020081   Channal G P;Natikar K V (Agricultural Extension Education Dep, College of Agriculture, U.A.S., Dharwad-580 005, Email: geetrajpatil@yahoo.co.in) : Development of entrepreneurship through RUDSETI programmes. Int J agric statist Sci 2017, 13(2), 581-8.

The present study was undertaken during the year 2014-15 in three districts of North Karnataka. Fifty trained and 50 untrained entrepreneurs from each district were selected making a total sample size of 300. Majority of the trained and untrained were from middle age group, had education upto middle level of schooling, coming from rural area and having nuclear families. Majority of the entrepreneurs had taken product based enterprise. Maximum number of entrepreneurs had medium information source consultancy.

8 tables, 7 ref

020080   Chandra Bala S;Khan M R;Mukhopadhyay A K (Agricultural Entomology Dep, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur-741 252, Email: drmrkhanbckv@gmail.com) : Population dynamic and survival of foliar nematode (Aphelenchoides besseyi) on tuberose in field. Indian J Nematol 2016, 46(2), 97-101.

The study focused on investigation of population fluctuation of Aphelenchoides besseyi on two promising cultivars (Calcutta single and Calcutta double), and survival and distribution of nematodes within the clump of tuberose. In field, the nematode species concentrated in maximum numbers in outermost scaly leaves and neck region of an infested individual bulb. More numbers of A. besseyi were recovered from the central bulb than obcentral and peripheral bulbs. Monitoring of nematode population during the growing period of Calcutta single and Calcutta double indicated that A. besseyi maintained high population at vegetative phase as well as in maximum flowering period. However, the nature of fluctuation between the cultivars showed variations; faster build-up of population in Calcutta single than that of Calcutta double. In two years crop, the peak population of A. besseyi was observed from July to September; the period when tuberose gives a good flush of flowers. During winter months (December to February) when average air temperature and relative humidity (RH) remained quite low with scanty - 318 - rainfall, the nematode species displayed low population.

3 illus, 3 tables, 11 ref

020079   Chandan Kumar;Singh S P (NO, Horticulture Dep, Varanasi-221 0054, Email: chandankumarveg.sc@gmail.com) : Estimation of combining ability analysis in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) for yield, nutritional and processing quality improvement. J appl nat Sci 2017, 9(4), 2021-5.

Combining ability for yield and nutritional quality traits in tomato were studied by involving 28 cross combi-nations obtained from crossing 8 diverse lines in diallel mating fashion. Based on GCA effects of parents, the varie-ties Pant T-3, Arka Alok and Sel-7 were good general combiners for most of the traits under study. The crosses viz., Pant T-3 x H-24 (1.052%), Arka Meghali x Punjab Chhuhara (0.768%) and H-88-78-1 x Azad T-5 (0.768%) were found to be high positive specific combining ability effect for yield per plant. For quality traits, the crosses Arka Me-ghali x Punjab Chhuhara and H-24 x Sel-7 were also superior specific combiner for number of seeds per fruit and ascorbic acid, while cross Punjab Chhuhara x H-88-78-1 was superior specific combiner for number of seeds per fruit (24.165%), yield per plant (0.677%) and titrable acidity (0.183%). These elite hybrids may be tested for yield and other quality traits under different agro-climatic conditions for commercial exploitation of hybrid vigour.

3 tables, 10 ref

020078   Chakravarti S K;Singh S;Ram C N;Vishwakarma M K;Verma G S (Genetics and Plant Breeding Dep, B.H.U., Varanasi-221 005, Email: satish_genetics@rediffmail.com) : Mutagenic effects of gamma rays and EMS in M₁ and M₂ generations in two traditional genotypes of aromatic rice (Oryza sativa L.). Int J agric statist Sci 2017, 13(2), 537-43.

With the aim to know immediate effect of mutagenic treatment in two traditional non-Basmati rice varieties viz. Kalanamak and Badshah Bhog, in terms of biological damage. We examined reduction in seeds germination, root and shoot length, plant survival at maturity, pollen fertility and grain yield in M₁ generation. Most of the mutagenic treatments severely affected the genotypes, Kalanamak and Badshah Bhog both. A dose dependent increased in biological damage - 317 - was observed in most of the mutagenic treatment and maximum biological damaged was caused by 40 kR gamma rays + EMS (0.2%) followed by 30kR gamma rays+EMS(0.2%) treatment, while minimum at 10kR gamma rays. Biological damage was relatively more in Badshah Bhog as compared to genotype Kalanamak. A linear relationship was observed between doses of gamma ray and damage in different biological parameters, such as, plant survival at maturity, root and shoot growth, pollen fertility as well as grain yield. The mutagenic efficiency was found maximum at 0.2% EMS in Kalanamak and Badshah Bhog and the mutagenic effectiveness was found maximum at 10 kR gamma rays in both the varieties Kalanamak and Badshah Bhog.

5 tables, 25 ref

020077   Brar H S;Singh R (Entomology Dep, Punjab Agricultural Univ, Ludhiana-141 004, Email: husanbrar07@gmail.com) : Role of trichomes on leaves and pods for imparting resistance in chickpea [Cicer arientinum (L.)] genotypes against Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner). J appl nat Sci 2017, 9(4), 2193-8.

In chickpea, trichomes provide a potential resistance mechanism against Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner). The present study was conducted to evaluate the trichome density and trichome length on leaves and pods on nine genotypes of chickpea. Two types of trichomes were observed, i.e. non-glandular (on leaves) and glandular (pods). Few glandular trichomes were observed on leaves and a very few non-glandular trichomes were observed on pods. Highest number of non-glandular trichomes on leaves (33.66 trichomes/mm²) were observed in chickpea genotype 5282. Minimum number of glandular trichomes were observed on pods of genotype GL 25016 (12.66 glandular trichomes per mm²). In case of leaves, genotypes ICCL 86111 and GL 25016 recorded maximum non-glandular trichome length of 347.23 and 301.53 μm, respectively. However, genotypes GL 25016, RSG 963 and 5282 rec-orded maximum glandular trichome length of 538.33, 564.97 and 432.61 μm, respectively in pods. Density of non glandular trichomes on leaves showed significant and negative correlation with number of eggs, larval population, larval survival and per cent pod damage. However, density of glandular trichomes on pods showed significant and positive correlation with number of eggs, larval population of H. armigera, larval survival and pod damage. Length of non-glandular trichomes on leaves and glandular trichomes on pods showed non-significant and negative correlation with number of eggs, larval population of H. armigera, larval survival and pod damage. Hence, genotypes with more pubescent leaves, lesser pubescent pods and longer trichomes (both on leaves and pods) should be preferred for developing H. armigera tolerant chickpea genotypes.

6 illus, 3 tables, 26 ref

020076   Bora L;Singh A K;Singh C P (Horticulture Dep, College of Agriculture, G.B. Pant Univ of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar-263 145, Email: lokeshbora36099@gmail.com) : Characterization of mango (Mangifera indica L.) genotypes based on physico-chemical quality attributes. J appl nat Sci 2017, 9(4), 2199-204.

Evaluation of fruit crops has been successfully utilized for studying the performance of varieties under different agro climatic regions time to time. In the present study cultivars were characterized on the basis of their - 316 - physico-biochemical attributes. "Mallika" and "Neelgoa" were found superior in terms of fruit weight (321.87 g), size (12.55 cm, 8.13 cm), pulp weight (257.91 g) and pulp stone ratio (7.71) respectively. "Mallika" excelled in terms of sugar (20.82), while "Amrapali" in carotenoids (8.38 mg/100 g). Among them, Mallika (22.41°B) possessed the high-est amount of total soluble solids while lowest amount in Langra (16.90 °B) whereas maximum titrable. The study shows the potential of Amrapali in terms of its quality, being late can meet the demand for later period when no other cultivar is available.

1 illus, 2 tables, 31 ref

020075   Bhattacharjya B K;Saud B J;Verma V K;Debnath D;Kumar D;Yadav A K;Yengkokpam S;Sarkar U K (NO, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Regional Centre, HOUSEFED Complex, Dispur, Guwahati-781 006, Email: dipesh.debnath@gmail.com) : Occurrence of functional single-lobed ovary in Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton, 1822) brood fish from Assam, India. J appl nat Sci 2017, 9(4), 2477-80.

Occurrence of abnormally developed gonads in fish is rather more uncommon in freshwater fish than marine fish. It is therefore worthwhile to disseminate the information of occurrence of a single-lobed ovary in Cirrhinus mrigala brood fish as an abnormal phenomenon. During April 2011 to March 2013, around 500 brood fish samples of Indian major carps (Labeo rohita, Catla and C. mrigala) were collected from different government and private fish farms of Assam and Tripura located in the Northeast of India. Among them, one C. mrigala specimen measuring 41 cm in total length and 640 g in weight collected from Ulubari fish seed farm of Guwahati, Assam during June, 2012 was found to have a single-lobed ovary instead of the normal bilobed structure. The ovary occupied the entire body cavity and the majority of ova were round and translucent. The ovary contributed substantially to the total body weight with gonado-somatic index of 32.81 which was the highest among all the mrigal specimens examined. The study indicates possibility of artificially inducing development of single-lobed ovary in C. mrigala for achieving possible higher spawn outputs in induced breeding of the cultivable species.

1 illus, 1 table, 24 ref

020074   Bhat G M;Mughal A H;Malik A R;Khan P A;Sofi P A;Islam M A (Faculty of Forestry, Sher-e-Kashmir Univ of Agricultural Sciences and Technology Kashmir, Camp Wadura, Sopore-193 201, Email: bhatm67@gmail.com) : Cone and seed maturity indices in Pinus wallichiana under temperate conditions of Kashmir Himalayas, India. J appl nat Sci 2017, 9(4), 1987-93.

Pinus wallichiana (Blue pine) does not have a good seed every year and hence it becomes necessary to collect abundant quantity of seed during good seed year. It becomes necessary to know the exact time of seed ma-turity. To overcome this problem, the present investigation was conducted in Kashmir valley at four - 315 - different altitudes and locations i.e. (1,600-2,000 masl-KFD), (2,000-2,400 masl -LFD), (2,400-2,800-PFD) and (2,800-3200 masl- SFD). The results revealed that seed collection clearly showed wide variation in the maturity of cones. Cone colour served as an indicator of maturity and it changed from light green to green and green with brown patches at maturity-ty. Seed colour changed from whitish to light brown and dark brown at maturity. The mean cone weight (118.67- 88.17gm) and specific gravity (1.13-0.90) decreased as the cones proceeded towards maturity. The mean seed weight of 21.79 to 57.13gm increased at all altitudes as the cones advanced towards maturity. Cone length, cone diameter and germination percent differed (P≤0.05) significantly between altitudes and increased when the cones advanced towards maturity. The germination per cent was recorded more at altitudinal range of 1,600-2,400 masl (67.25-70.26%) at maturity, while as it was recorded lower at higher altitudes (42.12-47.25%). It is concluded that the altitudinal range of 1,600-2,400 masl is best sites for collection of phenotypically superior seeds in terms of maxi-mum cone length (18.18cm), diameter (5.23mm) and weight (108.94gm), number of seeds per cone (117.72), seed weight (79.99) and germinability (68.75).

6 illus, 1 table, 21 ref

020073   Bhanage G B;Shahare P U;Aware V V;Dhandeand K G;Deshmukh P S (Farm Machinery and Power Dep, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, Ratnagiri (Maharashtra), Email: girish_agril@yahoo.co.in) : Development of stripper harvester for paddy. J appl nat Sci 2017, 9(4), 1943-8.

Konkan is the coastal part of Maharashtra between Western Ghat and Arabian seacoast. Rice is a major crop grown over 3.86 lakh hectares. Stripper harvesting technology, which strips only seeds and keeps straw erect-ed in the field present bright prospect for the development of small, light, efficient mechanism by reducing number of operation with increased capacity and lesser power compared to conventional cutter bar combine harvester. The big machines like combine harvester and high capacity threshers for harvesting and threshing have limitations. A proto-type of paddy stripper harvester was developed considering the limitation of Konkan like small, fragmented land, hilly, terrace farming and high rainfall. It consisted of stripping mechanism, grain tank, hydraulic system, steering system, gear box, engine, cage wheel and chassis. The arrangement of V-belt and set of pulleys were made to transmit power from gear box to stripper rotor. The effect of forward speed and peripheral speed on shattered and un-stripped grain loss was studied. The shattered grain loss was decreased with increase in forward speed whereas decreased initially and then increased with increase in peripheral speed. The un-stripped grain loss was decreased with increase in forward and peripheral speed. The performance of the developed prototype was found better at forward speed of 2.25 km/h and peripheral speed of 19.78 m/s. During final testing of prototype, shattered and un-stripped grain loss was found 5.95 and 1.89%, respectively. The average field capacity and field efficiency of paddy stripper harvester machine was found 0.14 ha/h and 69.38 per cent respectively.

8 illus, 3 tables, 12 ref

020072   Baskar P;Jagannathan R (Agronomy Dep, Kumaraguru Institute of Agriculture, Sakthi Nagar, Erode-638 315, Email: agrobaskar@gmail.com) : Influence of plant geometry and drip fertigation on yield attributes and yield of hybrid bt cotton (Interspecific). Int J agric statist Sci 2017, 13(2), 531-5.

A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2012-13 to 2013-2014 at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore to study the Influence of plant geometry and drip fertigation on yield attributes and yield of hybrid Bt cotton (interspecific). The experiment was laid out in a strip plot design with three replications. The treatments in main plot consisted of - 314 - four crop geometry levels (120 x 60 cm, 120 x 90 cm, 150 x 60 cm and 150 x 90 cm) and sub plots consisted of four nutrient levels viz., 75%, 100%, 125% of recommended dose as water soluble fertilizer (WSF) through drip system and as conventional practice. Here, 75% of the P as basal (single super phosphate) and remaining 25% P as Water soluble fertilizer and entire quantity of N and K as water soluble fertilizer was applied based on recommended fertigation schedule. The experimental results revealed that wider crop geometry 150 x 90 cm with application of 125% water soluble fertilizer recorded more sympodial branches plant^-1, no of bolls plant^-1, seed cotton yield plant^-1. Higher seed cotton yield ha-1 were recorded in crop geometry of 120 x 90 cm with 125% as water soluble fertilizer.

5 tables, 9 ref

020071   Basavanneppa M A;Angadi V V;Biradar D P; Udikeri S S (NO, Agricultural Research Station, Siruguppa-583 121, Email: basavanneppa6@gmail.com) : Bt cotton productivity and profitability as influenced by nutrient levels and nitrogen split application under irrigation. Int J Sci Nat 2017, 8(1), 8-12.

A field experiment was conducted for two kharif seasons of 2007-08 and 2008-09 to study the "Productivity and profitability of Bt cotton as influenced by nutrient levels and split application under irrigation" in black soil with available nitrogen (337 kg ha^-1), P₂O₅ (16.5), K₂O (435 kg ha^-1) and organic carbon content (0.42%). The trial was laid out in splitsplit plot design with V₁: MECH-162 Bt, V₂: RCH-2 Bt, V₃: JK Durga Bt (BG-I) and V₄: MRC-7201 (BG-II) genotypes in main plots, nutrient levels F₁: 120:60:60 (Recommended), F₂:160:80:80 and F₃: 200:100:100 (Farmers' practice) N: P₂O₅: K₂O kg ha^-1 in sub plots and nitrogen split application A: N 50% as basal + 50% N in three equal splits at 50, 80 and 110 DAS + foliar spray of urea @ 2% at 80 and 100 DAS and B: 12.5% N as basal and at 30, 90 and 120 DAS and 50% N at 60 DAS with foliar spray of urea @ 2% at 105 and 135 DAS as sub-sub plots. At sowing 100% recommended P and K were applied to all the treatments and N was applied as per treatments. All other practices were followed as per the recommended practices of UAS, Dharwad. Among genotypes MECH-162 Bt recorded significantly higher seed cotton (2537 kg ha^-1), gross return (Rs. 71040 ha^-1), net return (Rs. 48290 ha^-1) and B: C ratio (3.13) compared to rest of the genotypes. Among the nutrient levels, application of 200:100:100 N: P₂O₅: K₂O kg ha^-1 produced significantly superior seed cotton yield (2515 kg ha^-1), gross return (Rs. 70410 ha^-1), net return (Rs. 46590 ha^-1) and B: C ratio (2.96) than other nutrient levels. Split application of N @ 12.50% as basal and at 30, 90, 120 DAS and 50% at 60 DAS with foliar spray of urea @ 2% at 105 and 135 DAS produced significantly higher seed cotton yield (2397 kg ha^-1), gross return (Rs. 67209 ha- 1), net return (Rs. 44258 ha^-1) and B:C ratio (2.94). Among the interactions, V₁F3B registered superior seed cotton yield (2736 kg ha^-1), net return (Rs. 52690 ha^-1) and B: C ratio (3.21).

2 tables, 14 ref

020070   Banakar P;Rao U (Nematology Div, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110 012, Email: umarao@iari.res.in) : In-situ hybridization for localization of FMRF amide like peptide mi-flp-12 in meloidogyne incognita. Indian J Nematol 2016, 46(2), 145-50.

In - 313 - the present study, in situ hybridization of FMRF amide-like peptide mi-flp-12 gene was done in pre-parasitic juveniles of Meloidogyne incognita. In situ hybridization revealed the expression of mi-flp-12 in cells associated with the ventral and retro vesicular ganglia of the central nervous system. These studies can help in the identification of genes associated with chemo sensation in plants.

2 illus, 1 table, 20 ref

020069   Balvir Kaur;Sraw P K;Amanpreet Kaur;Singh K (Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Jalandhar, Punjab Agricultural Univ, Ludhiana (Punjab), Email: parampahul78@padu.edu) : Effect of potash and sulphur on yield and quality parameters under different planting methods in onion. J appl nat Sci 2017, 9(4), 2434-7.

A field experiment was carried out to examine the effect of potash and sulphur on yield and quality parameters under different planting methods in onion (Allium cepa L.) during Rabi 2014 and 2015. The experiment consists of 8 treatment combinations viz. 2 planting methods (bed and flat), 4 treatments of fertilizer viz. S₁-N₁₀₀ P₅₀ K₀ S₀ (control), S₂ - N₁₀₀ P₅₀ K₅₀ S₀, S₃ - N₁₀₀ P₅₀ K₀S₄₀, S₄ - N₁₀₀ P₅₀ K₅₀ S₄₀. The experiment was laid in factorial randomized block design and replicated thrice. Uniform dose of farm Yard manure (50 t ha^-1) was applied to all the treatments. Data on plant height (cm), leaves /plant (No.), neck thickness (mm), fresh bulb weight (g), fresh bulb yield (q ha^-1), total soluble solids (T.S.S), sprouting (%),rotting (%) and physiological weight loss (%) at 30 and 90 days after of harvest were recorded. It has been observed that planting methods and fertilizer treatments showed significant difference at 5% level of significance for plant height (cm), neck thickness (mm), fresh bulb weight (g), fresh bulb yield (q ha^-1),total soluble solids (T.S.S), sprouting(%), rotting(%) and physiological weight loss (%) at 30 days after harvest. However their interaction was significant for Neck thickness (mm), fresh bulb yield (q ha^-1) and rotting (%).It was found that application of potash and sulphur with recommended dose of Nitrogen and phosphorus gave better results in relation to yield as well as quality characters. The results revealed that application of potash and sulphur with recommended dose of nitrogen and phosphorus (S₄ - N₁₀₀ P₅₀ K₅₀ S₄₀ ) gave better results in relation to yield (339.6 q ha^-1) as well as quality characters like sprouting (2.38%) and rooting (12.18%) and physiological weight loss at 30 and 90 days of harvest(10.22 and 20.50% respectively).

2 tables, 15 ref

020068   Bala S C;Khan M R;Mukhopadhyay A K (Agricultural Entomology Dep, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, West Bengal, Email: drmrkhanbckv@gmail.com) : Infestation of foliar nematode (Aphelenchoides besseyi) on tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa) in different growing conditions of West Bengal, India. Indian J Nematol 2016, 46(2), 151-5.

^ssc2 tables, 2 ref

020067   Athoni B K;Ishwar H B;Guggari A K (Jr. Breeder, Pearlmillet, AICPMIP, Regional Agricultural Research Stat, Vijayapura, Univ of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad-580 005, Email: ishwarhb.uasdagri@gmail.com) : Combining ability and heterosis for grain yield and its componets in pearlmillet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.). Int J Sci Nat 2016, 7(4), 786-94.

Present experiment was conducted at Regional Agriculture research Station, Vijayapur (Karnataka) during the kharif season of 2015 with five male sterile lines (female parents) and eight restorers (male parents) of pearlmillet in line x tester fashion. In general combining ability analysis ICMA-00888 found maximum gca effects for grain yield, plant height, ear head length, number of productive tillers per plant, test weight and fodder yield followed by ICMA-96666. Maximum gca effects for days to 50% flowering was found in ICMA-88004 and for ear head girth in case of A5RLT-108. In specific combining ability analysis seven crosses viz., ICMA-00888 x A5RLT-108, ICMA-88004 x A5RLT-110, ICMA-00888 x A5RLT-116, ICMA-00888 x A5RLT-120, ICMA-96666 x A5RLT-108, ICMA-81A x A5RLT-123 and ICMA-81A x A5RLT-125 were identified as the best specific combiners for grain yield and major yield components. Analysis of sca effects revealed that good combining parents yield better hybrids, because parents with significant positive gca effects were involved more in selected crosses than those with non-significant gca effects and negative gca effects. In the present study, the involvement of atleast one good general combiner was found essential for obtaining combinations with high specific effects. Combining ability studies revealed that both general and specific combining ability variances - 312 - were important but the estimates of sca variance were higher in magnitude for all the characters. Thus, indicating the predominance of nonadditive gene action. The hybrid Kaveri was used as standard check hybrid. At the end ICMA-00888 x A5RLT-108 was selected as best cross since it has expressed high standard heterosis over standard check hybrid (Kaveri) for many of the traits studied for high grain yield.

5 tables, 14 ref

020066   Athoni B K;Ishwar B;Pattanashetty S K;Guggari A K (Jr. Breeder, Pearl millet, AICPMIP, Regional agricultural Research Station, Vijayapura, Email: ishwarhb.uasdagri@gmail.com) : Genetic diversity for yield and its component traits in pearlmillet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.]. Int J Sci Nat 2016, 7(4), 795-8.

Pearlmillet is an important cereal crop of the semi arid-tropical region. As a result the crop productivity is challenged in most cultivable regions. In order to enhance the productivity in dry regions, breeders need access to diverse material in their breeding programmes. In the present study, an attempt was made to assess the genetic divergence among the 243 germplasm lines using Mahalanobis D² statistic. Based on the genetic distance (D² value), the 243 genotypes were grouped into 16 different clusters indicating diverse nature of material studied. Cluster I was the largest with 129 genotypes followed by cluster III (49 genotypes) and cluster V (24 genotypes) while clusters II and VI, VII, VIII and X to XVI were solitary indicating the grouping of exotic collections in definite groups. Among the various characters, seed yield (27.45%), panicle girth (18.16%), leaf length (12.20%) contributed maximum towards the divergence. Cluster IX (9 genotypes) showed the maximum mean value for seed yield. The intra and inter cluster divergence among the genotypes were varying in magnitude. The intra-cluster distance was maximum in cluster IX followed by clusters IV and V. The widest inter cluster distance was noted between cluster V and XVI giving scope for hybridization programme for improvement of Pearl millet genotypes. The distance between clusters II and V was minimal indicating close relationship between those clusters.

1 illus, 4 tables, 9 ref

020065   Athira K;Ragupathi N;Raguchander T (NO, Vanavarayar Institute of Agriculture, Manakkadavu, Pollachi-642 103, Email: athirakk@gmail.com) : Morphological characterization of Ampelomyces spp., a hyperparasite of bhendi (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) powdery mildew. J appl nat Sci 2017, 9(4), 1954-7.

Ampelomyces is a naturally occurring hyperparasite on powdery mildews. Survey was conducted in major bhendi (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) growing districts of Tamil Nadu during June 2014 to assess the incidence of powdery mildew and to collect different isolates of Ampelomyces spp. The results of the survey revealed that the disease incidence ranged from 15.54 to 63.45%. Ten isolates of Ampelomyces spp. were collect-ed from surveyed areas of powdery mildew. Isolation of Ampelomyces spp. was done from powdery mildew infected bhendi leaf parasitized by Ampelomyces spp. using tissue segment method. All the isolates were identified by their morphological characters. The colour of the colonies in various medium was brownish black to greenish white. Most of the isolates showed radial and fluffy growth pattern with raised growth. The pycnidia of different isolates of Ampelomyces varied in their shape and were mostly ovoid, ellipsoid, cylindrical, pyriform to globose in shape. The size of pycnidia varied from 29.2-72.5x22.4-43.1 μm. The number of pycnidia was found to be more in isolates viz., TNAU-AQ101 and TNAU-AQ103. Pycnidiospores are hyaline, unicellular and guttulate in shape. The pycnidial production was higher in TNAU-AQ101 and TNAU-AQ103. Application of agrochemicals is one of the oldest and most effective methods to manage powdery mildew disease. However, incessant use of these agrochemicals has many demerits such as development of resistance to pathogens, residual toxicity and environmental pollution. Hence, search for an alternative means for disease management is envisaged. The genus Ampelomyces are the major antagonists as an alternative of Erysiphales fungi being a significant group of phytopathogens.

1 illus, 3 tables, 14 ref

020064   Arvind Kumar;Karunakar A P;Anil Nath;Meena B R (Agronomy Dep, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola-444 104, Email: arvindbishnoi29e@gmail.com) : Morphological and phenological performance of different cotton genotypes under different plant density. J appl nat Sci 2017, 9(4), 2242-8.

The field experiment conducted with different plant density and different Genotypes showed significant differences in their morphological characters and phenological characters. Among the genotypes, AKA-7 possessed higher plant height (116.4 cm), No. of sympodia (19.27 plant^-1) and leaf area index (3.628) compared to other geno-types but leaf area (33.02 dm-²) and dry matter weight (103.21g/plant) were recorded higher with genotype Balwan. However, Normal plant density (100%) was registered higher plant height (102.6 cm), no of sympodia (17.33 plant^-1), leaf area (27.02 dm²) and dry matter weight (58.13 g/plant) but higher leaf area index (3.430) was recorded with higher plant density (200%). Among the genotypes, AKH-081 was comparatively earlier in phenological characters i.e. first square (47.9 days), first flower (67.9 days), first boll burst (116.1 days), first picking (128.7 days) and final picking (178 days). However, Higher planting density (200%) was recorded earlier in first square (49.3 day), first flower (67.8 days), first boll burst (116.9 days), first picking (130.6 day) and final picking (179.7 days). On the basis of this experiment, genotype Balwan and normal planting density level (100%) recorded higher morphological development wherever phenological development recorded earlier with the each respective phenophase in the Gen-otype AKH-081 and highest planting density level (200%).

2 tables, 25 ref

020063   Arunakumari H;Sree Rekha M (Agronomy Dep, Agricultural College (ANGRAU), Bapatla-522 101, Email: hanumanthu.aruna@gmail.com) : Plant density and nitrogen in sorghum. Int J Sci Nat 2016, 7(4), 702-6.

In the recent past Sorghum is emerging as a potential alternate feed, fodder and bio-energy crop, Further its tolerance to high temperature and drought makes it suitable for any climatic condition. Optimum plant density is the pre-requisite for obtaining maximum yield. Similarly, optimum rate of N at right time is considered to be the single most significant factor in improving crop productivity. Plant density is important from the point of intercepting sunlight for photosynthesis, besides efficient use of plant nutrients and soil moisture. Therefore, matching optimum plant density with nitrogen schedule is essential to achieve the targeted yields. It is an established fact that higher grain yield depends on optimum plant density and adequate amount of nitrogenous fertilizer. An attempt has been made to review the research on plant densities and nitrogen levels on the growth and yield of sorghum.

30 ref

020062   Anil Kumar;Kapoor A;Walia R K;Walia K K (Nematology Dep, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar-125 004, Email: raman261156@gmail.com) : Nematoxins of microbial origin: their identification, characterization and development as bio-nematicides I. isolation and screening of bacterial strains for nematoxicity. Indian J Nematol 2016, 46(2), 107-15.

A total of 133 bacterial strains were isolated from different sources viz., nematode-infested green-house soil, moss, entomopathogenic nematodes, root-knot nematode females, rhizoplane of fruit trees, and forest soil. Cultures and cell-free culture filtrates (CFs) of all 133 bacterial isolates at three different dilutions were tested under aseptic conditions in lab against Meloidogyne javanica second stage juvenile (J2) mortality. Sixteen isolates showing nematode mortality of ca. 50% at lowest dilution were selected. The short-listed 16 isolates were further subjected to lab assays for confirmation of results and finally only four isolates identified as Providencia rettgeri (two),Pseudomonas putida, Providencia rettgeri, Vibrio sp. were selected on the basis of comparatively higher nematode mortality attributes. The selected four isolates were also tested for their influence on hatching of M. javanica eggs. After 15 days, all the four isolates were at par and reduced hatching from 27 to 30% (CFs) and 20 to 29% (Cultures). No correlation could be established between the metabolic secretions of bacterial strains and nematoxicity.

8 tables, 7 ref

020061   Anil Kumar;Kapoor A;Walia R K (Nematology Dep, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar-125 004, Email: raman261156@gmail.com) : Nematoxins of microbial origin: their identification, characterization and development as bio-nematicides II. effect of growth conditions on the nematoxicity of bacterial isolates. Indian J Nematol 2016, 46(2), 116-25.

Effect of growth temperature on nematoxicity of four bacterial isolates (Cultures or CFs) was studied in vitro. In general, 25 and 30°C growth temperature induced maximum nematode mortality. Providencia rittgeri (isolate <35> 78), P. rittgeri (isolate <35> 123) and Vibrio sp. (isolate <35> 84) were equally effective when cultured at a temperature of 25 and 30°C, while Pseudomonas putida (isolate <35> 113) was more effective when grown at 30°C. Age (24-96 h) of bacterial cultures also influenced their nematoxicity. Lab assays using cultures and Cell-free culture filtrates of 24-96 h revealed - 309 - that a minimum of 48 h growth was necessary to achieve maximum nematoxicity; this was true for all the four isolates. Bacterial growth media viz., LB, YEPD and TY alone (without bacteria) proved toxic to Meloidogyne javanica J2, more so at higher concentrations. Only NB alone was not lethal to nematodes, hence it was found suitable for growth of all the four isolates for nematoxicity tests.

13 tables, 8 ref

020060   Alu'datt M H;Rababah T;Alhamad M N;Al-Ghzawi A L A;Ereifej K;Gammoh S;Almajwal A;Hussein N M;Raweshadeh M (Faculty of Agriculture, Nutrition and Food Technology Dep, Jordan Univ of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan, Email: muhammad.aludatt@mail.mcgill.ca) : Optimization, characterization and biological properties of phenolic compounds extracted from Rosmarinus officinalis. J essential Oil Res 2017, 29(5), 375-84.

This study evaluated the optimal conditions for the extraction of phenolics from Rosmarinus officinalis. Phenolic extracts were obtained under extraction conditions in which several parameters were varied (time, temperature, solvents and free and bound forms). The results revealed that the optimum conditions for maximum phenolic content extraction and antioxidant activity were achieved using a mixture of methanol and water at 60 °/1 h. However, the optimal extraction conditions for phenolics with the highest hypertensive (ACE) or diabetic (α-amylase and α-glucosidase) enzyme inhibitory activity were observed using a mixture of acetone and water for extraction at 40 °/6 h or methanol at 50 °/8 h, respectively. The results indicated that the free and bound phenolic compounds had antioxidant, antihypertensive and antidiabetic properties. The predominant free phenolic compound identified in rosemary was thymol, while chlorogenic and caffeic acids were the predominant bound phenolic compounds.

6 tables, 35 ref

020059   Ahmed N S;Dora K C;Chowdhury S;Sarkar S; Mishra R (Faculty of Fishery Sciences, West Bengal Univ of Animal and Fishery Siences, Kolkata-700 094, Email: calotropisnaaz@gmail.com) : Effect of chitosan and acetic acid on the shelf life of sea bass fillets stored at refrigerated temperature. J appl nat Sci 2017, 9(4), 2175-81.

Considering the necessity on the use of chitosan and acetic acid as an antimicrobial and antioxidant agents, an attempt was made to study their effect on Asian sea bass fillets stored at refrigerated temperature of 4±1°C. The effectiveness of different antimicrobials (Chitosan and Acetic acid) were measured by disk diffusion method against five bacterial strains (E. coli, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas fragi) with 1% Acetic acid as (T₁), 1% Acetic acid + 1% Chitosan as (T₂), 1% Acetic acid + 2% Chi-tosan as (T₃) and distilled water as control (C).T₂ was more effective in inhibiting all the bacteria except Pseudomo-nas fragi. Treatment T₁ was found to be more effective against it - 308 - whereas the action of T₃ on the bacterial strains was also effective but less than the other two treatments. Further, antioxidant property of the treatments were measured by DPPH method which indicated that T₃ showed highest % of antioxidative activity (3.94%) followed by T₁ (3.85%), T₂ (2.62%), and C (1.788%).Thus, it is observed that the antioxidant activity was found to be increased with the increasing concentration of chitosan. Application of chitosan and acetic acid coatings on Asian sea bass ( Lates calcarifer) fillets successfully controlled the TVB-N values, PV and TBA values (p<60>0.05) when compared to control sample and among all the treatments T₂ was found to be the best. Coating of chitosan and acetic acid on the fillets also resulted in improvement of sensory scores as well as acceptability under refrigerated condition.

1 illus, 4 tables, 26 ref

020058   Adhikary N K;Samaddar S;Venkatesh I;Dolai A K;Tarafdar J;Bhattacharyya S K (NO, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia-741 252, Email: nayan.bckv@gmail.com) : Evaluation of bupirimate against rose powdery mildew. J appl nat Sci 2017, 9(4), 2188-92.

Bupirimate 25% Emulsifiable concentrate (EC) was evaluated for efficacy on Sphaerotheca pannosa, the causal agent of rose powdery mildew in vivo. In this experiment Bupirimate 25% EC 6 ml/L and 4 ml/L effectively reduced the powdery mildew infection over rest of the treatments and improved the flower yield. Moreover, application of Bupirimate 25% EC at the doses of 2, 4 and 6 ml/L and even at higher dose 8 ml/L did not show any phyto-toxic symptoms on rose plant. Thus, Bupirimate 25% EC may be considered as compared to other fungicides.

4 tables, 16 ref

019316   Zote V K;Salvi S P;Haldavnekar P C; Narangalkar A L (NO, Regional Fruit Research Station, Vengurle, Dist. Sindhudurg (MS)-416 516, Email: vaishalizote@gmail.com) : Efficacy of newer insecticide against cashew stems and root borer (Plocaedrus ferruginous) in konkan region of Maharashtra. Pestology 2017, 41(1), 17-19.

An experiment was conducted at Regional Fruit Research Station, Vengurle,with an aim to management of cashew stem and root borer. The various methods were applied after removal of the bark from the infested portion and treated the portion with chemical to check cashew stem and root borer infestation. As per finding, it is necessary to remove the bark from the infested portion of the tree up to 26-50 per cent. In chemical control measures, swabbing with 2 ml/lit Fipronil was found to be most effective against cashew stem and root borer which showed no re-infestation. The observations recorded with respect to age group revealed that the older trees are more attacked by the pest. Whereas, young cashew trees age were found to be free from attack. Similarly, in Maharashtra agro climatic conditions the attack was found to be more at collar + stem region and less at upper branches.

2 tables, 8 ref

019315   Zhang Y;Li Z L;Wang S W;Wu F Z;Pan K (College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural Univ, Harbin 150030, China, Email: mugonglin@aliyun.com) : Effects of crop straws on root knot nematodes and soil fungi in continuous cropping of tomato. Allelopathy J 2017, 42(1), 79-92.

Pot experiments were done with 3-types of straws (wheat straw, onion leaves straw and Jerusalem artichoke straw) as soil additives to determine their effects on plant nematodes. The straw application not only reduced the number of root knots in tomato, but also it also reduced the fungal species diversity. The fungal species diversity in the soil treated with onion leaves straw and Jerusalem artichoke straw differed significantly at 50 and 70 d. Furthermore, the classification analysis of the 23 fungal genera showed that four genera had an extremely positive correlation with the number of root knot nematodes and two genera had a significant positive correlation with the number of root knot nematodes.

2 illus, 6 tables, 22 ref

019314   Zhang H Y;Qi S S;Dai Z C;Zhang M;Sun J F;Du D L (Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu Univ, Zhenjiang 212013, China, Email: ddl@ujs.edu.cn) : Allelopathic potential of flavonoids identified from invasive plant Conyza canadensis on Agrostis stolonifera and Lactuca sativa. Allelopathy J 2017, 41(2), 223-38.

We identified the bioactive flavonoids from the aqueous leachates of Conyza canadensis and investigated their allelopathic potential on the seed germination and seedling growth of two recipient spp. Agrostis stolonifera and - 377 - Lactuca sativa. In bioassay-directed isolation of phytotoxic constituents in the aqueous leachates of C. canadensis, it was extracted with various organic solvents (n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butyl alcohol). The ethyl acetate and n-butyl alcohol extracts from the aqueous leachates of C. canadensis inhibited the seed germination and seedling growth of both recipient spp. Agrostis stolonifera and Lactuca sativa. Besides, two flavonoids (luteolin and eriodictyol) were identified from the ethyl acetate and n-butyl alcohol extracts of C. canadensis via HPLC-PDA/ESI-MS² and spectral characteristics analysis. The luteolin and eriodictyol significantly decreased the seed germination and seedling growth of A. stolonifera and L. sativa at 15.8 mg/L and 20.3 mg/L, respectively. Furthermore, the lueolin at 40 mg/L and eriodictyol at 60 mg/L significantly inhibited the growth of plant pathogenic fungi Rhizoctonia solani. Our results suggested that luteolin and eriodictyol from C. canadensis allelochemicals, may help to suppress the tested organisms.

9 illus, 1 table, 50 ref

019313   Yang H S;Sun C X;Li T;Li G J;Ke W S;Sun Q X (Key Lab of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Production Management, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Ag, Nanjing 210095, China, Email: sunqixiang@263.net) : Preparation and evaluation of camptothecin granules for molluscacidal activity. Allelopathy J 2017, 42(1), 145-56.

To prevent the schistosomiasis disease is to control the intermediate host (snail, Oncomelania hupensis Gredler). We developed and tested an environment-friendly approach to control this snail by preparing the plant molluscacide, camptothecin granules and tested its molluscacidal activity. Aqueous solution (prepared from dissolved granules) of 0.60 g/L concentration of camptothecin showed 100% molluscacidal effect after submerging the O. hupensis for 4-5 days. It reduced the glycogen content, total protein and liver alanine aminotransferase activity in the treated snails. Camptothecin proved safe to fish, at 1.0 g/L for 96 h or 0.40 g/L concentration for 30 days. It prevented the schistosomiasis in schistosomiasis epidemic area in China by controlling the snails growth, that carry the worms causing schistosomiasis.

4 illus, 1 table, 34 ref

019312   Yadav U;Tiwari R (Entomology Dep, College of Agriculture, G. B. Pant Univ of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar-263 145, Email: ushadv13@gmail.com) : Effect of eco-friendly indigenous products and storage receptacles on insect infestation in stored wheat. J expl Zool 2017, 20(1), 163-9.

The laboratory experiments were conducted on the effect of some eco-friendly indigenous products such as chopped neem leaves, ajwain seed powder, garlic capsules, cow dung powder, ash powder, sand, talcum powder, saw dust, common salt and cow urine @ 2 g/100 g wheat grains along with chemical, Coragen @ 10 mg/100 g wheat grains and storage receptacles viz plastic containers, paper bags and muslin cloth bags on natural infestation of storage insect pests in treated wheat grains stored in these storage receptacles for six months period from April to October 2015. It has been clearly - 376 - observed that up to three months of storage, treated grains were found naturally infested with only two major insects i.e. rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae and lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica in all tested storage receptacles. with the least population of both insects were observed in ash powder, sand, talcum powder, saw dust and chopped neem leaves treated wheat grains stored in plastic containers. After six months of storage of treated wheat grains in different storage receptacles, red rust flour beetle, Tribolium casteneum was also reported attacking the treated wheat grains along with other three insect pests in only paper bags and muslin cloth bags. Again the population of insects were found significantly less in treated wheat grains stored in plastic containers with less grain damage and weight loss. Therefore, after six months of storage period of treated wheat grains, the effectiveness of indigenous products and storage receptacles was found in following decreasing manner: ash powder<62>sand<62>talcum powder<62>chopped neem leaves<62>cow dung cake powder<62> saw dust and plastic container<62>paper bags<62>muslin cloth bags against natural infestation of storage insect pests, grain damage abd weight loss of treated stored wheat. The present studies revealed that eco-friendly indigenous products were found very effective when treated wheat grains were kept in plastic containers followed by paper bags with significantly less insect infestation, grain damage and weight loss in stored wheat in comparison to muslin cloth bags. Thus, it can be concluded that eco-friendly indigenous products and plastic containers can easily be used to provide a double barrier to insect attack in stored wheat.

2 tables, 19 ref

019311   Yadav S P;Singh B K;Balla R (Pesticide Residue Analysis Lab, National Horticultural Research and Development Foundation, Chitegaon Phata, Post-Dharnasangvi, Tq-Niphad, Nashik-422 003, Email: bhupendrakumarsingh@gmail.com) : Quantification of multi class pesticide residues in table grape samples using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. J expl Zool 2017, 20(1), 401-12.

A simple, sensitive and selective liquid chromatography-electro spray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS-MS) method was developed for the simultaneous determination of 91 multi-class pesticides residues in fresh grapes (Organophosporous, Organochlorine, Triazine, Pyrimidne, Triazole, Imadazole, Benzimidazole, Nicotinoid, Substituted thiourea, Strobiluron, Dinitroaniline, Morpholine) in compliance with the EU-MRL requirements. The pesticide residues were estimated in a schedule multi reaction monitoring (Scheduled MRM) mode. This procedure involves extraction of 10 g sample with 10 ml ethyl acetate, followed by addition of 10 g sodium sulphate anhydrous and 50 mg primary secondary amine (PSA) was used to clean up the sample extracts. Studies at fortification levels of 0.005-0.050 mg kg^-1 gave mean recoveries from 70 to 105% with relative standard deviation (RSD) ≥11%. The Limit of quantification (LOQ) of all compounds were lower than harmonized MRL of European Union Commission i.e. ≥ 5.0 ng g^-1 except for abamactin and flubendamide where LOQ was 10.0 ng g^-1. Total 123 no. of grape samples collected during December 2012 to April 2013 from Nasik district region, only two samples free from pesticides and eight samples exceeded European Union MRLs for case of carbandazim, hexaconazole, methomyl, flusilazole and abamactin residues.

4 illus, 3 tables, 10 ref

019310   Yadav S K;Raju S V S;Yadav M K;Srivastava A K;Dwivedi P K (Entomology & Agril. Zoology Dep, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, BHU, Varanasi-221 005, Email: dwivedi_pradip@rediffmail.com) : Bio-efficacy of new insecticidal molecules against the diamonback moth (Plutellaxylostella L.) on cauliflower. J expl Zool 2017, 20(1), 465-9.

The propensity of Diamondback moth infestation on Cole crops assumed serious proportions due to monoculture crop production, off season cultivation, summer hybrids and other newly introduced varieties. After the first insecticidal application the overall mean percent field efficacy was highest in spinosad treated plots (49.08 indicating that the Diamondback Moth population was susceptible to it. Among the other treatments fipronil, nuvaluran and indoxacarb were having considerably good performance (43.81, 40.26 and 35.23 respectively) in reducing the Diamondback Moth larval population in the field. Again after 2 sprayings the results were - 375 - similar showing the highest field efficacy was observe with spinosad followed by the later three insecticides in the same order. Though earlier studies suggested that indoxacarb has better efficacy than neem here, in the present study, it was found to be least efficient when compared with spinosad and fipronil. However, it was found to be more effective than standard insecticides like indoxacarb and lambda cyhalothrin being showed only a mild efficiency. After all the three insecticidal applications spinosad, fipronil and indoxacarb were found to have better percent field efficacy compared to other treatments. Spinosad scored highest per cent field efficacy among all amounting 49.08, 47.95 and 50.44 respectively, after 1 st, 2nd and 3rd the three sprayings, respectively.

3 tables, 15 ref

019309   Yadav S K;Panickar B;Sisodiya D B;Yadav P C (Entomology Dep, C.P. College of Agriculture, Sardar Krushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural, S.K. Nagar-385 506) : Management of sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata (rondani) through different components. J expl Zool 2017, 20(1), 627-33.

The present investigation carried out at Sorghum Research Station, SDAU, Deesa, Gujarat, to study the different management components against shoot fly. Among these componentsImidacloprid (0.61) and carbofuran (0.76) were the most effective insecticides followed by the treatments thiamethoxam (0.88), early sowing (1.02) and phorate (1.14). Whereas, quinalphos (1.51) and high seed rate (2.22) were found to be significantly less effective regarding number of eggs per plant. While in case of Per cent dead hearts that imidacloprid (5.13) and carbofuran (6.89) were the most effective treatment followed by thiamethoxam (7.91) and early sowing (10.1). NSKE (12.95), chlorpyriphos (14.11) and quinalphos (14.99) were least effective treatment for managing the shoot fly incidence. The superiority of imidacloprid was also reflected insignificantly maximum yield (2716 kg/ ha) which was at par with carbofuran 3G (2601 kg/ha). The highest per cent increase in yield over control was also observed in the treatment of imidacloprid (57.17%) followed by carbofuran (50.52%).Whereas, lower per cent increase in yield of sorghum was recorded in the treatment of high seed rate (23.49%) and early sowing (20.42%). The avoidable yield losses in sorghum due to shoot fly was varied from 4.23 to 36.37 per cent. The avoidable losses in sorghum yield was minimum in the plots treated with carbofuran (4.23%) followed by thiamethoxam (7.80%). The Protection Cost Benefit Ratio (PCBR) was also recorded highest in the treatment of imidacloprid (1: 79.54) and minimum in carbofuran (1: 03.79). Finally, it can be inferred that imidacloprid 70WS (0.05 per cent) was the most effective treatment against sorghum shoot fly which was followed by carbofuran 3G and thiamethoxam70WS (0.05 per cent).

2 illus, 5 tables, 11 ref

019308   Yadav P C;Sharma U S (Entomology Dep, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Maharana Pratap Univ of Agriculture, Udaipur-313 001) : Efficacy of treatment schedules against sucking insect-pests of groundnut. J expl Zool 2017, 20(1), 639-42.

Field experiment were conducted during kharif 2010 at Instructional farm, CTAE, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur, Rajasthan to evaluate the bioefficacy of seven treatments viz: T₁:Fipronil 80 WG @ 125 g / ha + beta-cyfluthrin 9% + Imidacloprid 21% 300 OD @ 175 ml/ha, T₂: Fipronil 80 WG @ 125 g + Flubendiamide 24% 480 SC @ 250 ml /ha, T₃: Chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 5000 ml + beta-cyfluthrin 9% + Imidacloprid 21% 300 OD @ 175 ml/ha, T₄: Chlorpyriphos 20 EC@ 5000 ml + Flubendiamide 24% 480 SC @ 250 ml/ha, T₅: Phorate 10 G @ 25 kg/ha + beta-cyfluthrin 9% + Imidacloprid 21% 300 OD @ 175 - 374 - ml/ha, T₆: Phorate 10 G @ 25 kg/ha + Flubendiamide 24% 480 SC @ 175 ml/ha and control.Among these treatment schedules, soil application of phorate 10G @ 25 kg/ha at the time of sowing followed by two spray of Beta cyfluthrin 9% + imidacloprid 21% 300 OD @ 175 ml/ha at 15 days interval were found significantly superior over all the treatments in terms of mean reduction in the population of sucking insect pests.

4 tables, 10 ref

019307   Xie W Y;Hu N Y;Yu Y N;Niu Z J;Li X (College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural Univ, Guangzhou 510642, China, Email: gzyyn@163.com) : Resistance of plant community to exotic invasive Mikania micrantha through allelopathy of multiple species. Allelopathy J 2017, 41(2), 239-48.

Authors studied the resistance potential of several common plant species to the notorious exotic invasive plant Mikania micrantha H.B.K. We compared the allelopathic effects of each species and of the mixed extracts of multiple species on seed germination, seedling photosynthetic activity and seedling growth of M. micrantha. Our results showed that each plant was allelopathic to M. micrantha but the mixed extracts of many spp. were most inhibitory. To enhance the allelopathic effects through multiple species may be a good approach to control the invasive plant M. micrantha in southern China.

3 illus, 3 tables, 29 ref

019306   Vishwajith;Halagalimath S P;Math G (Agronomy Dep, Agricultural Sciences Univ, Dharwad, Karnataka-580 005, Email: vishwajithmaski@gmail.com) : Allelopathic effects of sunflower onsucceeding mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) Wilczek) crop. Allelopathy J 2017, 42(1), 37-48.

Authors studied the allelopathic effects of sunflower on the succeeding mungbean crop and also identified and quantified the allelochemicals present in different plant parts of sunflower using HPLC. Phenolic compounds present in leaves of sunflower were : Chlorogenic acid (18.53±0.66 mg/100 g) <62> trans-ferulic acid (17.96 ±1.15 mg/100 g) <62> caffeic acid (17.32±1.59 mg/100 g) <62> vanillic acid (15.34±1.07 mg/100 g), while stem contained trans-ferulic acid (17.92±1.57 mg/100 g) <62> chlorogenic acid (16.31±0.95 mg/100 g) <62> vanillic acid (15.15±0.91 mg/100 g) and root contains only trans-ferulic acid (13.6±1.2 mg/100 g). The seed yield of mungbean was significantly higher in fallow-mungbean rotation (716 kg/ha) than in sunflowermungbean sequence (593 kg/ha). Among the sowing periods, the crop sown on June 14 gave significantly higher seed yield (904 kg ha^-1) than other sowing dates except June 21 (837 kg ha1). The seed yield of mungbean in fallow-mungbean rotation sown on June 14 was 1038 kg ha^-1 than sunflower-mungbean rotation sown on June 14 (770 kg ha^-1).

2 illus, 4 tables, 36 ref

019305   Vinod M;Natikar P K;Balikai R A;Mallapur C P; Kambrekar D N (Agricultural Entomology Dep, Agricultural Sciences Univ, Dharwad-580 005, Email: madhu19pvinod@gmail.com) : Pulse pod borers : seasonal incidence and management with special reference to soybean. J expl Zool 2017, 20(1), 25-32.

Pulses, the grain seed of agriculturally grown legumes are a vital source of protein, dietary fibres, carbohydrates and dietary minerals. Popularly known legumes are bengal gram, red gram, urd bean, mung bean peas, beans, and soybeans. Amongst insect-pests attacking these crops from sowing till harvesting, the pulse pod borers during flowering and post flowering causes severe losses. The ravages caused by the pod borers are of much importance in this context, causing considerable yield loss. The pod borer Cydia ptychora (Meyrick) is an important pest of soybean and other related legumes causing serious damage to the crop in Karnataka. It is of paramount importance due to its major pest status in and around Dharwad and inflicts severe damage to the crop, leading to huge losses. Larval feeding holes and the production of frass and webbing within the pods resulted seeds with severely reduced food value and poor germination capacity. The present review focuses on literature generated on various aspects of pulse pod borers with special reference to pink pod borer viz., seasonal incidence, natural enemies, screening of different soybean varieties and management.

^iia62 ref

019304   Vinay Kumar;Singh G K;Kaushik S S;Singh G C (Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Deendayal Research Institute, Ganiwa, Chitrakoot, Uttar Pradesh, Email: sskfarm2009@gmail.com) : Effect of integrated nutrient management and spacing on production and economics of cauliflower in Bundelkhand region. Life Sci Bull 2016, 13(1), 21-3.

A field experiment was conducted at Brahamanand Mahavidyala Agriculture Research Farm Rath, Hamirpur, Uttar Pradesh with the objective to find out the appropriate dose of fertilizers and organic manure besides the spacing in cauliflower. There were three levels of nitrogen i.e. 120,90 and 60 kg N/ha and three bio manures i.e. FYM, NADEP compost and vermicompost were tested. It could be concluded that nitrogen application @ 90 kg/ha and 30 kg N with organic manure at 45 cm spacing was fount to be most significant.

3 tables, 2 ref

019303   Vinay Kumar;Singh G K;Kaushik S S;Singh G C (Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Deendayal Research Institute, Ganiwa, Chitrakoot, Uttar Pradesh, Email: sskfarm2009@gmail.com) : Effect of nutrient management and spacing on production soil health and uptake of nutrients on cauliflower (Brassica oleracia L. Var. Botrytis). Life Sci Bull 2016, 13(1), 17-20.

A field experiment conducted during 2009-2010 and 2010-2011 at Brahamanand Mahavidyala Agriculture Research Farm Rath, Hamirpur, Uttar Pradesh with the objective to find out the appropriate nutrient management and spacing in cauliflower. In nutrient management three levels of nitrogen i.e. 120,90 and 60 kg N/ha and three bio manures i.e. FYM, NADEP compost and vermicompost have been used and it could be concluded from the findings that nitrogen application @90 kg/ha and 30 kg/N with organic manure at 45 cm spacing produced -292 q/ha cauliflower, improved soil health and uptake of nutrients.

2 tables, 4 ref

019302   Vimlesh Kumar;Mishra D P;Yadav G C;Babu U (Vegetable Science Dep, N.D. U. A. & T., Kumarganj Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh) : Determining relationships between different growth and yield traits in pumpkin with path coefficient analysis. Pharma Innovation 2017, 6(12), 18-26.

The objective of this study was to determine the relationships among fruit yield per plant (Kg), growth and economic traits using twenty one genotypes (15 F₁ hybrids and 6 Parents) of pumpkin during three seasons (E₁, E₂, E₃) and pooled analysis worked out. The observations were measured on growth and yield attributing traits. The present investigation revealed that the fruit yield per plant had exhibited significant and positive phenotypic correlation with number of fruits per plant, average fruit weight, total soluble solids, vine length, flesh thickness, number of primary branches per plant, equatorial circumference of fruit and negative significant association with days to first male flower anthesis, days to first female flower anthesis, days to first fruit harvest, inter nodal length and node number to first male flower appearance at phenotypic level during all three seasons and over seasons (pooled) except node number to first male flower appearance during E₁ and E₂. Analysis of path coefficient revealed that highest positive direct effect on fruit yield per plant was exerted by number of fruit per plant followed by average fruit weight at phenotypic level. Whereas, higher negative direct effects exerted by days to first fruit harvest.

16 tables, 20 ref

019301   Vikas Kumar (College of Forestry, Kerala Agricultural Univ, KAU, Thrissur, Kerala, Email: vkskumar49@gmail.com) : Enhancing seed germination and seedling growth of Spondias pinnata (I. F.) Kurz. - a potential pickle plant. Envir Ecol 2016, 34(4A), 2023-8.

The study was undertaken to evaluate the influence of different chemical pre-treat-ments on seed germination and early seedling performance of Spondias pinnata during August 2013 to July 2014. The seeds were subjected seven presowing treatments including soaking in water, cow dung slurry for different durations and termite treatment. Results of the study indicated that the germination parameters of seeds were significantly influenced by the pre-sowing treatments and the water soaking of the seeds for 24 h (T₂) produced the highest germination. The presowing treatments also influenced the initial seedling performance and the seedlings obtained after alternate drying and wetting of the seeds for five days (T₆) recorded the higher growth and biomass production which was evident from the quality indices of those seedlings.

3 tables, 18 ref

019300   Vidyasagaran K;Vikas Kumar (Forest Management and Utilization Dep, College of Forestry, Kerala Agricultural Univ, Thrissur-680 656, Email: vkskumar49@gmail.com) : Evaluation of municipal garbage as a component of potting media for economically important timber species seedlings for afforestation in tropics. J envir Biol 2017, 38(1), 7-14.

Aim is to investigated the comparative effect of different potting media with different compositions on growth and vigour of Tectona grandis (Teak), Ailanthus triphysa (Matti) and Swietenia macrophylla (Mahogany) seedlings. To determine the effect of different following seven potting media were prepared by thoroughly mixing the following components viz. T1 - Soil: Sand : cow dung (1:1:1 ratio- control treatment); T2- Soil: Municipal waste (1:1); T3 - Soil: Coir waste (1:1); T4- Soil: Tea waste (1:1);T5 - Soil: Municipal waste: Sand (1:1:1); T6 - Soil: Coir waste : Sand (1:1:1) and T7 - Soil: Tea waste: Sand (1:1:1).Estimating the growth attributes, physiological parameters and nutrient content of different treatments of selected important timber species seedlings. - 371 - Results indicated that T1, T7 and T2 as the best combination of potting media tomanifest maximum performance of various growths attributes for teak, mahogany and matti, respectively. Indeed, treatments containing municipal waste and cow dung recorded aslightly higher value of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium content at the end of the study period. There is a lack of scientific data, effect of municipal garbage on the growth and vigour of tree seedlings, either in the nursery or in the plantation. This information may be helpful in production of healthy seedling of different growth characters such as nutrient uptake, biomass production, chlorophyll production and leaf growth behavior of seedlings.

3 tables, 49 ref

019299   Verma S S;Verma R S;Verma S K;Pathak S (College of Horticulture and Forestry, Narendra Deva Univ of Agriculture and Technology, Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh, Email: vermasshorti@gmail.com) : Effect of chemicals and growth regulators on yield and quality of ber cv gola. Envir Ecol 2016, 34(4A), 1874-7.

A study was conducted to examine the effect of three levels each of CaCl₂, K₂SO₄ (1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0%) and GA₃ (100, 150 and 200 ppm) on the yield, physical and chemical parameter of ber cv Gola. Uniform size fruits were harvested at the physiological maturity and all the observations were recorded. GA₃ (at 150 ppm) was proved to be effective in term of yield and physical character of fruits. The quality of fruits with respect of TSS, sugars, ascorbic acid and acidity and maximum net return per rupees was obtained with the spray of potassium sulfate 1.5%. The study suggests that as pre-harvest spray could pre-serve the physiological changes and improve the yield and quality of ber fruits of cv Gola.

2 tables, 9 ref

019298   Verma N K;Upadhyat A D;Roy A K;Sanjeev Kumar (NO, Faculty of Fishery Sciences, WBUAFS, 5-Budherhat Road, Chakgaria, P.O. Panchasayar Kolkata, West Bengal, Email: fisheynarendra@gmail.com) : Trend of fish seed, fish production and their interrelationship in Uttar Pradesh. Life Sci Bull 2016, 13(1), 61-4.

Uttar Pradesh is India's most populous state with enough fisheries resources in the form of ponds, tanks with dominance of rivers and man made reservoirs. Fish production in the state was only 325.95 thousand tones (2007-08) and it is less than national average. In this study trend of fish seed production and fish production and also their inter relationship was analyzed. The time series analysis for period 1994-2008 reveals that fish seed production and fish production in the state is increasing over the years. The regression equation of fish seed production and fish production is established (Yest 0.275X-16.16; R²=0.971). This result clearly indicates a very good fit of the empherical data suggesting the fact that 97.1% of the variability in Fish production is explained by the seed production alone. A strong significant relation between two variables (r= 0.97) justifies the need of quality seed production for enhanced sustainable fish production.

4 illus, 18 ref

019297   Verma A K;Pramanik P S;Verma M K;Maurya P K; Yadav A K (Livestock Production Management Dep, N.D.U.A.T., Kumarganj, Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh-224 229, Email: alokvet3842@gmail.com) : Comparative studies on egg traits of rhode island red, Kadaknath and aseel fowls. Envir Ecol 2016, 34(4A), 1918-21.

The present study was conducted to compare the egg traits of Rhode Island Red, Kadaknath and Aseel fowls. For this purpose 25 birds from each breed comprising 22 females and 3 males were selected and kept in three different pens at poultry units. The eggs of RIR were significantly heavier than Aseel and Kadaknath eggs. The egg weight of Aseel was also significantly higher than Kadaknath. There was significant difference in the length of incubated eggs among three breeds of birds with RIR being highest followed by Aseel and Kadaknath. Significant differences in egg width were found in incubated eggs among the three breeds of birds. Similarly egg width and egg volume differ significantly among three breeds with RIR being highest than Aseel and Kadaknath. Egg length to width ratio of RIR was significantly differed from desi fowls under study but no significant difference in egg length to width ratio was found among Aseel and Kadaknath. Egg shape index of desi fowls was significantly higher than RIR with no significant difference in shape index of desi fowls.

1 table, 12 ref

019296   Vaquil;Rathee R (Livestock Products Technology Dep, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai Univ of Veterinary and, Hisar, Haryana) : Review on health promoting aspects of goat milk. Pharma Innovation 2017, 6(12), 5-8.

Goats play an important role in livestock industry having adaptability to harsh climates which make them suitable for landless and marginal farmers. They are one of the main contributors of milk and meat products. Goat milk is different from cow and human milk, these differences in composition of cow milk and goat milk may result into the products with different sensory characteristics, nutritional and therapeutic values. Goat milk contains higher amount of calcium, magnesium and phosphors than cow and human milk. Medium chain triglycerides (MCT) and proteins which are more in goat milk have been recognized as unique lipid and protein with unique health benefits. The soft curd of goat milk may be an advantage for adult humans suffering from gastrointestinal disturbances and ulcers. It is reported that the bioavailability of Zn is enhanced by goat milk in comparison to cow milk. Moreover, goat milk is also used as therapy against different problems including gastrointestinal disturbances, vomiting, colic, diarrhea, constipation and respiratory problems.

41 ref

019295   Vaquil;Rajesh Kumar (Livestock Products Technology Dep, Lala Lajpat Rai Univ of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar-125 004) : Milk based functional drinks. Pharma Innovation 2017, 6(12), 12-14.

Milk has always been a choice of innovation for food researchers to meet the ever changing consumer's preferences for newness in the products. Moreover, milk is consumed by people of all age can act as potent carrier for the herbs which can add functional attributes to the - 369 - product. In modern era consumers are very much aware about their health. So the demand of functional foods is increasing day by day at global level and more and more people are adopting functional foods for health benefits. The flavored herbal milk drinks contains calcium, phosphorus, iron and other essential nutrients, which makes it a potential food supplement for adults and children. It is concluded that herbal milk drinks are proven to be beneficial under various conditions, such as anaemia, diabetes, cancer, eczema, constipation, support healthy skin, kidney swelling and common cold.

^iia26 ref

019294   Urraiya P;Jha M K (Student of M.Sc. (Hort.) Vegetable science Dep, JNKVV, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh) : Weed management studies in kharif onion (Allium cepa L.) on yield attributes. J Pharmac Phytochem 2017, 6(6), 14-16.

The present investigation entitled "Weed management studies in kharif Onion (Allium cepa L.)" was conducted at Horticulture Complex, Dept. of Horticulture, Maharajpur, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa vidyalaya, Jabalpur (M.P.) during the year 2016-17. The treatments consisted of Ten combination of different agro input management practices viz., Oxyflurofen 23.5% EC + one hand weeding at 40-60 DAT (T₁), Oxyflurofen 23.5% EC + one hand weeding at 30 DAT + Quizalofop Ethyl 5% EC at 60 DAT (T₂), Pendimethalin 30% EC + one hand weeding at 30 DAT + Quizalofop Ethyl 5% EC at 60 DAT (T₃), Black Plastic Mulch (T₄), Organic Mulch- 6 t/ha (T₅), Weedy check (T₆), Silver Plastic Mulch (T₇), Organic Mulch- 9 t/ha (T₈), Organic Mulch- 12 t/ha (T₉), Weed free check (T₁₀), Significantly maximum 260.31 q/ha and 267.31q/ha marketable and total yield respectively was recorded under the treatment T₄. Whereas, the lowest 140.02 q/ha and 147.36 q/ha yield was observed in T₆. And minimum weed index was observed (-7.36%) in the treatment T₄. The highest bolters percentage (2.70%) was recorded in the treatment T₆. The highest (3.78%) value of doubles was recorded in the treatment T₆. and the lowest doubles percentage 1.09% was recorded under the T₁₀.

2 tables, 3 ref

019293   Uma M S;Seetharama H G;Manjunatha Reddy G V; Kumar T M;Ashwitha T V;Raghuramalu Y (NO, Central Coffee Research Institute, Coffee Research Station, Chikmagalur-577 117, Email: uma.m.s.ent@gmail.com) : Novel approach to arrest white stem borer in coffee. J expl Zool 2017, 20(1), 377-82.

The coffee white stem borer (Xylotrechus quadripes Chev.) continues to be a serious threat for arabica coffee in the country. It has been observed that due to non-adoption of recommended management practices like proper shade maintenance, tracing, uprooting and disposal of infested stems before the flight periods, use of chemical spray on healthy plants etc., have been indirectly assisting in building up of borer population in coffee ecosystem. In view of this, the present study was conducted with an objective to kill the borer stages inside the infested plants and therefore prevent emergence of the adult beetles at least till the harvest is completed with treatments like stem injection, root feeding of systemic insecticide and stem wrapping with insecticide treatment. Among the three approaches, we found higher adult mortality of coffee white stem borer in wrapping of main stem and thick primaries with gunny bag strips followed by spraying of combination insecticide Chlorpyrifos 50 EC + Cypermethrin 5 EC @ 1.2 ml/liter of water along with 1 ml of wetting agent. This is the first report of confining the white stem borer adults within the infested coffee plants. Hence, we propose this novel method to control white stem borer in coffee effectively which is benefiting in two ways: i) assist in harvesting crop from infested plants without permitting emergence and escape of beetles, ii) help in killing adults besides reducing stem borer infestation.

6 illus, 3 - 368 -

019292   Tharini K B;Belavadi V V;Khan H K (Entomology Dep, College of Agriculture, Agricultural Sciences Univ, GKVK, Bangalore, Email: tharinikraj@gmail.com) : Flower visitors in bitter gourd ecosystem : Abundance and diversity. Life Sci Bull 2016, 13(1), 7-11.

The present investigation on abundance and diversity of flower visitors in bitter gourd ecosystem was carried out at the Zonal Agricultural Research Station, Gandhi Krishi Vignana Kendra (GKVK), University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore during kharif-2014. The data on visual counts of flower visitors with respect to their abundance in bitter gourd during kharif-2014 revealed that Apis bees, Apis cerana and A. florea were significantly larger in number and constituted nearly 65% when compared to other non-Apis species visiting bitter gourd flowers. A total of 27 species of flower visitors were recorded on bitter gourd belonging to 11 families of 3 orders. Among the flower visitors, A. cerana and A. florea were more abundant (70.13%) than other non-Apis species (29.86%). Malaise and intercept traps caught very low number of flower visitors. The maximum pollinator diversity remained same between 08.00 to 14.00 h except between 06.00 to 07.00 h and later the activity decreased gradually.

4 tables, 21 ref

019291   Thakur V;Patil R P;Patil J R;Suma T C;Umesh M R (Crop Physiology Dep, Agricultural Sciences Univ, Raichur, Karnataka) : Influence of foliar nutrition on growth and yield of blackgram under rainfed condition. J Pharmac Phytochem 2017, 6(6), 33-7.

Field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of foliar nutrition on growth and yield of rainfed blackgram. The treatments viz., foliar spray of 2.0% Urea (T₁), 2.0% MAP (T₂), 1% K₂SO₄ (T₃), 0.3% MgSO₄ (T₄), 0.3% MnSO₄ (T₅), 0.5% ZnSO4 (T₆), 0.02% Boric acid (T₇), 0.5% FeSO₄ (T₈), 0.05% Na₂MoO₄ (T₉), 2.0% 19:19:19 Mixture (T₁₀), Pulse magic @ 10 g/l (T₁₁), Control (T₁₂) and Absolute control (T₁₃). Foliar spray was taken at flowering stage. Basal dosage of fertilizer 25:50 kg N: P₂O₅ ha^-1 was applied to all plots except absolute control. Among the treatments, foliar spray of Pulse magic @ 10 g/l had the profound effect in improving the growth attributes and further, growth attributes are positively co related to seed yield. Consequetly, foliar spray of Pulse magic @ 10 g/l recorded the highest yield of 1101 kg/ha with a yield increment of 23% over control. The yield enhancement might be due to the improvement in growth traits and yield attributes.

1 illus, 3 tables, 27 ref