage. Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 880-4.

This study was carried out in a private orchard at AL-Abbasyia, Najaf Governorate during the growing of season 2016 on the local sours orange trees . The trees were spraying with two concentration of Fenugreek (30 and 40 %) , Willow bark extracts (30 %) and Cisslein (250) mg /L each other in single way or in combination at 15 / 10 and 15/11 / 2016 . The fruits of this treatment stored 3 months from 1/12 / 2016 to 1/3/ 2017 in 5 ºC and 80- 85 R.H. The experiment included 12 treatments with three replicates. It is adopted according to Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), and the results were statistically analyzed according to Duncan test at the probability level of 5 %.The results indicated that spraying trees with treatments caused a significant increasing in the, length, diameter, weight of fruit, volume of fruit, total soluble solids (T.S.S), percentage of titratable acidity (TA) and percentage of T.S.S / TA ratio, percentage weight of juice pre storage and significant redaction percentage of weight loss, physiological (RS+SERB) and fungi decay, total decay and increase percentage of total soluble sold, vitamin C and Antioxidant capacity at the end of storage period. Treatment of spraying (seed fenugreek extracts + Willow bark extracts + Cisslein ) at concentration (40 % + 30 % + 250 mg/L ) gave a significant effect and the best results for the year of experiment .

2 tables, 19 ref

025895   MADAKEMOHEKAR A H, PRASAD L C, PRASAD R (Genetics and Plant Breeding Dep, B. H. U., Varanasi- 221 005) : Evaluation of drought tolerance indices in crosses of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) under irrigated and rainfed conditions. Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 875-9.

In order to evaluate drought resistance criteria in four indigenous and ten exotic genotypes and their 40 crosses were tested under two different environment (rainfed and irrigated). Five drought tolerance indices, yield under drought (Y_d), yield potential (Y_p), drought susceptibility index (S), drought intensity index (DII) and geometric mean (GM) were used. There were significant differences for all criteria among the genotypes. The selection was based on yield under moisture stress (Y_d ) in first instance, which was followed supported by drought susceptible index (S) and geometric mean (GM) to identify drought tolerant/resistant cross. Marriya x BH 902 was most desirable cross from which selection of the plants gave highest mean yield under rainfed (Y_d =28.19) along with the maximum geometric mean (29.90) having 2^nd rank and S value <1 (0.61). Although the cross Athoulpa x BH 902 has higher Y_d (27.27), maximum GM (30.67), but it showed poor value for drought susceptibility index (S = 1.17). V Morles × K 603 ranked 3^rd for Yp and 4^th for drought susceptibility index (S = 0.61). Considering drought susceptible index out of 40 crosses, 20 showed value less than 1, while Pristage x Lakhan (S = 0.50) and Pristage x RD 2508 (S = 0.55) showed 1^st and 2^nd rank respectively. Among the parents Yardu showed highest drought susceptible index (S= 0.66) and also good rank for Y_d, Y_p and GM followed by Marriya and K 603.

2 tables, 17 ref

025894   SHETE P P, DEORE P B, KASAL Y G (Agriculture Coll, Dhule- 424 004) : Studies on Sclerotial characteristics of sclerotium rolfsii isolates of groundnut on different media. Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 852-6.

The groundnut plants showing the typical symptoms of stem rot (Sclerotium rolfsii) were collected from diverse geographic locations of Maharashtra and after confirmation of Koch’s postulates seven isolates of S. rolfsii were reisolated. The sclerotial characters of seven isolates were studied on fourteen solid media. The sclerotial bodies of each isolate showed variation in position, test weight and number per cm² on different fourteen medium. The numbers of sclerotial bodies per cm² were varies from 6.07 to 1.51 cm² . While, the test weight of sclerotia was varies from 261.33 to 53 mg. All these sclerotial characters revealed the existence of variability among the isolates of S. rolfsii of groundnut.

3 tables, 22 ref

025893   AL-HADDAD A S A, AL-RUBAEI H M, DEWAN M M (Kufa Univ, Najaf, Iraq) : Life cycle of rice mealybug Brevennia rehi (Lindinger, 1943) in cultivars rice plants under the laboratory conditions. Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 847-51.

The rice mealybug Brevennia rehi (Lindinger,1943) is one of the invasive species recently introduced to Iraq and nowadays, it is wide spread among various parts of the country. The life cycle of B. rehi was studied under the laboratory conditions by using rice cultivars Yassamen, Anbber 33 , Furat1, as host plant. This paper describes the lifecycle and discusses about the reproductive parameters of B. rehi under laboratory conditions 27 ± 1 CÚ and 65 ± 5 % relative humidity to the appearance of symptoms on the host plant and the importance of making management interventions during the effective reproductive period of the insect. Female adults of B. rehi total life cycle lasted for average of 36.5, 41.5 and 34.2 days, Males ranged from 5 days with an average of and total life cycle 27.7, 29.1 and 27.1 days cultivars Yassamen, Anbber 33 and Al-Forat, respectively.

3 illus, 3 tables, 10 ref

025892   FIRDOUSI S A (H. J. Thim Coll of Arts and Science, Jalgaon (M.S.), Email: shakeel.talk@gmial.com) : Diversity of Cercosporoid fungi of the forest of Jalgaon district with their pathological importance. Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 835-8.

A frequent extensive and intensive survey was conducted in the forests, fields, plantations and nurseries of Jalgaon district in order to collect phytopathogenic and follicolous fungi. About 5 genera were found in the different plant trees of the district. These genera are – Pseudocerco spora, Cerco spora, Stigmina, Scoleco stigmina, Passlora and Sirosporium. They caused different type of pathological symptoms like necrosis, brown spots, black spots and shot hole formation. Most of the disease symptoms starts during the rainy season and continue upto February-March. Some of the disease prolong DecemberJanuary. They cause serious disease and responsible for pre-mature defoliation.

2 tables, 16 ref

025891   KUMAR A, DWIVEDI S N, YADAV S, YADAV S (A. P. S. Univ, Rewa (Madhya Pradesh), Email: fbdaky@gmail.com) : Studies on ecologyand reproductive biology of cress (Lepidium sativum L.) For its various pharmaceuticals and agricultural importance in India. Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 825-9.

Since, nature has provided a complete store house of remedies to cure all ailments of mankind. The knowledge of drugs has accumulated over thousands of years as a result of man’s inquisitive nature so that today we possess many effective means of ensuring health care. The dependence of tribal and rural people on medicinal plants is increasing day by day. Ecology includes the important events of life of a species. Among these, growth and yield of cress plant play the vital role in maintenance of the economy of common people and marginal farmers. Cress (Chansur) is native to South West Asia and it is now cultivated in numerous parts of our country during winter season as a cash crop. The high nutritional value, it’s processing in a large number of products, including health supplements, makes this crop quite attractive for the country where other crops cannot be grown. With this crop during 2008 and 2009 in season an experiment was laid out at the research farm of Janta Post Graduate College, A.P.S. University, Rewa (M.P.). There were twelve treatment combinations replicated three times in randomized block design. During the course of investigation growth and yield attributes were computed. The experimental results showed that seed of cress can retain their ability to germinate for a considerable period with maximum germination at the depth of 2 cm depth in monochromatic red light which have promoted the seed germination. In general growth behavior of cress was influenced significantly by fertilizer application and enhanced very fast in early stage and there after very slow to reproductive phase. Significant yield (7.43 q/ha) and maximum net returns (Rs 35384 per ha) were obtained with treatment T₂ - 45 kg N, 30 kg P₂O₅ and 15 kg K₂O per hectare. It also has been concluded that cress is a medicinal and oil yielding crop of winter season having medicinal values and more useful for many pharmaceutical industries. Cress seeds remain viable for a period of 19 months. This plant also may important role in improving soil health by enhancing organic matter and soil microbes.

7 tables, 22 ref

025890   SINGH A K, SINGH B K, TOMAR R K S (Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kannauj, Email: bhupendra_dr@redifmail.com) : Evaluation of different modules against chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) diseases. Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 811-4.

Collar rot, Fusarium wilt and dry root rot are three important diseases of chickpea. These form disease complex and known to cause severe damage to the crop. The present investigation was carried out by Krishi Vigyan Kendra during Rabi season 2012-13 and 2013-14 at village Kakraua in Bundelkhand region. The field experiments comprised of 5 treatment module and control (untreated check). These modules were T₁ : Crop rotation + deep summer ploughing + variety JG 16 + RDF, T₂ : T₁ + seed treatment with the carbendazim (1.0 g) + thiram (2.0 g) per kg seed, T₃ : T₁ + Rhizobium and PSB, T₄ : T₁ + seed treatment with Trichoderma viride @ 5.0 g/kg seed + soil application of Trichoderma viride @ 4.0 kg/ha and T₅ was integration of all the treatments. The lowest disease incidence were recorded in Module 5 i.e. collar rot (1.77 %), Fusarium wilt (2.17 %) and dry root rot (1.77 %). Similarly, highest emergence per cent (88.13), number of healthy pod/plant (62), 100 seed weight (21.55 g) and highest yield increase 53.10 per cent were found in also module 5. It also gave the highest net return of 20390 with 1:3.6 cost benefit ratio followed by module 3, module 2, module 4 and module 1.

3 tables, 12 ref

025889   ODA N A U, OMRAN Z S, MATHKOOR M M (Clinical Laboratory Sciences Dep, Ahl Al Bayt Univ, Kerbala, Iraq) : Isolation and screening of fungal isolates : ability to pollutant production and determination of optimum condition. Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 806-10.

Fifty fungal strains were isolated from holy Karbala governorate, taken from (Apple rotten, Olive tree leaves, River water, Soil Agricultural land) samples. The fungi were tested for their ability to to the exopolysaccharide (pullulan) production used as the standard media the sucrose is unique carbon source. The strain of Aureobasidium pullulans 1N and Aureobasidium pullulans 2N, Rhizopus spp 2N produced pullulan. The optimum cultural and ecological condition for pullulans Production from Rhizopus spp (chosen because he had best of production). These condition were represented by the type and the concentration of carbon and nitrogen. Results revealed that, using production medium containing Date syrup as a source for carbon and ammonium chlorate as a source for nitrogen, as a total concentration for mineral salts source. The medium was inoculated by using shaking inocular with 28 ÚC at 150 rpm /min for 72 hrs. The chemical structure of crude pullulans was produced from Rhizopus spp 2N identified by using Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy .

4 illus, 1 table, 25 ref

025888   LYNGDOH E, KARMAKAR R M (Coll of Post-Graduate Studies, Meghalaya, Email: euwanridalyngdoh27adleen@gmail.com) : Seasonal dynamics of microbial population in different land use in Ri-bhoi district of Meghalaya, India. Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 799-805.

Seasonal variations in microbial population and relationship of microbes with some soil parameters were studied in Ri-Bhoi district of Meghalaya. Soil samples were drawn from surface and subsurface region of three land uses (Agricultural crop land, horticultural crop land and Forest land) in pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Populations of bacteria, fungi, decreased significantly with depth. Seasonal variation was significant in case of both bacteria, fungi and both attained population peak in monsoon season. In case of soil physico-chemical parameters, organic C, available N, P, K showed significant depth-variation. The soil colour varied widely in hue (7.5YR-10YR), value (3-5) and chroma (3-8). The soil texture varied from sandy to clayey. The soils varied widely in organic carbon (0.39-1.20 percent), bulk density (0.97-1.67 gm/cc), pH (4.5-5.4), CEC (5.97 to 13.04 cmol (p⁺) kg^-1 soils), base saturation (18.1-50.9 percent) and available N (501.8-715.0 kg ha^-1), P₂O₅ (9.8-32.1 kg ha^-1), K₂O (241.9-392.3 kg ha^-1). The soils were classified as OxyaquicDystrudepts (B1, B2), and TypicDystrudepts (B3). The microbial biomass carbon (MBC) was observed to be the highest under forest vegetation and was the lowest in agricultural cropland. The bacterial and fungal population ranged from 44-236 cfu x 10⁶ per gram and 2.90-25.55 cfu x 10² per gram soil, respectively. In the present study, wide variations were observed in microbial populations which were related to seasonal variation and varied land uses.

1 illus, 5 tables, 27 ref

025887   PRASAD D S H, PRASAD V M, GOUTHAM S K, BOSE S C (Horticulture Dep, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture Technology and Sciences, Allahabad- 211007, Email: dshprasad12@gmail.com) : Effect of integrated nutrient management on flowering and flower yield of dahlia (Dahlia variabilis L.) cv. Kenya orange. Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 795-8.

A field experiment entitled “Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Flowering and Flower yield of Dahlia (Dahlia variabilis L.) cv. Kenya orange’’ was carried out in Experimental field, Department of Horticulture, Shiats during Rabi season of 2015-2016. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. Thirteen treatments having one variety were tried in the experimental design. Different treatment combinations were made with different percentages of Recommended Dose Fertilizer (RDF) for Dahlia 100:120:100 kg of Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P) and Potassium (K) per hectare, along with organic fertilizers like FYM, Vermicompost, Poultry manure and Bio fertilizers like Azotobacter. Observations to be recorded earliness minimum (57.40 days) for flower bud emergence, flower diameter maximum (22.06 cm), flower weight maximum (63.89 g), flower yield per plant maximum (697.81 g), number of flowers per plant maximum (9.87), flower yield per hectare maximum (9.60 t/ha) was produced by T₄ whereas minimum was received in treatment T₀ (control). At all flowering stages, treatment comprising of T₄ (75 % RDF+ Vermicompost @1.25 t/ha) was superior for all other treatments.

8 ref

025885   GAWANKAR M S, HALDANKAR P M, MAHESWARAPPA H P, HALDAVANEKAR P C, SALVI B R, MALSHE K V, MATHUR R K (Horticulture Coll, Sindhudurg (M.S.), Email: gawankarms@yahoo.co.in) : Effect of fertigation on yield of Tenera oil palm under Konkan coastal region of Maharashtra. Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 792-4.

Oil Palm is recognised as the major source of vegetable oil with an average oil yield level of 4 to 6 tons per hectare. However, the crop has heavy nutrient demand and high degree of sensitivity to major nutrients like N, P and K. Nevertheless, considering the importance of this crop as a potential long term source of edible oil, a field investigation was conducted with a view to study the effect of application of major nutrients through drip irrigation on yield of tenera oil palm in Konkan coastal region of Maharashtra. Six different dosage of fertilizers were followed through drip system by means of venturi and compared with fertilizer dose of 1200:600:2700 g NPK/Palm/Year through soil application. The experiment was carried out on 18 years old tenera oil palm orchard. The results of the pooled yield for three years by considering first three years after introduction of fertigation as a transition period indicated that fertilizers @ 1200: 600: 1800 g NPK/palm/year through six equal splits in a year in the form of Urea, Diammonium Phosphate and Muriate of potash through feritgation recorded highest bunch weight (25.0 kg/bunch), highest number of fresh fruit bunches (5.2 bunches/palm/year) and 18.8 tons of fresh fruit bunch yield.

3 tables, 10 ref

025884   AL-GHARAWI J K M, AL-ZAMILI I F B, AL-HILALI A H K (Al-Muthanna Univ, Iraq, Email: jasimiraqe@gmail.com) : Effect of diet dilution by dried green peas husks powder on some productive and Carcass traits of broiler chickens. Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 785-91.

This study was conducted in the poultry field of the Animal Production Department in Agriculture College, Al-Muthanna University to investigated the effect of dried green peas husks powder on feed in some productive and carcass traits of broiler chickens. For this purpose, 300 chicks, one day old, were assigned to 4 treatments. Each treatment had 3 replicates (contained 25 birds) under a completely randomized design (CRD). Four treatments were included, the first treatment was control (T₁), second treatment 15 % dried green peas husks powder (T₂), third treatment 30 % dried green peas husks powder (T₃), and forth treatment 45 % dried green peas husks powder (T₄) to 7-14 days for all treatment. The results of these study revealed that T₂ not differ significantly with control group (T₁) in all treat, while the results showed that T₃ and T₄ significantly decreased at (P ≤0.05) in all traits when compared with T₁ and T₂ groups.

10 tables, 27 ref

025883   CHAITANYA V, REDDY K R, REDDY R V S K (Horticulture Coll, Hyderabad – 500 030, Email: chaitanya.hortico@gmail.com) : Combining ability analysis for fruit yield and its contributing traits in brinjal (Solanum melongena L.). Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 770-4.

A 7×7 diallel set of crosses was attempted to study the extent of heterosis in brinjal for yield and its component characters. Estimates of gca effects indicated that parents P₇ followed by P₂ , P₁ and P₄ were good general combiners as they showed desirable gca effects for many characters including marketable yield per plant. The cross combination C₃ (P₁ × P₄ ) have recorded significantly high SCA effects for days to 50 % flowering, number of marketable fruits per plant, marketable yield per plant, fruit and shoot borer infestation on shoots and fruit and shoot borer infestation on fruits, C₁₁ (P₂ × P₇ ) for fruit length, average fruit weight, number of marketable fruits per plant, marketable fruit yield per plant, ascorbic acid content, C₁₃ (P₃ × P₅ ) for average fruit weight, number of marketable fruits per plant, marketable yield per plant, fruit and shoot borer infestation on shoots and fruit and shoot borer infestation on fruits, C₁₆ (P₄ × P₅ ) for fruit length, average fruit weight, number of marketable fruits per plant and marketable fruit yield per plant and C₂₁ (P₆ × P₇ ) for fruit width, number of marketable fruits per plant, marketable fruit yield per plant, fruit and shoot borer infestation on shoots and fruit and shoot borer infestation on fruits indicating the importance of both additive and non-additive effects for these characters. This suggests that the crosses having high SCA effects and also involved at least one good general combiner parent may be considered useful because such crosses provide transgressive type of segregants in the advanced generation more frequently than crosses with the poor combiner parents.

4 tables, 8 ref

025882   DEVANATHAN R, SEKAR K, MADHANAKUMARI P, HARIPRASAD Y (Horticulture Dep, Annamalai Univ, Annamalainagar-608 002, Email: devanathanramalingam@gmail.com) : Effect of organic fertigation on growth parameters of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum var. Grossum sendt.). Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 749-52.

Bell pepper (Capsicum annuum var. grossum Sendt.) is a highly valued vegetable crop grown in India. Use of organic fertilizers enables the production of superior quality produce devoid of toxic residues. With this view, an investigation on “Effect of organic fertigation on growth of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum var. grossum Sendt.)” was carried out at vegetable unit, Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, during 2016 - 2017. There were nine treatment combinations including organic manures viz., Farm yard manure, Vermicompost, Bio-stimulants (Humic acid & Sea weed extract) and organic fertigation with Neem cake (two levels viz., 1:20 & 1:40 dilution). Among the nine treatments, the treatment T₇ (Humic acid granules @ 5g plant^-1 + Fertigation with Neem cake 1:20) recorded the highest values for plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, leaf area index and dry matter production.

2 tables, 16 ref

025881   SHETE P P, KASAL Y G, PERANE R R (Lovely Professional Univ, Phagwara) : Screening of the cotton genotypes against Ramularia areola atk. under field condition. Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 734-6.

Cotton, “King of Fibers” enjoys a pre-eminent status among all cash crops in the country, being the principal raw material for a flourishing textile industry. It provides livelihood to about sixty million peoples and is an important agricultural commodity providing remunerative income to millions of farmers both in developed and developing countries. Among the various diseases occurring on cotton, the foliar disease grey mildew caused by R. areola is gaining more importance in recent years because of its increasing incidence. These have been known to occur on all the various cultivated and wild species of cotton in Maharashtra, since many years, in an epiphytotic form on commercially grown varieties, which leads to severe defoliation and substantial yield loss. The present investigation included the screening of cultivated cotton genotypes and wild species for grey mildew diseases of resistant and susceptible cotton genotypes. The results obtained are summarized below. Among the 108 cultivated genotypes screened for resistance against grey mildew disease under field conditions, 64 genotypes showed immune reaction. Further, 07 genotypes were resistant, 03 genotypes were moderately resistant, 04 genotypes were susceptible and 03 showed the highly susceptible reaction to R. areola. Out of twenty seven wild species 13 were disease free, 04 were resistant, 04 were moderately resistant, 02 were susceptible and 04 species showed the highly susceptible reaction to R. areola.

3 tables, 4 ref

025880   BASAVARAJA B, NAIK T P (Seed Science and Technology Dep, Agriculture Research Station, Hasan, Karnataka) : Diversity of blue-green algae of paddy field, Hassan, Karnataka. Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 721-2.

Cyanobacteria (blue green algae) are present abundantly in rice fields and are important in maintaining the rice field fertility through nitrogen fixation. Occurrence of Blue-green algae in local paddy fields of Hassan district has been under taken for the first time in this area. In the present investigation, rich diversity of Blue-green algae was recorded. This study reveals that comparatively lesser number of Blue-green algae were growing in summers in comparison to rainy season. The unicellular forms were abundant during summer while number of filamentous increased during rainy season.

11 ref

025879   FAIROOZ N A, FAIROOZ H A (Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical Univ, Iraq) : Testing the efficiency of pomegranate alkaloid (Punica granatum) and sodium bicarbonate and their interaction in inhibition the growth of the fungus Aspergillus ochraceus isolated from Zea mays. Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 717-20.

The study included Isolation of alkaloids from pomegranate peel and testing of their activity against of Aspergillus ochraceuse isolated from Zea mays and testing activity of sodium bicarbonate and interaction effect with alkaloid against this fungus.the results showed that alcoholic extract of the pomegranate peel have several active substance and this what confirmed by primary test where they contained : alkaloid, glycosides, tannins, phenols, soaps, resins and flavons the value of pH (2.7). The effectiveness of alkaloid was also shown to inhibit radiative. Growth of Aspergillus ochraeuse it reached the highest percentage was inhibition at concentration (15 mg/ml) (90 %), while the highest rate of inhibition of sodium bicarbonate. Treatment at concentration (15 mg/ml) (85.55) while the interaction treatment between alkaloid and sodium bicarbonate reached (82.22).

1 illus, 4 tables, 12 ref

025878   YADAV S, SARVESH M, RAI J (Agriculture Economics & Statistics Dep, C. S. Azad Univ of Agril. & Technology, Kanpur – 208 002) : Economics of marketing of mango in district Lucknow, U.P., India. Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 713-6.

The present study was undertaken to know the growth trend, cost and returns, producer’s share in consumer’s rupee and problem in marketing of mango, entitled “Economics of marketing of mango in district Lucknow, (U.P.), India”. The study has been undertaken in district Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. Data pertained for the year 2015-16. The present study attempts to examine the marketing aspects of mango in the study area. examine the marketing aspects of mango in the study area. It included marketing functionaries/agencies, marketing channels, marketing costs and margins and producer’s share in the consumers price in mango marketing. The maximum producer’s share in consumer’s rupee was calculated in channel III i.e. 78.71 %. The price spread was in the range from 21.29 % to 23.27 %.

3 tables, 4 ref

025876   PRABHU T, KUMAR P S (Genetics and Plant Breeding Dep, Annamalai Univ, Annamalai Nagar – 608002, Email: psnsathishkumar@gmail.com) : Seed hardening with organics and inorganics on seedling, growth and yield characters in rice cv. ADT 37. Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 693-6.

Organic and inorganic seed hardening treatments were prior given to the seeds to conduct an experiment on seedling, growth and yield characters in rice cv. ADT 37 under laboratory and field conditions. Seeds were hardened with different solutions viz., 1 % CaCl₂ , 1 % KCl, 1 % KNO₃ , 1 % NaCl, 10 % cow dung and 3 % Panchakavya along with control as untreated seed. Among the organic and inorganic seed hardening treatments seed hardened with 1 % CaCl₂ records maximum values for seedling characters such as germination percentage, speed of germination, root length shoot length, seedling length, dry matter production, vigour index I, vigour index II, growth and yield characters when compared to control.

2 tables, 16 ref

025875   PEER S S, REDDY P S S, SADARUNNISA S, REDDY D S, PANDRAVADA S R (Horticulture Coll, Dr. Y.S.R. Horticultural Univ, Dr.Y.S.R Kadapa-516105, Email: sadakpeer.sayyad113@ gmail.com) : Genetic divergence in field bean (Lablab purpureus L.) genotypes. Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 690-2.

Genetic divergence was studied in Twenty nine genotypes of Field bean for twenty two quantitative characters by using Mahalanobis D² statistics. Genotypes were grouped in to six clusters on the basis of relative magnitude of D² values. The highest number of genotypes (13) was accommodated in cluster V. The maximum inter cluster distance was observed between cluster I and cluster VI followed by III and VI and the intra cluster distance was in cluster V followed by cluster III. Among the yield contributing characters studied, the maximum contribution towards divergence made by protein content followed by crude fibre content in seed. Hence, hybridization between cluster I (IC-261014, IC-446556) and cluster VI (IC-546350) could be utilized for getting the superior recombinants with desirable traits in segregating generations.

4 tables, 7 ref

025874   BOSE B S C, PRASAD V M, PRASAD D S H, SUDHA G (Horticulture Dep, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture Technology and Sciences, Allahabad - 211 007, Email: boseflori@gmail.com) : Effect of integrated nutrient management on growth of the China aster (Callistephus chinensis L. nees) cv. pit and pot. Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 676-8.

The present investigation entitled “Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on growth of China aster (Callistephus chinensis L. Nees) cv. Pit and Pot” was under taken at Department of Horticulture, Allahabad School of Agriculture, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences (SHIATS), during the year 2015-16. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with 12 treatments replicated thrice. The treatments comprised of FYM, vermicompost and bio-fertilizer (Azospirillum & PSB) with 50 % RDF and 75 % RDF in different combinations including control (No fertilizers and manures) and 100 % RDF. The results revealed that application of 75% RDF + FYM @ 2t/ha + Vermicompost @ 0.6 t/ha + Azospirillum @ 2.5 kg/ha + PSB @ 2.5 kg/ha (T₇) produced significantly maximum number of flowers per plant (48.82), maximum plant height (64.83 cm), number of leaves per plant (91.06).

1 tables, 14 ref

025873   KUMARI S, KUMAR S, KUMAR V, CHANDEL K S (Soil Science Dep, Lovely Professional Univ, Jalandhar, Email: smita.21822@lpu.co.in) : Triple test cross analysis for yield and its component traits in brinjal (Solanum melongena L.). Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 669-75.

The success of vegetable breeding operations mainly depends upon the nature and extent of genetic components of variation. Thus it is imperative to have reliable estimates of such components in order to formulate an efficient breeding strategy. In the present study, the components of genetic variation were studied in AN (Arka Nidhi) and SN (Singh Nath) for quantitative characters. The estimates of both additive and dominance components were significant for all the characters except days to 50 per cent flowering, fruit diameter, number of branches per plant, and pedicel length. Epistasis (i) and (j+l) type was significant in all the traits except days to 50 per cent flowering and fruit diameter (cm). The degree of dominance (H/ D)^1/2 was in the range of over dominance for marketable fruit yield per plant, number of marketable fruits per plant, fruit length (cm), plant height (cm), number of branches per plant and fruit weight (g) where as the presence of partial dominance for days to 50 per cent flowering, days to first picking, fruit diameter (cm) and pedicel length (cm).

3 tables, 12 ref

025872   REDDY L S, REDDY A G K, VANAJA M, MURTHY V, LATHA K V (SKLTSHU, Hyderabad, Email: lattupallyshruthireddy@gmail.com) : Effect of elevated CO₂ and temperature on root length and root diameter of cuttings of grape varieties under face and fate facilities. Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 661-4.

The experiment was carried out to study the effect of eCO₂ (550 ppm), eT (+3 °C) and interaction (eCO₂ + eT) on rooting (fine root production) of cuttings of three grape varieties (Thompson Seedless, Bangalore Blue, and Dogridge). The objective of this study was to investigate the proportion of production of fine roots of grape varieties under high CO₂ and temperature. Destructive sampling was done and the data on root diameter and length was recorded by scanning and analysis of roots using win RHIZO software. Analysis of data revealed that there was a significant difference between varieties and treatments for the characters under study. Root diameter is one of the important factors in terms of root growth for better water absorption. It is known that lower the root diameter higher will be the water absorption. The average root diameter was lowest (i.e. production of fine roots were higher) in cuttings grown under eCO₂ alone or in combination with eT (eCO₂ +eT). Increase in atmospheric CO₂ concentration and temperatures associated with future climate are expected to affect positively on root diameter of grape cuttings.

8 ref

025877   VIMAL V K, SINGH P K, PANDEY V P (Vegetable Science Dep, N.D. Univ of Agriculture & Tech, Faizabd - 224 229) : Correlation and path coefficient analysis among the growth, quality and yield characters in turmeric. Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 645-51.

The present investigation entitled was carried out in randomized block design with three replications during 2013-14 and 2014-15 to study the magnitude of association among the growth, yield its attributing characters and quality parameters. The study revealed that rhizome yield had positive and significant correlation with weight of fresh rhizome, weight of primary rhizomes per plant, plant height, plant girth, weight of mother rhizome, weight of secondary rhizomes per plant, length of mother rhizome, number of secondary rhizomes per plant, number of leaves per plant and width of mother rhizome in all environments (E₁, E₂, E₃, E₄). At phenotypic level weight of fresh rhizome per plant exerted highest positive direct effect on rhizome yield followed by plant height, weight of primary rhizomes per plant, length of mother rhizome, number of tertiary rhizomes per plant and weight of mother rhizome. However, width of mother rhizome exerted highest negative direct effect on rhizome yield followed by number of secondary rhizome per plant and number of tillers per clump.

4 tables, 13 ref

025871   KANDPAL G, KUMAR A, PANDEY G, KATHAYAT K, RAWAT M, CHUAHAN P (Agronomy Dep, Lovely Professional Univ, Phagwara - 144 401, Email: kandpalgeeta11@gmail.com) : Elucidating the effect of silicon solubilizer on yield attributes in different genotypes of rice (oryza sativa L.). Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 641-4.

Silicon is accumulated in plants higher than the essential major nutrients. Although it is not considered as an essential element earlier, but recent literature supports essentiality of silicon in plant growth and development. Keeping the above facts in mind a field experiment was conducted at G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar to elucidate the effect of Silixol (liquid source of silicon) on yield character of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Foliar application of 0.2 % aqueous solution of Silixol was used in different genotypes of rice namely DRRH-3, PA-6129, PA-6201, PA-6444, PHB-71 and BPT-5204. Silicon as liquid silixol improved various yield different characters of yield attributes. Si solubilizer response needs more studies in terms of soil as well as foliar application for understanding its role in essentiality.

4 tables, 27 ref

025870   NAG S K, GAURAHA A K, BANAFAR K N S, CHANDRAKAR M R (Agricultural Economics Dep, I.G.K.V., Raipur, Chhattisgarh, Email: santosh2675@gmail.com) : Marketing pattern of cashew nut in Bastar district of Chhattisgarh : A case study. Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 638-40.

The study aims to examine the existing marketing pattern of Cashew nut in Bastar district of Chhattisgarh state. Cashewnut (Anacardium occidentale L.) is an important tropical tree crops. It is one of the major export earning crops which accounts nearly Rs. 2515 crores contributing about 1.5 per cent of the total Indian exports. It ranks second in international trade amongst the major edible nuts after Vietnam. During the past two decades it gained the status of horticulture crop. India has the distinction of being the world’s largest producer of cashewnut. The main fruit growing states in India are Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat, Orissa and West Bengal. The fruit cultivation area in India during 2004-05 was 49.64 lakh hectares with an annual production of 49295 thousands metric tones of fruits. The cashew cultivation area in India was 8.55 lakh hectares with an annual production of 5.73 lakh metric tones of raw cashew nuts. In Chhattisgarh, it is being cultivated in Bastar, Dantewada. Kanker, Raigarh, Sarguja and Jashpur district occupying an area of 8000 ha with a production of 3.0 thousand metric tons and productivity of 460 kg/ha (raw nut). The study is based on secondary data. The marketing pattern of cashew nut growers to sell the produce is described in this section. This section includes category wise sale marketable surplus, disposal pattern and marketing channels are found in the movement of produce from growers to consumer. The overall production of cashew nut was observed at 6.66 qtl. It varies from 4.45 qtl to 10.34 qtl. The marketable surplus increases as size of farm increase. Overall marketable surplus was found to be 98.85 per cent; a very small quantity of cashew nut was used for family consumption. in case of marginal and medium farmer’s disposal of cashew nut was found maximum under village merchant, it is 57.21 and 71.43 percent. In case of small and large farmers disposal of cashew nut was found maximum under itinerary traders. Over all disposal of cashew nut was observed 33.74 and 66.26 percent under village merchant and itinerary traders, respectively.

1 illus, 2 tables, 5 ref

025869   VITAL A C P, CROGE C, DA SILVA D F, ARAUJO P J, GALLINA M Z, MATUMOTO-PINTRO P T (Agronomic Dep, Univ Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil, Email: ptmpintro@gmail.com) : Okara residue as source of antioxidants against lipid oxidation in milk enriched with omega-3 and bioavailability of bioactive compounds after in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. J Food Sci Technol 2018, 55(4), 1518- 24.

The residue from soy processing (okara) was evaluated for phenolic compounds, flavonoids, radical scavenging activity and reducing power ability. The ability of okara to decelerate the oxidation of omega-3 fatty acids caused by light exposure in a milk matrix, as well as its bioavailability after in vitro digestion, were investigated. Okara contained phenolic compounds (106.7 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/100 g) and flavonoids (32.7 mg quercetin equivalents/100 g) and showed antioxidant activity. The addition of okara to omega-3 fatty acids-en-riched milk inhibited the production of conjugated dienes and malonaldehyde during 8 days of storage compared to the control (without okara), particularly at the higher (3 g/L) than lower inclusion concentrations studied (1 and 2 g/L). The bioavailability assay demonstrated that polyphenols (41 mg GAE/100 g) were still present after in vitro digestion and had antioxidant activity. Okara, which is considered a residue and is discarded, can potentially be used as an antioxidant ingredient for the enrichment of foods.

3 illus, 3 tables, 36 ref

025865   SANGHAMITRA P, SAH R P, BAGCHI T B, SHARMA S G, KUMAR A, MUNDA S, SAHU R K (Crop Improvement Div, ICAR-NRRI, Cuttack- 753 006, Email: ramesh.pbg@gmail.com) : Evaluation of variability and environmental stability of grain quality and agronomic parameters of pigmented rice (O. sativa L.). J Food Sci Technol 2018, 55(3), 879-90.

Eleven pigmented rice genotypes were evaluated to estimate genetic parameters, heritability and association. The results indicated that, genotypic variation was high among the lines. The distinct seasonal effect on plant performance for antioxidant capacity, anthocyanin, flavonoids, head rice recovery and test weights was also observed. Wet season favoured the crop performance in all genotypes as compared to drought conditions. The differential accumulation of different quality traits such as AOA, anthocyanin content, flavonoids content, etc showed high heritability, which would be transfer to high yeilding popular rice cultivars through conventional or geneticaly modification techniques. The line Mamihunger was chosen as donor of the high-quality rice grain and Annapurna for high yield. Further, Mamihunger are foreseen to be good in nutritional quality and industry use.

6 tables, 32 ref

025857   TEHRANY Z M, AMIRKOLAIE A K, OURAJI H (Fisheries Dep, Sari Agricultural and Natural Resources Univ, Sari, Iran, Email: amirkola@yahoo.com) : The effects of different grain sources on gut evacuation rate and nutrient digestibility in common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Int J Aquat Biol 2018, 6(2), 104- 13.

The main objective of this study was to investigate whether dietary cereal grains of different carbohydrate sources can change nutrient digestibility, evacuation rate and the number of bacterial colony in gut. Common carp with an average weight of 244.7  ± 6.3 g were divided randomly into sixteen 500-L tanks with a stocking density of 18 fish per tank. Four experimental diets were formulated by inclusion of four cereal grains ( wheat meal, barley meal, corn meal and rice meal) in a basal diet in a ratio of 40 %. The four experimental treatments with four replicates were assigned in 16 tanks. Inclusion of different types of cereal grain affected growth related parameters in C. carpio. Corn and wheat diets led to larger weight gains and better feed conversion ratios compared to barley diet (324 and 321 versus 305 g for final weight; 1.93 and 1.90 versus 2.25 for fed conversion ratio). Protein and dry matter digestibility in the common carp fed rice diet were lower in comparison to other cereal grains (73 and 58 versus 79-82 and 67-70 %). The maximum and minimum bacterial colony numbers (133 and 63 cfu.gr^-1 × 10^-7) were observed in fish fed wheat and corn diets, respectively. Evacuation time showed a delay by feeding on barley diet and almost all dry matter left in part I of the intestine after 30 min (first sampling), but this rate was recorded 70 % for corn diet . In conclusion, although dietary grains change evacuation time and bacterial colonial number in common carp, this condition does not have a great impact on nutrient digestibility.

2 illus, 4 tables, 47 ref

025854   RAZI A, NOORI A (Fisheries Science Dep, Hormozgan Univ, Bandar Abbas, Iran, Email: nooryahmad@gmail.com) : Length-weight, condition factor and gonadosomatic index of blackspot snapper Lutjanus fulviflamma (Forsskal, 1775) (Perciformes: Lutjanidae) in the northern Persian Gulf. Int J Aquat Biol 2018, 6(2), 66-74.

The present study aimed to evaluate the length-weight and length-length relationships as well as the condition factor and gonadosomatic index of the Blackspot snapper, Lutjanus fulviflamma in the northern Persian Gulf, Hormozgan Province, Iran. The specimens were collected monthly from April 2016 to March 2017. The size (TL, total length; FL, fork length; SL, standard length) were measured and weighted (BW, total body wet weight). A total of 446 individuals were analyzed. The TL-BW relationship indicated isometric growth pattern in both sexes. In females, the means for condition factor was higher than males. In both sexes, the lowest value of both condition factor and gonadosomatic index were detected in autumn with ascending trend in the next seasons reaching the peak in spring. The oscillation in condition factor, as well as gonadosomatic throughout the sampling period, was most prominent in females which may be related to the reproductive cycle. The information reinforces data to define fishing closed seasons in this important fish that is used in many places in the world.

5 illus, 2 tables, 48 ref

025852   EMADI H, SHARIATZADEH S, JAMILI S, MASHINCHIAN A (Marine Biology Dep, Islamic Azad Univ, Tehran, Iran, Email: emadihossein@yahoo.com) : Evaluation of toxicity and biochemical effects of the Oxadiargyl in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Int J Aquat Biol 2018, 6(2), 55-60.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of sublethal concentrations of oxadiargyl herbicide on growth performance, serum biochemical parameters and liver histology of the common carp, Cyprinus carpio, during 30 days exposure period. Carp fingerlings were randomly divided into four duplicate groups. Experimental groups were exposed to the concentration of 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 ppm of oxadiargyl, while the control group was kept in toxicant free. During the experiment, none of the control fish died. Weight gain and condition factor decreased, while food conversion ratio increased in fish exposed to 0.5 ppm of oxadiargyl. Exposure to oxadiargyl significantly increased serum ALT, AST and ALP, as well as glucose levels, while cholesterol, total protein and albumin were significantly decreased in the exposed fish groups depend on oxadiargyl concentrations and exposure time. Diffuse and focal necrosis mainly as perivascular necrosis fibrosis, increase in size and number of melanomacrophage centers, bile duct hyperplasia, hyperemia and hemorrhage, fatty changes in the hepatocytes, fibrocyte aggregation and focal inflammatory cells were also the histological lesions observed in the liver of exposed fish. These results showed that oxadiargylis highly toxic to common carp and had negative effects on the growth performance, serum biochemical parameters and the liver tissue of common carp.

1 illus, 2 tables, 28 ref

026013   BHAGAT A A, BHOGE R S, BHOGE C S (Statistics Dep, National Agricultural Research Project (NARP), Pune, Maharashtra, Email: stataab@gmail.com) : Instability and growth in green gram of Maharashtra state. Adv Life Sci 2018, 7(1), 26-8.

The objective of present investigation was to workout growth and instability in area, production and productivity of green gram in Maharashtra state. The reason for increase in overall growth of production and productivity of green gram in the whole Maharashtra might be due to better relative price. The State registered highest Cuddy Della instability index in area (42.62 per cent) for period VI, production (36.48 per cent) and productivity (30.95 per cent) for period V respectively.

2 tables, 7 ref

024802   GARG P, SINGH S S (Forestry Dep, Wildlife and Environmental Sciences Guru Ghasidas Univ, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, Email: priyakeshari221@gmail.com) : Heavy metal accumulation pattern in soil and seedlings and in leaves of mature tree species at Gevra coal mine area in Chhattisgarh, India. J Ind Pollut Control 2017, 33(2), 1647-54.

It becomes now significant to determine impact of coal mine activity by assessing heavy metal distribution between soil and its accumulation in forest trees at contaminated site and their peripheries. Due to heavy metal contamination in soil it enters into the plants then move to food chain. In present study the heavy metal such as Lead (Pb), Zinc (Zn), Cu (Copper) and Cadmium (Cd) concentrations in soil and plants (seedling and mature tree leaves) have been analysed to see the effect of Gevra coal mine, Korba district, Chhattisgarh. It has been found that the high concentration of these metals in the soil at mine site is higher than comparison to control site. The accumulation pattern shows that zinc has higher accumulation (0.998) mg/l followed by copper (0.45) mg/l and lead (0.236) mg/l at contaminated site than control site zinc (0.194, copper 0.08 and lead 0.099) mg/l respectively. Cadmium was recorded below detectable range in all soil samples. In present study three tree species Shorea robusta, Diosyprous melanoxylon and Cassia siamea were taken for analysing these metal accumulation in its seedling and leaves of mature tree. It has been observed that the concentration of heavy metal is higher in seedlings than in mature tree leaves in Shorea robustaand Cassia siamea. This study provides a comprehensive assessment of soil heavy metal pollution produced from coal mines and coal fired thermal power plants and provides supportive information in pollution control and environmental management.

5 illus, 38 ref

024801   GILANI S, HOWARTH G S, TRAN C D, KITESSA S M, FORDER R E A, BAREKATAIN R, HUGHES R J (Adelaide Univ, Australia, Email: saad.gilani@adelaide.edu.au) : Effects of delayed feeding, sodium butyrate and glutamine on intestinal permeability in newly-hatched broiler chickens. J Appl Anim Res 2018, 46(1), 973-6.

The aim of the current study was to investigate the effects of delayed feeding, and supplementation with sodium butyrate or glutamine in drinking water, on intestinal permeability (IP) in young broiler chickens. Newly-hatched male chickens (Ross 308) were allocated to four groups comprising Control, 24 h delayed fed (DF), DF supplemented with sodium butyrate (0.1 %) in the drinking water and DF supplemented with glutamine (1 %) in the drinking water. On days 2, 4 and 7, twelve birds per group were randomly selected, weighed and orally gavaged with fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran (FITC-d) at 2.2 mg / ml / chicken. Serum FITC-d concentration was analysed by spectrophotometry while serum diamine oxidase and D-lactic acid concentrations were analysed by microplate reader. FITC-d concentrations in the Control and DF groups were not statistically different on any day, suggesting that delayed feeding did not affect IP. Additionally, sodium butyrate increased IP compared to DF and Control on day 2 only (p < 0.05), while glutamine increased IP on all days, compared to DF and Control (p < 0.05). Diamine oxidase and D-lactic acid concentrations of all groups were not statistically different.

1 table, 34 ref

024800   SILVA J T D, MANZONI T, ROCHA N B, SANTOS G, MIQUEO E, SLAZON G S, BITTAR C M M (Animal Science Dep, Sao Paulo Univ, Brazil, Email: carlabittar@usp.br) : Evaluation of milk replacer supplemented with lysine and methionine in combination with glutamate and glutamine in dairy calves. J Appl Anim Res 2018, 46(1), 960-6.

This study aimed to evaluate performance, gut health and metabolic changes in dairy calves receiving milk replacer supplemented with lysine and methionine with 0.6 % or 1 % AminoGut (10 % Glutamate and 10 % Glutamine). Forty-five Holstein calves were blocked and distributed in the treatments: (1) Control: no supplementation; (2) Lys, Met, AminoGut 0.6 %; (3) Lys, Met, AminoGut 1 %. Animals were individually housed, with free access to water and concentrate. Milk replacer (6 L/d) was fed until the eighth week of life. Feed intake and faecal score were monitored daily. Calves were weighted and measured weekly. Blood samples were collected every other week to determine metabolites. Supplementation did not affect the performance nor the metabolism of calves. There was no effect of supplementation for faecal score. An age effect was observed for most of the variables, mainly as a response of starter intake and consequent shift from a pre to a functional ruminant metabolism. The supplementation of the milk replacer with lysine and methionine in association with 0.6 % or 1 % AminoGut had no effect on performance, gut health nor metabolism of dairy calves. More important than the fine adjustment of amino acid requirements is the adoption of practices to improve starter intake.

3 illus, 4 tables, 35 ref