007531   Vaidya S Y;Simaria A V;Murthy Z V P (Department of Chemical Engineering, Dharmsinh Desai Institute of Technology(Deemed University), P.B.No. 35, College Road, Nadiad-387 001) : Reverse osmosis transport models evaluation. Indian J chem Technol 2001, 8(5), 335-43.

Various transport models have been developed to describe the transport phenomena through reverse osmosis membrane. Such models give relationship amongst the operating variables, such as rejection, flux and driving force and membrane parameters that may include the physical properties of membrane. Knowing membrane parameters, one can predict the performance of membrane with minimum number of experiments, and can be extended to whole range of operating parameters without performing experiments. The available models are based on two concepts. One is on the basis of irreversible thermodynamics, and the others on the transport mechanisms. At present, the membrane transport models are used with the experimental data to estimate the parameters involved assuming that the mass transfer coefficient is available an attempt has been made to evaluate the various models available in combination with the film theory. The experimental data obtained on the membrane is used to estimate teh membrane parameters and mass transfer coefficient simultaneously, which will have more relevance than the existing methods.

4 illus, 2 tables, 7 ref

007530   Umapathy M J;Mohan D (Department of Chemical Engineering, AC College of Technology, Chennai-600 025) : Phase transfer catalysed polymerisation of butyl methacrylate using potassium peroxydisulphate as initiator-a kinetic study. Indian J chem Technol 2001, 8(6), 510-14.

Kinetics of phase transfer catalysed free radical polymerisation of butyl methacrylate using potassium peroxydisulphate as water soluble initiator and propiophenonebenzyldimethylammonium chloride (PPBDAC) as phase transfer catalyst were studied. The polymerisation reactions were carried out in cyclohexanone-water biphase media at 60°C in an inert atmosphere under unstirred condition. The effect of various experimental conditions such as different concentrations of monomer, initiator, phase transfer catalyst (PTC) and different ionic strength, temperature and the volume fraction of aqueous phase is studied. The order with respect to monomer, initiator and the phase transfer catalyst is found to be 1, 0.5 and 0.5 respectively. The rate of polymerisation (R_p) is independent of ionic strength and pH. However, an increase in the polarity of solvent and volume fraction of aqueous phase slightly increases the R_p value. Based on the results obtained, a mechanism has been proposed for the polymerisation reaction.

6 illus, 15 ref

007529   Srivastava A;Prasad R (Department of Chemical Engineering, H B Technological Institute, Kanpur-208 002) : Rheological behaviour of fatty acid methyl esters. Indian J chem Technol 2001, 8(6), 473-81.

Rheological of fatty acid methyl esters of soyabea, used-soybean, mustard and used-mustard oils has been examined experimentally in the temperature range of -3 to 15°C. Such a low temperature in the use of these fatty esters as diesel fuels. These fatty esters were prepared in the laboratory by the transesterification of oils with methanol in the presence of sodium hydroxide as a catalyst. Brookfield Synchro-Lectric Viscometer has been used to observe the dependence of shear rate, time, temperature on the apparent viscosity of these fatty esters. Kerosine works satisfactorily as the bath fluid in the Ultra Cryostat for the desired temperature range. The fatty acid methyl esters of soybean, used-soyabean, mustard and used-mustard oils are found to behave as Newtonian fluids above a temperature of about 5°C. Below this temperature, they are expected to behave as pseudoplastic fluids. These methyl esters also exhibit a thixotropic behaviour. The decrease in the apparent viscosity of these methyl esters with increase in temperature is approximately exponential.

10 illus, 1 table, 20 ref

007528   Soundararajan S;Das A P;Anand J S (Plastics Testing Centre, Central Institute of Plastics Engineering & Technology, Guindy, Chennai-600 032) : Polyolefins : use of waste newspaper in high density polyethylene. J Polym Mater 2000, 17(1), 83-6.

Waste newspaper was used as a filler in HDPE (inj grade). Old newspaper was cut into small pieces and put into a scrap grinder and then sieved through a sieve analyzer to get uniform size particles. The fibrous particles were blended with HDPE in a two roll mill and then the blended sheets were granulated into small pieces using a granulator. Injection molding technique was used to make test specimens. The mechanical, electrical, thermal and physical properties were tested and evaluated.

^ssc1 illus, 2 tables, 6 ref

007527   Singhal R;Nagpal A K;Mathur G N (Department of Plastic Technology, H B T I, Kanpur-208 002) : Multilayer ethylcellulose matrices for controlled release of benzoic acid. Indian J chem Technol 2001, 8(5), 396-401.

Matrix devices based on ethyl cellulose (EC) for controlled release (CR) applications were investigated for zero order release. These matrices were prepared by solvent csting and contained three or five layers arrange in symmetrical fashion with benzoic acid (BA) loaded only in inner layers; while the outermost layers were kept free from BA. It was found that three layer matrices maintain high release rates inspite of outer barrier layer and heavy initial release (burst effect) was significantly reduced; but linear release profile was not obtained. In five layer matrices four type of drug distribution profiles were tested and it was found that decending staircase type concentration gradient gave linear release profile, with enhanced release duration and reduced brust effect.

4 illus, 2 tables, 15 ref

007526   Singh S;Dhaliwal Y S;Kalia M (Department of Food Science and Nutrition, H.P. Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur-176 062) : Effect of supplementation of rice flour with treated soybean flour for preparation of ankalian. Himachal J agric Res 1998, 24(1-2), 184-9.

^ssc1 illus, 1 table, 5 ref

007525   Singh Raman R K;Fekito P;Ratna D; Bandyopadhyay S (Department of Materials Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia 3800) : Characterisation of a high density polyethylene by green and red laser Rama spectroscopy. J Polym Mater 2001, 18(1), 7-12.

Discusses scope of laser Raman spectroscopy (LRS) as a technique for quick characterization of crystallinity in polyethylene. A high density polyethylene was annealed at 54°C for 12 h, 110°C for 12h and at 130°C for 24 h which introduced change in the crystalline phase content. Raman spectra of the specimens were generated using a green (514 nm) and red (633 nm) laser. Spectra generated using both the laser source types have suggested variations in spectral patterns that can be related to a change in the crystalline phase content. However, the variations occur in the different regions of the spectra when the laser source is changed.

4 illus, 2 tables, 10 ref

007524   Singh O V;Sharma A;SIngh R P (Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, University of Roorkee, Roorkee-247 667) : Optimisation of fermentation conditions for fluconic acid production by a mutant of Aspergillus niger. Indian J expl Biol 2001, 39(11), 1136-43.

Aspergillus niger ORS-4, isolated from the sugarcane industry waste materials was found to produce notable level of gluconic acid. From this strain, a mutant Aspergillus niger ORS-4.410 having remarkable increase in gluconic acid production was isolated and compared for fermentation properties. Among the various substrates used, glucose resulted into maximum production of gluconic acid (78.0 g/L). 12% concentration led to maximum production. Effect of spore age and inoculum level on fermentation indicated an inoculum level of 2% of the 4-7 days old spores were best suited for gluconic acid production. Maximum gluconate production could be achieved after 10-12 days of the fermentation at 30°C and at a pH of 5.5. Kinetic analysis of production indicated that growth of the mutant was favoured during initial stages of the fermentation (4-8 days) and production increased during the subsequent 8-12 days of the fermentation. CaCO₃ and varying concentrations of different nutrients affected the production of gluconic acid. Analysis of variance for the factors evaluated the significant difference in the production levels.

9 illus, 2 tables, 35 ref

007523   Siddaramaiah;Ramakrishna A;Nagappa;Somashekar R (Department of Polymer Science and Technology, S J College of Engineering, Mysore-570 006) : WAXS studies of thermally treated polypropylene films and its laminates. J Polym Mater 2000, 17(1), 63-8.

WAXS studies of thermally treated plastic films like polypropylene (PP), coextruded polypropylene/nylon/polypropylene (PP/Nylon/PP) and laminated CPET/PP films have been carried out to obtain microstructural parameters like crystal size and lattice distortion using one-dimensional Hosemann's paracrystalline model and the results indicate a linear structure-property relation in these materials.

3 illus, 4 tables, 12 ref

007522   Shukla S K;Srivastava D (Department of Plastic Technology, H.B. Technological Institute, Kanpur-208 002) : Thermo-oxidative degradation and stabilization of polypropylene : structural changes and its correlation with properties. J Polym Mater 2001, 18(3), 259-66.

Degradation of polypropylene (PP) films has been studied by aging the unstabilized and stabilized (with 0.4 wt% Irganox - 1076) film samples at 70°, 80° and 90°C for the period upto 1000 hours in air. Change in molecular structure and formation of oxygenated and unsaturated groups during thermo-oxidative degradation has been studied by infrared spectroscopic analysis. The decrease in molecular weight (Mv) suggests the chain-scission by the oxygen attack at free radical sites and subsequently by β-scission. The tensile strength of unstabilized and stabilized samples increased initially and then decreased upto 100 hours of aging. Increase in percent gel content supports the formation of crosslinks between the molecular chains. Thermal stability was found to be decreased with aging time and temperature with unstabilized and stabilized samples. The thermal stability was found more for stabilized film samples than that of unstabilized ones.

3 illus, 2 tables, 19 ref

007521   Shukla S K;Srivastava D (NO, , 34-A, Cikas Nagar, Kanpur-208 024) : Epoxy/resole blends-a study of its degradation kinetics. Indian J chem Technol 2001, 8(5), 357-61.

Degradation kinetics of blends of resole with epoxy resin, having different weight ratios, has been studied by dynamic thermogravimetric analysis in nitrogen atmosphere at a heating rate of 15°C/min. These blends were prepared by physical mixing and were cured with 40% polyamide (based on blend resin and polyamide). The degradation of each sample followed 0.67^th order degradation kinetics, which was calculated by Coats and Redfern equation using best-fit analysis. This was further confirmed by linear regression analysis. The validity of data was checked by t-test statistical analysis. From this value of reaction order, activation energy (E) and pre-exponential factor (Z) were calculated. It was found that the activation energy increased while pre-exponential factor decreased as the resole content in the blend decreased from 100 to zero weight percent.

3 illus, 2 tables, 18 ref

007520   Sharma S L;Pant A (Division of Biochemical Science, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune-411 08) : Crude oil degradation by a marine actinomycetes Rhodococcus sp. Indian J Mar Sci 2001, 30(3), 146-50.

Actinomycete isolated from a chronically oil-coastal region near Mumbai (Bombay) Harbour was identified as a strain of Rhodococcus and deposited as Rhodococcus sp. NCIM 5126 in the National Collection of Industrial Microrganisms, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune. The isolate degraded aliphatic and aromatic, but not the asphaltene fractions of three different crude oils. Under optimized conditions: 70 mM nitrogen as urea, 0.1 mM phosphorous as K₂HPO₄, pH 8. at 30°C and 150 rpm on laboratory shaker for 72 hours, 72%, 60% and 35% of the aliphatic fraction of Bombay High. Assam and Gujarat crude oils respectively were degraded. Although the organism was isolated from seawater and it grew optimally at 0.4M NaCl, tolerating up to 1.7M NaCl, it was also able to grow on distilled water nutrient broth medium, suggesting that it is facultative halophle. It may therefore be important in the bioremediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated soils and aquatic systems, both marine and fresh water. The present data als support earlier evidence that chronic contamination along the coast has resulted in a substantial natural flora capable of degrading hydrocarbons. view of the naturally high tropical temperatures, supplying nitrogen to these ecosystems could result in fast clean-up of such contaminants.

4 illus, 6 tables, 11 ref

007519   Sharma M K;Sharma M;Aniorudh Singh;Mehrotra R C (Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur-302 004) : Synthesis and characterization of heterobimetallic isopropoxides of bismuth (III). Indian J Chem-Sect A 2000, 40(11), 1226-8.

Novel soluble heterobimetallic isopropoxides of bismuth (III) have been synthesized in 1:3 molar reactions of BiCl₃ with K{Al(OPrⁱ)4}, K{Zr₂(OPrⁱ)₉} or K{Nb(OPrⁱ)₆} in benzene. The reactions of BiCl₃ with a mixture of two and one equivalents of K{Al(OPrⁱ)₄} and KOPrⁱ produce an interesting soluble mixed derivative, Bi{Al(OPrⁱ)₄} ₂ (OPrⁱ). Methanolysis of Bi{Al(OPrⁱ)₄}₃ and Bi {Al(OPrⁱ)₄}₂(OPrⁱ) afford methoxide analogues as insoluble products. All these compounds have been characterized by elemental analyses and molecular weight measurements as well as by their spectroscopic (IR, NMR) properties.

^ssc16 ref

007518   Sharif Ahmad;Ashraf S M;Naqvi A F;Yadav S; Hasnat A (Materials Research laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi-110 025) : Polyesteramide from annona squamosa oil for anticorrosive coating. J Polym Mater 2001, 18(1), 53-9.

Annona squamosa oil (ASO) was extracted and characterized. A polyesteramide resin was synthesized from N, N-bis-(2 hydroxyethyl) annona squamosa fatty amide (HEASA). The FT-IR, ¹H-NMR, DSC, TGA, thermal curing and physicochemical characterization of the polyesteramide was carried out. The coatings of polyesteramide were prepared on mild steel strips. The mechanical behavior and protective efficiency of polyesteramide coatings in acid, alkali and other organic solvents were investigated. Physico-mechanical and corrosion resistance of annona squamosa oil based polyesteramide (ASPEA) coatings were compared with the reported polyesteramide coatings, and the former were found to be better than the reported ones.

5 illus, 3 tables, 28 ref

007517   Shabanna Begum S;Subramanian R; Lakshminarayanan V;Mayanna S M (Department of Post-Graduate Studies in Chemistry, Central College, Bangalore-560 001) : Corrosion inhibition of mild steel in sulphuric acid by n-octylamine and iodoacetic acid. Indian J chem Technol 2001, 8(6), 463-8.

Influence of iodoacetic acid (IAA) on the corrosion inhibition of mild steel in 0.5 M sulphuric acid (H₂SO₄) containing octylamine (OA) has been studied using weightloss, polarization and a.c. impedence techniques. Corrosion data obtained by different methods are consistent. IAA and OA individually retard the corrosion of mild steel in sulphuric acid. The addition of IAA enhances the inhibitor efficiency of OA considerably. Adsorption of inhibitors follows quasi-susbstitution process at the interfaces. OA cations are adsorbed by coulombic interaction on the metal surface, which is preoccupied by IAA molecules as dipoles. Adsorption model is suggested to account the synergistic action of IAA on the corrosion inhibition of mild steel in sulphuric acid solution by OA.

6 illus, 3 tables 17 ref

007516   Satya Prakash;Goel R K (NO, Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee-247 667) : Simple mechanisation is the need of the hour for building brick industry. Trans Indian Ceramic Soc 2001, 60(2), 87-9.

To meet the massive demand for building bricks, simple mechanisation is the need of the hour. As manual labour is scarce day by day, various labour oriented operations like grinding, mixing, kneading, conveying, shaping, etc are required to be done through simple mechanisation for production of 25-30,000 bricks per day. Summarises the technical points and problems relevant to simple mechanisation and their remedial measures.

2 tables, 5 ref

007515   Satpute R S;Samui A B;Patankar A S;Deb P C (High Energy Materials Research Laboratory, , Armament Post, Pashan, Pune-411 021) : Polyaniline coating on nitrile rubber surface. J Polym Mater 2000, 17(1), 97-9.

^ssc1 illus, 1 table, 13 ref

007514   Sastry K P;Radha Krishnan K;Saleem S M;Naqvi A A;Sushil Kumar (NO, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), Field Stat, Kodaikanal-624 101) : Differences in the quality of essential oil hydrodistilled from leaves from different positions on the growing branches of rose scented geranium Pelargonium graveolens. J med aromatic Pl Sci 2000, 22/23(4A&1A), 34-6.

Crops of rose scented geranium Pelargonium graveolens cultivars Hemanti, Bipuli and Kunti were planted during September, 1997 at Kodaikanal. Branches were harvested upto 20 cm down from the canopy during February, June and September, 1998. Individual leaves were seperated positionwise from all the harvests separately for all the three varieties to obtain pools of first, second, third, fourth and fifth leaves from top, which were distilled to obtain essential oil for their characterization. The results allowed the conclusion that in all the varieties the oil distilled from the top most two leaves was much superior in quality than that obtained from the lower leaves. It is recommended that to obtain high yields of good quality essential oil consistently, the top most leaves from all the branches of plants should be harvested manually like in tea and distilled every 4-5 weeks under semi temperate agroclimatic conditions of Kodaikanal of the lower Palani hills in southern India.

1 table, 6 ref

007513   Sanghavi R R;Asthana S N;Singh H (NO, High Energy Materials Research Laboratory, Pune-411 021) : Thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs as binders for futuristic propellants and explosives. J Polym Mater 2000, 17(3), 221-32.

Review summarizes the work carried out on thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) and propellant/explosive formulations based on them. Basic structural features of TPEs are discussed. Explosive (LOVEX)/propellant (LOVA/gas generators/rocket) formulations and their processing techniques are included. Energy potential of compositions is elaborated in the text. As regards sensitivity, EVA appears to be the best desensitizer. Thermal decomposition pattern of TPE and TPE based formulations is also described. As expected, mechanical prerties of TPE based compositions are of interest.

^iia6 tables, 34 ref

007512   Sandal A;Kalia M (Department of Food Science and Nutrition, H.P. Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur-176 062) : Organoleptic evaluation of chevon after cooking with conventional methods and microwave oven. Himachal J agric Res 1998, 24(1-2), 190-3.

^ssc2 tables, 4 ref

007511   Sanariya M R;Kagathara V M;Parsania P H (Department of Chemistry, Saurashtra University, Rajkot-360 005) : Mechanical and electrical properties and chemical resistance of laminates on epoxy resins of bisphenol-C. J Polym Mater 2000, 17(3), 333-5.

ER-1, ER-2, BFE and MFE laminates (15 g, 50% on the basis of weight of glass cloth) were prepared using DDS (3.75 g, 25% of resin) at 70-100 psi and 150-200°C for 4 h and were post cured at room temperature for 12 h. The observed tensile strength, electric strength and volume resistivity of ER-1, ER-2, BFE and MFE laminates are; 149, 137, 238 and 294 N/mm²; 5.4, 6.1, 3.5 and 9.3 kv/mm, and 1.2 x 10¹⁵, 2.0 x 10¹⁶, 1.5 x 10¹¹ and 5.1 x 10¹³ Ohm, cm, respectively. It is found that laminates have relatively low tensile strength but they have excellent insulating property. They possess fairly acid and alkali resistance. Increase in weight may be due to formation of quaternary salt of hardening agent, and decrease in weight may be due to selective hydrolysis of amine or ether linkages.

2 tables, 9 ref

007510   Saminathan M;Pillai C K S (NO, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, UMDNJ, New Brumswick, New Jersey 08901 0019, U S A) : Thermotropic main chain homopolyesters with substituted azobenzene mesogenic groups: synthesis and thermal behavior. J Polym Mater 2001, 18(1), 83-90.

Four main chain liquid crystalline (LC) polymers containing substituted (methyl and long alkyl side chain) azobenzene mesogens were synthesised by self-polycondensation of the hydroxy carboxylic acid monomers using thionyl chloride and pyridine. The monomers, 4-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)azo] benzoic acid 4-[(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl) azo] benzoic acid, 4-[(4-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)azo] benzoic acid and 4-[(4-hydroxy-2-pentadecylphenyl)azo benzoic acid were prepared by the diaz couling reaction between p-aminobenzoic acid and the respective phenolic derivatives with varying hydrocarbon substituents and were characterized using elemental analysis. IR, ¹H and ¹³C NMR and UV-visible spectroscopy. The polymers were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, inherent viscosity, NMR, WAXD etc. The polymers with methyl substituents were soluble only in conc. sulfuric acid and methane sulfonic acid whereas the polymer with pentadecyl substitution was soluble in organic solvents such as chloroform, THF, DMF etc.

6 illus, 1 table, 37 ref

007509   Sama J K;Bandopadhyay B (NO, , E-5/103 Charm Wood Village, Faridabad) : Design of commercial batch fractionating columns for separation of α- and β pinenes from turpentine oil by the simple method developed. Indian J chem Technol 2001, 8(6), 500-09.

Commercial batch fractionating columns, for separation of α- and β-pinenes from a multicomponent mixture, such as tupentine oil was designed, installed and commissioned. The practical results obtained speak well of the accuracy of the simple graphical method developed for designing such columns and calculations for isolating different components.

6 illus, 12 tables, 3 ref

007508   Roy S K;Halldane J F;Jaenicke S;Paul M (NO, School of Building & Real Estate, National University of Singapore, 10, Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore-119260) : Effects of weathering on transparent plastics in the tropics. J Polym Mater 2000, 17(1), 23-31.

Effects of weathering on transparent plastics in the tropical climate of Singapore, as characterized by high humidity and abundance of sunshine were investigated. The polymers under investigation were acrylic (PMMA), polycarbonate (PC) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). In addition to other characteristics, the directional luminance of the light through the samples was measured after two years of weathering; the results show tht bronze acrylic, which is frequently used in roof lights, increases the visual transmission by 10% for which weathering can increase the air-conditioning cooling load. Data from another experiment were analyzed for the light transmission through polycarbonate lenses for luminaires weathered outside in Singapore and modeled with an exponential function to algebraically describe the observed changes undergone by the influence of weathering.

1 illus, 3 tables, 7 ref

007507   Rao B R;Rathore H S;Mital S;Singh Y N (NO, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500 007) : Thin-layer chromatography of heavy metal-diethyl dithiocarbamate complexes. Indian J chem Technol 2001, 8(6), 452-7.

Thin-layer chromatographic behaviour of some heavy metal-dithocarbamate complexes has been studied using calcium carbonate, Calcium citrate, calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate dibasic, calcium sulphate dehydrated, cellulose and silica gel G as stationary phase and acetonitrile, acetone, benzene, butanol, chloroform, 1, 4-dioxan, distilled water, ethyl acetate, EDTA-ammonia buffer (1:1), methanol and propanol as mobile phase. Cd(II) and Pb(II) from Mn(II), Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Hg(I) and Hg(II) have been practically separated on cellulose impregnated with sodium diethyldithylidithio-carbamate in ethy acetate.

7 illus, 14 ref

007506   Radhakrishna J;Dehadraya J V;Mukerjee S K; Vaidya V N;Venugopal V (Fuel Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085) : Crystallization of chromium oxide prepared by sol-gel route. Trans Indian Ceramic Soc 2001, 60(2), 71-3, 89.

Chromia finds large applications as a catalyst base. Investigation was to prepare chemically, mechanically and thermally stable porous Cr₂O₃ microspheres. Chromia microspheres (500-700 μm) were prepared by internal gelation technique of the sol-gel process. These microspheres were dried in air at various temperatures between room temperature and 300°C for further thermal studies in air /oxygen / orgon. These gel microspheres were subjected to X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and thermal analysis. Crystallization of chromia takes place at 440°C in air and at 710°C in argon. It is reported that in air amorphous Cr(III) oxide partially gets oxidized to Cr(V) below 350°C and reduces back to Cr(III) during crystallization. Maximum oxidation of about 30% could be achieved by heating chromia microspheres in pure oxygen at 330°C. Deals with a probable mechanism for the crystallization of chromia in presence of Cr(VI).

5 illus, 6 ref

007505   Patel J V;Soni P K;Sinha V K (Department of Industrial Chemistry, V P and R P T P Science College, Vallabh Vidyanagar-388 120) : Novelty finish prepared from polyurethane of biomaterial base. J Polym Mater 2001, 18(1), 103-09.

Argemone oil and its transesterified derivatives namely liquid polyol have been employed as back bone for the preparation of polyurethane. Hydroxyl functionlized polyol were obtained by etserification of glycol glycoside with argemone oil. The polyol were analyzed by the end group analysis, GPC, infrared spectroscopy to confirm their formation. Polyol were reacted with 4-4' Methylene Diphenylene Isocyanate (MDI) in different ratios to form polyurethane resin. Polyurethaneresin thus prepared was coated on test panels and were examined to flexibility, scratch resistance, impact hardness, adhesion and chemical resistance. Thermal stability of polyurethane resin was evaluated by TGA and functional groups by infrared spectroscopy.

1 illus, 4 tables, 24 ref

007504   Pandey A K;Chowdhury A R (NO, Forestry Research and Human Resource Development, Poama, Chhindwara-480 001) : Composition of the essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum grown in Madhya Pradesh. J med aromatic Pl Sci 2000, 22/23(4A&1A), 26-8.

Hydrodistilled oil from frsh aerial parts of Ocimum gratissimum was analyzed by GC/MS. Twenty-four components representing 98.47% of the oil were identified. The main component of the oil was eugenol (84.84%). The other constituents were linalool (1.92%), limonene (1.68%), methyl eugenol (1.48%), β-caryophyllene (1.15%), farnesene (1.12%), α-terpineol (0.92%), β-salinene (0.85%), methyl isoeugeneol (0.74%), geraniol (0.66%), α-caopaene (0.65%), bisabolol (0.26%), α-pinene (0.24%), p-cymene (0.22%), fenchone (0.21%), cubenene (0.21%), camphene (0.19%), T-cadinol (0.19%), γ-eudesmol (0.18%), sabinene (0.18%), myrcene (0.16%), β-bisoboline (0.16%), α-humelene (0.14%), and β-elemene (0.12%). The yield of the oil was 0.4 percent.

1 table, 11 ref

007503   Pal T K;Tiwari L;Nandi P;Chattaraj B D;Basini V;Yadav S B R (NO, , Ranchi-834 002) : Improvement of life of 300T steel ladle with zonal lining. Trans Indian Ceramic Soc 2001, 60(2), 74-6.

Use of resin bonded alumina-magnesia-carbon bricks in steel ladle refractory linings lives at Bokaro Steel Plant has significantly improved ladle lining lives while reducing steel penetration and ladle refractory costs. These bricks have been characterized on the basis of residual expansion properties. A zonal lining with different qualities of refractories in different zones of the ladle, has been developed in such a way that the rates of wear were uniform throughout the ladle lining.

3 illus, 3 tables

007502   Murthy K V V S B S R;Chandrakala M;Kulkarni S J;Raghavan K V (Catalysis Group, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500 007) : Beckmann rearrangement of cyclohexanone oxime over modified molecular sieves. Indian J chem Technol 2001, 8(5), 368-70.

Vapour phase Beckmann rearrangement of cyclohexanone oxime to ε-Caprolactum over silicoaluminophosphate (MSAPO-5, MSAPO-11) and MZSM-5 has been carried out. The yields of ε-Caprolactum were 72.0 and 81.5% at 96.0 and 100% conversion over ZnSAPO-11 and TiSAPO-11 molecular sieves, respectively.

4 tables, 10 ref

007501   Muneera Begum;Varadarajulu A;Siddaramaiah (Department of Polymer Science and Technology, S J College of Engineering, Mysore-570 006) : Estimation of thermal parameters of polyamides based on group additive methods. J Polym Mater 2000, 17(3), 329-32.

Thermal parameters such as glass transition temperature (T_g), crystalline meting point (T_m), initial thermal degradation temperature (T_d,o) and coefficient of thermal expansion (E_g) of some polyamides were estimated employing two different relations based on the group additive principle. The estimated parameters were compared with the available experimental values.

4 tables, 4 ref

007500   Mukhopadhyay S;Mahapatra S;Mukherjee P; Dasgupta T;Das S K (NO, College of Ceramic Technology, 73 A C Banerjee Lane, Kolkatta-700 010) : Effect of alumina sol in no-cement refractory castables. Trans Indian Ceramic Soc 2001, 60(2), 63-7.

Deals with the performance of alumina sol, prepared from a cheaper precursor and used as a bonding agent in nocement refractory castables fabricated by simle tapping technique. The physical properties of sol-bonded-castables indicate a significant improvement at elereated temperatures. The beneficial role of sol was confirmed by XRD and SEM studies when compared with similar compositions of castables cast with cement and water It was also obserbed that comlete rejection of cement in sol-bonded castables degrades the green strength of the materials.

9 illus, 1 table, 33 ref

007499   Mohamed M G;Hassan A M (Petroeum Research Institute, Polmer Laboratory, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt) : Fire-retardant polyacrylamide coating compositions. J Polym Mater 2001, 18(1), 49-52.

Samples of polyacrylamide (PAA) coating compositions were formulated from PAA-sodium silicatekaolin system or PAA-triglyceryl diburate-sodium tetraborate-diammonium phosphate system or ultramarine-boric acid-diammonium phosphate system. These compositions were evaluated and tested for use as a fire-retarding coating for wood surfaces. Some samples of the polyacerylamide coating compositions were found to efficient as good fire-retarding indicators.

3 tables, 11 ref

007498   Misra A K;Pachauree S;Gupta U (Department of chemistry, NMSN Dass (PG) College, Badaun-243 601) : Plain and ion pair thin layer chromatography of some herbicides and related compounds on admixture of silica gel G and barium sulphae in a single solvent system. Indian J chem Technol 2001, 8(5), 408-12.

Some carboxylic acid herbicides and related compounds such as - p-chlorophenoxyacetic acid, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, β-naphthoxy acetic acid, α-naphthoxy acetic acid, β-naphthalene acetic acid, indole 3-acetic acid, indole propionic acid and gallic acid have been separated on silica gel G-barium sulphate coatings in different ratio using acetone as monile phase. The ion pair thin layer chromatography (IPTC) has shown the better possibilities of separating ternary mixtures of a herbicides and related compounds in comparison to the normal phase TLC

1 illus, 2 tables, 33 ref

007497   Mariappan L;Panda P K;Kannan T S;Umarji A M (NO, National Aerospace laboratories, Bangalore-560 017) : In situ preparation of ZrO₂Al₂O₃-SiC_w ceramic composite powder mixtures by carbothermal reduction of silicate minerals. Trans Indian Ceramic Soc 2001, 60(2), 68-70.

ZrO₂-Al₂O₃-SiC_w composite powder mixtures were prepared by carbothermal reduction of natural silicates (e.g., zircon, sillimaite and kaolin). Activated charcoal was used as the reducing agent. The reactions were carried out in a graphite furnace at 1650°C in argon atmosphere at a positive pressure of 0.15 MPa. XRD investigation of the product phases confirms the completion of the reaction and the phases were identified as monoclinic zirconia, tetragonal zirconia, α-alumina and β-silicon carbide. SEM investigation of the powders reveals the whisker morphology of β-silicon carbide. It was observed that a small amount of zirconia was present in tetragonal form in addition to monoclinic form which could be due to fine particle size of the starting powder.

5 illus, 1 table, 9 ref

007496   Makadsi M;Ramadin Y;Saqan S;Ahmad A;Zihlif A; Martuscelli E;Ragosta G (Department of Physics, University of Jorda, Amman-Jordan) : Observed anisotropy in the electrical conductivity of carbon black/polyethylene composites. J Polym Mater 2001, 18(1), 91-5.

Anisotropic electrical behavior of low density polyethylene/carbon black composites was studied as a function of temperature and filler concentration. It was found that the electrical conductivity of the composites has a percolating behavior. An abrupt change in the conductivity at 413K was observed for all composites of carbon black content 10, 15 and 20wt.%. This inflection presents slopes of opposite signs and locates at a unique temperature (413) for all composites. The reversed behavior of conductivity versus temperature indicates that the charge carriers have two different mobilities and different activation energies due to some effects that change with comosites structure such as morphology, crystallinity, phase transformation, path orientation, and viscosity with increasing temperature. At high temperature range the increase in the electrical conductivity may be mainly attributed to ionic conduction mechanisms.

3 illus, 27 ref

007495   Maiti S (NO, Materials Science Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur-721 302) : Synthesis and characterization of unsaturated polyphosphonates. J Polym Mater 2000, 17(3), 267-81.

Two unsaturated bisphenols were prepared and used for the synthesis of polyphosphonates by reacting with dichlrophenylphosphine oxide by interfacial polycondensation method using a phase transfer catalyst (PTC) at 0°C. Both the bisphenols and the polymers synthesized were characterized by IR, UV, ¹H and ³¹P-NMR spectroscopy. These polymers are amorphous in nature and soluble in chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents, such as CH₂Cl₂, CHCl₃ etc. as well as polar arotic solvents such as DMF, DMAc, NMP and DMSO. Thermal and flammability studies were carried out by TGA, DTA, DSC and the limiting oxygen index measurement. The polymers are self-extinguishing and begin to lose weight at around 330°C.

14 illus, 7 tables, 20 ref

007494   Mahajan R R;Makashir P S;Kurian E M (High Energy Materials Research Laboratory, , Pune-411 021) : Thermal and spectroscopic studies on high density polyurethane foam. J Polym Mater 2000, 17(1), 47-52.

High density polyurethane foam based on polyether, toluene diisocyanate (TDI) system with and without titanium dioxide (TiO2) as a filler has been studied to understand the sequence, nature and mechanism of its thermal degradation using thermogravimetry (TG), differential thermal analysis (DTA), evolved gas analysis (EGA) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy. Simultaneous microthermal analysis data confirm that polyurethane (PU) undergoes decomposition in three major stages with mass losses in well defined steps. The first two stages are endothermic while the third stage is apparently exothermic with marginal mass loss. High temperature IR spectra showed remarkable preferential loss in intensity of the urethane linkage at 3320, 1535 and 1230 cm^-1 in the initial stage. The rupture of the weakest bond, C-NH, in the urethane grouping is considered to be the primary step in the thermal degradation of polyurethane foam (PUF). The rupture of the ether linkage occurs only in the last stage and this rupture leads to the generation of CO and consequent dominant exotherm in the air atmosphere due to autocombustion. Kinetics of the initial stage of thermal decomposition of PUF have been evaluated using isothermal (IR) as well as anisothermal methods which gave an activation energy of about 98 kJ mole^-1.

6 illus, 19 ref

007493   Laha S N (NO, Natasha Ceramic Services, P-32 Motijeel Avenue, Dum Dum, Kolkatta-700 074) : Body formulation for production of fast single fired ceramic wall tile in gulf. Trans Indian Ceramic Soc 2001, 60(2), 77-81.

Characteristics of raw materials sourced from Gulf countries (viz., Saudi Arabia and Turkey) used in formulation of fast single fired wall tile body (monoporosa) have been described. The results of pilot level investigation on five different bodies have been given. The test results with glaze have also been included. Based on the properties of material produced, the final composition was selected for semi-industrial tests. After obtaining satisfactory results, commercial production was taken up.

2 illus, 7 tables, 4 ref

007492   Krishnarao R V;Subrahmanyam;Jagadishkumar T (NO, Defence Metallurgical Research Labortatory, P O Kanchanbagh, Hyderabad-500 058) : Preparation of black amorphous silica from rice husks. Trans Indian Ceramic Soc 2001, 60(2), 95-9.

Formation of black (carbon containing) amorphous silica from rice husks has been studied. Three parameters, viz., purity, temperature of calcination and rate of heating have been found to affect the formation of black silica. The formation of black silica is higher in untreated rice husks than that in acid treated rice husks. The tendency to form black silica increases with the increase in the heating rate and the temperature of calcination of untreated rice husks. By treating with 3N HCl acid the formation of black silica can be avoided. Using a dopant/catalyst, black amorphous silica stable in air up to 1000°C was prepared from acid treated rice husks.

8 illus, 1 table, 18 ref

007491   Krishnamurthy A S R;Narsimha R (Analytical Chemistry Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500 007) : Retention behavior and mechanism of adsorption of some chloropyridine isomers in normal phase liquid chromatography on silica, cyano-silica and amino-silica columns. Indian J chem Technol 2001, 8(6), 458-62.

Retention behaviour of some chloropyridine isomers on silica, cyano-silica and amino-silica columns in normal phase liquid chromatography has been studied. Retention times on first two columns follow similar pattern while is different on amino-silica column. An equation for inter comparison of columns for selectivity purpose is developed and berified. Log k' versus log X_a plots follow Snyder and Soczewinski model of adsorption. A mixed interaction of involving hydrogen bonding and dipolar interactions are responsible for the retention of solutes on silica and cyano-silica colmns and weak hydrogen bonding interaction lead to separation on amino-silica column. Cyano-silica column is preferred for their separation considering the retention times. However, best selectivity is seen for monoisomers and 2, 6-DCP on either silica or cyano-silica column and 3, 5-DCP and 2, 3, 5-TCP on amino-silica column.

5 illus, 1 table, 29 ref

007490   Kalyanasundaram S;Sundaresan B;Hemalatha J (Department of Physics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi-630 003) : Viscosity of polymer solutions. J Polym Mater 2000, 17(1), 91-6.

Method of finding the molar solvated volume of a polymer in solution from the solvated part of viscosity is reported. A noval method of obtaining intrinsic viscosity through adiabatic compressibility and viscosity data is also included. The methodology is applied to aqueous PEG (6000) solutions.

^ssc2 illus, 2 tables, 7 ref

007489   Kalyanasundaram S;Hemalatha J;Sundaresan B (Department of Physics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi-630 003) : Acoustical method of finding the interaction parameter for polymer - salt solutions. J Polym Mater 2001, 18(3), 323-8.

Recently, a method for estimation of the interaction parameter for polymer solutions using the ultrasonic technique has been reported. This method for two component systems is applied to aqueous poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) solutions and is suitably modified so as to apply for the three component system viz., aqueous solutions of poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) containing LiCl. The significant changes observed in the value of interaction parameter for three component systems are discussed in terms of the polymer - ion interaction.

^ssc2 tables, 21 ref

007488   Jeevananda T;Palaniappan S;Siddaramaiah (Departent of Polymer Science and Technology, S J College of Engineering, Mysore-570 006) : Electrical, Mechanical and thermal properties of polyaniline-epoxy novolac composite materials. J Polym Mater 2000, 17(3), 313-17.

Epoxy-novolac resin was mixed with different amounts of polyaniline-hydrochloride (PAN) salt and cured with amine hardener. The cured PANI-epoxy composites were characterized by electrical properties viz., conductivity, dielectric constant and dissipation factor; mechanical properties like tensile and impact strength and thermal methods such as TGA, DSC and TMA. PANI has no effect on curing the epoxy resin and curing occurs upto 20% addition of PANI and above 20% addition curing did not occur. Coductivity of the cured composites gradually increased with the addition of PANI. Mechanical strength of the 20% PANI-epoxy composite is slightly decreased when compared to the cured neat resin. Both cured resin and 20% PANI-epoxy composites are stable upto 325°C.

2 illus, 2 tables, 18 ref

007487   Jayabalan M;Lizymol P P (Polymer Division, B.M.T. Wing, Stree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medial Sciences and Technology, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram-695 012) : Capped oligomers of isocyanate of acrylic monomers as potential bioerodible tissue adhesives. J Polym Mater 2000, 17(1), 9-12.

Tissue adhesives based on capped-oligomeric resin prepared from isocyanato ethyl methacrylate and acrylic acid monomers are found to bind beef muscle. The cured adhesive undergoes bioerosion. A potential soft tissue adhesive could be formulated from capped isocyanate based oligomer for optimised adhesive strength, bioerosion and shelf life.

1 illus, 2 tables, 11 ref

007486   Hari Prasad H;Senger A;Chauhan K;Popat K M; Anand P S (Separation Technology Discipline, Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar-364 002) : Synthesis of crosslinked methacrylic acid-co-N, N'-methylene bis acrylamide sorbents for recovery of heavy metal ions from dilute solutions. Indian J chem Technol 2001, 8(5), 371-7.

Several crosslinked porous copolymers of methacrylic acid-N,N'-methylene bis acrylamide were synthesized by suspension polymerisation using benzoylperoxide as the initiator. They were characterized for physico-chemical properties like, surface area, porosity and scientific weight capacity. The sorbents were further studies for adsorption of nickel and copper ions from spiked metal ion solutions in static and dynamic conditions. Concentration ratio of 1:60 and 1:30 have been achieved for nickel and copper ions respectively.

7 illus, 4 tables, 22 ref

007485   Gupta R;Mallavarapu G R;Ramesh S;Sushil Kumar (NO, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), Lucknow-220 015) : Composition of flower essential oils of Rosa damascena and Rosa indica grown in Lucknow. J med aromatic Pl Sci 2000, 22/23(4A&1A), 9-12.

Rose oils distilled from the flowers of Rosa damascena cv Noorjahan (RdN) and R. chinensis Syn R. indica (RiL) acchessions grown in Lucknow were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography. The main components of the oil of R. damascena (RdN) were identified as citronellol (20.8±2.6%), nerol (11.8±0.7%), geraniol (25.3±5.8%), nonadecane (8.5±0.5%), heneicosane (5.0±0.3) and (E,E)-farnesol (2.10±0.5%). The oil of R. indica (RiL) flowers was found to contain citronellol (11.7±0.9%), nerol (8.0±0.3), geraniol (24.8±0.4), nonadecane (3.4±0.1%), (Z)-nonadecene (3.3±0.1%), heneicosane (6.7±0.1%), tricosane (5.6%0.1%), (E,E)-farnesol (2.0±0.1%) and pentacosane (4.9±0.02%).

2 tables, 14 ref

007484   Ghosh P;Ghosh D K;Pal G (Department of Polymer Science and Technology, University of Calcutta, 92, Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Calcutta-700 009) : Photopolymerization of methyl methacrylate using 4-morpolinyl 2-benzthiazole disulfide as photoinitiator. J Polym Mater 2000, 17(3), 253-9.

Four morpholinyl 2 benzthiazole disulphide (MBD) readily initiates radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) at 40°C on photoactivation but it fails to doso in the dark when used in the concentration range of (4-50)x10^-4 mol I^-1. For photopolymerization in undiluted and diluted systems at 40°C, the initiator exponent was respectively equal to and significantly less than .5 and K²_p/_t value in I. mol^-1 S^-1 was 0.90 x 10² and 0.77 x 10² respectively. The monomer exponent was equal to unity for photomerisation in diluted systems. Analysis of data indicates that ideal kinetic behaviour prevails for photopolymerization of undiluted monomer. The kinetic behaviour gets measurably pertubed in diluted systems. The kinetic nonideality for photopolymerization in diluted systems is understood and interpreted in terms of occurrence of significant initiator dependent termination via degradative initiator transfer in addition to the usual biomolecular termination.

7 illus 1 table, 9 ref

007483   Ghosh P;Chakrabarti A (Department of Polymer Science and Technology, University of Calcutta, 92, Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Calcutta-700 009) : Conducting carbon black filled EVA vulcanizates: assessment of dependence of physical and mechanical properties and conducting character on variation of filler loading. J Polym Mater 2000, 17(3), 291-304.

Effect of variation of the amount of an extra conducting of carbon black used as a filler on some physical and mechanical properties, aging behaviour and DC electrical conductivity of vulcanizates of EVA based elastomeric compounds have been studied. Increase in carbon black loading commponly caused a monotonic increase in the values of density, hardness and tensile strength of EVA vulcanizates, with some levelling off trend in each case for carbon black filler loading above 20-30 phr, however, the observed values of elongation at break passed through a show initial increasing trend showing a maximum at about 20 phr carbon black loading followed by a sharp dropping trend in the said property thereafter. Measurements of DC electrical conductivity of the filed EVA vulcanizates similarly indicate a percolation thereshold range of 10 to 25 phr of the conducing carbon black loading. The vulcanizates exhibited ohmic behaviour for application of current upto a low critical level (l_c) that is different for different carbon black loadings. Electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness of the EVA compounds generally increases with increase in carbon black loading, more so, if the compounds are appropriately vulcanized.

12 illus, 2 tables, 54 ref

007482   Ghosh A K;Ramachandhran V;Hanra M S;Misra B M (Desalination Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085) : Performance study of polyvinyl butyral blended cellulose acetate based semipermeable membranes. J Polym Mater 2001, 18(1), 13-18.

Possibility of blending polyvinyl butyral (PVB) with cellulose acetate (CA) for synthesizing functionally useful semipermeable membranes was looked into and ascertained. The performance of PVB-CA blend membranes was studied under different membrane preparation conditions, namely, nature of solvent, solvent ratio, presence of additive, polymer blending ratio, solvent evaporation period and thermal anealing. The membrane performance was reported for aqueous sodium chloride solutions at transmembrane pressures not exceeding 20Kg/cm². The mechanical strength data of PVB-CA blend embrane are compared with that of CA membrane. The studies on the chemical stability of PVB-CA membranes indicate the relative superior alkaline stability.

7 tables, 11 ref