004416   Singh A P;Singhal D (Department of Structural Engineering and Construction Management, Regional Engineering College, Jalandhar-144 011) : Effect of cement and fibre contents on permeability of SFRC. J Struct Engng 2001, 28(1), 49-55.

^ssc10 illus, 3 tables, 25 ref

004415   Sarkar S C (Analytical Laboratory, , DMR Risa Colony, Shillong-793 003) : Method of separation of lime from high or low calcium oxide containing limestone. Indian J chem Technol 2001, 8(4), 255-9.

Method of separation of lime (CaO) from limestone either by treating with water or by treating with concentrated hydrochloric acid at pH 9-10. This method will help to enrich the concentration of various other elements associated with limestone and pure CaO may be used for industrial purpose.

2 tables, 12 ref

004414   Sama J K;Bandopadhyay P (Chemical Engineering and Design Division, Regional Research Laboratory, , Canal Road, Jammu Tawi-180 016) : Development of a simple method for separation of α-pinene β pinene from turpentine oil and designing multicomponent batch distillation columns. Indian J chem Technol 2001, 8(4), 260-72.

Simple graphical method has been development for designing batch fractionating towers for the fractionation of multicomponent mixtures. It can predict with accuracy the amount of high purity cut one can have, with optimum number of plates at optimum reflux ratio. This eliminates the rigorous determinations by computer. The method is equally good in producing the amount and composition of subsequent cuts of high purity. The accuracy of the method has been established with the practical results from a pilot scale batch fractionating column.

7 illus, 11 tables, 18 ref

004413   Ramasamy D;Rajarajan G;Parthiban M (Department of Dairy Science, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai-600 007) : Preparation of banana milk ice - an ice cream alternative. Cheiron 2001, 30(1-2), 42-4.

^ssc2 tables, 8 ref

004412   Ramasamy D;Kumaresan G;Saravanakumar K (Department of Dairy Science, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal-637 001) : Use of vegetables and leaf extracts as colouring and flavouring agents in flavoured milk and ice cream. Cheiron 2001, 30(1-2), 40-1.

^ssc1 table, 5 ref

004411   Pu D X;Naiyu H;Zitian F;Shushen W;Hongjun L (NO, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P R China) : Rapid precision casting for complicated thin-walled aluminium-alloy parts. Indian Fndry J 2001, 47(8), 17-22.

Based on Vacuum Differential Pressure Casting (VDPC) precision forming technology and the Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) Rapid Prototyping (RP) technology, a computer based rapid manufacturing metallic parts method called Rapid Precision Casting (RPC) process has been investigated. The experimental results showed that the main advantage of RPC is not only its ability to impart higher internal quality and accuracy to complicated thin-walled Al-alloy metallic parts, but also shorten the time cycle of production greatly compared to SLS plastic prototyping to metallic parts. The key parameters of forming technology of RPC for complicated thin-walled metallic parts for developing new production and method and tooling were settled, established. It has been shown that it is possible to rapidly manufacture high quality and accuracy metallic parts by means of RP in foundry industry.

9 illus, 3 tables, 9 Ref

004410   Pradhan N C (Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur-721 302) : Importance of small amount of water in solid-liquid phase transfer catalysis: reaction of benzyl chloride with solid sodium sulphide. Indian J chem Technol 2001, 8(4), 293-7.

Reactions of benzyl chloride with solid sodium sulphide were carried out in the presence of two different phase transfer catalysts. The rate of reaction was found to vary non-linearly with catalyst concentration in both the cases. This was explained in terms of phase transfer catalyst-promoted dehydration of the solid reactant. The phenomenon was also explained theoretically which proved the importance of small amount of water in solid-liquid phase transfer catalysis.

2 illus, 3 tables, 15 ref

004409   Pal P;Datta S;Bhattacharya P (Department of Chemical Engineering, Regional Enineering College, Durgapur) : Numerical solution to enzyme emulsion liquid membrane reactor model for sequential bienzymatic reaction. Indian J chem Technol 2001, 8(4), 307-13.

Attempt has been made to numerically solve model equations for a liquid membrane-immobilized sequential bienzymatic reaction system through development of a software (MEMBSOL). In the solution process, partial differential equations have been converted into ordinary differential equations by using a finite difference technique in which the spatial derivatives have been discretized while leaving the temporal derivatives unconverted. Through mathematical manipulations, use of fictitious points at the boundaries has been eliminated thereby making the solution-approach a general-purpose one. To integrate the differential equations, Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg method has been applied. An automatic step-size adjustment mechanism has been incorporated in the integration process to produce results with a reasonably desired level of accuracy. In the computations, numerical solutions with 0.1 percent relative error have been obtained.

3 illus, 3 tables, 7 ref

004408   Padmarajaiah S K;Ramaswamy A (Civil Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560 012) : Beam and arch action model for computing the shear strength of prestressed and reinforced HSFRC beams. J Struct Engng 2001, 28(1), 7-15.

Experimental investigation of fully/partially prestressed high strength fibre reinforced concrete (HSFRC) beams using concrete of 65 MPa with varying levels of fibres are presented. The behaviour of prestress beams, which were designed to be shear-dominant in the absence of fibres, has been discussed and the influence of fiber content and fiber location on the shear behaviour of the beams has been examined. The parameters varied in the experimental program were the levels of prestressing force, fibre volume fractions (0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5%), fiber location (full depth and full length, and full depth and over shear span only), the presence or absence of stirrups in the shear span, and shear span to depth ratio. An analytical model based on flexure-shear interaction to find the shear strength due to beam and arch mechanisms separately has been proposed. This model takes into account the fiber effects, of prestressing, deformed bars, shear span-to-depth ratio, aggregate size, and strength of concrete both in tension and compression. Different equations proposed in the literature to compute the shear capacity of reinforced and prestressed beams have also been used to evaluate the shear capacity of the beams tested in this study. From the experimental program, it has been observed that the beams with or without fibres over the entire section (no stirrups) failed in pure diagonal shear. However, beams having fibres only in the shear span (with or without stirrups..

5 illus, 6 tables, 20 ref

004407   Nanda P K;Sanyal M K (Division of Livestock Products Technology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122) : Natural antimicrobial agents for food preservation. Indian Dairyman 2001, 53(2), 37-40.

Natural antimicrobial agents present a better and economical substitute of chemical preservatives. It's time to take up research on practical applications of these agents. Ways of using natural preservatives in combination with physical treatments could also be evaluated to modify methods of product manufacture.

10 Ref

004406   Murthy G G K;Patnaik L N (NO, , F.C.I. Ltd. Ramagundam Unit, Fertiliser City (P.O.) Karimnagar-505 210) : Coal gasification in fertiliser industry - a future perspective. Chem Wkly 2001, 46(42), 163-70.

Deals with the performance and operation of coal based fertiliser plant at Ramagundam (A.P.) which is one of the largest coal based fertiliser units in the world along with the one located at Talcher (Orissa) and highlights the inherent limitations for achieving designed production being one of the first generation plants in India. also discusses some remedial measures and improvements for installation of similar nature plants with the background experience gained in the course of operating the plant and with an intention of drawing the attention of the fertiliser industry for seriously considering coal as a feedstock in the present feedstock scenario.

9 illus, 3 tables

004405   Mukhopadhyay S (NO, College of Ceramic Technology, 73 A.C. Banerjee Lane, Kolkata-700 010) : Crystallization behaviour of monolithic doped zirconia and zirconia-alumina composite gels. Trans Indian Ceramic Soc 2001, 60(1), 21-8.

Polymeric monolithic doped zirconia and zirconia-alumina stiff gels (via stable zirconia and zirconia sols respectively), derived from Zr-n-propoxide, acetyl acetone, aluminium chloride, di-methyl formamide etc with judicious time-temperature-pH selection have been prepared by controlled hydrolysis and polycondensation, and subsequently subjected to heat treatment at 1300°C. The crystallization behaviour of the gels was studied by X-ray powder diffraction and differential thermal analysis. For the dried (25°C) composite gels pore size distributions were estimated. FTIR spectra (at 25° and 200°C) and scanning electron microscopy (at 25°C and 1300°C) of both types of gels revealed that low temperature sintering is influenced by the addition of alumina sol in doped zirconia sol matrix to result in a better monolithicity. The microhardness of the fired composite gel was also determined.

21 illus, 2 tables, 43 ref

004404   Mohammad A;Khan I A (Analytical Research Laboratory, Department of Applied Chemistry, Facul, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202 002) : Investigation of the migration behaviour of aromatic amines on silica layer using nonionic surfactant containing mobile phases: mixed surfactants assisted separations. Indian J chem Technol 2001, 8(4), 244-51.

Migration behaviour of important aromatic amines on silica gel layers has been investigated using mobile phases containing a nonionic surfactant (Triton X-100) over a wider concentration range (0.001-0.1M). Effect of factors such as pH of mobile phase and the presence of electrolyte (NaCl, NaBr), non-electrolyte (urea) and alcohol (MeOH, EtOH, PrOH, BuOH) additives on the mobility of amines was also examined. The results obtained with surfactant containing mobile phases were compared with those obtained in the absence of surfactant. The main chromatographic characteristics and separation conditions for mixtures of amines on silica plates with Triton X-100 containing mobile phases were determined. As a first attempt, aqueous solutions of mixed surfactants (Triton X-100 plus sodium dodecyl sulphate, SDS) have been utilized for superior thin layer chromatographic separations of aromatic amines.

1 illus, 5 tables, 20 ref

004403   Mitra R;Rao A V (Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory, , P.O. Kanchanbagh, Hyderabad-500 058) : Effect of processing methods on purity, structure of interfaces and high temperature strength of MoSi2-SiC composites. Trans Indian Ceramic Soc 2001, 60(1), 12-20.

Effect of processing methods on the purity and structure of MoSl2 grain boundaries and MoSi2-SiC interfaces and their elevated temperature mechanical properties have been investigated. The processing techniques involve formation of MoSi2 by in-situ reaction, hot pressing of elemental Mo and Si powders and conventional hot pressing of commercial grade Starck MoSi2 powders. The SiO2 contents of the hot pressed products have been found to be sharply different, depending on the processing methods and the composition of the raw materials used. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) examination has shown that reaction-hot-pressed MoSi2 based materials possess atomically abrupt grain boundaries (matrix) and interfaces (MoSi2-SiC composites), which are free of amorphous layers, while Starck MoSi2 contains globular SiO2 particles. compression tests in the range of 1100°-1300°C have shown that the reaction-hot-pressed MoSi2-SiC composite have superior properties. The mechanism of high temperature deformation and serrated flow behaviour have been investigated using TEM of deformed specimens.

13 illus, 1 table, 36 ref

004402   Mathur N K;Mathur V (NO, , 54-Devnagar, Jodhpur-342 008) : Polysaccharide gums of marine (seaweed) origin. Chem Wkly 2001, 46(42), 151-5.

1 illus, 1 table,

004401   Maiti K N;Singh K C (Naroda Centre, Central Glass & Ceramic Research Institute, 168 & 169, Naroda Industrial Estate, Ahmedabad-382 330) : Cordierite-mullite refractories. I. Effective of talc. Trans Indian Ceramic Soc 2001, 60(1), 29-33.

Effects of progressive incorporation of talcum powder in conventional refractory body mix having 60% China clay and 40% grog have been studied. The specimens were fired at different test temperatures ranging from 1200° to 1400°C with 2 h dwelling time at the respective peak temperatures. The addition of talc reduced the percent thermal expansion significantly as well as enhanced the thermo-mechanical strength. The results also revealed that the fired strength of the developed body increased from 169.40 kg.cm^-2 to 288.5 kg.cm^-2. The gradual reduction in the percent thermal expansion values of the talc containing bodies was attributed to the presence of cordierite and mullite phases in the compositions. The thermal shock resistance of the body mix containing 20 wt% talc was found to be about 2.5 times higher than that of the standard body mix fired at 1400°C. The developed refractory kiln furniture also provided useful service life at a working temperature of 1250°C in a bone China factory.

7 illus, 2 tables, 6 ref

004400   Kartikeyan S;Gurav R B (Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Rajiv Gandhi Medical College, Kalwa, Thane-400 605) : Chemical accidents in industry. Indian J occup Hlth 2001, 44(1), 17-19.

According to the Pan American Health Organization, chemical accidents in industry are inevitable because of the increasing volume of chemials that are being manufactured transported, stored or disposed of as wastes. Chemical accidents affect unsuspecting populations and causes widespread environmental damage by polluting air, water and soil.

10 ref

004399   Kamat R V;Rao T V V;Vaidya V N (Fuel Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, , Trombay, Mumbai-400 085) : Preparation of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) powder using gel entrapment technique. Trans Indian Ceramic Soc 2001, 60(1), 10-11.

Describes the preparation of PZT powder from a mixed nitrate solution by adding hexamine, followed by heat treatment of the gel. The powder was characterized by XRD, TG, DTA and specific surface area measurement. Pellets were pressed and sintered to achieve densities up to 90% of theoretical density.

2 illus, 2 tables, 3 ref

004398   Johl P P;Dhandha S;Kakkar V K (Dept. of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141 004) : Mushroom micronutrients and health. Prog Fmg 2001, 38(9), 18-19.

Cultivated mushrooms contain variable amounts of proteins, carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins and rank nutritionally between vegetables and different types of meats.

3 tables

004397   Gupta L M;Parlewar P M (Applied Mechanics Department, Visweswara Regional College of Engineering, Nagpur-440 001) : Investigation of concrete in-filled steel box columns. J Struct Engng 2001, 28(1), 33-8.

Experimental study on the behaviour of concrete in-filled square columns has been presented. The box columns have been fabricated from cold-formed light gauge steel plates. The behaviour of the steel columns with and without in-filled concrete under direct compression has been studied. A parameter, representing the increase in strength of the composite columns due to addition of concrete is proposed. Theoretical and experimental compressive strength values for steel and concrete and strength increasing parameters for such columns are dicussed.

5 illus, 2 tables, 12 ref

004396   Gumaste J L;Swain B C (Regional Research Laboratory, , Bhubaneswar-751 013) : Chemical reaction bonding of earth mud building blocks. Trans Indian Ceramic Soc 2001, 60(1), 34-6.

Chemical reaction bonding has been tried for the production of building materials. Sodium hydroxide and orthophosphoric acid were used as chemical binders in this investigation. These chemical binders are uniformly dispersed in earth mud at a concentration level of 1.0 and 2.0 wt% NaOH, and 0.2, 0.5 and 1.0 wt% H3PO4 in presence of 10-12 wt% moisture in separate batches. The homogeneously mixed mass is compacted into blocks which are dried at room temperature and 373 K for 1 h and subsequently reation bonded at 573, 673, 773 and 873 K for 1h in air. The earth mud building block consisting of 1% (by weight) NaOH + 0.2% H3PO4 and reacton bonded at 673 K for 1 h shows CCS of 8.0 MPa. Hand compacted earth mud building block consisting of 1% NaOH and 0.5% H3PO4, which is fired at 673 K for 1 h in air, shows CCS of 6.0 MPa. The above mentioned building blocks show good resistance to water swelling and fluctuations in environmental conditions.

3 illus, 2 tables, 8 ref

004395   Gopinath N;Raghunathan V (NO, Fluidtherm Technology P Ltd., Chennai-600 058) : Alsander process for combined solutionising of aluminium alloy decoring and sand reclamation. Indian Fndry J 2001, 47(8), 42-5.

4 illus, 2 tables

004394   Gomes V G (Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia) : Emulsion polymerisation reactor modelling and parameter sensitivity. Indian chem Engr 2000, 42(4), 219-24.

Models were developed for describing emulsion polymerisation by free radical mechanism. In particular, the initiation, propagation and termination steps were included for styrene polymerisation with mass balance equations for a semi-batch stirred reactor. The model includes balances for polymeric radicals formed during the polymerisation steps. The algebraic and differential equations were solved for obtaining species concentrations consumed and formed. The computer simulations were found to be compared favourably with available experimental data for styrene conversion as a function of time. For scale-up, the sensitivities of initiator and termination agents and a few important model parameters were tested on monomer conversion. An increase in initiation rate constant was found to cause reductions in monomer conversion, while an increase in propagation rate constant caused increase in monomer conversion and in number average molecular weight.

7 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

004393   GAO H W;Shi S R;Li Y C (School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230039, P. R. China) : Beta-correction spectrophotometric investigation of aluminium complex solution with new ligand, dibromo-o-nitrophenylfluorone. Indian J chem Technol 2001, 8(4), 273-7.

New ligand, dibromo-o-nitrophenylfluorone (DBNPF) was found to sensitively complex aluminium (Al³⁺) at pH 8.5. The ordinary spectrophotometry was limited for use because of the serious interference of excess of BDNPF. The β-correction theory was applied to the analysis of this reaction instead of the single wavelength spectrophotometry. It gave the simple determination of the complex characteristic factors. Results showed that the formed complex can be expressed as Al(DBNPF)₅ at pH 8.5, the cumulative stability constant of complex equaled to 1.48x10²⁰. For analysis of water samples, the detection limit of aluminium was 0.005 mg/L and the recoveries vary between 92.0 and 108% with the relative standard deviations less than 4.4%.

6 illus, 2 tables, 14 ref

004392   Dhirendra Mohan;Ram Prasad;Banerjee S (Materials Processing Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, , Trombay, Mumbai-400 085) : Effect of manganese oxide doping on the dielectric properties of lead iron Niobate ceramics. Trans Indian Ceramic Soc 2001, 60(1), 7-9.

Lead iron Niobate (PFN) powder, prepared by semi-wet-hydroxide route, was dopted with different concentration of Mn2O3. The powders were compacted into pellets and these were then sintered at 1000°C in PbO atmosphere. The dielectric constant and loss tangent of these ceramics were measured in the tmperature range, 25°-130°C. The effects of different concentrations of Mn2O3 doping on the microstructure, dielectric constant, loss tangent and Curie temperature of PFN are reported in the study.

6 illus, 6 ref

004391   Bhupinder Singh;Parveen Kumar;Kaushik S K (Department of Civil Engineering, Univesity of Roorkee, Roorkee-247 667) : High performance composite for the new millennium. J Struct Engng 2001, 28(1), 17-26.

Special production methodologies have allowed the incorporation of larger volume fractions of a variety of fibres in cement matrices than was previously adopted for conventional fibre reinforced concrete. This high volume fraction of fibre in composites plays a definite role in substantially enhancing their mechanical properties and structural performance unlike the limited influence exerted by the low volume fraction of fibres in conventional fibre concretes. The quasi strain hardening and stable post-cracking behaviour sets apart the high performance composites which are finding newer applications in structures besides enhancing the service life of existing structures. High Performance Fibre Reinforced Cement Composites include materials such as SIFCON, fibre reinforced DSP, CRC etc. They have been shown to develop outstanding combinations of strength (upto 300 MPa) and ductility (upto 100 times that of plain concrete). The production, structural and application of some of the recent high performance composites like SIFCON, Compact Reinforced Composites (CRC) and Densified Small Particles (DSP) are highlited.

11 illus, 6 tables, 17 ref

004390   Abdar Ali K;Vanjara A K (Applied Chemistry Division, Department of Chemical Technology, University of Mumbai, Matunga, Mumbai-400 019) : Solvent extraction and separation of Bi(III) and Sb(III) from HCl and HBr media using tri-n-octyl phosphine oxide (TOPO). Indian J chem Technol 2001, 8(4), 239-43.

Solvent extraction and separation of Bi(III) and Sb(III) from aqueous acidic media was investigated using Tri-n-octyl phosphine oxide (TOPO) in toluene. Quantitative extraction of Bi(III) was observed in acid range of 0.001-0.01M of HCl and 0.01-0.1M of HBr and that for Sb(III) extraction was incomplete in HCl media over the entire concentration range studied. The extraction of Sb(III) was quantitative in range 0.01-0.1M of HBr media. Effect of various other parameters such as reagent concentration, type of diluents, stripping agents, effect of diverse ions were studied to ascertain optimum conditions for the quantitative extraction and separation of Bi(III) and Sb(III). After equilibration Bi(III) from organic phase was stripped with 3M HNO₃ and determined spectrophotometrically by thiourea method at 425 nm. The effect of temperature on the extraction of Bi(III) and Sb(III) from HCl and HBr media has also been studied. The method is applicable to the analysis of pharmaceutical samples and alloys.

6 illus, 4 tables, 13 ref

003229   Yousef E A A;Hussain A E;Shoeb Z E (Fats and Oils Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt) : Modification of castor oil by isomerization, halogenation and application of some modified products as plasticizer in nitrile rubber formulations. J scient ind Res 2001, 60(5), 383-95.

The preparation of bromo-as well as chloro-derivatives of castor oil by addition and subsitution reactions is reported. Bromine water and chlorine gas have been used to halogenate the oil by addition while N-bromosuccinimide and PCL₅ have been used in the substitution reactions. The course of the reaction has been followed using ¹H-NMR and IR analyses. Positional isomerization and geometrical isomerization of the double bond in the bromo-castor oil has been checked by UV absorbance at 233 and 286 nm. geometrical isomerization whereby the cis-double bond transforms into trans-isomer has been studied in case of castor oil as well as its chloro-derivative using IR analysis. The results show that greater percentage of trans-acids can be achieved by isomerization of the chlorinated derivative. The percentage of the trans-acid of the derivative has been found as 75 per cent, compared to 8 per cent in the case of castor oil. In addition, castor oil and its halogenated derivatives have been evaluated as plasticizer in NBR formulations instead of dibutylphthalate. The evaluation parameters used are the rheometric characteristics and the physico-mechanical properties of rubber such as tensile strength and elongation per cent at break. In addition, the effect of the prepared plasticizers on the rubber swelling in toluene as well as in motor oil and their effect on the rubber proprties after aging have also been studied.

5 illus, 12 tables, 19 ref

003228   Tharanathan R N;Saroja N (Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore-570 013) : Hydrocolloid-based packaging films - alternate to synthetic plastics. J scient ind Res 2001, 60(7), 547-9.

An alternate approach to non-biodegradable synthetic plastics is packaging films based on hydrocolloids and their derivatives. They are available in plenty from highly renewable natural resources and their total biodegradability makes them ecofriendly. Blending as well as graft copolymerization of synthetic monomers onto natural polymers offer additional means of preparing biodegradable packaging films.

7 illus, 4 tables, 45 ref

003227   Tembe G L;Ganeshpure P A (Research Centre, Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Limited, Vadodara-391 346) : Oligomerization of a C-olefinic by-product stream using cationic and Ziegler-Natta catalysts. J scient ind Res 2001, 60(6), 504-09.

Mixed hexene stream, a by-product of ethylene dimerization process, on oligomerization with Ziegler type and cationic catalyst systems predominantly yields dimers (C12), trimers (C18), and tetramers (C24). Ziegler type catalysts based on Ti(IV) or Cr(III) and ethylaluminum sesquichloride as the co-catalyst mainly produce dimers (C12) with selectivity greater than 78 per cent. The conversion to trimers (C18) and tetramers (C24) with cationic catalysts was better compared to Ziegler system. The use of anhydrous AlCl3 or an alkylaluminum halide in combination with tert-alkyl halide produces an active catalyst which readily converts the C6 olefins to higher oligomers at ambient temperatures. The physical properties of the products have been measured to evaluate their suitability as synthetic lubricants.

1 illus, 5 tables, 14 ref

003226   Suresh Kumar B V;Byrappa K;Anand S;Loknatha Rai K M (Department of Geology Manasagangotri, University of Mysore, Mysore-570 006) : Hydrothermal crystallization and electrical conductivity of aluminophosphate zeolites. Indian J Phys-Pt A 2001, 75(2), 113-15.

Synthesis of AIPO7 zeolites has been carried out under hydrothermal conditions. The electrical conductivity has been determined for AIPO4, Zeolites, which contain mobile cations located in sites in cavities, on the channel walls, and free within the channels coordinated with water molecules. The electrical conductivity exhibited by zeolites is ionic and arises from the migration of cations through the zeolite framework. The thermodynamic parameters have been evaluated.

5 illus, 4 ref

003225   Singh K;Bawa A S;Ahmed J (Department of Food Science and Technology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar-143 005) : Dehydration of ginger slices. J scient ind Res 2001, 60(6), 510-12.

Results of kinetic study conducted on the dehydration of ginger slices using a tray drier at 55-60°C are reported. It is also revealed that the dehydration of ginger occurs in the falling rate period. The sorption isotherm and rehydration studies conducted on the dried product are also reported. The dried ginger has shown a water activity of 0.58 and the maximum rehydration is obtained after 60 min. The overall acceptability is found to be very good (up to 6 months) for the dehydrated ginger slices packed in 300 gauge HDPE and stored at ambient temperatures.

5 illus, 2 tables, 8 ref

003224   Sathe P D;Gogte B B (NO, Institute of Petrochemical Engineering, Lonere-402 103, ) : New fast drying styrenated alkyds. Paintindia 1999, 49(5), 43-6.

Some interesting experiments on styreated alkyds containing 5 to 50% styrene have been conducted. The oil length of alkyds have been varied from 28 to 60%. A special cataloyst called styro catalyst has been developed in our laboratory for smooth polymerisation. The proportion of polyol has been drastically reduced. A net saving of 28-30% has been claimed on raw material cost. The physico-chemical properties and film properties of varnish samples have been studied. Some fast drying compositions have been identified. The resistance of film to water, alkali and detergent is good. The resistance to acids is slightly poor. The hardness, adhesion and drying characteristics of many formulations are excellent. A two pack system one containing the binder and other containing the drier has been recommended. The stability of attempted formulations is excellent when used as a two pack system. A wide variation in proportion of oil, styrene and rosin can help to control the raw material cost depending on price fluctuation. These varnishes can be used in formulations of metal primers, wood primers, semigloss enamels, oil bound distempers, printing inks and duplicating inks.

003223   Sanghi R;Dhar D N (302 Southern Laboratories, Facility for Ecological and Analytical Test, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur-208 016) : Structure elucidation of bacterial polysaccharides by NMR and mass spectrometry. J scient ind Res 2001, 60(6), 463-92.

^iia2 table, 81 ref

003222   Razdan U;Shah V J (R O Division, Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar-364 002) : Nanofiltration membranes as a suitable alternative to reverse osmosis/ultrafiltration membranes in separation processes. J scient ind Res 2001, 60(7), 560-3.

Reviews the thin-film composite membranes covering membranes nanofiltration membranes, their advantages over other separation techniques and utility. Focuses on a limited area comprising nanofiltration (NF) membranes which appear as a suitable alternative to reverse osmosis (RO) and ultrafiltration (UF) membrane processes. Nanofiltration (NF) has emerged as a promising area which has extended membrane applications. NF membranes are generally polyamide membranes and are charged. They have higher flux and lower salt rejection facilitating a diverse cut-off based on molecular weight of a species with more than 92 per cent rejection. NF membranes are considered to be best alternative of purification.

1 illus, 17 ref

003221   Ray Chaudhuri U;Ray Chaudhuri U (Chemical Engineering Department, Calcutta University, 92, A P C Road, Calcutta-700 009) : Inferential model of pH control. J scient ind Res 2001, 60(7), 586-90.

An inferential model pH control strategy based on fundamental relations for pH neutralization has been developed. The inferential model was simulated to analyze performance of the pH control scheme and then compared with an experimental acid-base neutralization system.

10 illus, 1 table, 10 ref

003220   Ramesh P;Ravikanth V;Reddy V L N;Goud T V; Venkateswarlu Y (Organisation Division 1, National Products laboratory, Indian Institute Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500 007) : Novel ceramide from the Indian marine sponge, Fasciospongia cavernosa. J chem Res 2001, (6), 232-4.

New ceramide has been isolated along with a known compound 3,6-diacetoxy-cholest-7-en-3 beta, 5 alpha, 6 beta - tril from marine sponge collected off the Mandapam coast in the Gulf of Manner, India. The structures of were determined by spectroscopic analysis.

17 ref

003219   Raju C V;Dhananjava S;Reddy G V S (College of Fisheries, University of Agricultural Sciences, Mangalore-575 002) : Freezing and frozen storage of ready to fry crab products. J Aquatic Biol 2000, 15(1-2), 115-18.

Ready-to-fry products, like crab sticks and crab cutlets were prepared from the crab, Portunus pelagicus meat. The products were frozen at - 35°C and further stored at - 20°C. The biochemical, microbiological and organoleptic quality changes were studied during the storage period of 27 weeks. The results reveal that both the products were acceptable up to 24 weeks of storage at - 20°C.

8 tables, 21 ref

003218   Pawar R B;Padgaonkar S B;Sawant A D (Inorganic Chemistry Division, Institute of Science, Mumbai-400 032) : A rapid and sensitive method for the determination of cobalt in pharmaceutical and ink dryer samples. J scient ind Res 2001, 60(4), 328-30.

Simple extractive spectrophotometric method is reported for the determination of cobalt in pharmaceutical samples like vitamin B 12 and in ink dryer. Picolinaldehyde nicotinoylhydrazone (PANH) has been used for the estimation of cobalt. The reagent forms a yellow colour complex with cobalt in the pH range 8.5-10.5, with absorption maxima at 370 nm. THe complex is extractable into chloroform and obeys the Beer's law in the range 0.05-2.7 μg mL-1 of cobalt concentration. THe molar absorptivity and the Sandell's sensitivity for cobalt (III)-PANH complex in chloroform has been found to be 4.014 x 104 L mol-1 cm-1 and 1.46 ng cm-2, respectively. Results are comparable with those obtained by AAS and certified values. The developed method is facile and economical.

1 illus, 1 table, 8 ref

003217   Nagarajan S;Salavadi Eswaran S;Ravikumar S; Sasikala S L (NO, K R College of Arts and Science, Kovilpatti-627 001) : Ethanol production from glucose in an immobilized yeast fermentations system with pyruvate and acetaldehyde as supplements. J scient ind Res 2001, 60(6), 499-503.

Deals with the quantitative production of ethanol from pyruvate and acetaldehyde separately before and after supplementing with glucose. Statistical analyses indicate three aspects: Determination of mean yield before the additon of intermediates; determination of significant variation after the addition of intermediates, and calculation of new mean yield. Ethanol production increase was statistically significant after that addition of intermediates. Maximum production was obtained when the glucose was added along with pyruvate (P<62> 0.05 level). Hence, it is evident that addition of pyruvate along with glucose in the fermentation medium statistically increases the ethanol yield.

8 table, 5 ref

003216   Mascarenhas M (NO, Goodlass Nerolac Paints Ltd., Nerolac House, Ganpatrao Kadam Marg, Lower Parel, Mumbai-400 013) : Novel uses of micro-organisms in the paint industry. Paintindia 1999, 49(5), 35-40.

In the pain industry, the general emphasis has been on the control of micro-organisms due to their deleterious effects on both raw material as well as the finished product. However increasingly, research in being conducted to discover ways of exploitingmicro-organisms in a positive way. Thus the ability of micro-organisms to tolerate and degrade unwanted, waste products that are often toxic to the environment, is made use of in biofitration plants for VOC reduction and emission control. Effluent treatment plants use the same principle to reduce levels of wastes to acceptable standards. Micro-organisms are also capable of synthesizing useful products which may find use as raw materials in the paint field. Thus the production of antifouling agents, industrial polysaccharides, pigments, etc. by micro-organisms offer eco-friendly and cheaper alternatives to chemically produced products without any compromise on the quality of the final product. Moreover the ability to manipulate micro-organisms through genetic engineering opens the road to a host of possiblities in the future, making microbial biotechnology an exciting and interesting field of research.

29 ref

003215   Kumar K S;Kannan K;Paramasaivan O N;Sundaram V P S;Nakanishi J;Masunaga S (NO, Inst Environm Sci & Technol, Yokohama Natl Univ, Hodogaya Ku Yokohama, Kanagawa-2408501, Japan) : Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and polychlorinated biphenyls in human tissues, meat, fish, and wildlife samples from India. Envir Sci Technol 2001, 35(17), 3448-55.

Concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and non- and mono-orthosubstituted polychlorinated biphenyls (dioxin-like PCBs) were measured in tissues of humans, fishes, chicken, lamb, goat, predatory birds, and Ganges river dolphins collected from various locations in India. PCDDs/DFs were found in most of the samples analyzed with the liver of spotted owlet containing the highest concentration of 3300 pg/g, fat wt. 2,3,7,8-Substituted PCDDs and PCDFs were found in human fat tissues at concentrations ranging from 170 to 1300 pg/g, fat wt. Concentrations of PCDDs were generally greater than those of PCDFs in human tissues, fishes, animal fat, and dolphin. Among fishes, meat, and wildlife samples analyzed, concentrations of PCDDs/DFs, were found in the following order: country chicken <60> goat/1amb fat <60> fishes <60> river dolphins <60> predatory birds. Hepta-CDDs and OCDD were the major PCDD homologues found in humans, fishes, meat products, and dophins. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents of PCDDs/DFs were greater than those of PCBs in selected fish, dolphin, and human samples.

61 ref

003214   Kalia V C;Rashmi;Lal S (Centre for Biochemical Technology, Delhi University Campus, Mall Road, Delhi-110 007) : Using enzymes for oil recovery from edible seeds. J scient ind Res 2001, 60(4), 298-310.

Oilseeds and their products are the most valuable agricultural crops in the world trade with, ever-increasing demand for oil from edible oilseeds all over te world. India accounts for 9.6 per cent of the world's oilseeds production. The demand for vegetable oils is increasing at 51 lakh t/y while the production is increasing at 2 lakh t/y only. The present demand over supply gap, in edible oils, is 1.8 million t needing to produce additional 5.4 million t oilseeds/y. Hydraulic, and expeller pressing, and solvent extraction are the three most common processes for oil recovery from oil seeds. Enzyme based oilseed processing technologies emerge as one of the most eco-friendly processing methods. The enzymes have specific mode of action, therefore, cellulase, hemicellulase and pectinase and even proteases are the most favourable enzymes for degrading the cell wall in oilseeds to loosen oil sacs embedded in the structures. The enzyme treatment has been found useful in conventional solvent extraction process also. Different factors like temperature, pH, moisture, grinding and size reduction of oilseeds are required by enzymatic processes which influence the efficiency of extraction, recovery of oil, that also helps maintain higher nutritive value.

2 illus, 7 table, 81 ref

003213   Hajarnavis M R;Bhide A D (NO, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nehru Marg, Nagpur-440 020) : Removal of copper by adsorption on fly ash. J scient ind Res 2001, 60(7), 564-73.

Describes the studies on removal of copper from mixed metal solution of Cu, Cd, Mn, Ni and Zn by adsorption on fly ash at room temperature. The removal of copper is observed to increase with contact time. The adsorption on fly ash follows Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Maximum percentage of copper removal is observed at a pH of 5.0. The results show more than 75 per cent removal of copper.

8 illus, 1 table, 12 ref

003212   Gupta A P;Thakur J S;Patel R K;Agrawal H (Department of Applied Chemistry & Polymer Technology, Delhi College of Engineering, Bawana Road, Delhi-110 042) : Influence of flocculating agents on the performance of ion exchange resins, boiler feed water. J scient ind Res 2001, 60(5), 396-400.

The effect of flocculating agents, i.e. ferric alum, non ferric alum, and polyaluminium chloride (PAC) on ion exchange capacities of ion exchange resins (INDION), are investigated. The comparison of data reveals that the use of PAC in the pretreatment of raw water causes lesser decrement in the total ion exchange capacities and salt splitting capacities of resins and can be used as a coagulating agent in pretreatment of water.

4 tables, 10 ref

003211   Gomma G K (Department of Material Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802-5006, USA) : Inhibition of corrosion of steel by amino acids in acid medium. Bull Electrochem 1998, 14(12), 456-61.

Corrosion inhibiting action of five amino acids on steel metals in 1 M H₂SO₄ acid solution was measured potentiodynamically. The anodic and cathodic site protection was determined and found to be affected by the structure of the amino acid molecules bonded to the metal. A comparison between protection efficiency calculated from corrosion current and the anodic site protection was done. Corrosion rates were determined by extrapolating the cathodic Tafel line to the rest potential and by linear polarization method. The maximum protection efficiency was obtained with glutamic acid, with other compounds showing varying degrees of inhibition.

33 ref

003210   Dutt D;Ray A K;Upadhyaya J S;Tyagi C H;Tiwari K N (Department of University of Roorkee, Institute of Paper Technology, Post Box No. 83, Saharanpur-247 001) : Development of MICR cheque paper from indegenous raw materials. J scient ind Res 2001, 60(6), 493-8.

Attempts have been made to manufacture MICR cheque paper from indigenous hardwood species like Eucalyptus tereticornis blended with some minor proportions of bamboo (Dendrocalamus strictus) and pine (Pinus roxburghii) pulps. Various chemicals required to be added to develop magnetic ink recognition characteristics such as sizing chemicals, dyes, iron free alum, sulphates, oxidised starch and potassium ferrocynide. The paper was subjected to sensitivity test. The results of the hand-sheets were compared with those of cheque papers used commercially. The results of laboratory made MICR cheque papers were found promising.

5 tables

003209   Doshi K L (NO, , ) : Heat resisting aluminium paint. Paintindia 1999, 49(5), 47-8.

003208   Butler E E;Rajab F;Prokop A;Tanner R D (Department of Chemical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA) : Effect of pH and air superficial velocity on the foam fractionation of okra (Hibiscus esculentus). J scient ind Res 2001, 60(6), 513-20.

Effect of pH on the separation ratio has been examined for two okra samples. The results show that sample l hardly foamed over the entire pH range while sample 2 completely foamed over the same range. It is speculated that the presence of anti-foaming agents in the okra determines the extent of foaming and their presence could possibly be related to the location in which the sample is harvested. Actual harvest locations were not given on the okra package. The mean viscosity of the okra solution has been determined to be about 67% greater than that of water. The addition of an emulsifying agent (carboxymethyl cellulose, CMC) to the okra solution has been found to first enhance and then suppress the total foamate volume as the concentration of the CMC is increased.

6 illus, 2 tables, 11 ref

003207   Biniwale R;Rayalu S;Hasan M Z (NO, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nehru Marg, Nagpur-440 020) : Cost estimates for production of flyash based zeolite-A. J scient ind Res 2001, 60(7), 574-9.

National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) has developed a process a manufacture zeolite-A using flyash as a substitute for conventional raw materials viz. sodium silicate and aluminate. This process has been patented nationally and internationally. The process developed consists of three majors steps viz. fusion of caustic soda and flyash for optimal extraction of silicates and aluminate, aging step which provides time for formation of nuclei and hydrothermal crystallization resulting in activation of nuclei into well defined crystals. Low temperature, operation simplicity of process and optimal recycling of unused reactants and process water are special features of NEERI Technology. Based on the laboratory-scale process, estimates have been worked out for cost benefit analyses. The process appears to be cost-effective wherein the cost of production is about 25-30 per cent less than the commercial zeolite-A. Further reduction in cost is envisaged due to reuse of mother liquor in the process itself.

1 illus, 6 table, 10 ref