023062   Reddy Y B V;Srinivas M V;Reddy B S L (NO, , Coffee Board, Bengaluru, Karnataka, Email: ybvreddy100@gmail.com) : Problems encountered and felt needs of rehabilited tribals for the sustainable development. Agric Update 2017, 12(1), 95-100.

The study was conducted in Gudlur village of Coorg district and Nagapura village of Mysore district and from each village, 75 beneficiaries were selected randomly. Thus,the sample size was 150. The findings reveal that cent per cent of the beneficiaries felt that lack of extension support, wild life damage to their crops, Almost all the beneficiaries felt that lack of capital to carry out agricultural operations (98.66%) and no employment during off season (90.60%) were problems. Cent per cent of the beneficiaries expressed financial assistance for self employment activities, great majority (81.33%) of the beneficiaries felt irrigation facilities as a need. Further nearly half (46.66%) expressed providing loan for milch animals.

1 table, 7 ref

023061   Reddy P S;Gomashe S (NO, Indian Institute of Millets Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500 030, Email: sanjana@millets.res.in) : Can cold tolerance bring in hybrids on commercial front in winter sorghum?. Curr Sci 2017, 113(2), 307-13.

Studies on early-season and mid-season cold temperature stress on growth and yield components in diverse classes of winter sorghum are essential for targeting hybrid development that is otherwise confined only to rainy season-grown sorghum. The results showed that from among the 194 winter sorghum genotypes belonging to 5 groups - varieties, B-lines, R-lines, hybrids and germplasm lines, 81% of the genotypes were correctly placed in their respective groups based on discriminant analysis. Principal component analysis showed that most of the traits involved in the study are important and variability cannot be explained by a few traits and the traits recorded at seedling and maturity stages were explained by different principal components. Most of the traits - 339 - recorded under cold stress at seedling stage did not correlate with those recorded under cold stress at anthesis. There is scope for improvement of individual groups for seedling dry fodder yield and grain yield, more so in the case of hybrids and female parental lines. Breeding for cold tolerance at seedling as well as anthesis stages has to be separately targeted. Thus, for developing new winter sorghum hybrids, female parental lines have to be diversified and improved for grain yield and percentage of seed set by crossing with promising germplasm lines identified in the study.

6 tables, 13 ref

023060   Reager M L;Deora N S;Tak S R;Sanwal R C (NO, KrishiVigyan Kendra, Bikaner, Email: drmadanagro@gmail.com) : Integrated weed control options under different sowing methods of isabgol (Plantago ovata Forsk) at transitional luni basin plain zone of Rajasthan. Ann agric Res 2017, 38(2), 218-25.

A field experiment was conducted during rabi season of 2011-12 and 2012-13 at farmer's fields and Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Jalore to study the effect of sowing methods and weed control optoins in isabgol. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with five replications. The treatments consisted of three main plots (sowing methods- broadcasting, sowing in line at 30 cm and sowing in line at 22.5 cm) and three sub plots (control, hand weeding at 30 DAS and post emergence application of isoproturon 600 g ha^-1 at 20 DAS +hand weeding at 30 DAS). Sowing of isabgol cv. RI- 89 was done as per the sowing methods as broadcasting and different row spacing. Post emergence aplication of isoproturon at 20 DAS + hand weeding at 30 DAS in line sowing at 22.5 cm row spacing having statistically at par with hand weeding at 30 DAS in line sowing at 22.5 cm row spacing produced significantly maximum seed yield (1275.8 kg ha^-1), straw yield (2665.1 kg ha^-1) and net return (Rs 59392/- ha) over other weed control treatments in broadcast sowing and line sowing at 30 cm as well as 22.5 cm. However, in broadcast sowing, post emergence application of isoproturon at 20 DAS + hand weeding at 30 DAS enhanced seed, straw and net return over hand weeding at 30 DAS and unweeded control.

7 tables, 12 ref

023059   Ravani A;Prasad R V;Gajera R R;Joshi D C (College of Food Processing Technology and Bioenergy, Anand Agricultural Univ, Anand-388 110, Email: ravani.amee@gmail.com) : Potentiality of Moringa oleifera for food and nutritional security. Agric Rev 0000, 38(3), 228-32.

Moringa oleifera tree is referred to as a miracle tree due to its rich source of certain macro and micro nutrients of great importance in human nutrition. There is considerable variation among nutritional values of moringa, which depends on factors like genetic background, environment and cultivation methods. The plant is proven with tremendous medicinal properties. moringa has been described as one of the most amazing trees God has created. Almost every part of the moringa tree, viz. fruit, flower, seed, bark, root and gum is a rich repository of proteins, vitamins and minerals including potassium, calcium, phosphorous, iron, folic acid as well as β-carotene.The review covers health benefits of moringa as well as technology of post-harvest handling and processing of moringa for utilization in value added products.

^iia60 ref

023058   Rathod D B;Gaikwad J H (Extension Education Dep, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra) : To study the knowledge and adoption about recommended package of practices of summer groundnut. Agric Update 2016, 11(4), 459-61.

Groundnut is the single largest source of edible oils in India and constitutes roughly about 50 per cent of the total oilseeds production. India occupies the first place in acreage and second in production of groundnut. The list of summer groundnut growing villages of Rahuri, Sangamner, Akole, Rahata, Newasa and Shrirampur tehsils was obtained from taluka Krishi Adhikari. Two villages from each tehsil that is 12 villages were selected for the study on the basis of area under summer groundnut crop. A total of 10 summer groundnut growers from each village were selected randomly on the basis of area under summer groundnut crop. Hence, in 6 tehsils, 12 villages and 120 respondents were selected for the present study. It is concluded that about 60.84 per cent respondents had medium knowledge level, followed by 22.50 per cent respondents had low knowledge level and 16.66 per cent respondent summer groundnut growers had high knowledge level. And 65.83 per cent respondents had medium adoption level, followed by 18.34 per cent respondents had low adoption level and 15.83 per cent respondent summer groundnut growers had high adoption level.

2 tables, 2 ref

023057   Rani R;Singh S P;Kingra P K (School of Climate Change and Agricultural Meteorology, Punjab Agricultural Univ, Ludhiana-141 004, Email: sompal69@rediffmail.com) : Microclimate and heat unit requirement of maize (Zea mays L.) under different thermal environments, mulching and irrigation levels. Ann agric Res 2017, 38(2), 155-62.

An experiment was conducted at the research farm of School of Climate Change and Agricultural Meteorology, PAU, Ludhiana to study the effect of two dates of sowing (D₁: 1st August and D₂: 15th August), mulching (M₀: no mulch and M₁: straw mulch @6 t ha^-1) and three irrigation levels (IW:CPE = 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00) on microclimate and heat unit requirement of maize during kharif 2010. Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) interception and relative humidity were higher in earlier sown mulch applied crop under IW:CPE = 0.75 level of irrigation. Daytime soil temperature was observed to be lower under mulch application as compared to no mulch, however night time temperature was slightly higher under mulch application. The data indicates that crop duration was lengthened and higher degree days were consumed in the earlier sown mulch applied crop under irrigation of IW:CPE = 0.75. Crop sown on lst August irrigated at IW:CPE of 0.75 with mulch application @ 6.0 t ha^-1 had most favourable microclimate supporting the yield parameters. Growing degree days depicted positive and linear relationship with maize yield (R² = 0.79) and harvest index (R² = 0.62). Such microclimatic modifications can be highly beneficial for alleviation of heat and water stress under changing climate and water limiting scenarios in future.

4 illus, 1 table, 11 ref

023056   Ranawat R (NO, Vidya Bhawan Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Badgaon, Udaipur-313 011, Email: raginiranawat20@gmail.com) : Impact of nutri-garden on food security of rural families in Udaipur district. Ann Agri Bio Res 2017, 22(2), 278-80.

The study was conducted in two villages (Bhimal and Mandap) of district Udaipur with the objective to determine the impact of nutri-garden on food security in terms of increase in vegetable consumption. One hundred respondents (50 nutri-gardeners and 50 non-nutri-gardeners) were randomly selected from the participating farmers of KVK's Nutri-Garden demonstration. Data were collected by face-to-face interview with the help of interview schedule. Most of the respondents were middle-aged having small farm size and primary level education. Both the groups had average family size ranging between 5-6 members and annual income between Rs. 25001 to 50000. The average vegetable consumption increased in the nutri-garden in all three seasons-rabi (122%), kharif (151.85%) and zaid (180%). Per day consumption of vegetables was found to be 81.01% higher in nutri-garden (272.84 g/day) than the subjects not having nutri-garden (150.73 g/day). The calorie intake per day from vegetables was also recorded to be 126.55% higher in subjects having nutri-garden (110.15 kcal/day) than those who did not. Major constraints with nutri-garden as faced by the respondents were lack of irrigation facilities and damage of garden by animals. It was concluded from the present study that nutri-garden indeed had a positive impact in - 337 - ensuring the food security among rural populations and should be popularized.

4 tables, 7 ref

023055   Rana N;Yaseen M;Ruqia G;Rasheed F;Riasat S; Afzal S;Imran M;Iqbal M Z (Zoology Dep, Wildlife & Fisheries, Univ of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan) : Distribution of soil - 336 - macro fauna around dry (rosa fields) and wet (fish farm) territory under the ecological conditions of district Faisalabad (Punjab), Pakistan. J Ent Zool Stud 2018, 6(1), 48-54.

During present study, from both sites, total 556 specimens were collected during entire sampling and maximum population was recorded from dry land (rosa fields) 51.33% (N=290), and least population was recorded from wet territory (fish farm) 48.67% (N=275). In case of rosa fields, total 23 species were recorded belonging to 11 orders, 20 families and 22 genera; whereas, at fish farm, total 26 species were recorded belonging to 9 orders, 15 families and 21 genera. Wherein in case of rose fields (dry land), maximum population was recorded during (3rd sampling) 41±11.90 and least values were recorded during 5th sampling (12±8.61); species abundance was recorded utmost in 7th and 9th sample (11) species at temperature 24 °C and 71% humidity and least was recorded during 5th sampling i.e. 4 species at 27°C temperature and 75% humidity. In case of fish farm (wet land), maximum population was recorded during 10th sampling (37±9.96) and least values were recorded during 1st and 12th sampling (11±8.43); species abundance was recorded utmost in 7th sampling (10 species) at temperature 24°C and 71% humidity and least was recorded during 1st sampling i.e. 3 species at 29 °C temperature and 75% (humidity). From dry land (rosa fields), Lumbricus terristris (Lumbricidae) was recorded abundantly with relative abundance of 32.07% (N=93) and from wetland, Oniscus asellus (Oniscidae) was recorded as an extraordinary contributing species with relative abundance of 26.91% (N=74); diversity was recorded maximum from dry land (0.0725) and least from wet land (0.0683). Evenness ratio was also recorded in same context (0.0294 and 0.0280 respectively). Analysis of Variance among both territories showed non-significant results (F=0.01; P=0.9153).

4 tables, 39 ref

023054   Rana N;Imran M;Bakhat T;Khan A S;Fatima K; Javed S;Fatima S;Bibi S;Iqbal M Z (Zoology Dep, Wildlife & Fisheries, Univ of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan) : Prevalence pattern and susceptible strains of order diptera, lepidoptera and coleoptera among sarson (Brassica campestris) fields under different ecological conditions. J Ent Zool Stud 2018, 6(1), 33-40.

The present study was conducted at Ayub Agriculture Research Institute (AARI) and village Pansera, district Faisalabad from November, 2014 through March, 2015. Maximum population was recorded from AARI fields 51.89% (N=274) and least from Pansera fields i.e. 48.11% (N=254). Overall, significant results were recorded from AARI fields and among them, higher relative abundance (67.15%; N=184) was recorded for order Diptera. From Pensera Sarson fields, higher relative abundance (71.26%; N=181) was recorded again for order Diptera, followed by Lepidoptera (25.98%; N=66); however, least relative abundance (2.76%; N=7) was recorded for order Coleoptera. Diversity (H) was recorded maximum among AARI fields (0.0685) and least was recorded among Pansera fields (0.0635). Evenness ratio was also recorded in same context (0.0281 and 0.0264, respectively); and richness was a little bit recorded high among Pansera fields (17.7080) and least among AARI (15.1036).

6 tables, 19 ref

023053   Rana D (Biology and Environmental Sciences Dep, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur-176 061, Email: dipikahfri@gmail.com) : Evaluation of socio-economic status of farmers of an organic farm of Himachal Pradesh, India. J Ecofriendly Agric 2018, 13(1), 39-42.

In a country like India, farming is a culture rather than a profession. The interest in farming depends upon the tradition and family background of a worker. Keeping this in view, the socio-economic status of worker engaged in organic farming was studied. Various practices under organic farming in the mountain regions like compost production, use of bio-pesticides, crop rotations, etc. not only increases soil health and quality but promotes the activity of beneficial macro-and-micro-flora in the soil. The organic practices including Homa bhasm, Agnihotra and Biodynamic farming besides promoting healthy agriculture is expected to have seeming effects on behavioral aspects of the farm workers. However, apparently systemic information on social attributes of organic farm is still limited. As such present study was undertaken to evaluate the socio-economic efficiency of an organic farm. The socio- economic aspects of an organic farm CSKHPKV, Palampur were studied. The data was analyzed by the use of indices, ratios, percentages etc. and the results were interpreted. The various aspects as family structure and size, age distribution, caste structure, literacy level, occupational pattern, economic status behavioral aspects and livelihood security were evaluated.

10 tables, 3 ref

023052   Ramzan S;Paray M A;Parrey S H;Yaqoob M; Khurshid R;Shifa;Amin D (Research and Training Centre for Pollinators, Pollinizers and Pollination Management, SKUAST-K, Shalimar-190 025) : Species richness and abundance of insect pollinators on pear blossoms in Kashmir Himalayans. J Ecofriendly Agric 2017, 12(1), 54-7.

Investigations on species richness and abundance of insect pollinators on pear blossoms in Kashmir Himalayan region carried out in 3 experimental orchards during March-April, 2013, revealed preponderance of 18 species of insect pollinators, falling under 14 genera, 3 orders and 8 families, visiting pear flowers in the area. Analysis of data on their relative abundance indicated that the native bee, Lasioglossum marginatum with relative abundance of 12.6, 12.2 and 13.2 per cent in the 3 experimental orchards, respectively was the most abundant insect visitor. Foraging population of honey bee responded differently to abiotic factors. Peak activity of hymenopteran and trichopteran visitors was observed between 12:00-02:00 p.m. and showed a positive and significant correlation with temperature and negative correlation - 335 - with relative humidity. Activity of dipteran visitors at peak was recorded between 08:00-09:00 a.m. and showed a negative and significant correlation with the temperature but positive and significant correlation with relative humidity.

2 tables, 24 ref

023051   Ramjiyani D B;Patel S R;Thorat G N (Tribal Research Cum Training Centre, Anand Agricultural University, Devgadh Baria-389-380) : Attitude of rural youth towards agriculture as an occupation. Indian J soc Res 2017, 58(3), 389-98.

It is disturbing to note that youth are losing interest and confidence in agriculture and allied activities; hence, they are not willingly involved in agricultural operations. The study on attitude of rural youth towards agriculture as an occupation, was conducted in Tarapur and Khambhat talukas of Anand district of Gujarat. The results reflected that among 11 independent variables, caste, social participation, land holding, annual income, extension contact, economic motivation, risk orientation and scientific orientation were found to have positive and significant correlation with attitude of rural youth towards agriculture as an occupation. Multiple regression analysis showed that only 3 variables viz. Extension contact, scientific orientation and risk orientation exerted influence on attitude level or rural youth towards agriculture as an occupation which was to the tune of 72.50 per cent when all the three variables were taken together. Path analysis revealed that major variables contributing to the maximum direct positive effect were extension contact, annual income and risk orientation whereas those contributing the maximum negative direct effect were land holding, education and size of family.

3 tables, 10 ref

023050   Raman R K;Sahoo A K;Mohanty S K;Das B K (NO, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata-700 120, Email: basantkumard@gmail.com) : Forecasting of commercial fish (beloniformes: order) catch in Chilika Lagoon, Odisha, India. J Inld Fish Soc India 2017, 49(1), 55-63.

Beloniformes is a commercial fish with abundant species of (Strongylura strongylura and Hyporhamphus limbatus) recorded in Chilika lagoon, India. In the present study, two SARIMA (Seasonal Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average) and SARIMAX (SARIMA with external regressors) models were developed on the monthly time series in Chilika lagoon data for the period 2001 -02 to 2015-16 and forecasted up to 2017-18. The goodness of fit criteria such as Akaike - 334 - Information Criteria (AIC), Bayesian Information Criterion (SBC) and R² were used for model performances. SARIMAX model was developed using SARIMA (1,0,0)(1,0,0)₁₂ with physicochemical factors; factorl, factor2, factor3 and factor4 to correlate the physicochemical parameters with catch in the lagoon. Here factorl is the combined effect of salinity, temperature, pH and dissolve oxygen, factor2 dominated by pH and salinity, factor3 dominated by dissolve oxygen and factor4 dominated by temperature. SARIMAX model (SARIMA (1,0,0)(1,0,0)₁₂ with regressor factorl) found the best fitted model. The model predicted that an increase of 10% per year (SARIMA) and an increase in 16% per year (SARIMAX) with respect to base year 2015 -16 in the total beloniformes catch in the lagoon for the period 2016-17 and 2017-18 by maintaining the present environmental condition.

2 illus, 9 tables, 30 ref

023049   Ram R M;Singh H B (Mycology and Plant Pathology Dep, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi-221 005, Email: hbs1@rediffmail.com) : Microbial consortium in biological control: an explicit example of teamwork below ground. J Ecofriendly Agric 2018, 13(1), 1-12.

Biocontrol strategy has been approved as the most acceptable and sustainable approach to moderate the crop losses due to phytopathogens and pests. Though the screening of biocontrol agents (BCA) is done meticulously to select the best among the lot, still a single strain proves inept to fight the numerous opponents present below ground, around the plant system. Under natural conditions, microbes do live in harmony supporting two to several different genera together utilizing the available nutrients and thereby creating a team of beneficial cluster acting against their negative counterparts. This team of helpful microbes acting as a team to protect the plants from the pathogens is termed as "consortia". Though there exist certain parameters to be kept in mind before designing an effective consortium against a particular target pathogen in a definite habitat of the host plant. Microbes tolerant to environmental shock with longer shelf life and sustainability, possessing higher enzymatic activity with higher rate of metabolism along with being non-pathogenic to the host plant should be preferred which should incur lower cost of mass multiplication. Though the mechanisms of action remain the same as that for a single biocontrol agent, but in consortium the synergism between the microbes is the most essential character that calls for the higher rate of success in field, comprising different genera of BCA. The present review overviews the studies that have been carried out reporting the successful effects of applying microbial consortia against different phytopathogens and pests along with giving a brief account of the mechanisms undertaken by the BCAs to combat the same.

^iia3 illus, 1 table, 104 ref

023048   Rakshith Roshan D;Raju S V S (Entomology & Agricultural Zoology Dep, Institute of Agricultural Scien, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221 005, Email: rakshith.devu@gmail.com ) : Influence of abiotic and biotic factors on population dynamics of BPH (Nilaparvata lugens Stal) and GLH (Nephotettix virescens Distant). Crop Res 2017, 52(1-3), 67-73.

Sucking pests of rice, particularly brown plant hopper and green leaf hopper, cause major damage apart from the disease transmission. They are the regular pests and in certain parts of country severe outbreaks were observed to cause heavy damage. Environmental factors play a major role in population build-up and outbreaks of sucking pests during a cropping season. However, biotic factors like natural enemies play a significant role in suppressing the population upsurge of sucking pests. Keeping these points in view, an experiment was laid out to study the influence of environmental factors viz., abiotic and biotic factors (natural enemies) on BPH and GLH. The results revealed a positive significant correlation of pest population build-up with temperature. However, the morning RH was negatively correlated with both BPH and GLH. A significant positive correlation was obtained build-up. The influence - 333 - of abiotic factors on natural enemies was also found to be same as that on pest indirectly indicating influence of weather parameters on host population. Furthermore, ratio of predator to pest was also calculated which showed that spiders being a generalist predators were abundant than mirid bugs and their population fluctuated less with pest population than mirid bugs. It was ascertained that both abiotic and biotic factors played major role in population fluctuation especially humidity, high temperature with intermittent rainy days facoured rise of pest population. However, the biotic factors like natural enemies and pest population are highly interdependent.

6 illus, 4 tables, 7 ref

023047   Rajput A;Sharma S;Rajput S S (Agronomy Dep, J.A.U., Junagadh, Gujarat, Email: satya.sharma77@yahoo.com) : Effect of different crop geometries and planting depths on growth and yield of rice. J Ecofriendly Agric 2017, 12(1), 26-8.

The experiment, conducted during the kharif seasons of 2010-11 and 2011-12 at Krishi Nagar farm, Department of Agronomy, JNKVV Jabalpur (M.P.), involving three crop geometries two depths of planting and three varieties of rice, revealed that the growth and yield of rice in system of rice intensification were significantly influenced by plant geometry and the depth of planting. Rice variety, MR-219 with shallow depth of planting (2.5 cm) was markedly superior in growth parameters (number of tillers/m² at harvest) and almost all the yield parameters (test weight, harvest index, grain and straw yields).

1 table, 12 ref

023046   Rajput A;Sharma S;Rajput S S (Agronomy Dep, J.A.U., Junagadh, Gujarat, Email: satya.sharma77@yahoo.com) : Impact of nutrient management practices on yield and economics attributing parameters in soybean-maize intercropping system. J Ecofriendly Agric 2017, 12(1), 19-21.

The field experiment conducted at Research farm, College of Agriculture, Indore (Madhya Pradesh) during Kharif season of 2007-08 revealed that soybean and maize as sole crops although yielded higher seed and straw of 16.66, 20.50 and 36.75, 90.74 q ha^-1, respectively, the soybean + maize intercropping in 4:2 rows ratio at 30 cm apart receiving 50.0 percent with RDF + seed inoculation with rhizobium and PSB culture to soybean and 1/3 RDF + seed inoculation with azotobacter and PSB culture to maize and 5 t FYM ha^-1 to both crops with common basal application of FYM + biofertilizer + 17 kg N + 20 kg P₂O₅ + 17 kg K₂O ha^-1 and remaining N as split application to maize crop proved superior by recording grain and stover yield of 19.75 and 59.35 q ha-1, respectively in comparison to other intercropping treatments. The treatment also proved best in terms of overall performance recording increase SEY (24.71 q ha^-1), LER (1.45), gross return (Rs. 45199 ha^-1), net return (Rs. 28527 ha^-1) and B:C ratio (2.71).

2 tables, 9 ref

023045   Rajasekaran R;Indumathi K;Kalidass N (NO, Don Bosco College of Agriculture, Sagayathottam, Vellore-631 151, Email: rajasekaranextension@gmail.com) : Agro-biodiversity among tribal homesteads of the Nilgiris district of Tamil Nadu. J Ecofriendly Agric 2018, 13(1), 96-8.

Agro-biodiversity in this study referred as, variety of components such as cereals and millets, vegetables, fruits, spices and condiments, plantation and livestock present in the tribal homesteads of the Nilgiris district. The study was conducted at tribal areas of Nilgiris district, which is known as biodiversity hot spot. The list of tribal respondents from selected village was obtained from horticulture department. A sample size of 100 homesteads respondents were fixed for the study. The technique proportionate random sampling was followed for the selection of respondents from three habitations viz., kunjappanai, mantharai, thuthikarai. Two ecological indices were used to analyse the agro-biodiversity viz., species diversity among tribal homesteads based on Shanon-Wiener index and species richness in tribal homesteads by using Margalef Index. Majority of the tribal homesteads had medium level of diversity and species richness. A participatory group approach is needed in the tribal areas to conserve agro-biodiversity.

2 tables, 3 ref

023044   Rajaram J V;Punia M S;Singh V;Singh K (Genetics & Plant Breeding Dep, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar-125 004, Email: vijay333jagdale@gmail.com) : Genetic variability, correlation and path analysis in F₂ generation of cross LASSIK x WH 542 in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Ann Agri Bio Res 2017, 22(2), 209-12.

A study was undertaken to estimate the genetic variability, correlation and path coefficient analysis of yield and yield contributing traits in F2 population of the wheat cross LASSIK x WH 542. High value of PCV and GCV was recorded in number of tillers per plant, harvest index, grain yield per plant except number of spikelets per spike. High heritability was observed for plant height and number of grains per spike. This suggested better scope for selecting superior transgressive segregants in this population. Highest genetic advance as per cent of mean was recorded for harvest index followed by 1000-grain weight. Correlation and path analysis studies revealed that characters biological yield per plant>harvest index > 1000-grain weight>spike length>number of tillers per plant in that order were the most important characters as these exhibited positive and strong association and maximum positive direct effects on grain yield. Present investigation suggests that selection in F2 population of LASSIK x WH 542 will be effective in selecting superior plants for yield traits in evolving high yielding genotypes in wheat.

3 tables, 17 ref

023043   Rai D;Tewari A K (Plant Pathology Dep, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur-848 125, Email: drai1975@gmail.com) : Effect of different incubation period and pH on biomass production of Trichoderma harzianum (Th 14). J Ecofriendly Agric 2017, 12(2), 81-3.

The biological control using antagonistic microorganisms has proved to be very successful for managing various plant diseases. Among the bio-agents. Trichoderma harzianum has been widely studied and is presently marketed as biopesticides, biofertilizers and soil amendment material due to its ability to protect plants, enhance vegetative growth and reduce pathogen populations under numerous agricultural conditions. The present study was conducted to identify optimum incubation period and pH for the production of biomass and sporulation of T. harzianum Th 14. Biomass and sporulation was measured in (mg 100 ml^-1) and (spores ml^-1) respectively. Maximum biomass and sporulation (958 mg; - 331 - 4.54x10<&>8) was obtained at 15 days after incubation (DAI) followed 12 DAI (922 mg; 4.28x10⁸) and both were at par with each other, while minimum at 4 DAI (703 mg; 2.64x10⁸). The influence of pH on production of biomass and sporulation of T. harzianum was clearly observed. Significantly maximum biomass and sporulation was obtained at pH 6.0 (1102 mg; 5.00x10⁸) followed by pH 5.0 (993 mg; 3.75x10⁸) and pH 7.0 (966 mg; 4.25x10⁸). Twelve days incubation period (12 days) and pH (6.0) could be recommended for the mass multiplication of T. harzianum Th 14.

2 tables, 10 ref

023042   Raghuwanshi R;Patel M M;Patel N;Chouhan S (NO, Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh) : Assessment of the knowledge level of potato growers in Madhya Pradesh. Agric Update 2017, 12(1), 119-21.

The study was conducted to assess the knowledge level of potato growers in Gwalior district of Madhya Pradesh. The productivity level of potato is observed to be low in Madhya Pradesh due to various reasons among these are climate and adoptability of technologies. Potato production has played a vital role in increasing vegetable production of the country with 25.6 per cent share in total vegetable production during 2002-03. The contribution of the country in world potato pool has increased from 6.4 per cent to 7.8 per cent during last decade. Potato utilization has become more diverse with processed products commanding a large share of the potato market. Majority of the potato growers had complete knowledge about improve varieties. The data also indicated that majority of the potato growers were aware about recommended spacing (59.17%), disease management (56.67%) and selection of field (52.5%).

1 table, 6 ref

023041   Rabindra Prasad;Soren A;Devendra Prasad (Entomology Dep, Faculty of Agriculture, Birsa Agricultural Univ, Kanke, Ranchi-834 006, Email: rabindraento@yahoo.co.in) : Management of rice leaf folder (Cnaphalocrosis medinalis Guen.) through INM with emphasis on use of Neem and Karanj cake. J Ecofriendly Agric 2018, 13(1), 65-8.

An experiment was conducted for two consecutive years, 2012 and 2013 in wet season in the agro-ecological conditions of Jharkhand with the sole objective for management of leaf folder (Cnaphalocrosis medinalis Guen.) through use of organic and inorganic form of plant nutrients and their appropriate and balanced combinations in the right quantity with more emphasis on application of neem and karanj cake. The overall results revealed that neem cake @ 2.5 t ha^-1 proved to the most effective in minimizing the incidence of rice leaf folder and karanj cake remained at par. As such, the minimum incidence of the pest interval of leaf damage due to leaf folder (LDLF) 10¹ hills (or plants) was obtained through sole use of neem cake @ 2.5 t ha^-1 and the efficacy of karanj cake @ 2.5 t ha^-1 remained at almost at par, resulting in as low as 6.36 LDLF 10^-1 hills (i.e. plants) of rice followed by neem and karanj cake kept as separate treatment @ 0.5 and 1.0 t ha^-1, which in turn remained at par in themselves, in reducing the incidence of the pest. The maximum - 330 - incidence of leaf folder (24.18 LDLF 10^-1 hills) on rice plants receiving the sole use of N @ 80 kg ha^-1 (through urea) was registered as against significantly of recommended dose of fertilizer, RDF (N, P, K @ 80, 40, 20 kg ha^-1) in inorganic form, which was further lowered down up to the lower level of the pest incidence of 15.66 LDLF 10^-1 plants through use of reduction in RDF upto 50 per cent, but supplemented with green manure, @ 10 t ha^-1 in the form of Sesbania rostrata L. (dhaincha). The results indicated that sole use of neem cake @ 2.5 t ha^-1 realized the maximum grains yield of rice (41.50 q ha^-1) which, in turn remained at par with sole use of karanj cake @ 2.5 t ha^-1 (38.60 q ha^-1) followed by neem cake @ 1.0 t ha^-1 plus N, P, K @ 26, 40, 20 kg ha^-1 in inorganic form (37.40 q ha^-1), karanj cake @ 1.0 t ha^-1 plus N, P, K @ 40, 40, 20 kg ha^-1 in the form of inorganic source (36.60 q ha^-1); mem cake @ 0.5 t ha^-1 + NPK @ 53, 40, 20 kg ha^-1 (through chemical fertilizers (35.90 q ha^-1). The sole use of nitrogen @ 80 kg ha^-1 applied to the plants through urea received the maximum incidence of the pest (Cnaphalocrosis medinalis Guen.) resulting in substantially lower grains yield of rice (22.40 q ha^-1).

1 table, 5 ref

023040   Prusty S R;Mohaptra U;Tripathy S (Agricultural Economics Dep, College of Agriculture, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, Odisha-751 003, Email: suvashreeprusty@gmail.com) : Economics of hybrid maize cultivation in Sarguja district of Chhattisgarh. Agric Sci Dig 2017, 37(1), 56-9.

The present study was emphasized to study cost and return of cultivation, the trend in area yield potential and resource use efficiency of hybrid maize of different categories of farm holdings in Sarguja district of Chhattisgarh. A sample of eighty farmers was surveyed (fourty five marginal, twenty five small and ten large) by three stage stratified random sampling method. The result indicated that cost of labour constituted largest component in total variable cost accounted about(46.89%) followed by manure and fertilizer cost (37.00 %), followed by seed cost (11.60%). Of all the components of fixed cost, rental value of owned land and depreciation cost constituted maximum share about (81.90%) and (16.50%) respectively. The total cost increased with the increase in size of holdings. The total costs of production of maize per hectare was highest for large farmer of Rs. 32079.54/ha followed by small farmer of Rs. 28794.74/ha followed by small farmers of Rs. 27334/ha. There is excess use of labour by marginal farms. The excess labour may be diverted for cultivation of other crops. Large farmers received higher income due to optimal application of fertilizer. Improvement of farm level efficiency relies on technical knowledge of crop as well as income diversification, institutional capacity building that can enhance assets ownership, extension and credit facility.

5 tables, 10 ref

023039   Priyanka S C;Miniraj N (College of Horticulture, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur-680 656, Email: priyankajayan91@gmail.com) : Morphological characterization of unique genotypes of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.. J trop Agric 2016, 54(2), 120-8.

Twenty one unique accessions of nutmeg possessing 13 distinct characters were identified and collected through an extensive survey carried out in the nutmeg growing tracts of Kerala. These unique genotypes along with the two improved accessions were subjected to morphological characterization. As a deviation from the normal nutmeg, some unique types such as yellow maced nutmeg, double seeded nutmeg, cluster fruited nutmeg, monoecious, wild and grape nutmegs were identified in the study. All these accessions were characterized using seven qualitative and fourteen quantitative traits. Twenty three accessions were grouped into 12 clusters at 60% similarity. A concept diagram was developed for utilizing these unique accessions. Yellow maced accessions (YL-1 and YL-2) can be directly utilized for yellow colurs, as they fetch premium price in the market. Double seeded - 329 - accessions (DS-1) had the highest dry nut weight and kernel weight. Seedless nutmeg accession (SL-1) possessed highest fresh mace weight. Wild nutmeg (M. malabarica) possessed fruits which were large, having brown velvety rind with yellowish orange coloured mace. Cluster fruited accession (CF-1) was the best accession among all the unique nutmeg accessions, possessing all the desirable features of an elite nutmeg genotype. All the accessions are worthy of conservation.

2 illus, 4 tables, 14 ref

023038   Priyadarshi R;Hari Prasad A S;Singh A K; Ulaganathan K;Shenoy V (NO, ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500 030, Email: rhl_priyadarshi@gmail.com) : Comparative analysis of effectiveness of wide compatibility (WC) trait between improved maintainer line having WC and eui genes and maintainer line with eui and without WC genes in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Envir Ecol 2016, 34(4B), 2148-51.

Present study was carried out to know the effectiveness of wide compatibility trait. The compatibility as measured by percentage pollen and spikelet fertility in F₁s revealed it to vary with the IR 58025eWCB having WC and eui genes and IR58025eB with eui gene. In crossing of IR58025eWCB with indica, japonica and tropical japonica testers, group mean spikelet fertility (83.62%), (77.03%) and (68.84%) respectively, the comparison with crossing of recurrent parent JR58025eB with indica, Japonica and tropical japonica testers, group mean spikelet fertility (82.19%), (43.85%) and (59.54%) respectively. The estimated increase in group mean percentage overcome with indica, japonica and tropical japonica testers 7.18% 17.00% and 40.00% for pollen fertility and 1.74%, 75.66% and 15.61% for spikelet fertility respectively. The effectiveness of wide compatibility trait in improved parental line helps us to further exploitation of it in hybrid rice breeding program.

2 illus, 1 table, 8 ref

023037   Prasath D;Eapen S J;Sasikumar B;Akshitha H J; Leela N K;Chitra R;Mahender B;Rao C C;Swargaonkar S L;Nirmal Babu K (NO, ICAR-Indian Institute of Spices Research, Marikunnu PO, Kozhikode-673 012, Email: dprasath@gmail.com) : New short duration turmeric variety, IISR PRAGATI-a boon to Indian farmers. Int J Innovative Hort 2017, 6(1), 89-92.

1 illus, 6 tables, 6 ref

023036   Prasad R;Soren A;Prasad D (Entomology Dep, Faculty of Agriculture, Birsa Agricultural Univ, Kanke, Ranchi-834 006, Email: rabindraento@yahoo.co.in) : Management of gall midge (Orseolia oryzae wood mason) through plant nutrients supplied through organic and inorganic sources with emphasis on neem and karanj cakes. J Ecofriendly Agric 2018, 13(1), 53-5.

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the most important food crop of India including the state of Jharkhand. Among the half of a dozen of major insect pests of rice prevailing in the state, gall midge (Orseolia oryzae W.M.) is one of them. Due to feeding by the maggot of the insect on the growing point (of central leaf sheath) of rice plant, silver shoot (SS) is produced, resulting failure of emergence of panicle in the affected tiller, which causes direct yield loss. The present experiment was conducted for two consecutive years, 2013 and 2014 in wet season with the sole objectives for management of gall midge through use of organic and inorganic form of plant nutrients and their appropriate and balanced combination in right quantity. The overall results of the two years experimentation revealed that neem cake @ 2.5 t ha^-1 proved to be the most effective in minimizing the incidence of gall midge (incidence 0.75% SS). Result of karanj cake @ 2.5 t ha^-1 remained at par (incidence 1.42% SS). It was interesting to note that neem and karanj cake applied @ 0.5 to 2.5 t ha^-1 were superior over the other treatments in reducing the pest incidence. The highest incidence of gall midge (10.78% SS) was recorded in case of rice plants receiving sole application of nitrogen @ 80 kg ha^-1 supplied through urea. It was almost at par with rice plants receiving all the three N, P, K @ 80, 40 and 20 kg ha^-1 respectively (RDF) (silver shoot incidence of 9.78%). The highest yield (41.50 q ha^-1) was obtained in treatment i.e. sole use of neem cake @ 2.5 t ha^-1, which was at - 328 - par with sole use of karanj cake applied @ 2.5 t ha^-1 (38.60 q ha^-1). Even the minimum dose of neem and karanj cake (@ 0.5 t ha^-1), each separately applied, with supplementary application of N, P, K) could be able to reduce the silver shoot incidence upto appreciably lower level and higher grain yields of 35.90 and 34.20 q ha^-1, respectively. The, rice plant receiving sole nitrogen @ 80 kg ha^-1 through urea had lowest grain yield of rice (22.40 q ha^-1).

1 table, 3 ref

023035   Prasad R;Soren A;Hembrom L;Devendra Prasad (Agricultural Entomology Dep, Birsa Agricultural Univ, Kanke, Ranchi-834 006, Email: rabindraento@yahoo.co.in) : Status of prevailing insect pest fauna associated with transplanted rice in Jharkhand. J Ecofriendly Agric 2018, 13(1), 60-4.

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important staple food crop of India including the state of Jharkhand. The crop is damaged by several insect pests almost throughout the cropping season in its all the growth stages. The occurrence of the pest species takes place in - 327 - succession and also in overlapping manner, in varying intensities. Pest spectrum of the crop changes in time and space. Information on the current status of the real pest problem of rice in the state of Jharkhand is lacking in literature. In view of visualizing and exploring information and reckoning the real pest situation in the rice ecosystem in the state, pest survey and surveillance work was conducted periodically throughout the cropping season from 2010-1015 in different regions of Jharkhand. The results revealed that as many as 17 insect pests belonging to ?o Orders and 8 families were observed to prevail in the rice agro- ecosystem of the state. Termites and white grub were the root feeders for rice crop in general and in case of upland rice ecologies in particular. Green leaf hoppers, brown plant hopper, white backed plant hopper, thrips and mealy bug behaved as sap suckers. Hispa, grass hoppers, case worm, leaf folders and black hairy caterpillar were the leaf eaters and defoliators. Grub of hispa acted as leaf minor. Larvae of yellow stem borer were found to bore the stem both in vegetative and reproductive stages of the crop. Gall midge was able to form shoot gall from central leaf sheath of the crop plant. Ear bug was able to suck the milk from the developing grains of the crop. Based on the extent and level of crop damage, gall midge, yellow stem borer, rice leaf folder, green leaf hopper, ear bug and caseworm could be categorized as mild to major pest. Hispa could be treated as minor to mild pest. Termite and thrips remained as negligible and minor pest. Black hairy caterpillar, mealy bug, white grub, white backed plant hopper and brown plant hopper, attained the status of negligible pest.

2 tables, 5 ref

023034   Prasad R;Hembrom L;Sathi S K;Prasad D (Entomology Dep, Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi-834 006, Email: rabindraraento@yahoo.co.in) : Evaluation of certain chemical and neem based pesticides for their acaricidal efficacy against the red spider mite (Tetrangychus ludeni Zacher) infesting french bean. J Ecofriendly Agric 2017, 12(2), 53-5.

Based on field studies conducted during 2009 and 2010 in spring-summer on acaricidal efficacy of certain chemical and neem based pesticides for management of the red spider mite (Tetranychus ludeni Zacher) infesting french bean (Phaseotus vulgaris L.) it was found that dicofol 18.5 EC @2.50 l ha^-1 proved to be the most effective against the mite. Propargite 57 EC @1.20 l ha^-1 and milbectin 1.0 EC @0.50 l ha^-1 were at par. Among the neem based pesticides, NSKE 5 per cent caused the maximum reduction to the tune of 80.70 per cent in the mite population. Neembecidine (Aza. 0.03%) @ 3.0 l ha^-1, Rakshak Gold (Aza. 1.0%) @ 1.0 l ha^-1, Neemazal (Aza. 0.03%) @ 1.0 l ha^-1, Neemguard (Aza. 0.03%) @3.0 l ha^-1 were at par. Realization of yields of green pods of french bean were also found almost in similar trends as those of reduction in the population of the mite pest (T. ludeni). As such, yield of green pods ranging from, 82.60 to 90.50 q ha^-1 and 75.40 to 80.70 q ha^-1 were obtained through protection provided with chemical and neem based pesticides, respectively. The lowest yield of 60.80 q ha^-1 was obtained from the unprotected crop. Thus, the experimental findings gave rise to certain alternative options to the farmers for effective management of T. ludeni for sustainable cultivation of french bean.

1 table, 8 ref

023033   Prasad R;Hembrom L;Sathi S K;Prasad D (Entomology Dep, Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi-834 008, Email: rabindraento@yahoo.co.in) : Acaricidal efficacy of certain neem based pesticides against the red spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) infesting okra. J Ecofriendly Agric 2017, 12(2), 47-9.

Overall result of two year's experiment conducted during summer, 2008 and 2009 revealed that out of nine neem based treatments, neem seed kernel extract (NSKE) 5 per cent applied as six round of foliar sprays proved to be the most effective in reducing the population of two spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticas Koch) resulting in 88.80 per cent mite pest reduction. All other neem based formulated products almost remained at par in this regards, causing mite pest reduction ranging from 81.00 to 83.60 per cent (Neem Ban) (Rakshak Gold). The highest fruit yield (172.80 q ha^-1) of okra was obtained also in case of NSKE-5 per cent and other neem - 326 - based formulations of pesticides viz. Neembecidine, Achook, Neemark, Neemguard, Rakshak Gold and Uttam Neem remained statistically at par in this regard. Neem Ban and Neemazal appeared to be little inferior to the neem products in terms of yield realization, inspite of their equivalent acaricidal efficacy against T. urticae. So far as the overall efficacy of both neem based and chemical pesticides tested under the experimentation, propargite 57 EC @1.250 ha^-1 proved to the most efficacious against T. urticae infesting okra causing maximum reduction in the mite population to the tune of 81.50, 86.70 and 98.50 per cent recorded at 4,7 and 10 DAA (days after application). The maximum yield of 180.50 q ha^-1 also registered in case of propargite with minimum yield of 124.80 q ha^-1 which was obtained from the unprotected crop. The present findings suggest that NSKE (neem seed kernel extract) 5 per cent being the most effective against the mite pest could have the better place in IPM for eco-friendly management of T. urticae for sustainable cultivation of okra during summer season. Propargite can be used in the extreme situation mite pest incidence.

1 table, 8 ref

023032   Prasad R;Hembrom L;Prasad D (Entomology Dep, Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi-834 006, Email: rabindraento@yahoo.co.in) : Evaluation of acaricidal efficacy of some botanicals and conventional acaricides for management of yellow mite (Polyphagotarsonemus latus Banks) of chilli. J Ecofriendly Agric 2017, 12(2), 50-2.

Chilli (Capsicum annuum Linn.) is one of the important vegetables and spice crops in India. Yellow mite (Polyphagotarsonemus latus Banks) is an important pest, which is responsible for causing loss in yield from 15 to 28 per cent. Based on the mean results of field experiment conducted in the two consecutive years, it was found that need based foliar spray with neem oil proved to be the most effective in management of mite (P. latus) causing upto 71.50 per cent mortality of the pest, which in turn result the highest yield of green chilli (96.80 q ha^-1). However, all the neem based pesticides viz. Multineem, Neembecidine, Neemazal and Neemguard were found significantly effective against the pest causing 67.90 to 69.80 per cent mortality of the pest resulting in appreciably higher yield of green fruits of chilli ranging from 90.60 to 93.60 q ha^-1. Moreover, the chemical acaricide, propargite 57E @2.50 ml l^-1 of water caused the overall maximum mortality of the mite (87.00%) and dicofol 18.50 EC @2.5 ml l^-1 of water remained at par resulting in the overall highest yield of green fruits of chilli viz. 105.60 and 102.70 q ha^-1. The pongamia oil (5 ml l^-1) of water) also gave rise to the appreciable pest killing (68.50%) with higher yields of fruits (92.40 q ha^-1).

1 table, 5 ref

023031   Prasad D;Bareth L S;Chaturvedi D;Keshri A K; Jhingoniya H K (Directorate of Extension Education, S.K. Rajasthan Agricultural Univ, Bikaner, Rajasthan, Email: dpjangir02@gmail.com) : Association between level of knowledge of rice cultivation technology with the selected independent variables. Agric Update 2017, 12(1), 129-32.

The study was conducted in Hanumangarh district of Rajasthan as the district had highest area and production of rice crop as compared to other district of Sri Ganganagar region. Three Panchayat samities were selected from district having highest area under rice crop and demonstrations were conducted under MMA about improved package of practices of rice crop. The Department of Agriculture, Govt. of Rajasthan has conducted demonstration on improved package of practices of rice cultivation technology in these twelve villages under MMA scheme. All the respondents who had participated in demonstration on improved package - 325 - of practices of rice cultivation technology were called as beneficiary. Equal numbers of non- beneficiary farmers, who did not participate in the demonstrations, fromeach selected villages were also selected to make the study comparable. In all 210 respondents were included for the study purpose out of which 50 per cent i.e. 105 were beneficiaries and remaining 105 non-beneficiaries were rice growers. Data were collected by personal interview method. Various statistical measures viz., chi- square test, 'z' test, 't' test and Spearman's rank correlation tests were used for analyzing the data. There was significant association between education, size of land holding, annual income, social participation and sources of information utilized with knowledge level of the farmers. The age, caste, family type and family size of rice growers were non-significantly associated with the knowledge level of the farmers.

1 table, 3 ref

023030   Prasad D;Bareth L S;Chaturvedi D;Chouhan N; Jhingoniya H K (Directorate of Extension Education, S.K. Rajasthan Agricultural Univ, Bikaner, Rajasthan, Email: dpjangir02@gmail.com) : Extent of adoption of improved package of practices of rice cultivation technology by the beneficiary and non-beneficiary farmers in Hanumangarh district of Rajasthan. Agric Update 2017, 12(1), 40-3.

The study was conducted in Hanumangarh district of Rajasthan as the district had highest area and production of rice crop as compared to other district of Sri Ganganagar region. Three Panchayat samities were selected from district having highest area under rice crop and demonstrations were conducted under MMA about improved package of practices of rice crop. The Department of Agriculture, Govt. of Rajasthan has conducted demonstration on improved package of practices of rice cultivation technology in these twelve villages under MMA scheme. All the respondents who had participated in demonstration on improved package of practices of rice cultivation technology were called as beneficiary. Equal numbers of non- beneficiary farmers, who did not participate in the demonstrations, fromeach selected villages were also selected to make the study comparable. In all 210 respondents were included for the study purpose out of which 50 per cent i.e. 105 were beneficiaries and remaining 105 non-beneficiaries were rice growers. Data were collected by personal interview method. Various statistical measures viz., chi- square test, 'z' test, 't' test and spearman's rank correlation tests were used for analyzing the data. The beneficiary farmers possessed more knowledge than the non-beneficiary farmers. There existed similarity in rank assignment pattern and a significant difference in the knowledge level of beneficiary and non-beneficiary farmers.

3 tables, 4 ref

023029   Pradhan S;Moharana S (Agronomy Dep, College of Agriculture, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar-751 003, Email: pradhansaswat17@gmail.com) : Study of growth parameters in organically grown rice-rice sequence. J Ecofriendly Agric 2017, 12(2), 16-21.

A field experiment was carried out at Bhubaneswar during 2013-14. Rice-rice sequence was previously taken same plot. Organic nutrient management expressed significant effect on plant height, number of tillers per hill, effective tillers, root volume per hill, leaf area index (LAI) etc. Plant height was found the highest in treatment receiving - 324 - Dhanicha + FYM + vermicompost (split) in kharif and corresponding treatment receiving FYM + vermicompost (split) in summer (T₅) at 90 DAT (121.90 and 120.08 cm, respectively). Tiller number also followed the same trend (number of tillers per hill at 45 DAT i.e. 30.67 and 30.59 in kharif and summer, respectively in T₅). The conversion of maximum tiller to effective tiller was the maximum for T₅ in kharif (84.87%) and T₆ in summer season (84.34%). At 75 DAT, the root volume per hill was found the highest in T₅ i.e. 86.78 and 86.02 cc, respectively. Highest leaf area index was recorded in the same treatment in kharif and summer at 60 DAT (5.48) and (5.47) respectively.

10 tables, 18 ref

023028   Prabhu R;Manivannan M;Mothilal A;Ibrahim S M (Oilseeds Dep, CPBG, TNAU, Coimbatore-641 003, Email: rajprabhu03@yahoo.com) : Genetic variability studies on yield attributes and foliar disease resistance in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Envir Ecol 2016, 34(4B), 2077-83.

Crosses were made to develop a foliar disease resistant groundnut lines with acceptable pod and kernel traits using CO 7 and two foliar disease resistant parents viz., GPBD 4 and COG 0437, Two BC₁F₁ cross derivatives viz., CO 7 x GPBD 4 and CO 7 x COG 0437 were utilized to study various variability parameters and population distribution for yield and yield attributes in groundnut. Considering the per se performance, both the backcross derivatives registered superiority for the characters viz., number of pods per plant, pod yield per plant and kernel yield per plant. High percentage of PCV, GCV, heritability coupled with high GAM values were recorded by number of pods per plant, pod yield per plant, kernel yield per plant, late leaf spot and rust disease scores in both the backcross populations indicated the presence of additive gene effect and these traits are expected to respond to selection with greater efficiency. Regarding the population distribution, normal frequency distribution and mesokurtosis was observed for almost all the characters in both the crosses and thereby directional selection will effectively improve the per se performance of these traits. Thus, results clearly indicating the presence of wide spectrum of genetic variation suggesting that they merit maximum emphasis in selection for improvement of pod yield and kernel yield coupled with resistance to foliar diseases in groundnut.

2 tables, 32 ref

023027   Poonam;Bawa R;Sharma S S (College of Forestry, Dr YS Parmar Univ of Horticulture and Forestry Nauni, Solan-173 230, Email: poonamwarpa008fty@gmail.com) : Changing economy and livelihood options in cold deserts of Himachal Pradesh, India: Threat to biodiversity. Indian J For 2016, 39(4), 327-33.

The present investigation was conducted in village Goshal, located in Lahaul and Spiti cold desert district of Himachal Pradesh, India during 2010 to 2013, to assess economic gains - 323 - from traditional and present day cash cropping and sustainable harnessing of the limited natural resources and their intricate utilization. We found that the major part of the energy and biomass recycle with in the system through traditional cropping (Barley). We calculated the Input output ratio which for Barley comes out to be 1:1.29, however in case of cash crops (Pea and Potato) the input: output ratio was quite high, for Potato the ratio comes out to be 1:3.47 and for Pea ratio was 1: 2.43 (if labour and FYM cost is added), thus higher than Barley. This is the basic reason for shifting of the farming community from traditional crops to the plantation of cash crops. Thus the present study was undertaken to generate a strong database, not only for estimating the present status of various natural resources but this would also be of great help for researchers working in such harsh areas in other parts of the world, planners and decision makers for drawing interlinked sustainable developmental plans for the area for better socioeconomic status and restricting further desertification.

5 illus, 3 tables, 20 ref

023026   Pooja Rani;Sharma M K;Rani S;Neeraj Kumar; Sharma S K (Soil Science Dep, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar-125 004, Email: sutharpooja.93@gmail.com) : Effect of different saline environments on yield and quality of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.). Ann Agri Bio Res 2017, 22(2), 223-7.

In a screen house experiment, tomato (var. Hisar Arun) seedlings were raised up to maturity in chloride and sulphate dominant saline soils, which had four salinity levels (2, 4, 6 and 8 dS/m) along with control to investigate the effects of salinity on yield and quality of tomato fruits. The experiment was replicated thrice in a completely randomized design and the desired types and levels of salinity were created using chloride and sulphate salts of the Na⁺, Ca⁺ and Mg²⁺. The overall reduction of fresh fruit yield at an EC_e of 2,4,6 and 8 dS/m under Cl^- and SO₄ dominated salinity was 8.1 and 3.4, 26.4 and 16.2, 40.0 and 28.1 and 51.5 and 42.5%, respectively, as compared to non-saline conditions. Thus, there was more than 50% yield reduction at 8 dS/m in chloride salinity. There was a significant increase in total soluble solids (TSS), firmness, ascorbic acid and titratable acidity of tomato fruit with increasing level of salinity due to water and ionic stress created by both the types of salinity. A mild salt stress (up to 6 dS/m) was found beneficial for improving quality of tomato fruits. Chloride dominant condition was found more stressful than sulphate dominant condition for tomato.

6 tables, 22 ref

023025   Polara K B;Ponkia H P;Sakarvadia H L;Vekaria L C;Babariya N B (NO, Junagadh Agricultural Univ, Junagadh-362 001, Email: kbpolara@jau.in) : Effect of multi-micronutrients of fertilizers on yield and micronutrients uptake by okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) - 322 - grown on medium black calcareous soils of saurashtra region of Gujarat. Int J Innovative Hort 2017, 6(1), 57-61.

A field experiment was conducted on Typic Haplusterts soils of Vegetable Research Farm, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh, Gujarat, during 2012-2015 (three years) to study the efficacy of multi-micronutrients formulation mixture fertilizers in improving crop production of okra. The results revealed that the mean green pod (12363 kg ha^-1), stalk (5056 kg ha^-1) and dry pod (1114 kg ha^-1) yields increased significantly due to soil application of FeSO₄ @ 15 kg ha^-1 and ZnSO₄ @ 8 kg ha^-1 as per soil test value (STV), followed by foliar multi-micronutrients supplementation through 1.0% spray of multi-micronutrients mixture having Fe-4.0%, Mn-0.1%, Zn-5.0%, Cu-0.5% and B-0.5 % grade-IV (T₅-for Zn and Fe deficiency) at 45, 60 and 75 days after sowing (DAS). Significantly higher value of internode length (8.2 cm), fruit length (13.6 cm), number of fruits per plant (19.9), plant height (129 cm), fruit girth (6.1 cm) and fruit weight (15.9 g) were also recorded with soil application of FeSO₄ @ 15 kg ha^-1 and ZnSO₄ @ 8 kg ha^-1 as per soil test values (STV). Both the treatments were statistically at par with each other but significantly superior over control. The soil application of multi-micronutrients mixture as per STV or foliar spray 1.0% grade -IV were found beneficial and economical in increasing okra yield.

7 tables, 13 ref

023024   Pisure B L;Deshmukh P R;Kadam R P (Extension Education Dep, College of Agriculture, Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, Email: blpisure11@gmail.com) : Extent of adoption of management practices of deoni cattle and non-descriptive cattle by the rearers. Agric Update 2017, 12(1), 31-9.

The study was conducted purposively in Latur district of the Marathwada region of Maharashtra state. From this district six tahsils were selected. Four villages from each taluka were selected purposively. The total villages for the study were 24. Ten respondents from each village were selected purposively for the study. Comprising 120 respondents of Deoni cattle and 120 respondents of non-descriptive cattle from Latur district were selected. Thus, there were a total of 240 respondents selected for the research study. Ex-post facto research design was adopted in this study. The data were collected with the help of pretested interview schedule. The statistical methods and tests such as frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, co-efficient of correlation, multiple regressions, Z test and path analysis were used for the analysis of data. It was found that more than three fourth (70.00 %) of deoni cattle rearers and two third (66.66 %) of non-descriptive cattle rearers had medium level of overall adoption of different cattle management practices for cattle rearing.

2 illus, 6 tables, 20 ref

023023   Pipliwal S K;Jadeja K B;Sharma A (Plant Pathology Dep, SKRAU, Bikaner-334 006, Email: sp8652@gmail.com) : Effect of different fungicides and phytoextracts on growth inhibition of Alternaria burnsii. Ann agric Res 2017, 38(2), 230-4.

An experiment was conducted on cumin crop and the treatment set of fungicides and phytoextracts were tested for their inhibitory effect on spore germination of Alternaria burnsii causing cumin blight was performed in in vitro condition. In the laboratory screening systemic fungicides, hexaconazole, propiconazole, tebuconazole and non systemic fungicides, mancozeb executed 100 per cent growth inhibition of A. burnsii, the cumin blight pathogen. Among the phytoextracts tested against A. burnsii under in vitro conditions, Turmeric rhizome (70.55%), garlic clove (67.45 %) and ginger rhizome (62.79 %) at 10 per cent proved most effective phytoextracts for growth inhibition of A. burnsii.

2 tables, 10 ref

023022   Phurailatpam S;Sharma J N;Katwal V S;Goyal A (Plant Pathology Dep, College of Horticulture, Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan-173 230, Email: sumitrapathology@gmail.com) : Pathogenesis studies of Marssonina coronaria (Ellis & J.J. Davis) J.J. Davis causing premature leaf fall of apple. Envir Ecol 2016, 34(4B), 2029-31.

Marssonina leaf blotch caused by the fungus Marssonina coronaria (Ellis & J.J. Davis) J.J. Davis causing - 321 - premature leaf fall is one of the major economic constraint which hampers apple production in India. Seven isolates of Marssonina coronaria were isolated and evaluated for their pathogenesis on healthy potted plants on three different cultivars, i.e.e Starking Delicious, Tydeman's Early Worcester and Granny Smith by spraying with conidial suspension harvested from pure culture of the isolate. Pathogenesis studies revealed highest percentage of conidia germination of Marssonina coronaria on the leaves of Starking Delicious and minimum in cultivar Granny Smith cultivar. Shortest incubation and latent periods were recorded in cultivar Starking Delicious and maximum incubation were recorded in cultivar Granny Smith with minimum production of spores per ml ranging showing it to be moderately resistant to all the isolates of Marssonina coronaria included in the study.

3 tables, 6 ref

023021   Phookan D B;Barua S (Horticulture Dep, Assam Agricultural Univ, Jorhat-785 013) : Performance of hybrid cucumber varieties during off season under naturally ventilated polyhouse conditions. J Ecofriendly Agric 2017, 12(1), 95-6.

The experiment, carried out at Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, to evaluate six cucumber F-l hybrids, grown under naturally ventilated polyhouse, for their performance on growth and yield parameters revealed that the hybrid Alisha-F-1 recording the highest yield (5.13 kg plant^-1), fruit weight (249.75 g), fruit volume (260.00 cc) as also as the highest amount of ascorbic acid content (9.80 mg 100^-1) proved the best followed by hybrid 243 Malav F-l in terms of giving next best yield (4.65 kg plant^-1). The hybrid Monorama F-l recorded the highest vine length (3.11 m) and node numbers (24.22 main vine^-1).

^ssc1 table, 4 ref

023020   Pegu J;Dutta P;Bhuyan R P;Das A (Plant Protection Dep, College of Horticulture, Assam Agriculture Univ, Jorhat-785 013, Email: pegujoyarani@gmail.com) : Metarhiziumanisopliae (Metchnikoff) sorokin as an alternative to chemical pesticides against Ondontotermesobesus (Rambur) in the era of organic agriculture. Agric Sci Dig 2017, 37(2), 137-40.

Odontotermesobesus (Rambur) is one of the most destructive termite species to most of the cultivated crops. Against which a bioassay test with Metarhiziumanisopliae (Metchnikoff) Sorokin was conducted in the laboratory at nine different concentrations ranging from 1x10³ to 1x10¹¹ conidia/ml. Three different medium that is termitorium soil, sterilised soil and Whatman No. 1 filter paper based medium were used for the bioassay. Conidial suspension of M. anisopliae when treated to termite on termitorium soil based medium was more pathogenic and could cause highest mortality (83.88%) of the termites with a week. Conidia of the fungus were found to burst out from the host body after 7th day of treatment. Infected termites showed progressive symptoms of sluggishness as compared with control. Mortality of termites showed presence of black melanisation spot on the cuticle.

2 illus, 19 ref

023019   Peerzada O H;Mor V S;Abhinav D;Axay B;Dahiya O S;Pandey V;Anzer U I;Mohammad S R (Seed Science & Technology Section, Genetics & Plant Breeding Dep, CCS, Haryana Agriculture University, Hisar-125 004, Email: ovaishamid786@gmail.com) : Influence of integrated nutrient management on seed quality of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.). Envir Ecol 2016, 34(4B), 2226-30.

The study was carried out during the rabi season of 2013-14 in a randomized block design with seventeen treatment combination to determine the effect of different combinations of organic manures (Viz., FYM and Vermicompost), bio-fertilizers (viz., Rhizobium and PSB) and inorganic fertilizers on the seed quality parameters of fenugreek. Experimental results revealed that the co-inoculation of Rhizobium and PSB along with 75% nitrogen of recommended dose recorded significantly higher test weight (13.65 g), seed density (1.54 g/cc standard germination - 320 - (%) (94.33), seedling length (29.37 cm) and seedling dry weight (mg) (81.97 mg) followed by Rhizobium with 100% nitrogen and PSB with 100% nitrogen. The Electrical Conductivity (71.67 μS cm^-1g^-1) was also recorded less in the treatment Rhizobium + PSB along with 75% nitrogen followed by Rhizobium with 100% nitrogen and PSB with 100% nitrogen. The study highlighted that the slightly reduced dose of inorganic nitrogen was best when applied in combination with bio-fertilizer (Rhizobium + PSB) for improving seed quality in fenugreek as compared to the rest treatments.

1 table, 14 ref

023018   Patra S (Crop Research and Seed Multiplication Farm (CRSMF) Tarabag, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan-713 104, Email: sabya1983@gmail.com) : Response of various seed invigoration treatments in high and medium vigour rice (Oryza sativa L. cv IET-4094) seeds for improved germinability. Crop Res 2017, 52(1-3), 1-3.

Seed invigoration treatment of high-vigour rice seed (1 month old) when tested immediately after treatment with crude plant materials viz., dry red hot chilli fruit powder at 1 g per kg of seed, neem leaf powder at 2 g per kg of seed, bael leaf powder at 2 g per kg of seed, lemon leaf powder at 2 g per kg of seed and chemical viz. mancozeb at 2 g per kg of seed effectively reduced physiological deterioration in storage over control. The same crude plant materials treatment of medium-vigour rice seed (5 months old) when tested immediately after treatment also showed better performance followed by high-vigour seed in respect to germinability. Natural ageing (120 days) studies were also conducted for each vigour status (high and medium) to investigate the storability with ageing treatment. In this case, the same crude plant materials treatment of (high and medium vigour) rice seeds showed improved performance over control in respect to germinability. Among the treatments, crude plant materials viz., dry red hot chilli powder showed better performance in high-vigour seed and lemon leaf powder showed better performance in medium-vigour seed (when both vigour status of seeds tested immediately after treatment) in respect to germinability and after natural ageing of 120 days of each vigour-status (high and medium) of rice seeds, lemon leaf powder particularly showed best performance in germinability (related to germination percentage, mean root length, mean shoot length and vigour index).

2 tables, 11 ref

023017   Patil S S;Kale N M;Mankar D M;Jangwad N P (Extension Education Dep, Post Graduate Institute, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra, Email: nmkale1964@gmail.com ) : Knowledge of the farmers about soil testing techniques and its recommendations in saline soidc track of vidarbha. Agric Update 2016, 11(4), 449-53.

The present study was under taken in Akola, Amravati and Buldana district in Vidarbha region of Maharashtra state. From each selected district one tahsil has been selected purposively where soil is saline or sodic. The selected tahsils are Akola, Daryapur and Shegaon from Akola, Amravati and Buldana districts, respectively. From each tahsil four villages were selected randomly and from each selected village ten farmers were interviewed. Thus, the total 120 respondents were the sample for this study. The objectives of the study were, to study the personal, socio-economic, situational and psychological characteristics of the farmers and to study the knowledge of the respondents about the soil testing techniques and its recommendations in saline sodic track of Vidarbha. The exploratory research design was used for present study. The findings revealed that majority of the respondents were in middle age group, educated upto high school level possessed small land holding (1.01-2.00 ha), having agriculture as main occupation, annual income upto Rs. 50,000, farming experience in between 11 to 20 years, - 319 - medium level of extension contact, they have followed crop rotation on their field, have to travel above 45 km distance from their village to reach soil testing laboratory, followed seasonal cropping pattern, medium level of motivation and low level of innovativeness. Majority of the respondents having medium knowledge level about soil testing techniques and its recommendations. As regards the relational analysis, age, land holding, occupation, farming experience, crop rotation, distance from soil testing lab and cropping pattern was non-significantly corelated with knowledge. Annual income, extension contact and motivation were significantly correlated with knowledge. Whereas, education and innovation was highly significant with knowledge.

2 tables, 5 ref

023016   Pati P;Baliarsingh A;Dash D K;Naik P (AICRP on Rapeseed & Mustard, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Orissa, Email: preetinanda_pati@hotmail.com) : Response of biofertilizer applicaiton in Toria (Brassica rapa var toria). Envir Ecol 2016, 34(4B), 2059-62.

A field experiment was conducted during rabi season of 2010-11 and 2011-12 in sandy loam soils at Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology to study the effect of chemical biofertilizer on the productivity, profitability and quality of Indian rape (Brassica rapa var toria). Seed inoculation with Azotobacter + PSB along with 100% (N+P₂O₅) applied as chemical fertilizer significantly increased the plant height, number of primary and secondary branches plant^-1, number of siliquae plant^-1, 1000 seed weight, seed and stover yield, oil content and oil yield, net return and B-C ratio as compared to control but was at par with Azotobacter + PSB + 75% (N+P₂O₅).

2 tables, 9 ref

023015   Pathan M T;Gaikwad J H (Extension Education Dep, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra) : To study the entrepreneurial behaviour of gerbera growers from Ahmednagar district. Agric Update 2016, 11(4), 430-3.

Gerbera is an exotic/ornamental flower plant grown throughout the world and known as "African Daisy" (or) "Transwal Daisy". This flower originated from Africa and Asian continents and belongs to "Compositae" family. The entrepreneurial behaviour is not necessarily doing new things but also doing things in a new way that has been already done. The present investigation aimed at knowing the entrepreneurial behaviour of gerbera growers in Ahmednagar district of Maharashtra State. So, the exploratory research design was used for the present study. In Ahmednagar district there are three tehsil, of namely Newasa, Rahuri and Rahata will be purposively selected. Thus, in total 12 villages will be selected for the study. Forty respondents from each will be selected form three tehsils, namely: Newasa, Rahata and Rahuri in all 120 respondents will be selected.

7 tables, 3 ref

023014   Pathak M D;Singh A N;Mishra K;Pathak S (NO, Centre for Research and Development of Waste & Marginal Land, B-1, J Road, Mahanagar Extension, Lucknow-226 006, Email: pathakmd1@gmail.com) : Biorejuvination of sodic waste land. J Ecofriendly Agric 2017, 12(2), 1-7.

Soil sodicity has been a major worldwide problem limiting agricultural production. Most of the earlier work carried out to ameliorate these soils primarily included chemical measures. Since, these chemicals are expensive, governments have been subsidizing it. An environment-friendly and inexpensive approach to tackle this problem is to exploit the use of soil sodicity tolerance or resistance in crops. Uttar Pradesh has the largest area under sodic soils in India and large patches of barren sodic waste lands can still be found despite execution of large scale government-supported reclamation programmes. Experiments were conducted in two research farms in Uttar Pradesh to test the potential role of biological reclamation. The results showed that (i) sodic soils, if left undisturbed, get reclaimed by itself, provided no cattle grazing or removal or vegetation from the area takes place, and (ii) there are many tolerant varieties of different crops, which can be grown on these soils and in this process also reclaim the land without any cost. Biorejuvination of sodic waste lands has not been well recognized till now either by the government or the public. Our studies of 17 years proved that lands reclaimed by these methods did not revert back to soil sodicity, as long as agricultural production substantially and not cause environmental contamination.

7 illus, 4 tables, 11 ref

023013   Pathak K;Rahman S W;Bhagawati S;Gogoi B (Biochemistry and Agricultural Chemistry Dep, Assam Agricultural Univ, Jorhat-758 013, Email: khanin_bio@yahoo.in) : Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), an underexploited oil seed crop: Current status, features and importance. Agric Rev 2017, 38(3), 223-7.

Sesame is important oilseed crop of tropical and sub tropical region, renowned for its high oil content (up to 60% oil), hence sesame is known as the king of oil seeds. Sesame seed oil contains 83% - 90% unsaturated fatty acids, 20% proteins and various minor nutrients such as vitamins and minerals, large amount of characteristic lignans, such as sesamin, sesamol, sesamolin and tocopherols. Sesame seeds with high amounts of nutritional components are consumed as a traditional health food for its specific antihypertensive effect, anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activity. Besides food, sesame also finds its uses in application areas such as pharmaceutics, industrial, and as biofuel. Sesame is used as active ingredients in antiseptics, bactericides, viricides, disinfectants, moth repellants, and anti-tubercular agents. In spite of being a good source of "healthy oil" in terms of presence of high amounts of PUFA and high antioxidant content, it is not grown on a large extent due to very poor yields. Therefore, serious efforts are necessary for selecting varieties of good quality and high adaptive potential to the diverse climatic situations. There should be effective strategies adapted to produce climate ready sesame variety using modern biotechnological approach.

^iia49 ref