014426   Verma A;Singh S P;Srivastava S;Singh V; Avinash Kumar (Farm Management Dep, Krishi Gyan Kendra, Baribag, Ghazipur, Uttar Pradesh) : The effect of phosphorus and economics of lentil (Lens culinaris) under different size of holdings. Pl Archs 2016, 16(2), 683-4.

Main object of the present study, which was conducted in Ghazipur district of Uttar Pradesh during the year 2010-11 with farmers scientist collaboration to analyze the effect phosphorus and economics of the lentil crop under different size of holdings. It was found that large size of the farmers has been got better yield with better returns by managing proper and timely application of Phosphorus, Kaolinspray, Sulpher and Irrigations etc. The study concludes that the small and medium size gropes in future to will also get better responses when they go through proper and better farm plans.

1 table, 3 ref

014425   Verma A;Singh S P;Srivastava S;Singh V; Avinash Kumar (Farm Management Dep, Krishi Gyan Kendra, Baribag, Ghazapur (U.P.)) : The yield and economics of Japanese mint (Mentha arvensis) at different harvesting stages on farmers field. Pl Archs 2016, 16(2), 667-8.

Present study was to find out the yield and economics of the Japanese mint at different harvesting stages on the farmers field in Ghazipur district of Uttar Pradesh during 2010-11. It was found that herbage and oil yield are maximum at the time of 120 and 130 days of harvesting at different farmers field along with same result was in net income Rs/ha. Delayed harvest 140 and 145 day resulted, reduced herbage and oil yield responsible for land not returns. It's an economically more profitable crop when it should be taken on the field with a good frame of work along with suitable its farm plan.

2 tables, 3 ref

014424   Venugopal V;Haseena M (Regional Agricultural Research Station, Kumarakom, Kerala Agricultural Univ, Kottayam-686 563, Email: vanjanil@yahoo.co.in) : Role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus in zinc nutrition and productivity enhancement of rice in kari soils. Green Fmg 2016, 7(5), 1062-5.

This study is proposed to evaluate the significance of Arbuscular - 396 - Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) in providing Zn for lowland rice which will be more profitable, environment friendly and sustainable. The experiment has been laid out in Randomized block design replicated thrice with seven treatments to evaluate the role of mycorrhizal symbiosis in Zinc nutrition of rice and thereby increase the productivity, profitability and sustainability of rice production systems in Kuttanad by resource management. Perusal of the data indicated that the biometric characters like plant height, number of tillers per hill and number of productive tillers at tillering, panicle initiation and harvest as well as yield did not differ significantly with treatments No root colonization of AMF was observed at tillering, panicle initiation and at harvest. It can be correlated with the anaerobic conditions due to standing water in the experimental rice field as a result of heavy rainfall during the season. AMF are aerobic hence soil water and aeration have considerable impact on their distribution and effectiveness Therefore it can be concluded that plant response to AMF colonization was sensitive to the O₂ and CO₂ levels in the soil during the growing season.

8 tables, 18 ref

014423   Venkatesan M;Sowmiya C A;Anbarasi B (Genetics & Plant Breeding Dep, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar-608 002) : Studies on genetic diversity of rice (Oriza sativa) under submergence. Pl Archs 2016, 16(2), 617-20.

The investigation was conducted to study the submergence tolerance of 26 rice genotypes with submergence tolerant check variety Swarna Sub 1 during Samba, 2011. In present study, 26 genotypes were chosen and evaluated under normal and submergence conditions. The experiment was conducted in cement concrete tanks in pot culture yard. Based on eleven characters namely, days to first flowering, plant height, number of tillers per plant, number of panicles per plant, panicle length, 1000 grain weight, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO₂ conc., transpiration rate and grain yield per plant, diversity analysis was made, Genetic divergence was studied based on Mahalanobis D² statistics and grouping of cluster was done by Toucher's method. The analysis of variance revealed the presence of variability among the genotypes for all the eleven characters taken under studied both in normal and submergence conditions. In D² analysis, the 26 rice genotypes were grouped into three different clusters in normal and five clusters in submergence. Genotypes Swarna Sub 1, AURL41051, AURL4135, AURL4139, AURL4125 was predicted as the best to their superior per se performance in normal and submergence. The maximum intra clulter distance was observed in cluster IV in submergence. The maximum inter cluster distance was observed between cluster III and I in normal and clusters III and V in submergence. The genotypes from the above metioned clusters when taken as parents would produce superior progenies and hybrid for submergence tolerance.

6 tables, 7 ref

014422   Varshney R;Rachana R R;Bisht R S (Insect Systematics Dep, National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, Bangalore-560 002, Email: richavarshney84@gmail.com) : Population dynamics of potential bioagents of mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach) on different cultivars of rapeseed-mustard. J appl nat Sci 2017, 9(1), 10-18.

Field experiment was conducted to study the population dynamics of potential bioagents of mustard aphids on 9 different cultivars which included: Brassica alba cv. PSB-I, Eruca sativa Mill cv. T-27, Brassica campestriscv. BSH-I, Brassica napuscv. Sheetal, B. carinataBraun cv. CCN-06-1, B. junceaL. cv. Varuna, B. nigraKoch. cv. PBR-I, Brassica campestriscv.YST-151 and Brassica campestriscv. - 395 - PT-30. Population of aphid and natural enemies was recorded at weekly intervals. The results indicated that the first appearance of coccinellids and syrphids has been observed during 4th standard week, which gradually build up population and attained peak during 9th (pooled mean 1.42 coccinellids/ plant and 0.122 syrphid larva/plant) and 8th standard week (pooled mean 3.96 coccinellids/plant and 0.228 syrphid larva/plant) in 2008-09 and 2009-10 respectively, followed by a declining trend in the following weeks. Similarly first appearance of parasi-tization has been found to occur from 4th standard week followed by a gradual increase in the following weeks with maximum parasitization on PT-30 (33.32%) and BSH-1 (35.25%) during 2008-09 and 2009-10 respectively. Correlation between abiotic factors and these natural enemies was also studied. It has been observed that with the increase of aphid population the population of natural enemies also increased. The population dynamics of mustard aphids and its natural enemies var-ied according to climatic situations and between host plant species. So by computing population trends of both natu-ral enemies and aphids with meterological records would generate information on relative abundance and would certainly help in formulating sound pest management strategies against mustard aphid.

7 tables, 25 ref

014421   Vanitha K;Javali U C;Bhat P S (Crop Protection, Directorate of Cashew Research, Puttur-574 202, Email: vanis102@gmail.com) : Rearing performance of tropical tasar silkworm (Antheraea mylitta Drury) on cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) and its commercial silk properties. J appl nat Sci 2017, 9(1), 150-5.

Tasar silkworm, Antheraeamylitta Drury (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) is one of the commercially exploited non-mulberry silkworms mainly reared outdoor on many wild plants. The ecorace of tasar silkworm occurring in cashew (Anacardiumoccidentale L.) plantations of Puttur was identified as A. mylitta KE-02. Pooled egg, larval and pupal period of tasar silkworm upon indoor rearing on cashew recorded were 6.43, 28.69 and 25.36 days, respectively, with the effective rate of rearing of 40%. The average cocoon weight, pupal weight and shell weight recorded were 6.24 g, 5.30 and 1.18 g, respectively. The high shell ratio of 22.26%, shows a healthy trend for high yielding tasar rearing on cashew. The commercial silk properties of cashew reared cocoons were assessed in comparison to silk properties of cocoons reared on Terminalia paniculata. Average filament length, average non-breakable filament length, denier, strength and elongation were found 547.2 m, 1231.6 m, 8.92 D, 1.57 gpd and 16.9%, respectively on cashew and 518.2 m, 161.94 m, 9.13 D, 1.73 gpd and 18.7%, respectively on T. paniculata. The present study has documented the biology of tasar silk worm on cashew and also the commercial silk properties of cocoon reared on cashew at preliminary level.

4 illus, 3 tables, 24 ref

014420   Upadhyay S;Mehta N (Genetics and Plant Breeding Dep, College of Agriculture, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur-492 012, Email: upadhyaysonal099@gmail.com) : Genetic divergence in yellow seeded linseed genotypes (Linum Usitatissimum L.) of Chhattisgarh plains. Pl Archs 2016, 16(2), 883-4.

Sixty three (63) yellow seeded linseed genotypes taken from AICRP on linseed, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.) along with three checks (Surabhi, R-552, RLC-92) were evaluated for genetic divergence using Mahalanobis D² statistics. The genotypes were divided into three (3) clusters. Based on inter cluster distance, mean value of each cluster and performance of genotypes, the mot diverse yellow seeded linseed genotypes were found to be RLY-2015-29 and RLY-2015-56. These genotypes could be used further in different hybridization programmes nd for value addition purposes.

3 tables, 4 ref

014419   Umesha;Channakeshava B C;Bhanuprakash K; Nuthan D;Siddaraju R;Lakshmi J (All India Coordinated Research Project- National Seed Project (Crops), Agricultural Sciences Univ, Gandhi Krishi Vignan Kendra, Bengaluru-560 065, Email: umesh3980@gmail.com ) : Influence of seed treatment and packaging materials on seed longevity of cluster bean [Cyamopsistetra gonoloba(L.) Taub.]. J appl nat Sci 2017, 9(1), 482-91.

An experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of packaging materials and seed treatments on storability of cluster bean under ambient conditions of Bengaluru. The experiment consisted of six treatments viz. control (T₁), bavistin @ 2 g kg^-1 (T₂), spinosad @ 0.04 ml/kg (T₃), neem leaf powder @ 1:20 ratio (T₄), Acorus calamus@ 10 g kg^-1 (T₅) and cow dung powder @ 10 g kg^-1 (T₆) and three packaging materials viz., cloth bag (C₁) super grain bag (C₂) and poly lined cloth bag (C₃). Treated seed samples were stored in three containers under ambient storage conditions up to the duration of which seeds maintain minimum seed certification standards and samples were drawn at bimonthly intervals for ascertaining the seed quality parameters. The study suggested that seed treat-ment could be useful to prolong the storage life of cluster bean seeds. The seeds treated with spinosad (0.04 ml/kg) and stored in super-grain bag were better for maintenance of higher seed quality parameters [germination (80.00%), root length (11.70 cm), shoot length (13.60 cm), mean seedling dry weight (152 mg), seedling vigour index I and II (2024&12140) and TDH activity (1.224) with low electrical conductivity (0.368 dSm^-1)] up to 18 months under ambient conditions of Bengaluru (room temperature). Super-grain bag proved to be better storage container with higher seed quality attributes viz., germination (72.38%), seedling vigour index-I (1726), total dehydrogenase activity (1.201) and other seed quality parameters compared to cloth bag. The study suggested that use of appropriate packaging material and seed treatment could be useful to prolong the - 394 - storage life of cluster bean seeds.

7 illus, 3 tables, 30 ref

014418   Umamageswari M;Dixit P K;Sivaram M (Dairy Economics and Statistics Section, Southern Regional Station, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Bengaluru-560 030, Email: drpkdixit@gmail.com) : Economics of milk production in Tamil Nadu - a comparative study. Indian J Dairy Sci 2017, 70(2), 221-7.

Cost of milk production is an important economic indicator in assessing the farm household efficiency in milk production as well as basis for price fixation. The study was under taken to analyze the cost and returns of milk production in Coimbatore and Tiruppur districts of Tamil Nadu. The study collected data from 90 milk producers covered by cooperative network and 90 milk producers covered by private dairy. The respondents were classified further into 5 groups (landless, marginal, small, medium and large farmers) based on the land size. The study found that the milk producers covered by private dairy realized slightly higher profits as compared to farmers of cooperative dairy. Feed cost had the highest share in production cost (65.62% in crossbred; 68.55% in both local cow and buffalo). The cost per litre of crossbred milk production was higher in the case of large farmers (Rs.18.28) as compared to marginal farmer (Rs.17.24). Whereas, it ranged between Rs.31.36 (small) to Rs.33.09 (large) in the case of local cow while in the case of buffalo, it stretched between Rs. 24.71 (marginal) to Rs. 28.71 (landless).

4 tables, 21 ref

014417   Tripathi S P M;Tiwari J P (Botany Dep, M.L.K. P.G. College, Balrampur-271-201, Uttar Pradesh) : Flora of border chaetophorales from tarai region of U.P., India. Pl Archs 2016, 16(2), 737-8.

Present paper deals with flora of order Chaetophorales from Tarai region of U.P., India. Total of 24 taxa includes 9 genera, 21 species and 5 varieties were reported. All these forms are being reported for the first time from Tarai region of U.P., they constitute new records for the area. All the taxa were recorded in the polluted water, which is a new recommendation of their habitats.

1 table, 17 ref

014416   Tripathi P;Swain S N (School of Vocational Studies & Applied Sciences, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh) : In-vitro antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of Alpinia calcarata in Andamans Islands. Pl Archs 2016, 16(2), 685-94.

Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of rhizomes of Alpinia calcarata Roscoe, from Zingiberaceae family, are known to possess anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, antihelmintic, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, aphrodisiae, gastro protective, and anti-diabetic properties. Its decoction is widely used to treat cough, stomach ache, respiratory ailments, bronchitis, asthma, rheumatism and diabetes in traditional system of medicine. In vitro antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of cold ethanolic extract (CEE), cold methanolic extract (CME) and cold extracrts (CWE) of Alpinia calcarata from Andaman Islands were analysed. Highest IC50 value was found in ethanolic extract (36 μg/ml) suggesting high efficiency in quenching 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical followed by methanolic (142.5 μg/ml) and aqueous extract (176 μg/ml).

9 illus, 2 tables, 39 ref

014415   Tripathi A;Sudhir Kumar;Singh M K;Arun Kumar; Karnwal M K (Genetics and Plant Breeding Dep, College of Agriculture, Govind Ballabh Pant Univ Agriculture and Techn, Pantnagar-263 145, Email: Anuragtripathi85@gmail.com) : Phenotypic assessment of rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes for genetic variability and varietal diversity under direct seeded condition. J appl nat Sci 2017, 9(1), 6-9.

The study on variability and diversity of 32 genotypes of rice (Oryza sativa L.) under direct seeded condition revealed significant variability at 5% level among the genotypes for all the characters. High level of broad sense heritability was observed for days to 50% flowering (0.986) followed by filled grains (0.8216) and 1000-grain weight (0.7306). Expected genetic advance was highest for yield per hectare (39.639) and filled grains per panicle (51.39). Genetic divergence analysis using Mahalanobis's D² statistic grouped the genotypes into 7 clusters. Cluster II had maximum number (16) of genotypes. Maximum inter cluster distance was found between cluster IV and VII (984.82). However, intra cluster distance was maximum in cluster III (363.58). Genotypes from diverse clusters viz.NR 89, PAU 3284, ARIZE SWIFT, RY 248, Varadhan, RYC489, MTU 1010 and RYC 674 could be recommend-ed for inclusion in hybridization programme for breeding under aerobic rice condition.

4 tables, 26 ref

014414   Tolon M T;Emiroglu D;Gunay D;Ozgul A (Aquaculture Dep, Ege Univ, Faculty of Fisheries, 35150, Izmir, Turkey, Email: tolga.tolon@ege.edu.tr) : Sea cucumber (Holothuria tubulosa Gmelin, 1790) culture under marine fish net cages for potential use in integrated multi-tropic aquaculture (IMTA). Indian J Geomar Sci 2017, 46(4), 749-56.

In this study, integrated aquaculture of Mediterranean sea cucumber species Holothuria tubulosa under finfish net cages was investigated. To evaluate whether H.tubulosa can be reared under net cage farms without additional feed and to compare growth performances, three underwater ranches (10x10m), just below a net cage (A), between the net cages (B) and 750 m away from the net cage systems (K) were set. Fifty sea cucumbers (92.81±2.29 g) were placed into each research station and growth performances like specific growth rate (SGR) and weight gain were observed for 90 days. SGR of sea cucumbers in stations A, B and K were 0.32±0.04, 0.22±0.02 and 0.10±0.01%/d, respectively. The highest mean weight gain 31.11±0.84 g was recorded at station A where the lowest was in station K as 8.89±0.12 g. Organic carbon and organic material amount of research stations significantly affected the final mean weights of sea cucumbers where the highest growth was determined at the stations A and B. The results suggest that integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) systems combined with finfish and sea cucumber H. tubulosa under net cages would provide by-products to aquaculture farms without an extra feed costs in the Mediterranean - 392 - Sea.

7 illus, 3 tables, 40 ref

014413   Tiwari V N;Ahirwar A D;Rai G K;Solanki B S; Katara V K (NO, Zonal Agricultural Research Station, Chhindwara-480 001) : JNS-30: a new released niger variety for Madhya Pradesh state, India. Pl Archs 2016, 16(2), 621-2.

In Madhya Pradesh, niger is a minor but one of the important kharif oil seed crop mainly confined for tribal areas. The state accounts for approximately 29.5 percent of total niger area of India and about 22.5 percent of the total production of the country. JNS-30, a newly released variety for Madhya Pradesh will play an important role in increasing the production. It is a selection from golgunda germplasm. On the basis of three years testing in AICRP Trials, it recorded 598 Kg/ha grain yield which is 27 percent higher than a national check IGP-67. It showed 17.14 percent oil yield superiority over National check. The average oil content 34.5 percent, test weight 4.1g, capitula per plant 42, maturity period 96 days was found. Tolerance to cercospora and alternaria leaf spot was observed in the field.

2 tables, 4 ref

014412   Thentu T L;Dutta D;Mudi D D;Saha A (Agronomy Dep, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur-741 252, Email: tulasiagrico318@gmail.com) : Performance of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) under drip irrigation and mulch. J appl nat Sci 2016, 8(3), 1410-5.

Field experiment was conducted at Central Research Farm of Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyala, Gayespur, West Bengal during winter seasons of 2011-12 and 2012-13 to assess the comparative effectiveness of drip and conventional surface irrigation with and without mulch on growth and yield of broccoli. The experiment was laid out in split-plot design replicated thrice. Main plot treatments consist of four levels of irrigation such as surface irrigation with IW/CPE 1.0 and three drip irrigation at 1.0, 0.8 and 0.6 ETc (crop-evapotranspiration), and three mulch levels like no mulch, black polythene mulch and paddy straw mulch @ 5t/ha in sub-plots. The results showed that drip irrigation at 0.8 ETc showed significantly higher (P = 0.05) plant height (45.69 cm), no of leaves plant -1 (17.66), leaf size index (743.99 cm²), plant spread (89.94 cm), curd diameter (14.43 cm) and marketable curd yield (17.82 t ha-1) of broccoli, which was at par with drip at 1.0 ETc. Minimum growth and yield was obtained with - 391 - drip irrigation at 0.6 ETc in both the years. Similarly, significantly the highest (P = 0.05) plant variables and curd yield was obtained with use of black polythene mulch over paddy straw and no mulch treatments. However, drip irrigation at 0.6 ETc registered maximum water use efficiency of 117.31kg ha-mm-1 and water saving of 38.43%. The interac-tion effect showed that drip irrigation at 0.8 ETc along with black polythene mulch produced significantly higher mar-ketable curd yield. The experimental findings can be recommended for growing high value crop broccoli with water saving drip irrigation at ETc 0.8 along with plastic mulch technology in the water scarce regions of West Bengal.

3 tables, 18 ref

014411   Tegar A;Banafar K N S;Gauraha A K;Chandrakar M R (NO, TCB College of Agriculture and Research Station, Bilaspur-495 001, Email: tegar17575@gmail.com) : Analysis of growth in area, production and and productivity of major vegetables in Bilaspur district of Chhattisgarh state, India. Pl Archs 2016, 16(2), 797-800.

Study revealed that the growth in area, production and productivity of selected vegetables in Bilaspur were found positive. Tomato appeared to be most growing vegetable are CGR for area, production and productivity of tomato worked out to be 9.01, 22.33 and 12.22 per cent respectively with high coefficient of variation. The growth in area, production and productivity of selected vegetable in Chhattisgarh were found positive. Cauliflower and cabbage were having maximum growth rates in area as 11.58, 13.62 per cent and in production 18.10 and 17.96 per cent, respectively. The growth in productivity recorded maximum in tomato crop as 5.96 per cent while least in okra crop as 0.69 per cent.

3 tables, 9 ref

014410   Tatte S;Singh A;Ahlawat T R (Floriculture and Landscape Architecture Dep, ACHF, Navsari Agricultural Univ, Navsari-396 450, Email: dralkasinghdhaka@gmail.com) : Effect of polyamines and natural growth substances on the growth and flowering of rose (Rosa hybrida) cv. Samurai under protected conditions. J appl nat Sci 2016, 8(3), 1317-20.

Investigations - 390 - were conducted to study the effect of different polyamines and natural growth substances as a pre harvest foliar spray on greenhouse rose cv. Samurai. The study involved preharvest foliar spraying with polyamines like spermine (10 ppm) and spermidine (10 ppm); natural growth substances like enriched banana pseu-dostem sap (1 per cent) and cow urine (2 per cent). All the treatments improved the vegetative and flowering char-acters over control. However, among different treatments, foliar spray of spermine 10 ppm, followed by spermidine 10 ppm were highly significant in influencing all vegetative parameters like plant height (79 cm), number of branches per plant (3.73), stem girth (10.69 mm), number of leaves per plant (91.33), leaf area (14.68 cm²) and leaf chloro-phyll content (36.96 mg/g). Further, flowering parameters like flower stalk length (61.24cm), bud length (2.70mm), flower diameter (6.50 cm), number of petals per flower (55.90) and vase life (6.63 days) were significantly maximum in plants sprayed with spermine 10ppm. The treatment of foliar spray with spermine and spermidine almost doubled the flower production and improved the flower quality in tems of bud size and vase life as compared to control.

2 tables, 38 ref

014409   Talwar D;Singh K;Singh J (Vegetable Science Dep, Punjab Agricultural Univ, Ludhiana-141 004, Email: dsingh381@gmail.com) : Effect of biofertilizers on soil microbial count, nutrient availability and uptake under november sown onion. J appl nat Sci 2017, 9(1), 55-9.

Biofertilizers improves the soil microbial content, Soil nutrient status and nutrient uptake by plant. In an experiment, fifteen treatments comprised of various combinations of biofertilizers, organic manures and chemical fertilizers were compared to access the impact of different sources of nutrient on performance of onion. The highest soil organic carbon (0.40%) was observed in the treatments T₁₂ (Farm Yard Manure (FYM) @ 20 t/ha) and T₁₁ (FYM @20 t/th + Azotobacter + Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (VAM). Highest bacterial (24.5 x 10⁶) and actino-myctes count (29.9 X 10⁴) was recorded in T₁₁ (FYM @ 20 t/ha + Azotobacter + VAM) treatment while highest fungal count (17.5 X 10³) was observed in T₃ (Azospirillium + Recommended dose of NPK) treatment. At the time of harvesting, available nitrogen (N), available phosphorus (P) and available potassium (K) were higher in treatment T₃ (Azospirillium + Recommended dose of NPK), T₉ (Azotobacter+ VAM + Recommended dose of NPK) and T₁₃ (Poultry Manure @5t/ha) treatment respectively than that in other treatments. Azospirillum and Azotobacter application along with recommended dose of N, P and K improved the fertility status of soil. The N uptake was significantly higher in T₃ treatment (162.6 Kg ha^-1) as compared to all other treatments except T₁ and T₉ treatments while P uptake (13.6 Kg ha^-1) was significantly higher in T₉ treatment than that in other treatments except T₁, T₃, T₅ and T₇ treatments. The K uptake was significantly higher in T₃ treatment (126.9 Kg ha^-1) as compare to all other treatment except T₁ and T₉ treatments. The present study highlights the need of use of biofertilizers along with organic and inorganic manures/fertilizer to enhance the nutrient availability and improve soil health.

3 tables, 25 ref

014408   Talukdar J;Mazumder N;Deka K K;Bora P (Horticultural Research Station, Assam Agricultural University, Kahikuchi, Guwahati-781 017, Email: jimpitalukdar@gmail.com) : Occurrence of virus diseases of Bhut Jolokia (Capsicum chinense). Indian J agric Res 2017, 51(1), 54-8.

Field surveys were carried out in three Bhut Jolokia growing districts viz., Sivasagar, Jorhat, Golaghat of Upper Assam to assess the incidence of viral diseases during 2009-11. The incidence of virus diseases varied in farmer's field with an average ranged from 8-72%. Four different viruses were identified based on symptomatology, transmission, host range and serological assays. The mosaic disease was detected to be - 389 - cucumovirus, potyvirus, leaf and stem necrosis disease to be caused by tospovirus and leaf curl disease caused by begomovirus. Cucumovirus, Potyvirus and Tospovirus were easily transmitted by grafting and sap inoculation to Bhut Jolokia and other hosts tested. However, begomovirus was found to be graft transmissible whereas sap inoculation failed to produce any symptom on host plants. Mixed infection of Cucumovirus and Potyvirus was separated by sap inoculation on Datura stramonium. Cucumovirus produced local lesion while Polyvirus produced chlorotic lesion on D. stramonium. DAS-ELISA revealed highest incidence of Potyvirus (87.50%) followed by Cucumovirus (75.00%) and Tospovirus (62.50%) in Golaghat while lowest incidence (31.25-33.3%) of virus diseases was recorded in Sivasagar for all the four viruses. However, overall incidence of Begomovirus was low in all the surveyed fields.

3 tables, 9 ref

014407   Talukdar D;Deka R L;Dey U (Plant Pathology and Microbiology Dep, College of Horticulture, CAU, Ranipol, Gangtok-737 135, South Sikkim, Email: talukdardiganggana@gmail.com) : Influence of weather factors on incidence of Alternaria blight of rapseed under the agro-climate of upper Brahmaputra valley of Assam. J Agrometeorol 2017, 19(3), 277-9.

^ssc3 table, 7 ref

014406   Tahashildar M;Bora P;Ray L I P;Thakuria D (School of Natural Resource Management, College of Post-Graduate Studies, Central Agricultural Univ, Umiam, Meghalaya-793 103, Email: pradip66@gmail.com) : Comparison of different reference evapotranspiration (ET₀ models and determination of crop-coefficient of french bean (Phesiolus vulgaris) in Mid Hill region of Meghalaya. J Agrometeorol 2017, 19(3), 233-7.

The water requirement and crop evapotranspiration (ET_c)is determined using reference evapotranspiration (ET₀) and crop-coefficient (k_c). Numerous models are available for estimation of ET₀,among which Penman-Monteith (FAO-56) model is considered to be the most accurate and universally acceptable. In present study eight models for estimation of ET₀ viz. Modified Penman method, Hargreaves equation, Samani-Hargreaves equation, Thornthwaite equation, Solar radiation method, Net radiation method, Blaney-Criddle method and Radiation method were compared with Penman-Monteith model to find out the accuracy of prediction with limited weather parameters. Among these, Net radiation and Solar radiation models were found to yield relatively closer values. A field experiment was also conducted withfrench bean (Phesiolus vulgaris.) crop in UMS-GmbH cylindrical field lysimeter of 30 cm diameter and 120 cm deep for determination of crop coefficient taking Penman-Monteith FAO-56 model as the base model for ET₀ estimation. The values of ET_c as determined in field lysimeter varied from 3.80 mm-d^-1 to 5.89 mm-d^-1. The k_c for initial, mid and maturity were found to be 0.45, 1.01 and 0.39, respectively.

1 illus, 4 table, 11 ref

014405   Swaroopa V J;Bharatha Lakshmi M;Venkateswarlu B;Sreenivas C H (Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry Dep, A.P. Rice Research Institute & Regional Agricultural Research Station, Maruteru-534 122, Email: jyothivadlamudi2@gmail.com) : Effect of different nitrogen levels and foliar nutrition on growth and yield of machine transplanted rice. Green Fmg 2016, 7(5), 1121-4.

A field experiment was carried out to study the effect of nitrogen levels (68,90,135& 180 kg ha^-1) in combination with foliar nutrition on growth and yield of machine transplanted rice variety MTU 1061.The experiment was conducted during kharif 2013 under canal irrigation at Andhra Pradesh Rice Research Institute & Regional Agricultural Research Station - Maruteru. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design with four nitrogen levels in main plots and foliar feeding treatments in - 388 - sub-plots and replicated thrice. The experimental results revealed that application of 150% RDN (135 kg/ha) registered maximum plant height, tillers m-2, panicle length, No of grains panicle-1, grain yield, and straw yield over 100% RDN. Additional nutrition through foliar feeding at panicle initiation with 1% 19:19:19 improved yield attributes, grain and straw yields marginally over 2% DAP or 2% KNO3. The interaction between nitrogen levels & foliar feeding treatments was found to be non-significant.

9 tables, 12 ref

014404   Suragonda V S;Reddy B S;Sharma O P (Agricultural Economics Dep, UAS, Raichur-584 104, Email: bsreddyagecon@gmail.com) : Impact of improved farm technology on pulses production in Karnataka. J appl nat Sci 2016, 8(3), 1471-4.

The current study aimed at evaluating technical efficiency and change in output of pulse crops in Karna-taka. Totally 180 farmers were selected for eliciting required information on adoption of A3P technology. The results of the study revealed that majority of the farmers were operating above 80 per cent efficiency levels in both pulses across the farmers of A3P and Non-A3P. Further, more than 53 per cent of farmers under redgram and 56 per cent under bengalgram have achieved 100 per cent efficiency level in A3P farmers' category. Decomposition of the differ-ence in total output between A3P and Non-A3P farmers was 13.23 and 14.86 per cent in redgram and bengalgram crops respectively. The A3P technology has alone contributed to the extent of 29 and 22 per cent to the total change in redgram and bengalgram output indicating output can be increased by about 29 and 22 per cent if the farmers could switch over from traditional practices (Non-A3P) to A3P technology. There is need to educate farmers on opti-mum use of inputs through conducting intensive trainings on A3P technology by KVK's and other extension agen-cies to increase the supply of pulses in the country.

2 tables, 9 ref

014403   Sunitha V;Singh T V K;Babu V R;Satyanarayana J (Entomology Dep, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, Professor Jayashanker Telangana, Hyderabad-30, Email: vanamsunitha10@gmail.com) : Assessment of insecticides and Cry2AB toxin resistance development in Karnataka population of Plutella xylostella (Linn.). J appl nat Sci 2016, 8(3), 1380-7.

Insecticidal resistance studies against third instar larvae of DBM (Plutella xylostella L.) were carried out to know the rate of development of resistance from F1 to F3 generations in Karnataka population. The third instar lar-vae obtained from field - 387 - were subjected to bioassay studies with tested against acephate, cypermethrin, spinosad, cartap hydrochloride and Cry2Ab toxin using leaf dip method to calculate LC50 values. The LC50 values of the insec-ticides were further used to quantify the resistance in P. xylostella of parental generation (F0) from Karnataka field population. The survivals from F0 generation were reared to next generation (F1). Resistance development studies was assessed from F1 to F3 generation with third instar larvae in every generation with a concentration that caused 80.00% mortality for all the test insecticides and Cry2Ab toxin. Results revealed that ((0.17 folds) no re-sistance was developed against acephate in F3 generation. In case of cypermethrin 2.33 folds. Resistance studies further revealed that 1.50 folds resistance was developed against spinosad, 2.28 folds against cartap hydrochloride and Cry2Ab toxin 1.49 folds resistance was recorded in F3 generation. The rate of development of resistance from F1 to F3 generations increased in all the test insecticides and Cry toxin, except against acephate in Karnataka popu-lation. This data will be useful in the development of insecticide resistance management approach for DBM.

1 table, 51 ref

014402   Sunilkumar;Sivaram M;Dixit P K (Southern Regional Station, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute (Deemed Univ), Adugodi, Bengaluru-560 030, Email: sivaram.ndri@gmail.com) : Development of hedonic price model of ghee. Indian J Dairy Sci 2017, 70(2), 228-32.

A hedonic price model of ghee for India was developed estimating the implicit economic values associated with the characteristics of ghee such as brand, packaging material used, season and annual trend. The data for the study were collected from Indian Dairyman and the Karnataka Co-operative Milk Producers Federation Limited, Bengaluru, Karnataka State, India. The hedonic model developed explained about 98% of variation in the prices of ghee. The model suggested that along with the quality of ghee.

1 illus, 2 tables, 16 ref

014401   SunilKumar (NO, Bihar Agricultural Univ, Sabour, Bhagalpur, Bihar-813 210, Email: sunilkumaragromet@gmail.com) : Reference evapotranspiration (ET₂) and irrigation water requirement of different crops in Bihar. J Agrometeorol 2017, 19(3), 238-41.

For irrigation scheduling and better management of the water, estimation of irrigation water requirement of the crop is essentially required. The study was conducted for estimation of daily reference evapotranspiration (ETo) by FAO Penman-Monteith method using 30 years (1985-2015) mean meteorological data of two locations Sabour (zone III A) and Patna (zone III B) in Bihar. The crop evapotranspiration was estimated using crop coefficients of different crops like rice,kharif maize, wheat, rabi maize, green gram and summer maize at Sabour and Patna locations. Irrigation water requirement for different crops was estimated based on crop evapotranspiration and effective rainfall during the growing period of the crop. The mean annual reference evapotranspiration (ETo) was found 3.6 mmday^-1 at Sabour and 4.1 mmday-1 at Patna. The total crop evapotranspiration was maximum for rice crop in kharif season 546.0 and 607.3 mm at Sabour and Patna respectively and lowest for wheat crop in rabi season 212.9 mm and 243.3 mm at Sabour and Patna respectively. Net irrigation water requirement was maximum for summer maize 366.3 at Sabour and 508.2 mm at Patna for rice crop whereas lowest in kharif maize 67.5 and 161.4 mm at Sabour and Patna respectively.

3 table, 11 ref

014400   Sunil Kumar;Somavat P;Garg M K;Grewal R B (College of Agricultural Engineering & Technology, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar-125 004, Email: suneelkumar90@gmail.com) : Response of mold in stored wheat in different storage structures. Green Fmg 2016, 7(5), 1181-5.

In this study, hermetic storage of wheat was compared against traditional storage structures i.e. metallic bins and gunny bags simulating typical Indian storage conditions over nine months without using pesticides. Comparison was based on mold response, insect mortality, gas contents, germination percentage and moisture content of stored wheat in all structures with respect to time. Biological respiration of wheat and microorganisms inside grain increased carbon dioxide concentration of hermetic bags to a high of 8-9% on consuming oxygen. High concentration of carbon dioxide was recorded in wheat with high moisture content (14%) in comparison to 12%. Resulted modified inter-granular atmosphere inhibited the proliferation of mold and insects and maintain the germination percentage. Mold and insect activity was more pronounced in warmer months of storage. The hermetic storage with 12% and 14% m.c. were performed almost similar but mold count (1.65 CFU/g) and insect infestation (0.33±0.577%) was minimum in hermetic bags with 12% moisture content after nine month storage. Open exposure in ambient atmosphere severally infested and deteriorated - 386 - the quality of wheat in gunny bag piles and metallic bins. The germination percentage reduced to 82% in steel bins and 73% in gunny bag piles. Results indicate that wheat with 12-14% m.c. in hermetic bags can be stored satisfactorily over longer durations. Hermetic bags can be an attractive environment friendly storage solution for preventing storage losses in India. The fact that no chemical fumigants are required makes them safe and environment friendly as well.

5 illus, 4 tables, 13 ref

014399   Sunil Kumar;Ramesh Kumar;Nambi V E (NO, ICAR-Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology, Abohar-152 116, Email: sunilsaini2007@gmail.com) : Effect of pectin methyl esterase and Ca<. J envir Biol 2016, 37(2), 193-9.

Pomegranate fruits are difficult to peel and once peeled, extracted arils have very short shelf-life. Therefore, present investigation was carried out to extend the shelf life of minimally processed pomegranate arils using pectin methyl esterase (PME) and CaCl₂ treatment during refrigerated storage. The arils of freshly harvested pomegranate fruits (Punica granatum L.) were treated with different concentrations of food-grade PME (50-300 units) and calcium ions (0.5-2.0% CaCl₂) for a period of 5-30 min using response surface methodology. Treated and untreated arils were then packed in low density polyethylene bags (25m) and maintained under low temperature (5°C; 90% RH) for evaluating the physical, biochemical and microbial quality of pomegranate arils at four day interval. Physiological loss in weight increased during storage but no food-borne pathogens were found during 28 day of cold storage in treated arils. Color and firmness of both treated and untreated arils decreased during storage but it was better maintained in treated arils. The firmness was found to be 0.630 N in treated samples compared to untreated one (0.511 N) after 20 d of storage. Total antioxidant capacity, ferric reducing antioxidant power, polyphenol oxidase and lipoxygenase activities increased during storage. Treatment with 249.33 units of PME and 1.70% CaCl₂ for an immersion time of 24.93 min was found to be most effective treatment for maintaining the quality of minimally processed arils for longer period. Sensory score was also higher in treated pomegranate arils that were quite acceptable even after 20 day of referigerated storage as against 12 day for untreated ones.

3 illus, 2 tables, 30 ref

014398   Sunil Kumar;Prasad H N;Ram Kishor (Agricultural Extension Dep, S.V.P.U.A. & T., Meerut-250 110, Email: skumar7816@gmail.com) : The problems being faced by the participant farmers and instructors and to suggest strategies to make Krishi Vigyan Kendra more beneficial. Pl Archs 2016, 16(2), 955-8.

In Indian economy, the agricultural sector still contributes about 34 percent our national income where nearly 70 percent of the population depends. Despite sustained efforts in agriculture and spectacular strides made in agriculture technology over the past several decades. There are a large number of school drop-outs in the rural areas who need training, in selected vocations, especially in agriculture so that they may be suitably employed in farming. In this regard, the I.C.A.R. introduced several first line transfers of technology projects. The Krishi Vigyan Kendra (Farm Science Centre) is one of them. In pursuance of the recommendations of Education Commission (1964-66) and Dr. Mohan Singh Mehta Committee report to establish institutions for providing vocational education in agriculture at the pre and post matriculate level, the Indian Council of Agricultural Research has started a scheme to establish Krishi Vigyan Kendra's in the country. The national commission and Agriculture (1976) recommended the establishment of one K.V.K. The first K.V.K. was established in 1974 at Pondicherry under the administrative control of the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore (T.N.) since then several K.V.Ks were established in different parts of the country. Upto October 31, 2016, 651 KVKs were established in the country. Farmers perception on the problems faced by them during the training programmes of K.V.K., which is preferential order from most felt to least are lack of incentives (83.33 per cent) problems of conveyance (80 per cent) problems of boarding and lodging (71.66 per cent), no. proper follow up of activities (68.33 per cent), problems regarding to course - 385 - content (51.66 per cent), irregular class held (38.33 per cent) and problems in monthly training (26.66%).

2 tables, 4 ref

014397   Sunil Kumar;Prasad H N;Ram Kishor (Agricultural Extension Dep, S.V.PvU.A. & T., Meerut-250 110, Email: skumar7816@gmail.com) : Extent of adoption of the recommended cultural practices of Krishi Vigyan Kendra by the farmers in district Pilibhit, U.P., India. Pl Archs 2016, 16(2), 878-82.

In Indian economy, the agricultural sector still contributes about 34 per cent to our national income where nearly 70 per cent of the population depends. In this regard, the I.C.A.R. introduced several first line transfers of technology projects. The Krishi Vigyan Kendra (Farm Science Centre) is one of them. In pursuance of the recommendations of Education Commission (1964-66) and Dr. Mohan Singh Mehta Committee report to establish institutions for providing vocational education in agriculture at the pre and post matriculate level, the Indian Council of Agricultural Research has started a scheme to establish Krishi Vigyan Kendra's in the country. The national commission and Agriculture (1976) recommended the establishment of one K.V.K. The first K.V.K. was established in 1974 at Pondicherry under the administrative control of the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore (T.N.) since then several K.V.Ks were established in different parts of the country. Up to October 31, 2016, 651 KVKs were established in the country. In Uttar Pradesh there were 68 KVKs established upto October, 2016 and the number is increasing every year. In U.P. district Pilibhit under the jurisdiction of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture & - 384 - Technology, Modipuram, Meerut, was purposively selected as locale for present's investigationbecause the researcher was well acquainted with the locality and culture. There are 7 development blocks in district Pilibhit. All the blocks are covered under rishi Vigyan Kendra Pilibhit. Therefore, due to limited time and resources only two blocks i.e., Marauri and Lalorikhera were selected purposively for conducting present research projects. The reason for the selection of above blocks was that the Krishi Vigyan Kendra Pilibhit was also running training programmes. Majority of trained farmers was in the category of higher adoption is 86.66 per cent, followed by medium 13.33 per cent in respect of HYV. Seed rate, time and method of sowing, fertilizer application and improved agricultural implements of paddy crops, but for plant protection majority was under non-adopters category (76.66 per cent) followed by low high and medium. Majority of trained farmers had higher adoption in all the five selected practices of wheat except plant protection, where majority was under non-adoption i.e. 70 per cent. The majority of trained farmers 73.33 per cent were found under higher adoption of H.Y.V. followed by fertilizer application (66.66 per cent) and seed rate time and method of sowing of potato crops. In remaining practices like plant protection and use of improved agricultural implements 70 per cent and 31.66 per cent, respectively fell in the category of non adoption. The majority of trained had higher adoption in the fertilizer application (66.66 per cent) seed rate time and method of sowing (65.00 per cent) and H.Y.V. (58.33 per cent) sugarcane.

4 tables, 5 ref

014396   Sunil Kumar (Agronomy Dep, Bihar Agricultural Univ, Sabour, Bhagalpur, Bihar-813 210, Email: sunilkumaragromet@gmail.com) : Impact of elevated temperature and Co₂ on yield of wheat in Bihar. J Agrometeorol 2017, 19(3), 230-2.

Temperature and CO₂ are two important parameters related to climate change, which affect crop yield of a particular region. In this study, an attempt was made to assess the impact of these parameters on the productivity of wheat crop in Bihar. For this purpose CROPSIM-CERES-Wheat model 4.6 was used in which weather data of 1981-2010 was used as baseline to assess the change in wheat yield under different climate change scenarios for four locations viz. Pusa (zone I), Purnia (zone II), Sabour (zone III A) and Patna (zone III B) in Bihar. The model was run for the scenarios like 1°, 2°, 3° and 4°C increase in mean temperature keeping all parameters normal. Similarly change in yield of wheat at increased CO₂ at 700 ppm and 850 ppm was studied. The effect of different combinations of increased temperature and CO₂ on wheat yield was also studied. Simulated wheat productivity revealed the reduction in grain yield by 7.4 to 38.6 per cent in response to temperature rise up to 4°C at all locations. The elevated CO₂ (from 350 ppm up to 850 ppm) increased the yield by 39.1 per cent. Increased temperature with combination of increased CO₂ concentration reduced the yield by 2.1-16.0 per cent for different combinations at different locations. The maximum reduction in simulated wheat yield was observed at combination of 2 °C increase in temperature with 450 ppm CO₂ concentration at all locations in Bihar.

2 table, 8 ref

014395   Suman Devi;Ombir;Sumit;Singh Y (Entomology Dep, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar-125 004, Email: narwal_suman@yahoo.in) : Abundance and foraging behaviour of major insect pollinators on seed crop of broccol (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica Plenck) LPH-1. J appl nat Sci 2016, 8(3), 1493-6.

The studies were carried out at the Vegetable Research Farm, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hi-sar during 2013-2014. The main aim of the study was good seed setting and it is done by bee pollination which im-proves the yield and quality of crops. The results shows revealed that Apis mellifera (5.96) was the most abundant visitor and highly significant over A. florea (4.46), syrphid fly (2.97), A.dorsata (2.62) and A.cerana (1.66) visitor. Irrespective of species, abundance of bees was the lowest at 0700-0900 h (0.73 bees/m²/5 minutes) and the highest at 1100-1300 h (6.29 bees/m²/5 minutes). The result of foraging speed, maximum for A. florea (37.44) and highly significant over followed by A. dorsata (5.24), A. mellifera (4.52 ), A. cerana (3.58) and syrphid fly (2.67). The result of foraging rate, maximum for syrphid fly (17.42) and highly significant over A. cerana (10.27), A. - 383 - mellifera (10.00), A. dorsata (7.77) and A. florea (1.71). Due to bee pollination, seed set in caged condition was very less as com-pared to uncaged condition and quality of seeds was also good in uncaged condition.

3 tables, 7 ref

014394   Sukhjit Kaur (Punjab Agricultural Univ, Regional Research Station, Gurdaspur-143 521, Email: sukhi.rose@gmail.com ) : Evaluation of different doses of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) on the rooting, survival and vegetative growth performance of hardwood cuttings of fordaguard peach (Prunus persica L. batch). J appl nat Sci 2017, 9(1), 173-80.

The present study was conducted on the evaluation of different doses of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) on the rooting, survival and vegetative growth performance of hardwood cuttings of Flordaguard peach (Prunus persica L. Batch) during the years 2012-13 and 2013-14 at Punjab Agricultural University, Regional Research Station, Gurdaspur. The hardwood cuttings of 10 years old Flordaguard peach plant having 15-20cm in length and 0.8-1.2cm in diameter with 6-7 buds were prepared in the first fortnight of January. The basal portion of the cuttings was dipped in different doses of IBA viz. 1000ppm, 2000ppm, 3000ppm, 4000pppm, 5000ppm and control (without IBA treatment) for 1-2 minutes and planted in an open field conditions by following the recommended cultural practices for nursery raising. It was noticed that hardwood cuttings of Flordaguard peach treated with 3000ppm of IBA for 1- 2 minutes significantly took the minimum number of days to sprouting (7.05), rooting (6.0) with highest sprouting percentage (98.45%), survival percentage (90.55%), plant height(195.45cm), plant girth(10.50cm), number of branches(13.50), number of leaves (260.4), leaf length (19.55cm), leaf breadth (4.12cm), leaf weight (2.0gm), per-cent rooting (94.45%), number of roots (75.83), root length (38.0cm), root girth (0.98 cm) and root weight (13.50gm).Therefore, the application of 3000 ppm IBA was found to be best in terms of rooting, survival and vegeta-tive growth of hardwood cuttings of Flordaguard peach (Prunus persicaL. Batch). The beneficial effect of present work develop protocol which can be reliably used to develop the rootstock plant of Flordaguard which is resistant to nematodes through cutting which become ready for budding/grafting in the field in one year instead of two years as raised through seed.

2 tables, 68 ref

014393   Sukhjit Kaur (NO, Punjab Agricultural Univ, Regional Research Station, Gurdaspur-143 521, Email: sukhi.rose@gmail.com ) : Effect of different treatments of ethrel on ripening brhavuour and post- harvest quality of mango (Mangifera indica L.) during storage. J appl nat Sci 2017, 9(1), 85-93.

An experiment was done to assess the effect of various post -harvest treatments of ethrel on ripening behaviour and post -harvest quality of mango cv. Amrapali (Mangiferaindica L.) during storage at Punjab Agricultural University, Regional Research Station, Gurdaspur during the years 2013-14 and 2014-15. The experiment was planned under completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. The treatment units was six fruits per replication. Total five treatments and control were applied. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of various concentrations of ethrel (500 ppm, 750 ppm, 1000 ppm,1250 ppm, 1500 ppm and control ) on shelf life of mango fruits when stored under ambient conditions. The treated fruits were assessed for physiological changes fruit colour, flavour/aroma, organoleptic taste, marketability, ripening, specific gravity, moisture loss, decay, physiological loss in weight (PLW), total soluble solids (TSS), acidity and sugars. The observations were recorded at 5, 8 and 11 days after storage. At 11th day of storage these mangoes exhibited deep yellow fruit colour with excellent flavour, organoleptic taste and highly acceptable marketability at 1000 ppm ethrel treatment as compared to other ethrel doses. Fruit ripening (100%), specific gravity (0.84), TSS(23°Brix) and sugars(20.65%) were highest in the fruits treated with 1000ppm ethrel as compared to rest of treatments at 11th day of storage. Lowest moisture loss (8.5%), decay (1%), PLW(12.50%) and acidity(0.12%) were observed in the fruits treated with 1000ppm of ethrel as compared to rest of treatments at 11th day of storage. The beneficial effect of the present study is to overcome the problem of uneven and late ripening - 382 - of Amrapali mango by postharvest treatment of ethrel at 1000 ppm at their mature green stage to develop typical fruit flavour with excellent fruit quality.

4 tables, 54 ref

014392   Sujin G S;Karuppaiah P;Saravanan K (Horticulture Dep, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Email: samlindsujin@gmail.com) : Genetic variability and correlation studies in brinjal (Solanum melongena L.). Indian J agric Res 2017, 51(2), 112-19.

Present investigation was carried out in the Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, during the period 2014-2015 to assess the extent of genetic variability, heritability, correlation and path coefficient analysis of 60 genotypes of brinjal for yield and shoot and fruit borer tolerance. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications. The maximum phenotypic and genotypic variation was noted for fruit yield per plant followed by fruit weight, fruit girth, number of fruits per plant and shoot and fruit borer incidence. High heritability along with high estimates of GCV, genetic advance and genetic gain were observed for fruit yield per plant, fruit weight, number of secondary branches per plant and shoot and fruit borer incidence. Among the sixteen morphological characters studied, number of long styled flowers per plant, number of short styoed flowers per plant, number of fruits per plant, fruit weight, days to first harvesting and shoot and fruit borer incidence showed positive direct effect. For fruit weight, fruit girth and number of fruits per plant were observed positive and significant correlation. It is suggested that the greater emphasis should be given for selection of these characters.

5 tables, 18 ref

014391   Srivastava A;Srivastava P;Sharma A;Sarlach R S;Bains N S (Botany Dep, Punjab Agricultural Univ, Ludhiana-141 004, Email: aksri_du@yahoo.com) : Effect of stem reserve mobilization on grain filling under drought stress conditions in recombinant inbred population of wheat. J appl nat Sci 2017, 9(1), 1-5.

Pre-anthesis carbon assimilation of stem reserves is considered as an important source for grain filling during post anthesis drought stresses that inhibit photosynthesis. 175 RILs from cross (C518/2*PBW343) along with check cultivars were evaluated for stem reserve mobilization under irrigated and rainfed conditions. These two cultivars belonging to distinct adaptation mechanism, offer several morpho -physiological and biochemical con-trasts. C 518 is tall and adapted to low input rainfed conditions whereas PBW 343 is semi -dwarf and input re-sponsive. Further C 518 is known for better stem reserves on account of larger peduncle and strong commitment to grain filling due to effective stem reserve mobilization. The parents and the RIL population was tested for stem reserve mobilization by defoliation of flag leaf and second leaf at anthesis under irrigated and rainfed environments. Evaluated entries differed significantly (p <60> 0.001) for reduction in 1000 grain weight under defoliation (TGWL). Percent reduction in 1000 grain weight ranged from 4.4% to 39.6% under irrigated environment and 3.2% to 35.0 under rainfed condition. A significant positive correlation (r = +0.357) between stem reserve mobilization and peduncle length was observed under rainfed condition. Tested RILs vary individually for stem reserve mobilization when subjected to removal of flag leaf and second leaf inhibiting the photosynthesis. The genotypes with better stem reserve mobilization based on 1000 grain weight in the absence of photosynthesis may also provide relative tolerance to drought.

1 illus, 3 tables, 22 ref

014390   Srinivasnaik S;Suganthy M;Mohan Kumar S; Jegadeeswari V (Agricultural Entomology Dep, CPPS, Tamil Nadu Agricultural Univ (TNAU), Coimbatore-641 003, Email: sabhavats1@gmail.com ) : Survey, documentation and identification of entomofauna of cocoa, Theobroma cacao L. in major cocoa growing regions of South India. J appl nat Sci 2016, 8(3), 1444-51.

Survey, monitoring and documentation of entomofauna of cocoa was carried out in three cocoa growing states viz., Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Andhra Pradesh during 2014-2015. Results revealed that a total number of 23 species of insect pests and 13 species of natural enemies were documented and identified. Among the insect pests, 14, 2 and 7 species were sucking pests, borers and defoliators, respectively. Among the natural enemies, 7 species of predators and 6 species of parasitoids were documented and identified on different insect pests of cocoa. Among the insect pests, sucking pests were found to be predominant and maximum number of entomofauna were recorded in major coco growing areas of Tamil Nadu. From the results it was concluded that the list of entomofauna documented can enhance the knowledge on diversity of the entomofauna associated with cocoa in three different cocoa growing states. Sucking pests were found to be predominant and caused huge yield loss in Tamil Nadu and Kerala. While in Andhra Pradesh pod borer and bark eating caterpillar were found to be predominant causing severe yield loss. This information provides a base for development of location specific Integrated Pest Management module.

2 tables, 12 ref

014389   Sridevi S;Ramana M V (AICRP on Integrated Farming Systems, PJTSAU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500 030, Email: sridevikarlapudi@gmail.com) : Impact of long-term integrated nutrient management on soil properties in rice-rice cropping system. Green Fmg 2016, 7(5), 1106-10.

A long-term experiment in rice-rice cropping system with twelve treatments viz., chemical fertilizers alone and in conjunction with FYM, paddy straw and gliricidia at 50% and 25% N substitution during kharif and with 100% and 50% RDF in rabi was established at the College Farm of PJTSAU, Hyderabad, during kharif 1988-89. After 25 years of experimentation, the changes in the bulk density were significant only in the upper 30 cm soil layers and ranged from 1.31 to 1.48 Mg m^-3 in the surface layer (0-15 cm), from 1.58 to 1.82 Mg m^-3 in the subsequent 15-30 cm layer and in lower layers (30-60 cm) the differences in BD were insignificant. A significant improvement in organic carbon was evidenced by the integrated nutrient supply through 50 or 25 per cent substitution of N fertilizer in the kharif season with FYM or paddy straw. Application of recommended dose of NPK through fertilizers significantly increased the availability of nutrients compared to control. The trend of available nitrogen over years imply that the fertility of the soil can be better sustained by substituting 25 or 50% N fertilizer with FYM or Glyricidia twigs in the kharif season than only through chemical fertilizers. Considerable build up in the available phosphorus ranging from 37.1 to 43.2 kg ha^-1 was recorded with all the INM practices and was at par with 100% NPK. On an average the potassium status at the end of 25 years of rice-rice sequence was in the range of 156-195 kg ha^-1 and irrespective of the treatments there was depletion in the available potassium compared to initial status. Available copper and iron contents depleted in all the treatments when compared to the initial status. Manganese depletion was also seen with all other treatments except with 50% NPK+50% N substituted treatment, where in a slight build up was noticed. All the substituted treatments could maintain the zinc to its initial status and 50% NPK + 50% N substituted treatment showed a buildup. Highest dehydrogenase activity was recorded under 25% N substitution through Gliricidia while acid and alkaline phophatases activity was higher under 50% N substitution through FYM.

3 illus, 5 tables, 23 ref

014388   Sowjanya P;Chopde N;Patil S;Lokhande S (Horticulture Section, College of Agriculture, Nagpur-440 010) : Effect of planting geometry and corm size on yield and economics of gladiolus. Pl Archs 2016, 16(2), 527-30.

Experiment entitled "Effect of planting geometry and corm size on yield and economics of gladiolus" was carried out at - 379 - Floriculture Unit, Horticulture Section, College of Agriculture, Nagpur (M.S.), India; from October, 2015 to April, 2016 with nine treatment combinations in Factorial Randomised Block Design. The treatments comprised of three spacing viz., S₁-45 cm x 15 cm, S₂-30 cm x 20 cm and S₃-30 x 15 cm and three corm size viz., C₁-Large (5-6 cm dia.), C₂-Medium (4-5 cm dia.) and C₃-Small (3-4 cm dia.). The results revealed that, the cost of cultivation of gladiolus increased with reduced plant spacing due to increase in cost of planting material. Similarly, the corm and spike yield ha^-1 in gladiolus increased with increase in corm size and planting density. Though the gross and net monetary returns were noted highest with the treatment of closer spacing (30 x 15 cm) planted with large sized corms of 5-6 cm diameter, the cost: benefit ratio was found to be the highest with the medium spacing (30 x 20 cm) planted with large sized corms (5-6 cm dia.).

3 tables, 5 ref

014387   Sonit A;Rathore A L;Hemlata;Tandon A;Banjara G P (Agronomy Dep, College of Agriculture, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur-492 012, Email: anamikasonit@gmail.com) : Comparative study of various irrigation methods in summer rice. Green Fmg 2016, 7(5), 1148-51.

An experiment was conducted at Research Farm, IGKV, Raipur (C.G.) during summer season 2013. Treatment consisted of two rice varieties (MTU1010 and IR64) as main plots and five drip irrigations (0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2 and 1.4 IW: CPE ratio (Irrigation Water and Cumulative Pan Evaporation Ratio), micro sprinkler irrigation once in three day and flooding as sub plots. Panicle length, panicle weight, sound grains penicle-1 and numbers of grains panicle-1 were statistically similar in drip irrigation at 1.4, 1.2 and 1.0 IW:CPE ratio and traditional flooding. The maximum seed yield was recorded in drip irrigation at 1.4 IW: CPE ratio which was at par to traditional flooding and drip irrigation at 1.2 IW: CPE ratio but these treatments were significantly superior over rest of the treatments. Drip irrigation at 1.4 IW: CPE ratio reduced input cost by 14% and increased net income by 33% over traditional flood irrigation. The water use was the maximum in flooding (3340 mm) followed by micro sprinkler irrigation (1417 mm) and drip irrigation at 1.4 (1300 mm), 1.2 (1152 mm) and 1.0 (948 mm) IW:CPE ratio. Drip irrigation at 1.4 and 1.2 IW:CPE ratio saved 63 and 59 percent of irrigation water respectively over flooding, indicating that cropped area under summer rice can be doubled with same quantity of available water by using drip irrigation without sacrificing grain yield.

1 illus, 6 tables, 9 ref

014386   Sofi P A;Saba I;Amin Z (Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Kashmir Univ of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Wadura, Sopore-193 201, Email: parvazesofi@gmail.com) : Root architecture and rhizobial inoculation in relation to drought stress response in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris l.). J appl nat Sci 2017, 9(1), 502-7.

The present study was aimed at assessing the root traits and rhizobial inoculation in relation to drought in common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris. Drought caused the largest decrease in - 378 - shoot biomass followed by plant height, while an increase was recorded inroot/shoot ratio. Rhizobial inoculation caused largest increase in shoot biomass followed by root volume and root biomass and smallest increase in rooting depth. WB-216 and WB-185 had better rooting depth in all treatments. However, WB-83 (92.67) had highest rooting depth under irrigated conditions and SR-1 had highest rooting depth under irrigated conditions treated with rhizobium (108.50). Similarly, WB-216 had highest root/shoot ratio under drought (2.693) followed by WB-185 (1.285) while lowest value was recorded for Arka Anoop (0.373). In rhizobium treated drought condition, WB-216 recorded highest root/shoot ratio (5.540) followed by SFB-1 (1.967). Under irrigated conditions (both with and without rhizobium), WB-185 recorded highest root/shoot ratio while lowest was recorded for SR-1 (0.166). The mean squares due to root depth, root biomass and root volume were significant whereas the mean squares due to water and rhizobium were non-significant. Among interactions the genotype x water regime was significant for rooting depth (5% level), genotype x rhizobia was significant for rooting depth and root volume (1% level) and the interaction of genotype x water regime x rhizobium was significant for rooting depth, root biomass and root volume (1% level). The results reinforce the need to further analyse the potential of other soil microbes in common bean rhizosphere in amelioration of the effects of water stress.

5 tables, 27 ref

014385   Sofi P A;Bhat S A;Masoodi T H;Islam M A;Bhat G M;Malik A R (Faculty of Forestry, Sher-e-Kashmir Univ of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Benhama, Ganderbal-191 201, Email: parvezsofi1@gmail.com) : Propagation of Himalayan maple (Acer caesium Wall.) through seed and softwood cuttings. J appl nat Sci 2016, 8(3), 1235-40.

Propagation of Himalayan maple (Acer caesium Wall.) through seed and softwood cuttings was investi-gated to standardize nursery techniques for mass production of the species. The seedlings were raised from viable seeds in different containers filled with different combinations of growing media. Vegetative propagation of softwood cuttings was carried out by treating with different combinations of IBA and Willow leachate of different durations. The statistical analysis revealed the differential behaviour of various nursery stocks with respect to survival, growth and biomass. The growing media soil: sand: vermicompost (2:1:2) and container (root trainer 300 cc) showed maximum germination (61.00%), seedlings height (35.17 cm), collar diameter (5.07 cm), shoot:root ratio (1.24) and survival percentage (76.33%). Conversely, the cuttings treated with IBA @ 8000 ppm showed maximum sprouting (74.50%), rooting (66.75%), and length of longest root (14.65 cm), no. of roots per cutting (33.00%), shoot length (13.90 cm) and survival percentage (41.50%). Hence, the seeds of the species should be grown in Rot trainer of 300 cc having soil: sand: vermicompost (2:1:2) to get good quality planting materials. However, the softwood cuttings should be given treatments with IBA @ 8000 ppm for mass production of plants vegetatively.

3 illus, 3 tables, 27 ref

014384   Sivasubramaniam S;Ambika S;Vetrivel M (Seed Science and Technology Dep, Tamil Nadu Agricultural Univ, Coimbatore-641 003, Email: seedmani@yahoo.com) : Influence of size grading on physiological parameters in tephrosia (Tephrosia purpurea) MDU (KO)-1. J appl nat Sci 2017, 9(1), 639-41.

Seed grading is an important practice for better crop establishment and to improve efficiency of planting ratio in field and also useful in separation of quality seed in a seed lot. The influence of seed size on physiological and biochemical seed quality characters were evaluated in Tephrosia seeds using seeds retained on 5.5/64", 6/64" and 7/64" sieves along with control. The estimations revealed that larger size seeds retained on 7/64" sieves recorded the maximum recovery (64%), 100 seed weight (2.0 g), speed of germination (14.1) germination ( 86%), root length (8.5 cm), shoot length (11.0 cm), dry matter production (15.92 mg seedlings^-10), vigour index (1677) and protein (10.56%) compared to BSS 5.5 / 64", BSS 6 / 64" and ungraded seeds.

1 illus, 1 table, 17 ref

014383   Sireesha Y;Keerthana J V;Sarathchandra G; Velazhahan R (Plant Pathology Dep, Tamil Nadu Agricultural Univ, Coimbatore-641 003, Email: velazhahan@hotmail.com) : Analysis of aflatoxin B1 and aflatoxigenic mold in commercial poultry feeds in Tamil Nadu, India. J appl nat Sci 2017, 9(1), 456-60.

A total of 48 commercial poultry feed samples collected from different poultry feed manufactures in Tamil Nadu, India were examined for the contamination of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and Aspergillus flavus. AFB1 in the samples was estimated by sandwich ELISA and the presence of A. flavus was detected by Real-Time PCR assay. Real-Time PCR analysis using A. flavus- specific omt primers confirmed the presence of A. flavus in all the samples tested. ELISA results indicated that the AFB1 contents in the poultry feeds ranged from 1.0 to18.7 ppb, which were below the permissible safe limits for poultry bird consumption and health. The results suggest adoption of good man-ufacturing practices by the commercial poultry feed manufacturers during procurement of feed ingredients, handling, storage and processing which might have suppressed the growth of A. - 377 - flavus and aflatoxin contamination.

3 illus, 2 tables, 28 ref

014382   Singh Y;Singh B;Singh S P;Suman Devi (Entomology Dep, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar-125 004, Email: ydev70@gmail.com) : Seasonal abundance and bio-efficacy of different insecticides against castor semilooper on castor. J appl nat Sci 2016, 8(3), 1321-5.

The study was conducted at Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Regional Research Station, Bawal, Haryana (India). The larvae of castor semilooper remain active from 30th stan-dard weeks to 47th standard weeks. The maximum larval population was recorded on the 32th standard week (6.1 larvae per plant) and 38th standard meteorological weeks (6.2 larvae per plant) due the high rainfall, 158 and 120 mm, during these weeks, respectively. Correlation indicates that minimum temperature, evening relative humidity and rainfall exhibited a positive relationship (r- 0.588, 0.577 and 0.650) with the larval population. Bio-efficacy of four insecticides with different doses was tested against A. janata infesting castor crop. One day after spraying thiodicarb @ 468 g proved best toxicant followed by thiodicarb @ 375 g, deltamethrin @ 11.2 g, deltamethrin @ 10.5 g, qui-nalphos @ 250 g, quinalphos @ 200 g, novaluron @ 100 g and novaluron @ 75 g. At three days after spraying, it was found that novaluron @ 100 g was the most effective followed by novaluron @ 75 g, thiodicarb @ 468 g, del-tamethrin @ 11.2 g, thiodicarb @ 375 g, deltamethrin @ 10.5 g, quinalphos @ 250 g and quinalphos @ 200 g. At seven days after spraying novaluron @ 100 g proved to be best toxicant followed by novaluron @ 75 g, thiodicarb @ 468 g, thiodicarb @ 375 g, deltamethrin @ 11.2 g, deltamethrin @ 10.5 g, quinalphos @ 250 g and quinalphos @ 200 g. Novaluron 100 g was the overall most effective with 75.97 mean per cent reduction in larval population.

2 illus, 3 tables, 7 ref

014381   Singh V;Shah K N;Rana D K (Horticulture Dep, H.N.B. Garhwal University, Srinagar, Garhwal-246 174, Email: blbek007singh@gmail.com) : Performance of different bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) strain for growth, yield and quality traits under Garhwal hills. Pl Archs 2016, 16(2), 815-20.

Present investigation was carried out to study the performance of different bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) strains viz., PDM, VRBTG-1, VRBTG-2, VRBTG-3, VRBTG-4, VRBTG-5, VRBTG-6, VRBTG-7, VRBTG-8, VRBTG-9, KVS-7, PSPB-14, JP-1, GP-1 and MN-1 for thier growth, yield and quality traits under Garhwal Himalaya conditions. The study revealed that the JP-1 showed highest vine (335.19 cm) and phosphorus content (65.0 mg/100g), whereas MN-1 showed maximum number of primary branches per vine (8.37), minimum days to first fruit harvest (70.44 days), highest fruit diameter (5.41 cm) and maximum seed/fruit (20.12). The maximum intermodal (7.30 cm) was recorded in GP-1 and organoleptic scores for various fruit quality traits while, the lowest (7.16 nodes) number of nodes bearing first male flower and maximum number of fruit/vine (38.60) recorded in PDM strain, respectively. The KVS-7 showed minimum (10.51 - 376 - nodes) number of nodes beraing first female flower and lowest days (50.57 days) to opening of first female flower, respectively. VRBTG-4 showed minimum days (44.76 days) to opening of first male flower. VRBTG-7 showed showed maximum fruit length (20.07), carbohydrate (11.20g/100g) and calcium (22.50 mg/100g). The VRBTG-6 showed minimum sex ratio (10:1), maximum percent of fruit setting (96.32%), maximum fruit yield/vine (3.10 kg), fruit yield/plot (37.20 kg) and highest yield/hectare (41.33 tonnes), respectively.

3 tables, 19 ref

014380   Singh S;Singh B;Singh G (Genetics and Plant Breeding Dep, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar-125 004, Email: sukhdeep.sivia01@gmail.com) : Genetic divergence studies in clusterbean [Cyamopsis tetragoloba (L.) Taub.] genotypes for seed yield and gum content under rain-fed conditions. J appl nat Sci 2017, 9(1), 389-94.

The genetic diversity among 33 cluster bean genotypes was evaluated under rain fed conditions during kharif 2012. The genetic material exhibited wide range of genetic diversity for all the twelve characters investigated. All the genotypes were grouped into seven different clusters. Cluster I was the largest comprising 11 genotypes followed by cluster II consisting of 8 genotypes, cluster V (5), cluster VI (4), cluster IV (2), cluster VII (2), cluster III (1). The clustering pattern indicated that there was lot of diversity among the genotypes and there was no relationship and independent. The intra cluster distance was highest at cluster VI followed by cluster I and II over others. The between the genetic and geographical diversity of the genotypes, but the distribution of the genotypes was random higher magnitude of inter-cluster distance were observed between cluster IV and VI (7.644) followed by cluster IV and cluster III and IV (5.861) and cluster II and V (5.834) indicating wider genetic diversity between the genotypes in V (7.582); cluster II and IV (6.802); cluster IV and VII (6.682); cluster I and IV (6.569); cluster II and VII (6.052); likely to produce more transgressive segregants. It is suggested that genotypes belonging to the clusters I, IV and VII these clusters. The uses of genotypes in hybridization from these clusters having most of the desirable characters are having diversified growth habit may be crossed with genotypes belonging to cluster II as they may be expected to produce good segregants with high yield potential.

7 tables, 18 ref

014379   Singh S R;Wangchu L;Singh B;Hazarika B N; Pandey A K (College of Horticulture & Forestry, Central Agricultural University, Pasighat-791 102, Email: romensenjam@yahoo.com) : Effect of PGRs combination on pre-harvest fruit drop of Khasi mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco.). Indian J agric Res 2017, 51(2), 167-71.

Synthetic auxin like 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T and NAA were investigated on ten (10) years old tree to study the effect of different combinations of PGR on pre-harvest fruit drop at Bodak village under East Siang district of Arunachal Pradesh, India during the year 2014-2015. Result showed maximum fruit retention in T6 Urea 1% + 2,4-@ 15 ppm (45.4%) followed by T5 NAA@5ppm + 2,4-D@110ppm (44.3%) resulting significantly increased - 375 - the total number of fruits in (T6) (244.3 fruits/tree) followed by T5 (241.6 fruit/tree) as compared to control (17.3% fruit retention and 181 fruits/tree). Hence, the combination of recommended dose of fertilizer i.e. 400:400:900 g NPK/plant/year along with Urea 1% + 2,4-@15 ppm foliar spraying thrice during April, July and September can be used to control the fruit deop in Khasi mandarin.

3 tables, 12 ref

014378   Singh S P;Srivastava S;Singh V;Kumar A (Farm Management Dep, Krishi Gyan Kendra, Baribag, Ghazipur (U.P)) : The increase in yield and nete income in potato (Solanum tuberosum) by use of organic and inorganic manures. Pl Archs 2016, 16(2), 647-8.

Present study was to work out the increase in yield, net income by using organic and inorganic manures at different size of holdings in randomly selected advisory village of Ghazipur district of Uttar Pradesh during 2010-11. Yield and net income up from lower to higher size. Increasing trends formed in all respect along with no specific trends in benefit cost ratio of potato cultivation. The study finally that in future for better yield and better income with reducing cost of all size groups come with a good farm plans.

2 tables, 3 ref

014377   Singh S;Nirwan B;Sharma K;Choudhary S (Forest Protection Div, Arid Forest Research Institute, Jodhpur-342 005, Email: sunil8365@gmail.com) : Development of microbial consortia for overall improvement of Azadirachta indica seedlings. Pl Archs 2016, 16(2), 918-24.

Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Neem) is one of the important tree of Indian Thar Desert. The growth of neem seedlings under nursery conditions is often limited by damping off, wilts and leaf feeding insects. The uses of chemical fertilizers are not environment friendly, therefore there is a need of biofertilizers that not only increases the physical fitness of plants, but also helps the plants to fight against the pathogens. The present investigation was carried to find out the best combination of biofertilizers that can enhance the growth of neem seedlings by modifying overall growth parameters for healthy nursery practices. Five well known biofertilizers viz. Azospirillum brasilense, Azotobacter bijerinckii, Bacillus thurengensis (PSB), Trichoderma harzianum, consortia of AMF (Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi consisting of species of Glomus, Gigaspora, sclerocystis and scutellospora) were tested individually and in consortia for neem seedlings and observed that the consortia regulates the growth more positively as compare to individual. Overall maximum growth was observed in the treatment in which combination of Azotobacter + Azospirillum + Trichoderma followed PSB + Azotobacter, Azospirillum + AMF and PSB + Azotobacter + Azospirillum.

1 table, 44 ref