020181   Praveen N M;Vijayaraghavan R (Plant Pathology Dep, College of Horticulture, Kerala Agricultural Univ, Kerala-680 656, Email: pn40785@gmail.com) : Isolation, characterisation and in vitro management of leaf blight pathogen of gerbera. Int J Sci Nat 2016, 7(4), 848-51.

Gerbera is one of the most demanding cut flower crop which is extensively affected by leaf blight disease throughout the tropical, subtropical and temperate climatic conditions. To study about the disease and disease causing pathogen, a purposive sampling survey has been scheduled in Wayanad district of Kerala during three seasons viz., rainy, winter and summer season. Leaf blight disease was observed during all the three seasons where highest per cent disease incidence of 72.0 and per cent disease severity of 17.3 per cent was recorded. The disease was observed under open field condition where the symptom appeared as small, circular brown necrotic, concentric spots in leaf lamina formed near the margin which later coalesced resulting in withering, extensive drying and shedding of leaves. The disease causing pathogen was isolated and the cultural and morphological studies revealed the identity of the pathogen as Alternaria tenuissima. A. tenuissima appeared in PDA medium as olive-green to black colonies in PDA. Olivaceous to dark brown coloured conidia of 23.86 to 48.69 μm long and 7.34 to 16.32 μm wide with horizontal and vertical septations were observed. In vitro management of A. tenuissima with chemical fungicides led to cent per cent inhibition of the pathogen using carbendazim (12%) + mancozeb (63%) (Saaf), cymoxanil (8%) + mancozeb (64%) (Curzate M-8), triazoles viz., hexaconazole 5EC (Contaf), difenoconazole 25EC (Score) and tebuconazole 250EC (Folicur). Trichoderma viride and Pseudomonas fluorescens while evaluated against the pathogen showed that the fungal antagonist out performed than the bacterial antagonist.

1 table, 14 ref

020180   Prathvi Rani;Ranjan Kumar N (NO, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai-400 061, Email: prithvipa@gmail.com) : Status and competitiveness of fish exports to european union. Fish Technol 2016, 53(1), 69-74.

Fish trade is an important source of foreign exchange for India with total earnings of US$ 5511.12 million in 2014-15. The European Union (EU) is an important market destination for Indian fish and fishery products with a share of 20.08% in value. In this study, an attempt has been made to analyse the status, performance and competitiveness of Indian fish exports to the EU. The study is based on data collected from UNCOMTRADE statistical database of United Nations for the period 2000-2014. Unit Value Realization, Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) and share of individual items in total export, were calculated to measure the performance and comparative advantage. Crustaceans, molluscs, fish frozen/whole, fish chilled/ whole and fish meat /fillets formed the major product composition of Indian exports to the EU. Among fish products exported over the years, crustaceans contributed highest (54.74%) followed by molluscs (40%), frozen fish (2.81%) and fish fillets (2%). The unit value realised was high for live fish (26.24) followed by fish cured and smoked (6.64) and crustaceans (6.6). RCA for total fish exports revealed that India has comparative advantage with RCA more than 1 throughout the period. RCA value for 2014 was 1.55 which is the highest value witnessed since 2000. However, fluctuating RCA is a concern unless it is taken care of by suitable policy measures. Product wise RCA showed that - 361 - India has comparative advantage in exporting molluscs (3.20) and crustaceans (2.6) and comparative disadvantage in exporting frozen fish, fillets, chilled and live fish. The RSCA values showed similar trends as the RCA.

2 illus, 4 tables, 12 ref

020179   Prakash R R;Boopendranath M R;Vinod M (NO, Visakhapatnam Research Centre of ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries, Pandurangapuram, Andhra Univ, P.O., Visakhapatnam-530 003, Email: drraghuprakash@gmail.com) : Performance evaluation of turtle excluder device off Dhamra in Bay of Bengal. Fish Technol 2016, 53(3), 183-9.

Turtles are endangered and protected species under e Indian Wildlife Protection Act 1972. A number of non-target resources, such as sea turtles, are caught during trawling. This study reports the field trials conducted using TED-installed fish trawls in Odisha waters to evaluate the efficacy of TED. The incidence of sea turtles was one for every 15 hauls and the turtle excluder device (CIFT-TED) showed 100% exclusion for the sea turtle entering the trawl system. The exclusion rates were 2.5% for the total catch and 2.7% for the shrimp. Twenty eight species of finfish were encountered during the trials of which 17 were represented in the excluded portion of the catch.

5 illus, 2 tables, 20 ref

020178   Peter S;Agnes F;Sreeparvathy P;Pillai D;Manoj Kumar B (NO, Kerala Univ of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Panangad, Cochin-682 506, Email: manojkumarbnair@yahoo.com) : Noctiluca scintillans (Macartney) kofoid and swezy bloom and its impact on the coastal water quality off alappuzha, Arabian sea. Fish Technol 2016, 53(1), 82-5.

^ssc1 illus, 1 table, 24 ref

020177   Pavithra B S;Krishnareddy M;Rangaswamy K T (Plant Pathology Dep, Univ of agricultural sciences, GKVK, Bangalore-560 065, Email: pavithrabs24@gmail.com) : Detection and partial characterization of groundnut bud Necrosis virus in chilli. Int J Sci Nat 2016, 7(4), 843-7.

Plants showing chlorotic and necrotic concentric ring spot on leaves of chilli were collected from field. After mechanical inoculation on a local lesion host such as cowpea, a host range test was performed. The virus induced chlorotic local lesions in Chenopodium amaranticolor, necrotic local lesions followed by systemic necrosis in four Nicotiana species and leaf distortion in Datura stramonium, and necrotic local leasions in Ipomoea marginata and Petunia hybrid 4-5 days after inoculation. Arachis hyopogaea, Phaseolus vulgaris, Dolichos lablab, Glycine max, Pisum sativa, Citrullus lanatus, Solanum tuberosum and Tagetes spp showed systemic symptoms like mosaic with chlorotic ring spot yellowing and bud necrosis symptoms. DAC-ELISA was performed to all infected plants including chilli samples shows positive reaction to the GBNV antisera. Electron microscopic observations of ultra thin sections from infected chilli leaves showed the presence of spherical, membrane-bound particles of typical tospovirus species. RT-PCR was performed after total RNA extraction from infected chilli leaves. A fragment of approximately - 360 - 0.8kbp corresponding to the N gene was amplified, cloned and sequenced. The nucleotide and amino acid sequence of N protein from the chilli isolates had highest identity of 94.5% to 98.7% with the reported GBNV isolates of cowpea (JX843805), groundnut (U27809) and mungbean (AY871098).

1 illus, 23 ref

020176   Pavan R;Gangappa E;Ramesh S;Mohan Rao A; Shailaja H (Genetics and Plant Breeding Dep, Univ of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore-560 065, Email: pavan_55agri@rediffmail.com) : Detection of epistasis through triple test cross (TTC) analysis in maize (Zea mays L.). J appl nat Sci 2017, 9(4), 2496-501.

The present study was carried out to detect the epistasis present in two cross of maize through triple test cross (TTC) analysis. The mean squares due to total epistasis was highly significant at P≤0.01 for all the characters in both C-I and C-II, except for ear length in C-I. The i type of epistasis was highly significant for the traits such as days totasseling, days to silking, earlength, ear circumference, kernels row^-1,100 grain weight and shelling percentage in C-I and in C-II, 'i' type was non-significant for ASI, ear length, kernels row^-1 and grain yield plot^-1. Both j type and l type of epistasis were significant for all characters in both C-I and C-II, except for ear length in C-I and days to silking in C-II. The estimate of additive genetic component (D) was highly significant for all characters in both C-I and C-II. Epistasis played a significant role in the inheritance of all the characters in both C-I and C-II except for ear length in C-I. Both additive and dominance components of genetic variance with a predominance of dominance genetic variance played an important role in the inheritance of all the quantitative traits except ear length in C-I and kernel rows ear^-1 in C-II.

4 tables, 17 ref

020175   Paul P;Ghosh B C (Dairy Technology Dep, Southern Regional Station, National Dairy Research Institute, Adugodi, Bengaluru-560 030, Email: preetipaul.079@gmail.com) : Enrichment of Lassi by incorporation of peptides from whey protein concentrate. J appl nat Sci 2017, 9(4), 2391-9.

Lassi is a refreshing beverage which is widely consumed throughout our country by people of all age groups. It is a reservoir of nutrients which are easily assimilable by the human body. The current study was initiated to increase functionality of Lassi by incorporation of hydrolyzed whey proteins. A solution of 10% whey protein was hydrolyzed to 7% degree of hydrolysis (DH) using Flavorzyme at 50 °C for 30 min. using 1:25 enzyme: substrate ratio. Calculated amount of cream and lactic acid were added to the hydrolyzate to bring the desired fat content and pH levels to that of Dahi. It was found that the hydrolyzate could be incorporated at 40% v/v level in Dahi without causing any adverse effect on the sensory attributes of Lassi. It was found that addition of sugar @15% (w/w) of Lassi gave acceptable quality product. The average composition of optimized product was - 23.04% TS, 3.78% protein, 2.33% fat, 0.49% ash and 16.5% total carbohydrates. - 359 - The average composition of control Lassi was - 22.8% TS, 1.77% protein, 2.10% fat, 0.49% ash and 18.44% total carbohydrate. The presence of low molecular weight peptides in the optimized product using Tricine SDS-PAGE was confirmed. Enriched Lassi was found to have 79.67% ACE inhibitory activity as opposed to 42.17% activity in control sample. It was found that non-thermized enriched Lassi sample had a shelf life of 9 days at 5±2 °C compared to 14 days for thermized sample.

9 illus, 7 tables, 24 ref

020174   Pathania R;Shekhar J;Rana S S;Sharma S (Agronomy Dep, Forages and Grassland Management, Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Prad, Palampur-176 083, Email: ranu44raone@gmail.com) : Assessment of physiological indices and energetics under different system of rice intensification in north western himalayas. J appl nat Sci 2017, 9(4), 2372-6.

Field experiment was conducted at the research farm of CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Rice and Wheat Research Centre, Malan during kharif 2013 with the objective to select the best seedling age and spacing of rice under system of rice intensification in terms of energetic and employment generation for mid hill con-dition of Himachal Pradesh. The experiment was laid out in 3 times replicated split plot design, assigning of three seedling ages (10, 17 and 24 days) and two spacings (20 cm x 20 cm and 20 cm x 15 cm) in main plots and four seedling vigours corresponding to four seeding rates (25, 30, 35 and 40 g/m²) in sub plots. The leaf area per plant was significantly greater in 10 days seedling age and decreased with increase in age (P=0.05). Seedling rate did not affect leaf area index in all stages except 40 DAS when 35 g/m² seeding rate had maximum LAI. Seedling age did not significantly influence crop growth rate at any interval but it did relative growth rate and net assimilation rate between 40-70 and 70-100 DAS (P=0.05). 24 days old seedling resulted in significantly higher relative growth rate and net assimilation rate between 40-70 DAS followed by 17 days old seedlings. Maximum value of energy input (13.23) was recorded in 24 days seedling. The energy use efficiency (Energy output: input) varied from 10.6 to 11.1 under different treatments. Wider spacing supporting less plant population consumed 10 man days less than closer spac-ing of 20 cm x 15 cm.

3 tables, 13 ref

020173   Patel D B;Singh N K;Patel D J;Kamaniya R (Plant Nematology Dep, C.P. College of Agriculture, S.D. Agricultural Univ, Sardarkrushinagar-385 506, Email: davabhai@yahoo.com) : Occurrence of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica on olive (Olea europaea L.) plantation in India. Indian J Nematol 2016, 46(2), 176.

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020172   Patel A M;Patel D K;Patel C J;Shah S K (Castor-Mustard Research Station, S.D. Agricultural Univ, Sardarkrushinagar-385 506) : Exploitation of heterosis for quantitative and qualitative characters in castor (Ricinus communis L.). Gujarat Agric Univ Res J 2017, 42(2), 73-8.

A study was conducted in Castor (Ricinus communis L.) at Castor-Mustard Research Station, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar (Gujarat) to assess the extent of heterosis for ten characters including seed yield per plant. Six lines and Seven testers were crossed in line x tester mating design to develop 42 F₁ hybrids. The analysis of variance was found significant for all the character suggesting the presence of considerable amount of variability among the parents and hybrids for seed yield per plant, important yield components and oil content. A perusal of mean values revealed that the parent SKP 84 had the highest seed yield per plant, whereas among the all hybrids, SKP 84 x SKI 357, SKP 106 x SKI 342 and SKP 42 x SKI 357 registered the highest seed yield per plant. In the present study, extent of heterosis varied from cross to cross for all the traits. The cross JP 96 x SKI 350 recorded the highest heterosis for seed yield per plant (46.18%) over check variety GCH 7 Followed by JP 96 x SKI 342 (35.44%) and SKP 84 x SKI 350 (26.60%), for 100 seed weight cross SKP 42 x SKI 349 (12.50%) recorded highest heterosis and cross SKP106 x SKI 357 (8.61%) recorded highest oil content.

2 tables, 13 ref

020171   Parmar D J;Patel J S;Motka G N;Patel S G (Agricultural Statistics Dep, B.A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural Univ, Anand-388 110) : AMMI analysis of rice yield trials (Oryza sativa L.). Gujarat Agric Univ Res J 2017, 42(2), 90-7.

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the world's most important staple cereal food crop growing in at - 357 - least 114 countries under diverse conditions such as irrigated, rainfed lowland, rainfed upland and flood prone ecosystems. The considerable variation in environment has resulted in significant variation in the yield performance of rice genotypes. Thus, genotype x environment interaction (GEI) is an important issue faced by the plant breeders and agronomists. There are different approaches for studying GEI i.e. parametric, non-parametric and multivariate statistical methods. The objective of the present investigation was to analyze the pattern of genotype x environment interaction (GEI) for grain yield of 21 rice genotypes by Additive Main effect and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) model using the data generated from the four different locations (Nawagam, Vyara, Dabhoi and Thasra) of Gujarat state, India. The results revealed that the genotypes (G), environments (E) and genotypes x environments interaction (GEI) were highly significant and contributed 7.8, 80.1 and 12.1 percent of trial variation, respectively. The partitioning of GEI variation into principal component axis indicated that the first two axis were found significant and contributed 63.13 and 27.97 per cent, respectively to the GEI variance. The genotypes viz. NWGR-3199 was winner and high yielding for Dabhoi and Thasra locations, IETY-19132 for vyara location and IET-19143for Nawagam location. Genotypes NWGR-3026, NWGR-3006, IET-19147 and IET-19160 were close to the origin in biplot and hence, they were non-sensitive to environmental interactive forces. Therefore, they possess general adaptation due to better mean grain yield. Nawagam environment was high yielding potential location, whereas Vyara, Dabhoi and Thasra were observed low yielding environments. According to AMMI Stability Value (ASV), W_i(Ammi) and ASTAB, Genotypes NWGR-3026, IET-19147 and NWGR-3006 were found stable whereas genotypes IET-19132 and IET-19143 were unstable.

2 illus, 3 tables, 18 ref

020170   Pant P K;Shri Ram;Mishra A (Soil Science Dep, College of agriculture, G.B. Pant Univ of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar-263 145, Email: pwnpant5@gmail.com) : Sequential extraction of different pools of phosphorus in alluvial and acid soils of Uttarakhand. J appl nat Sci 2017, 9(4), 2280-4.

The sequencing and availability of inorganic and organic fractions of phosphorus at different days interval in two soils after the fertilizer (SSP) application was the objective of this investigation. The study helped to obtain the sequence of dominating pool of phosphorus at different days intervals and the rate of release in the soil. This sequential fractionation was used for two native soils i) Alluvial soil and ii) Acidic soil, with 0 to 80 ppm SSP/ 100 gm soil added in a pot experiment and the soil samples were analyzed at different days intervals started from 5 days to 60 days. The result revealed that amount of maximum total P fell in the range from 325.14 to 387.30 mg kg^-1 and 284.60 to 330.25 mg kg^-1 for alluvial soil and acid soil, respectively up to 30 days. In case of inorganic P fractions under alluvial soil the dominating species were like Ca-P <62> Fe-P <62> Al-P <62>Saloid-P, while under acidic soil the following order Fe-P <62> Al-P <62> Ca-P <62> Saloid-P was observed. These two observations also drew the concentration of organic-P fractions in soil. The work concluded that the availability of dominant phosphorus fraction up to 30 days received the maximum Ca-P concentration in alluvial soil and Fe-P up to 60 days in acidic soils, respectively.

6 illus, 2 tables, 20 ref

020169   Panotra N;Ashwani Kumar;Singh O P (NO, Sher-e-Kashmir Univ of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, Jammu & Kashmir, Email: dr.narinderpanotra@gmail.com) : Impact of different levels of fertilizer on growth and yield of indian mustard (Brassica juncea Coss) under irrigated condition of western U.P.. Int J Sci Nat 2016, 7(4), 802-4.

Investigation was carried out to study the impact of different levels of fertilizer on growth parameter and yield of Indian mustard under irrigated conditions of western U.P at the research farm, Janta Vedic College Baraut, Baghpat during the rabi 2002 and 2003. Among the different levels of treatments applied then the application of Nitrogen @ 100 kg/ha or Phosphorus @ 80 kg/ha increase growth parameters and yield than other treatments in comparison, there by resulting significant increase in growth and yield attributes viz. plant height, no. of branches/plant, dry matter accumulation, no. of siliquae/plant and seeds/ siliquae, seed (15.94 to16.58 q/ha) and straw yield of Indian mustard. Application of Nitrogen @ 100 kg/ha or Phosphorus @ 80 kg/ha increased the yield of Indian mustard significantly over other treatments, besides realised at B: C. ratio of 2.34 to 2.36. The highest gross returns Rs 25450 and 25555 per hectare and highest net returns of Rs 14551 and Rs 14731 per hectare was recorded with Nitrogen @ 100 kg/ha or Phosphorus @ 80 kg/ha

2 illus, 3 tables, 5 ref

020168   Pandey T D;Tiwari R B;Verma S;Chaure N K (Agronomy Dep, I.G.K.V., TCB, College of Agriculture & Research Station, Bilaspur-495 001, Email: tdp1963@rediffmail.com) : Evaluation of suitable rice (Oryza sativa L.) based cropping system to enhance cropping intensity and profitability in Chhattisgarh plain. Int J agric statist Sci 2017, 13(2), 673-6.

Field experiment was conducted during 2009-10 & 2010-11 at Research Farm of TCB College of Agriculture and Research Station, Bilaspur to assess the suitable rice based cropping system under irrigated, agro-climatic conditions of Chhattisgarh plain. The highest total mean productivity REGY (17.4 t/ha) & net return (Rs. 96.1 & 131.7/ha) were obtained under rice-potato-okra system, which was superior over other cropping sequence examined. Rice -potato- okra and rice-wheat-moong cropping sequences required same amount of water ( 90cm), however, rice-potato-okra had the highest water use efficiency (200.75kg/ha-cm) and most preferable in terms of providing employment with highest employment generation efficiency (105.47%) in comparison to other crop sequences. Rice-wheat-moong cropping sequence showed the highest diversity index of 5.5, whereas lowest value (2.51) recovered with rice-potato-sesame.

2 tables, 6 ref

020167   Pandey S;Tewari G S;Singh J;Rajpurohit D; Gopal Kumar (NO, Punjab Agricultural Univ, Ludhiana, Punjab, Email: gkcswerti@gmail.com) : Efficacy of mulches on soil modifications, growth, production and quality of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.). Int J Sci Nat 2016, 7(4), 813-20.

A field experiment using different kinds of mulch materials viz. No mulch (M₀), Rice husk (M₁), White polythene (M₂) and Black polythene (M₃) was conducted on medium to deep black soil at Jhalawar Rajasthan to observe their effect on the soil physicochemical changes and on growth, production and quality of strawberry. Highest increase in soil temperature to the tune of 1 to 6° C was recorded under black polythene mulch. Black as well as white polythene mulch was almost equally effective in conserving soil moisture which was higher by 1 to 3.5% as compared to no mulch. Rice husk mulch were effective in increasing soil organic matter, available nitrogen and water holding capacity as maximum value of OC (0.59%), Available N (424.5 kg/ha),) and WHC (46.4%) was observed under rice husk mulch. Maximum plant E-W spread (45.4cm) and N-S spread (45.6cm), biomass (55.1 g), total chlorophyll content (3.3 mgg^-1), root biomass (7.3 g) root volume (45.6 cc), root length (28.2 cm), fruit length (54.0 mm), fruit width (42.6 mm), average fresh fruit weight (36.7 g) number of fruits/plant (33.6), yield/plant (536.6 g), juice percentage (96.1%), total sugar (5.2%), reducing sugar (4.1%) sugar, vitamin C (52.5 mg100g^-1), anthocyanin content (38.9 mg100g^-1) and minimum titratibility acidity (1.66%) was observed in black polythene mulch. Maximum number of leaves (97.4) and highest chlorophyll (3.3 mg g^-1) content at the time of harvest was observed in case of white polythene mulch. The use of black polythene mulch is therefore recommended as improved practices in strawberry cultivation on soil and climatic condition similar to jhalawar district Rajasthan.

1 illus, 3 tables, 58 ref

020166   Panda R;Sarat Chandra A;Ghorpade P P;Chopade S S;Kodape A H;Siddiqui M B A (Livestock Production Management Dep, Bombay Veterinary College, Goregaon (E), Mumbai, Maharashtra, Email: rameswar.panda8@gmail.com) : Study on rumination and resting behaviour of osmanabadi kids housed in katcha housing system under different floor space. Int J Sci Nat 2016, 7(4), 737-9.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different floor space on rumination and resting behaviour of Osmanabadi kids. Eighteen Osmanabadi castrated kids with an initial average body weight (BW) of 6.80 kg at 3-4 months old age (after weaning) were used in this experiment. There were three different floor space provision of 0.8, 0.7 and 0.6m² in three experimental groups (T₀, T₁ and T₃ respectively) with the same managemental conditions. The behaviours were observed using continuous focal sampling method and measured as minutes/4hr/week. The results indicated that the lying period under the category of resting behaviour and rumination duration were significantly (P<60>0.05) higher with increasing floor space, In conclusion, floor space provision as managerial practice in goats has effects on resting and rumination behaviour, where more floor space is favourable to the goats.

1 table, 17 ref

020165   Panchbhaiya A;Singh D K;Jatav V;Mallesh S; Verma P (Vegetable Science Dep, College of Agriculture, G.B. Pant Univ of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar-263 145, Email: anki38423@gmail.com) : Studies on variability, hertability and genetic advance for yield and yield contributing characters in french bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) germplasm under tarai region of Uttarakhand. J appl nat Sci 2017, 9(4), 1926-30.

Seventy four French bean germplasms were evaluated for twenty two quantitative traits to study the genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance during Jan-Feb in G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar. Significant differences were observed among all genotypes. Higher genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variability were observed for plant height, seed yield per plant, pod yield per plant, pod yield per hectare, number of pods per cluster, number of pods per plant and 100 seed weight (42.45% and 43.30%, 39.72% and 42.34%, 27.59% and 32.12%, 27.59% and 32.12%, 25.01% and 28.14%, 24.56% and 26.76% and 22.65% and 22.96% respectively). High heritability coupled with high genetic advance over mean were observed for plant height, seed yield per plant, pod yield per plant, pod yield per hectare, number of pods per plant, 100 seed weight, number of pods per cluster, leaf length, single pod weight, pod diameter, pod length, number of pod clusters per plant, leaf width, seed length, number of seeds per pod and seed width (96.34% and 85.73%, 88.03% and 76.77%, 73.80% and 48.83%, 73.80% and 48.83%, 84.20% and 46.42%, 97.34% and 46.04%, 45.78% and 78.96%, 38.88% and 89.58%, 38.21% and 92.70%, 92.69% and 35.45%, 90.13% and 34.48%, 32.47% and 79.39%, 28.03% and 79.60%, 26.92% and 99.04%, 56.27% and 24.85%, and 97.82% and 24.01% respectively) indicate predominance additive gene action. Thus, there is ample scope for improving these characters through direct selection.

3 tables, 20 ref

020164   Palazzolo E;Saiano F;Laudicina V A;Gargano M L;Venturella G (Agricultural Forest Sciences Dep, Palermo Univ, Palermo, Italy, Email: filippo.saiano@unipa.it) : Volatile organic compounds in wild fungi from mediterranean forest ecosystems. J essential Oil Res 2017, 29(5), 385-90.

Head Space-Solid Phase Micro Extraction (HS-SPME) extractions and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis allowed the identification of 72 different compounds isolated from 7 different wild inedible fungi collected in Mediterranean forest ecosystems. The VOCs reported in this study, including a total of 5 esters, 17 alcohols, 14 aldehydes, 9 ketones, 18 terpenes and 9 other compounds, have been never characterized before for Tricholoma ustaloides, - 354 - Hygrophorus cossus, Russula foetens and Mycena pura.

1 illus, 2 tables, 38 ref

020163   Nizar M A;Dikshit N;Sivaraj N;Chand D (NO, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, Regional Station, Dr. PDKV Campus, Akola-444 104, Email: dikshitn@gmail.com) : Diversity analysis in grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) germplasm in India using DIVA-GIS approach. Int J agric statist Sci 2017, 13(2), 473-82.

Eighty two accessions of indigenous grass pea germplasm belonging to seven Indian states viz., Maharashtra (69), Bihar (4), West Bengal (4), Himachal Pradesh (2), Gujarat (1), Odisha (1) and Madhya Pradesh (1) were used for diversity analysis using DIVA-GIS. Morphological variability was observed in qualitative traits such as leaf size (small/medium), plant colour (light green/dark green), pod pigmentation (green/ pigmented) and seed coat colour (greyish white/yellow white /grey/ grey mottle). Variation was observed in number of primary branches per plant (3.4- 7.6), number of seeds per pod (2.25-5.00) and 100 seed weight (3.68-8.53g) with moderate coefficient of variation. Pearson correlation coefficient indicated that the trait plant height negatively correlated with days to flowering (p-value = 0.0001) and seed weight demonstrated positive and significant correlation with days to maturity (p value <60> 0.0001). High Shannon diversity index value of 2.5-4.0, 1.12-2.0, 2.16-3.00 and 2.4-4.0 recorded for the traits plant height, maturity, pod length and test seed weight respectively for the grass pea accessions sourced from Maharashtra state followed by West Bengal. The Ward's minimum variance dendogram generated for the quantitative traits indicated that the presence of two major groups at 0.55 Euclidean distances (Semi-partial R-squared value). Potential areas for germplasm collection for specific traits viz., plant height, test seed weight, number of primary branches and number of seeds per pod were identified using DIVA-GIS analysis. Based on GIS analyses, suitable conservation strategies for grass pea genetic resources have also been explained.

4 illus, 2 tables, 17 ref

020162   Nisha M S;Sheela M S (Entomology Dep, Kerala Agricultural Univ, College of Agriculture, Vellayani-695 522, Email: drnishams@gmail.com) : Effect of fungal egg parasite, Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom.) samson on Meloidogyne incognita in brinjal. Indian J Nematol 2016, 46(2), 157-9.

^ssc1 table, 8 ref

020161   Nguyen T X;Winger P D (Fisheries and Marine Institute, Memorial Univ of Newfoundland, P.O. Box 4920, St. John's, NL, A1C 5R3, Canada, Email: truong.nguyen@mi.mun.ca) : Numerical modeling - a comparison of different methods for simulating bottom trawls. Fish Technol 2016, 53(1), 9-29.

Bottom trawls are fishing systems that are towed behind vessels for the purpose of catching fish and shellfish for commercial and scientific purposes. The dynamic behaviour of a bottom trawl is largely affected by its design, construction, rigging as well as the hydrodynamic and frictional forces experienced while towing along the seabed. Numerical modeling of bottom trawls is essential for understanding and predicting trawl geometry, resistance and downward forces on the seabed under different conditions. Currently, the market offers a number of trawl simulation software packages. Some have powerful features while others provide basic features for numerical modeling and simulation. In this study, we present an objective evaluation of three widely used trawl simulation software packages: DynamiT, SimuTrawl, and Trawl Vision PRO. A - 353 - detailed overview of each trawl simulation software, as well as an evaluation of their design and simulation capabilities and reliabilities are dis-cussed. This study provides valuable knowledge for fishing companies, trawl designers, net makers, researchers and educators who use numerical modeling methods for simulating bottom trawls.

8 illus, 4 tables, 39 ref

020160   Negi A;Sharma R;Shukla N;Modak S K;Negi M; Kabdwal B C (Plant Pathology Dep, College of Agriculture, G.B. Pant Univ of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar-263 145, Email: archanagbpuat.patho@gmail.com) : Mycotoxin management through transformations. J appl nat Sci 2017, 9(4), 2214-20.

Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolic products of various fungi, mainly belonging to the genera Fusarium (Trichothecenes, Zearalenone), Aspergillus (Aflatoxin) and Penicillium (Ochratoxin) and can be found in almost 25% of the world's agricultural commodities. These compounds are toxic to humans, animals and plants and therefore, efforts should be made to avoid mycotoxin contamination in food and feed. It has been estimated that at least 300 of these fungal metabolites are potentially toxic to animals and humans. In India 50% losses of agricultural commodities are due to postharvest losses. A number of physical and chemical approaches have already been taken to reduce the effect of mycotoxins, but due to certain limitations of physical and chemical strategies prompted search for other solutions to the mycotoxin hazards. Thus, there is an increasing public pressure for a safer and eco-friendly alternative to control these organisms. Consequently, a new approach is applied for managing mycotoxins through transformations that offer specific, efficient and eco-friendly way for detoxification of mycotoxins. This review aims to brings about the up-to-date management strategies mainly through transformation (genetic and bio) to pre-vent or reduce post harvest damages to the crops caused by storage fungi and the contamination of food and feed by mycotoxins. It will make aware of the new technologies or management methods for mycotoxins through transformation. The transformation methods may become the technology of choice, as they offer a specific, irreversible, efficient and environment friendly way of detoxification that leaves neither toxic residues nor any undesirable by-products.

^iia5 tables, 28 ref

020159   Navaneethan R;Vimaladevi S;Ajeesh Kumar K K; Anandan R;Niladri S C;Asha K K;Mathew S (NO, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, P.O Matsyapuri, Cochin-682 029, Email: hramandan@refiffmail.com) : Profiling of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids of myctophid fish species available in Arabian sea. Fish Technol 2016, 53(1), 55-8.

Nutritional database on omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids profile of myctophid fish species from Arabian Sea is relatively scanty. In this study, the omega-3 fatty acids [docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)] profile of four myctophid species of fishes (Benthosema pterotum, Benthosema fibulatum, Diaphus jenseni, Myctophum spinosum) caught from Arabian Sea was compared with commerson's anchovy (Stolephorus commersonii) to evaluate their nutritional quality for human health benefits. The protein content of myctophid fishes ranged between 19.36% for Myctophum spinosum to 13.74% for Benthosema pterotum. Total fat (3.64%) and moisture content (81.03%) were high in Benthosema pterotum (3.64%). Stolephorus commersonii was found to have higher ash content (3.23%). Myctophid omega-3 PUFA profile is comparable to Commenrson's anchovy fatty acid composition. Presence of higher DHA - 352 - content in M. spinosum (20.2%), B. pterotum (17.48%) was comparable to edible S. commersonii (16.9%) emphasizes that these underutilized non-edible myctophids may be considered as a potential nutrient resource of omega-3 PUFA especially DHA for the formulation of nutraceuticals, cosmetics and animal feeds.

1 illus, 3 tables, 20 ref

020158   Nair V R;Pravin P;Gopal N;Rao N H (NO, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, P.O. Matsyapuri, Cochin-682 029, Email: vrnair08@gmail.com) : 3D visualization of reservoir and its applications in fisheries: a GIS perspective. Fish Technol 2016, 53(1), 75-81.

Reservoirs are water bodies created using a dam for storage of water. Natural process like erosion in the catchment area and the consequent deposition in various parts of reservoir gradually reduce the capacity of the reservoir. This silt deposition from the upland and surrounding areas poses a threat to the aquatic environment in general and fisheries in particular. Information about the quantity of the silt and the consequent reduction in the capacity of the reservoir is necessary for planning and operational purposes and the same can be estimated through scientific capacity surveys. It is also essential to identify the geomorphological characteristics of the bathymetric area of the reservoir for management of fisheries. This article reviews the research works carried out for development of three dimensional visualization of reservoirs in GIS platform for sustainable fishery management.

3 illus, 16 ref

020157   Nain S;Beniwal B S;Dalal R P S;Sheoran S (Horiculture Dep, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar-125 004, Email: sheenanain132@gmail.com) : Effect of pinching and spacing on growth, flowering and yield of african marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) under semi-arid conditions of Haryana. J appl nat Sci 2017, 9(4), 2073-8.

The present study was conducted at experimental orchard of Department of Horticulture, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar (Haryana), India with a view to optimize pinching time and spacing in African marigold for achieving better growth, flowering and yield. Design of the experiment was factorial Randomized Block Design with three replications. Experiment comprises of two levels of pinching (no pinching & pinching at 28 DAT i.e. Days After Transplanting) and three levels of spacing (40 x 40 cm, 40 x 30 cm & 30 x 30 cm) in all possible combinations. Maximum number of branches/plant (12.11), plant spread (63.59 cm), fresh - 351 - weight of plant (358.79 g), number of buds/plant, duration of flowering (53.95 days), number of flowers/plant (54.54), stalk length and flower yield/plant (403.68 g) and flower yield/hectare (33.33 t) were significantly recorded in plants pinched at 28 DAT at 5% level of significance, whereas, maximum plant height (73.52 cm), flower diameter (6.38 cm), fresh weight of flower (8.93 g) was obtained in un-pinched plants. In case of spacing, maximum plant spread (64.01 cm), primary branches/plant (11.42), fresh weight of plant (370.20 g), number of buds/plant, number of flowers/plant (51.43), duration of flowering (53.98 days), flower diameter (6.42 cm), fresh weight of flower (9.03 g), flower yield/plant (460.42 g) was recorded at 40 x 40 cm, whereas, maximum plant height (71.76 cm), stalk length, flower yield/hectare (36.34 t) was observed with 30 x 30 cm. Results revealed that plants pinched at 28 DAT with widest spacing (40 x 40 cm) were found best for better growth, flowering and yield of African marigold.

2 tables, 18 ref

020156   Naief M F (Basic science Div, Baghdad Univ, college of agriculture, Baghdad, Iraq, Email: faiad78@gmail.com) : Kinetic and thermodynamic studies for oxidation of carminic acid by hydrogen peroxide. Int J Sci Nat 2017, 8(1), 149-53.

Kinetics and thermodynamics studies for oxidation of carminic acid (CA) by hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) were investigated. The oxidation process was carried out under pseudo first order for both of CA and H₂O₂ at different temperatures (293, 298, 303, 308 and 313 k) and different dielectric constant by using 0, 20, 40 and 60% ethanol-water solvent. The optimum pH for oxidation was 5. Thermodynamics parameters like enthalpy, entropy, activation energy and Gibbs free energy for all temperatures and dielectric constants were calculated according to Eyring equation. Thermodynamics values found to be increased as the dielectric constant decrease. Second and pseudo first order rate constants found to be decreased as the dielectric constant increase and as the temperature increase. All thermodynamic parameters except Gibbs free energy possess negative values, which is mean the reaction is exothermic and the products is more stable than the reactants as long as the entropy for reactions have high negative values.

9 illus, 6 tables, 21 ref

020155   Nagori A;Zynudheen A A;Ravi Shankar C N (NO, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, P.O. Matsyapuri, Cochin-628 029, Email: talktoankur411@gmail.com) : Solar PV based chilled storage system for preservation of fresh fish. Fish Technol 2016, 53(1), 86-8.

^ssc2 illus, 1 table, 6 ref

020154   Murugadas V;Joseph T C;Lalitha K V (NO, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, P. O. Matsyapuri, Cochin-682 029, Email: murugadascift81@gmail.com) : Antibiotic resistance pattern of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from seafood. Fish Technol 2016, 53(3), 232-7.

Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogen known to cause hospital, community acquired and foodborne illness with varying susceptibility to antibiotics. The selective pressure due to the use of antibiotics along with horizontal and vertical gene transfer has resulted in the evolution of multidrug resistant S. aureus. The purpose of the study - 350 - was to determine the antibiotic resistance pattern in S. aureus isolated from seafood of Kerala, India. One hundred and thirty three S. aureus isolates obtained during 2012 to 2015 were included in this study. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed with a set of 20 antibiotics representing eleven classes of antibiotics by standard disk diffusion assay. The study revealed that 90.9% of the S. aureus. isolates were resistant to at least one class of antibiotics. Resistance was found among 33.8, 27.8, 17.3, 6.8, 3.8, 0.7 and 0.7% isolates to one, two, three, four, five, six and eight classes of antibiotics respectively. Multidrug resistance was found in 29.3% of the S. aureus isolates with resistance to antibiotics ranging from 3 to 8 classes of antibiotics. The study reveals that S. aureus isolates were sensitive to aminoglycosides and phenicols.

2 illus, 1 table, 34 ref

020153   Murthy L N;Padiyar P A;Rao B M;Asha K K;Jesmi D;Girija P G;Prasad M M;Ravishankar C N (NO, Mumbai Research Center of Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, CIDCO, Admin Bldg, Sector-1, Vashi, Navi Mumbai-400 703, Email: drlnmurthy@gmail.com) : Nutritional profile and heavy metal content of cultured milkfish (Chanos chanos). Fish Technol 2016, 53(3), 245-9.

Nutritional profile of fresh cultured milkfish (Chanos chanos) revealed that the fish had good quantity of protein, amino acids and poly-unsaturated fatty acids. Essential amino acids formed 49.49% of the total amino acids of milkfish meat. Leucine (8%), lysine (7.3%), phenyl alanine (6.7%) and histidine (6.1%) were the predominant essential amino acids. Glutamic acid (18.2%) was the dominant non-essential amino acid. The fish was rich in unsaturated fatty acids (50.74%) of which mono unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) constituted 34.47 and 16.27%, respectively. The predominant MUFA, PUFA and saturated fatty acids were oleic acid C18:l (26.1%), linoleic acid C18:2 (10.9%) and palmitic acid C16:0 (29.82%). Heavy metals such as zinc, copper, cadmium, cobalt, mercury and lead in different body organs of cultured milkfish were within the acceptable limit. The cultured milkfish can be considered as important fish for human nutrition.

4 tables, 28 ref

020152   Murthy L N;Jesmi D;Rao B M;Phadke G G;Prasad M M;Ravishankar C N (NO, Mumbai Research Center of Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, CIDCO, Admin Bldg, Sector-1, Vashi, Navi Mumbai-400 703, Email: drlnmurthy@gmail.com) : Effect of different processing methods on the texture of black tiger (Penaeus monodon) and pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Fish Technol 2016, 53(3), 205-10.

Shrimp is one of the most popular seafood around the world. Sensory characteristics, especially tex-tural parameters are major concerns of consumers for fish and shellfish. For this reason, it is important to measure the effect of the processing methods on texture. This study reports the effect of various processing methods on the instrumental texture profile of pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) and black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon). Hardness 1 of L. vannamei decreased during blanching, cooking and steaming whereas in P. monodon the reverse was true. Similar to hardness 1, in cooked L. vannamei hardness 2 value decreased but it increased in cooked P. monodon. Increase in chewiness in P. monodon was observed during cooking and blanching but in L. vannamei, chewiness decreased during cooking and blanching but increased during microwave cooking. Variation in textural parameters was observed with different processing methods and different shrimp species.

6 tables, 17 ref

020151   Murali S;Tayal M K;Dhar A (Regional Sericultural Research Station, Central Silk Board, Miran Sahib, Jammu-181 101, Email: dr.mmrl@rediffmail.com) : Screening of selected bivoltine breeds of silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) of its bionomics and economic characters in the climate of Jammu, India. Int J Sci Nat 2017, 8(1), 91-6.

The selected silkworm PAM breeds viz., PAM - 101, PAM - 105, PAM - 108, PAM - 109 and PAM - 111 were utilized for study. Observations on the different phenotypical and economic traits of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. were taken at different stages. The data reveals that, fecundity was recorded from 355.33 (PAM - 109) to 399.33 (PAM - 105) and hatching per cent ranged from 94.04 (PAM - 105) to 94.67 (PAM - 108). The larval weight varied in the range of 29.69 g (PAM - 108) to 40.39 g (PAM - 109) whereas, larval duration was observed in the range of 23.07 (PAM - 108) days to 25.01 (PAM - 111) days. The larval length recorded as on 6th day was 7.54 cm (PAM - 105) to 8.12 cm (PAM - 109). The highest single cocoon weight was observed in PAM - 111 (1.73 g), maximum shell weight was recorded in PAM - 111 (0.31 g), Shell percentage was ranged from 17.66 per cent (PAM - 111) to 19.02 per cent (PAM - 108). Maximum yield recorded in PAM - 101 (14.35 Kg), was observed significantly superior compared to others. These findings will help the sericulturists in finding suitable breed for getting more economic returns from silkworm rearing. It is observed that PAM 101 is having highest yield per 10, 000 larvae with shell ratio 18.65 per cent.

5 tables, 31 ref

020150   Murali S;Tayal M K;Dhar A (Regional Sericultural Research Station, Central Silk Board, Miran Sahib, Jammu-181 101, Email: dr.mmrl@rediffmail.com) : Evaluation of selected hosur breeds for binomics, rearing performance and economic traits of silkworm, Bombyx mori L.. Int J Sci Nat 2017, 8(1), 69-74.

The studies on disease free eggs of silkworm breeds viz., HOSUR 0019, HOSUR 0021, HOSUR 0246, HOSUR 276 and HOSUR 0178 were utilized. Observations on the different phenotypic and economic traits of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. were taken. The perusal of the data reveals that the fecundity was recorded from 382.00 (HOSUR 0276) to 460.67 (HOSUR 0246) and hatching percent ranged from 92.69 (HOSUR 0276) to 96.03 (HOSUR 0021). The larval weight varied in the range of 31.17 g to 35.52 g whereas, larval duration was observed in the range of 24.01 days to 26.22 days. The larval length recorded as on 6th day 7.62 cm (HOSUR 0021) to 7.98 cm (HOSUR 0178). Single cocoon weight 1.27 g to 1.54 g. The highest single cocoon weight was HOSUR 0178 (1.54 g), Single shell weight 0.22 g to 0.29 g. Maximum shell weight recorded in HOSUR 0246 and HOSUR 0178 (0.29 g), Shell percentage 16.61 per cent (HOSUR 0021) to 20.10 percent (HOSUR 0246). Maximum yield HOSUR 0178 (15.95 Kg/10000 larvae), was observed significantly superior compared to others. These findings will help the sericulturists in finding suitable breed for getting more economic returns from silkworm rearing. It is observed that HOSUR 0178 is having highest yield per 10, 000 larvae.

5 tables, 19 ref

020149   Mukhopadhayay A K;Roy K;Sarkar H K;Roy T; Biswas I;Kadam V (Agricultural Entomology Dep, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur-741 252, Email: roy_ento@rediffmail.com) : - 348 - Scape and floral malady of tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.) associated with foliar nematode (Aphelenchoides besseyi Christie) infestation. Indian J Nematol 2016, 46(2), 185-9.

^ssc4 illus, 12 ref

020148   Muddarsu V R;Dubey R K;Singh V;Upadhyay G; Pandey A K;Pandey S (NO, ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi-221 305, Email: rksdubey@gmail.com) : Genetic diversity of snapmelon (Cucumis melo l. var momordica) based on morpho-chemical traits from neh region of India. Int J agric statist Sci 2017, 13(2), 513-18.

Study on genetic diversity was conducted with 20 snapmelon (Cucumis melo L.var. momordica) genotypes of Indian origin. Sixteen quantitative characters were taken into consideration. Cluster analysis was used for grouping of 20 snapmelon genotypes under the study and grouped into five clusters. Cluster I had maximum (9) and cluster IV and V had the minimum number (1) of genotypes. Highest (9321.228) inter cluster distance was observed between cluster IV and V and lowest (404.349) between cluster I and IV. Cluster III (D² = 538.09) have exhibited highest intra cluster distance and lowest was observed in cluster II (D²= 23.605). Characters viz. ascorbic acid and titrable acidity contributed maximum towards divergence. Genetic divergence among 20 genotypes revealed that the genotype CHFSM5 from cluster V was more divergent for improving number of fruit per plant, TSS and ascorbic acid content. Genotypes CHFSM4 and CHFSM11 from cluster II are found to be promising lines for improving vine length, primary branches per plant, fruit diameter, fruit weight and flesh thickness. These genotypes may be taken into consideration as parents for an efficient hybridization programme of snapmelon.

1 illus, 5 tables, 12 ref

020147   Mounika T;Reddy N N;Jyothilakshmi N;Joshi V (NO, Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad-500 059, Email: lakshmi.jyothi70@gmail.com) : Effect of post harvest treatments on shelf life and quality of mango [Mangifera indica l.]cv. amrapali. J appl nat Sci 2017, 9(4), 2055-61.

The physicochemical characteristics and shelf life of mango[Mangifera indica L.] fruits treated with calci- um chloride (CaCl₂^-1%, 2%), calcium nitrate (Ca(NO₃)₂^-1%, 2%), potassium nitrate (KNO₃M^-1%, 2%) and carboxyl methyl cellulose (CMC - 0.5, 1%) were studied. Untreated fruits served as the control. All tested treatments indicated a significant delay in the change of weight loss (16.84%), ripening (51.66%), decaying percentage (46.66) and retained firmness (3.23 kg/cm²) of fruits and biochemical qualities viz., total soluble solids(22.33Brix), sugar accumulation (18.17%) and tritratable acidity on 16th day in mango fruits compared to control. The significant (5%) impact of treatment is found on the least decay percentage in the order of fruits treated with calcium nitrate (2%) followed by 1% Ca(NO₃)₂, 2% CaCl₂ and 1% CaCl₂. Hence, it could be concluded that post harvest chemical treatment with calcium nitrate, calcium chloride (1%, 2%) has the potential to control spoilage, prolong the storage life and preserve valuable attributes of post harvest quality of mango, presumably because of its effect on inhibition of ripening and senescence processes by lowering the respiration rate.

1 illus, 3 tables, 23 ref

020146   Mohammad N;Dahayat A;Mishra Y (Genetics & Plant Propagation Div, Tropical Forest Research Institute, P.O. R.F.R.C., Mandla Road, Jabalpur-482 021, Email: naseer35518@gmail.com) : Effect of seed treatments and potting medium on seed germination and associate parameters in critically endangered Litsea glutinosa (Lour.). Indian J For 2016, 39(2), 111-15.

An experiment was concluded to investigate the effect of different seed treatment and soil media on germination percentage and associate parameters in Litsea glutinosa during May to June, 2013 at vegetative multiplication nursery of Genetics and Plant Propagation Division of Tropical Forest Research Institute, Jabalpur (Madhya Pradesh). Data on daily seed germination from twenty treatment combination was recorded and used for estimation of germination percentage, germination energy (%), energy period, germination value and peak value of mean germination. Critical perusal of analysis revealed that seed treatment with 'Water+200 ppm GA₃ was resulted in positive effect on all the characters studied i.e. germination percentage, germination energy, energy period, germination value and peak value of mean germination. Whereas, potting mixture of '1/3 Sand+1/3 FYM+1/3 Soil' revealed positive effect on all the characters studied among all the potting mixture tried.

3 tables, 28 ref

020145   Meena V S;Jheeba S S;Sharma S (Agricultural Economics Research Centre, DSE Campus, Delhi Univ, Delhi-110 007, Email: vishnurau@gmail.com) : Growth of institutional finance for irrigation, livestock, mechanization and fertilization credit in Rajasthan. Int J agric statist Sci 2017, 13(2), 709-12.

The present investigation endeavors to cover following issues related to agricultural institutional credit Role of institutional credit in area irrigated, fertilizer use, mechanization and live stocks. The loan amount was calculated to be Rs. 42177.00 in 2010-11 with a compound annual growth rate of 7.72 and 71 per cent of its contributed by CBS, 15.50 per cent is the share of RRB and rest is accounted by cooperative bank. The total credit use for agricultural activity has increased from 13340.25 lakh in 2000-01 to 681914.77 crore in 2011-12 showing a compound annual growth rate of 9.73 per cent. The average credit borrowed for the irrigational practices was Rs. 2325.77 lakh (0.34%) in 2011-12. The share of mechanization expenditure in total credit was only 1.22 per cent i.e. Rs. 8772.08 lakh and that of fertilizer and livestock maintenance together was 4.38 per cent in 2011-12. 93.06 per cent of total credit received was used for other purposes in the same year.

3 tables, 2 ref

020144   Meena S R;Aga F A;Chandra S;Gochar R;Koli B; Khan M H;Rasool S (Agronomy Div, Sher-e-Kashmir Univ of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar-190 025, Email: msrasool@iiim.ac.in) : Studies on the phytochemical traits and their correlation with quantitative characters of Monarda citriodora Cerv. ex Lag. Ann Phytomed 2017, 6(1), 88-94.

Evaluation of phytochemical traits and their correlation studies were conducted with special reference to the quantitative characters of Monarda citriodora Cerv. ex Lag. A field experiment was carried out during two successive cropping seasons of 2014 and 2015 at Field Research Station, Chatha, CSIR - Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu to study the effect of four irrigation frequencies (irrigation at 30 (F₁), 20 (F₂), 15 (F₃) and 12 (F₄) days interval with four nitrogen levels, viz., N₀ (0), N₁ (40), N₂ (80) and N₃ (120) kg N ha^-1 on quantitative characters and phytochemical traits in M. citriodora. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design with 3 replications. Results showed that plant height, number of branches per plant^-1, leaf area index, dry matter partitioning (leaf g/plant) and (stem g/plant) were significantly higher with treatment F₃ over F₂ and F₁, though remained at par with F₄ (12 days interval) during 2014 as well as 2015. F₁ treatment took significantly least number of days for initiation of primary and secondary branches, however, days taken to flowering at initiation, 50% and 75% was significantly least in F₄ treatment over other treatments. Thymol content was significantly higher with treatment F₂ over other treatments, while significantly highest carvacrol content was recorded with treatment F₃, though it remained at par with F₂ treatment. Nitrogen level N₂ significantly - 346 - increased plant height, number of branches per plant^-1 and leaf area index, while in case of dry matter partitioning, N₂ and N₁ remaining at par recorded significantly higher dry matter partitioning over N₁ and N₀. Thymol content was significantly higher with N₁ level, while as carvacrol content was recorded significantly higher with N₂ level when compared to other treatments during the two years of study. In case of irrigation frequencies, it was observed that with increase in the quantitative characteristics of M. citriodora, the phytochemical traits, viz., thymol and carvacrol contents also showed the increased trend and visa-versa, while in case of nitrogen treatments, the increase in the quantitative characteristics showed the decrease in phytochemical traits.

1 illus, 3 tables, 36 ref

020143   Meena M L;Singh D (NO, ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute (CAZRI), Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Pali-Marwar-306 401, Email: mlmeenacazri@gmail.com) : Impact assessment of frontline demonstrations on greengram: Experience from rainfed condition of Rajasthan. J appl nat Sci 2017, 9(4), 2456-60.

Pulses being rich in quality protein, minerals and vitamins are inseparable ingredients of diet of majority of Indian population. Despite high nutritive value of pulses and their role in sustainable agriculture desired growth rate in production could not be witnessed. The domestic production of pulses is consistently below the targets and actualdomestic requirements are - 345 - also higher, due to these pulses are being imported. The Krishi Vigyan Kendra Pali has carried out frontline demonstrations on green gram covering an area of 26.5 ha of farmers' field to exhibit latest production technologies and compared it with farmer's practice. The study in total 40 frontline demonstrations were conducted on farmers' fields in villages viz., Kishanagar, Bedkallan, Boyal, Kushalpura and Balara of Pali district of Rajasthan state during 2014, 2015 and 2016, to demonstrate production potential and economic benefit of improved technologies comprising sowing method, nutrient management and chemical weed control and adoption of whole package of practices for the crop. After sowing of seed application of weedicide Pendimethalin (within two days after sowing) at 1.0 kg/ha in 500 liters of water used for effective control of the weeds during kharif season in rainfed condition. The findings of the study revealed that the demonstrated technology recorded a mean yield of 982 kg/ha which was 35.5% higher than obtained with farmers' practice (755 kg/ha). Higher mean net income of Rs. 46030/ha with a Benefit: Cost ratio of 4.3 was obtained with improved technologies in comparison to farmers' practices (Rs. 38775/ha). The frontline demonstrations conducted on green gram at the farmers' field revealed that the adoption of improved technologies significantly increased the yield as well as yield attributing traits of crop and also the net returns higher than the farmers' practices. So, there is a need to disseminate the improved technologies among the farmers with effective extension methods like training and demonstrations. The farmers' should be encouraged to adopt the recommended package of practices realizing for higher returns.

5 tables, 23 ref

020142   Manjunatha N;Rangaswamy K T;Nagaraju N; Krishna Reddy M;Prameela H A;Manjunath S H (NO, ICAR-Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, Email: manju.ars@rediffmail.com) : Biological relationship of bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) infecting cowpea with leguminous plant species. J appl nat Sci 2017, 9(4), 2170-4.

Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) associated with cowpea mechanically inoculated to different legumi-nous plants. Out of nineteen including cowpea Var.C-152, the virus was easily transferred to ten different legumi-nous hosts. All other hosts assessed for the presence of BCMV were found to be uninfected. The number of days taken for symptom expression and symptoms were varied within plant species. Pole bean expressed mosaic symp-tom after long incubation period (15-18 days) whereas, shorter incubation period was observed in common bean and rice bean (7- 10 days). BCMV produced chlorosis, mosaic, leaf distortion, puckering, vein banding, vein clearing and vein netting on cowpea(C-152). A typical virus symptom, mosaic was observed in green gram, common bean, lime bean, rice bean and yard long bean, whereas, leaf rolling and leaf distortion was observed in black gram, pole bean and snap bean. The virus-host relationship was confirmed by back inoculation test to C. amaranticolor. Further symptomatic plants were subjected for Reverse Transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for molecular confirmation using BCMV coat protein (CP) specific primer pair. A PCR fragment size of 439bp was amplified for the symptomatic plants. The results generated indicated the ability of a plant to support virus expression and host speci-ficity of BMCV within the leguminous plant species.

3 illus, 1 table, 29 ref

020141   Manjunath;Hurakadli S;Rangaswamy K T;Nagaraju N;Prameela H A;Sonyal S (Plant pathology Dep, UAS, GKVK, Bengaluru-560 065, Email: mshurakadli@gmail.com) : Survey and host range studies of yellow mosaic virus infecting ridge gourd (Luffa accutangula L.). Int J Sci Nat 2016, 7(4), 860-5.

Yellow mosaic disease caused by a - 344 - Begomovirus is an important production constraint in vegetable cultivation in India. The disease consisted of yellow mosaic accompanied with slight curling on leaves. The whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) population was also observed in the vicinity. The characteristic disease symptoms and whitefly population indicated the possibility of begomovirus infection. Survey conducted during 2013-14 to assess the incidence of yellow mosaic virus in ridge gourd in four districts of southern Karnataka, revealed that the occurrence of the disease in the range of 37.5 to 86.0 per cent. Among the districts, the highest disease incidence of YMV on ridge gourd was recorded in Chikkaballapur (67.098%), followed by Kolar (60.278%), Bangalore (57.09%) and least in Ramanagar (49.88%). Ridge gourd yellow mosaic virus was successfully transmitted to cucumber, ridge gourd, bottle gourd, pumpkin, ash gourd and squash through whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci). However the virus could not be transmitted to other plant species of Solanaceae, Fabaceae, Asteraceae and weed plants tested.

2 illus, 3 tables, 10 ref

020140   Manju Devi;Sharma H K;Rana K;Mehta D K (Entomology Dep, Dr YS Parmar Univ of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan-173 230, Email: manjupanwer@gmail.com) : Studies on flower biology and pollination in mustard (Brassica juncea L.). Int J Sci Nat 2017, 8(1), 35-9.

Studies were carried out on flower biology and pollination of mustard (Brassica juncea L). Observations were recorded on stages of flower bud development, time and duration of flowering, mode and rate of anthesis, number of pollen grains, pollen viability, stigma receptivity and effect of different modes of pollination on seed set. The flower bud took 10 to 15 days to pass from first stage of flower formation to full bloom. A single flower may remain open for approximately 3-7 days. The flowering period was of 38±2 days (15 December and continued till 21 January). The average length of sepal was 0.53 cm and that of petal 0.74 cm. The average length of stamens was 0.7 cm and 5 in number/flower. The anthesis starts between 08.00 hrs and continue till 18.00hrs, was maximum between 10.00 to 12.00hrs. Pollen viability was 91.34%. Stigma receptivity was maximum on the day of anthesis. Highest seed set was obtained by open pollination which gave 77.24 percent seed set followed by hand pollination (52.50%). The minimum seed set (25.53%) was observed in case of controlled pollination by bagging.

4 illus, 1 table, 17 ref

020139   Manimala M R A;Murugesan R (Agricultural Microbiology Dep, Tamil Nadu Agricultural Univ, Coimbatore-641 003, Email: maniarchana20@gmail.com) : Studies on physiochemical analysis and applicability of carotenoid pigment production from Rhodotorula mucilaginosa as food colourant. Int J agric statist Sci 2017, 13(2), 507-11.

The investigation was carried out to identify efficient carotenoid pigment producing yeast (Rhodotorula mucilaginosa) by utilizing potential cheap natural substrates (Cassava bagasse) to minimize the production cost of pigments. The pigments were also studied for their stability in different conditions such as pH, heat, light, antioxidants and also in different oils. The results showed that highest pigment production was achieved with cassava bagasse and pigment solution having maximum stability at pH 7 than under acidic conditions. Addition of antioxidants to carotenoid pigment was found to increase the stability of the pigment to certain extent. Carotenoid pigment was found to be more stable in sunflower oil and sesame oil. The oil stability is more at 4°C and also even at room temperature (RT) in some cases and very poor stability was observed at 60°C. Carotenoid pigment was incorporated in the preparations of few food products like Indian milk ice cream, almond milk, ice cream, yoghurt and popcorn is pretty stable when stored in vegetable oils and it can be used in oil based food products as foods coloured with these pigments are more appealing.

2 illus, 3 tables, 14 ref

020138   Mandal S N;Dhanda S S;Munjal R (Genetics & Plant Breeding Dep, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar-125 004, Email: munjalrenu66@gmail.com) : Pattern of diversity for morpho-physiological traits under terminal heat stress conditions in bread wheat. Int J Sci Nat 2016, 7(4), 828-32.

One hundred twenty five recombinant inbred lines derived from the cross of WH 730 (thermotolerent) and WH 147 (thermosensetive), were evaluated to study the genetic diversity for morpho-physiological traits under terminal heat stress conditions. Eleven clusters were formed by grouping 125 RILs and their parents in such a way that genotypes within each cluster had smaller D² value than those in other clusters. Differences in proportion of contribution of each character to total diversity were observed and plant height ranked first by contributing 35.17% to divergence of genotypes, followed by membrane thermostability (27.18%), stomatal conductance (15.24%), days to heading (8.72%) and canopy temperature depression (3.85%). The principal component analysis showed that the first four principal components could account for 74.90 percent of the total variation and mainly associated with plant height, chlorophyll fluorescence, grain yield per plant, membrane thermostability, canopy temperature depression, days to heading, plant height and days to maturity.

5 tables, 20 ref

020137   Mamta Rani;Punia D (Foods and Nutrition Dep, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar-125 004, Email: mamtarajoria12@gmail.com) : Nutritional evaluation of products prepared from fresh beans. J appl nat Sci 2017, 9(4), 2033-5.

The objective of this study was to determine the nutritional composition of products prepared from fresh beans. Four types of fresh beans powder viz. cluster bean (Cyamposis tetragonaloba), cowpea bean (Vigna unguic-ulata), french bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris) and sem bean (Dolichhos lablab) were used for dry vegetable preparation. Moisture content of beans vegetable prepared using fresh beans ranged from 76.49 to 82.25 per cent. The cowpea bean vegetable had the highest (17.19%) and sem bean vegetable had the lowest (12.67%) amount of crude pro-tein. Crude fiber content was found to be highest in cowpea bean vegetable (6.69%) followed by cluster bean vege-table (6.60%), french bean vegetable (6.41%) and sem bean vegetable (5.54%). Among the four types of beans vegetables, total, insoluble and soluble dietary fiber content was found to be highest in cluster bean vegetable and the lowest in sem bean vegetable. Sem bean vegetable contained the maximum (135.81 mg/100g and 251.46 mg/100g) amount of calcium and phosphorus while french bean vegetable contained the minimum (51.03 mg/100gand 243.55 mg/100g) amount. Iron content was significantly (P≤0.05) higher in cluster bean vegetable and cowpea bean vegetable as compared to french bean vegetable and sem bean vegetable. Cowpea bean vegetable contained the maximum (101.51mg/100g) while sem bean contained minimum (61.19mg/100g) amount of magnesium-um. It was observed that all the four types of beans vegetable differed significantly (p≤0.05) among themselves for their potassium content. Earlier studies were conducted on raw seeds or pods of beans but information on cooked beans was scanty. This study explains about the effect of cooking on different nutritional components of fresh beans pods.

3 tables, 15 ref

020136   Majumder I;Sau S;Ghosh B;Kundu S;Roy D;Sarkar S (Agronomy Dep, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur-741 252, Email: sukamalsarkarc@yahoo.com) : Response of growth regulators and micronutrients on yield and physico-chemical quality of Ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk) cv. Bau kul-1. J appl nat Sci 2017, 9(4), 2404-9.

Ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.) is an indigenous delicious, nourishing fruit grown widely throughout the India but faces heavy fruit drop due to several biotic and abiotic stress factors resulted in declining trend of ber pro-duction over the year. Keeping these facts in foreground, replicated field experiment was conducted during 2013-14 and 2014-15 at HRS, Mondouri, BCKV, West Bengal with eleven treatments consist two different levels of NAA, GA₃, 2,4-D, ZnSO₄ and H₃BO₃ along with a control (water spray). Results of investigation revealed that application of 2,4-D @ 10 mg/l recorded highest fruit set (48.80%). Maximum fruit retention (42.83%) and total no. of fruits/tree (514) were obtained with the application of NAA @ 20 mg/l. Application of GA₃ @ 20 mg/l recorded significantly (p≤0.05) higher yield (30.67 kg/tree), fruit weight (60.5 g), fruit length (5.8 cm), fruit breadth (5.1 cm), pulp to seed ratio (13.9) and specific gravity (1.104) as well as economic returns over control during both the year of experiment. Among the treatments H₃BO₃ at 0.4% recorded the highest TSS (11.7°Brix), total sugar (8.33%), reducing sugar (5.21%) and TSS: Acid (107.36) ratio with lowest fruit acidity (0.10%) whereas highest vitamin-C content of fruit was recorded with GA₃ at 20 mg/l (64.68 mg / 100 g) followed by NAA at 20 mg/l. Results suggest that twice spraying of GA₃ @ 20 mg/l and H₃BO₃ at 0.4% is vital for optimizing yield components, yield and quality of ber (cv. BAU Kul-1) in trans-Gangetic plains of West Bengal.

1 illus, 4 tables, 29 ref

020135   Mahajan R V;Bhale V M;Deshmukh J P (Agronomy Dep, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola-444 104, Email: ram9962@gmail.com) : Potential effect seaweed sap on nutrient uptake of greengram. Int J Sci Nat 2016, 7(4), 885-8.

A field experiment on "Potential Effect Seaweed Sap on Nutrient Uptake of Greengram" was carried out at Research farm of Department of Agronomy, Dr. PDKV, Akola. (Maharashtra), India during kharif season 2012. Seven treatments concerning different concentration level (0, 5.0, 10.0 and 15.0% v/v) and with two sources of seaweed sap Kappaphycus alvarezii (K-sap) and Gracilaria edulis (G-sap) with recommended dose of fertilizer were tested in randomize block design replicated thrice. Foliar application of seaweed sap applied at Pre-flowering (20-25 DAS) and flowering stage (35-40 DAS). Foliar applications of seaweed saps were found significantly impact on seed quality and nutrient uptake. Among all the treatment 15% Gracilaria sap + recommended dose of fertilizer significantly higher the nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) uptake in grain and straw. Similarly highest micronutrients uptake i.e. (Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) was noted with foliar application of seaweed sap G-sap@15% (T₇) and it may at par with foliar application of K-sap@15%+RDF (T₄), G-sap@10%+RDF (T₆) and K-sap@10%+RDF (T₃). Total uptake of micronutrient increased approximately i.e. 30.42% in Zinc, 35.01% in Copper, 29.40% in Iron and 33.03% in Manganese over control.

3 tables, 23 ref

020134   Mahajan R V;Bhale V M;Deshmukh J P (Agronomy Dep, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola-444 104, Email: ram9962@gmail.com) : Potential effect seaweed sap on nutrient uptake of greengram. Int J Sci Nat 2016, 7(4), 740-3.

A field experiment on "Potential Effect Seaweed Sap on Nutrient Uptake of Greengram" was carried out at Research farm of Department of Agronomy, Dr. PDKV, Akola. (Maharashtra), India during kharif season 2012. Seven treatments concerning different concentration level (0, 5.0, 10.0 and 15.0% v/v) and with two sources of seaweed sap Kappaphycus alvarezii (K-sap) and Gracilaria edulis (G-sap) with recommended dose of fertilizer were tested in randomize block design replicated thrice. Foliar application of seaweed sap applied at Pre-flowering (20-25 DAS) and flowering stage (35-40 DAS). Foliar applications of seaweed saps were found significantly impact on seed quality and nutrient uptake. Among all the treatment 15% Gracilaria sap + recommended dose of fertilizer significantly higher the nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) uptake in grain and straw. Similarly highest micronutrients uptake i.e. (Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) was noted with foliar application of seaweed sap G-sap@15% (T₇) and it may at par with foliar application of K-sap@15%+RDF (T₄), G-sap@10%+RDF (T₆) and K-sap@10%+RDF (T₃). Total uptake of micronutrient increased approximately i.e. 30.42% in Zinc, 35.01% in Copper, 29.40% in Iron and 33.03% in Manganese over control.

3 tables, 23 ref

020133   Laxmi S;Sen C;Singh R (Agricultural Economics Dep, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi-221 005, Email: shubhlaxmi15@gmail.com) : Organic farm products : policies, potential and constraints. Int J agric statist Sci 2017, 13(2), 575-80.

With the exponential population growth of India, health consciousness and the extent of malnourished people has provided the scope for organic farm - 340 - products. Furthermore, the overuse of plant growth inhibitor, pesticides and imbalanced use of fertilizers for faster growth of agricultural produce is detrimental to human, soil health and the environment as a whole. Organic farming offers a solution for sustainable agricultural growth and safeguarding the ecosystem. Organic agriculture is a production system that sustains the health of soils, ecosystems and people. It relies on ecological processes, biodiversity and cycles adapted to local conditions, rather than the use of inputs with adverse effects. Organic agriculture combines tradition, innovation and science to benefit the shared environment and promote fair relationships and a good quality of life for all involved. With rapid industrialization of rural States of India, there has been a crunch for farmland. The Trade, Climate Change and Environment Programme of the International Trade Centre (ITC) supports the organic sector through the provision of market information, training in standards compliance and trade promotion; by supporting policies favorable to organic agriculture and trade; and by facilitating business contacts. In India, efforts are being made for organic crop production through contract farming. Organic farming through contract basis would bring about favorable changes in the present conventional agriculture to make it sustainable and commercial and consumers would also get certified organic products at reasonable price. The effort was made to examine the present situation, review the policies and analyzing constraints, future prospects for organic crop production in Bihar. The results revealed that the major constraints are related to marketing viz, no segregated market for differentiated organic product and lack of premium price. Among economic constrains, the poor availability and high cost of organic inputs are impeding the growth of organic farming in the state. It is suggested that through proper certification and brand creation the market for organic products should be developed.

2 tables, 3 ref

020132   Laly S J;Venketeswarlu G (NO, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, P.O. Matsyapuri, Cochin-682 029, Email: lalyjawahar@gmail.com) : Effect of culinary oil on changes in lipid quality and physical properties of fried indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) steaks. Fish Technol 2016, 53(3), 211-9.

Separate vegetable oils are preferred for frying fish in different parts of India. The oil can influence composition of lipid, quality and physical properties of fried fish. Five culinary oils such as sunflower, coconut, groundnut, palm and mustard oil were selected for frying Indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) and changes in fatty acid composition, lipid oxidation indices, texture profile and colour were evaluated. A significant (p<60>0.05) influence of culinary oil type on fatty acid composition of fried mackerel was observed. Content of EPA and DHA were significantly decreased in all the deep fried samples. ω3/ω6 ratio was higher in the fish deep fried in coconut oil compared to other oils. The fish - derived EPA and DHA were detected in culinary oils after frying. Principal component analysis of fatty acids of culinary oils and deep fried samples clearly revealed the influence of oil on fatty acid profiles of fried fish. Hardness was highest sample fried in coconut oil. Variation in colour was also observed with respect to type of oil used.

2 illus, 5 tables, 33 ref