025573   Jaiswal A K (Deptt. of Food Engineering and Technology, FET, R.B.S. College, Bichpuri, Agra) : Food biotechnology : potential for commercial applications. Beverage Fd Wld 2000, 27(3), 14-18,29.

Biotechnology is the fastest growing applied science of recent times. Yet it is only in the last decade that biotechnology has escaped the confines of a few research laboratories. With an international market estimated to be worth $ 100 billion by the end of century. Biotechnology is rapidly becoming the corner stone of industrial revolution. Biotechnology can be broadly defined as the utilization of biologically derived molecules, structures, cells and organisms to fulfill specific human needs. Sometimes this entails creating the condition where cells can produce a vast quantity of substances that naturally, they make only in tiny amounts. Biotechnology involves the integrated use of biochemistry, microbiology and engineering sciences in order to achieve technological (industrial) applications of the capabilities of micro organisms cultured tissue cells and part thereof.

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025572   Ingale V P (NO, Goodlass Nerolac Paints Limited, Ganpatrao Kadam Marg, Lower Parel, Mumbai-400 013) : High solids coatings - the solution to VOC problem. Paintindia 2000, 50(5), 57-64.

Attempts are made to highlight basic principles in designing high solids coatings, different binders use (especially in the formulation for OEM coatings), problems associated with the formulation, and advantages of high solids coatings.

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025571   Gopinath S (NO, Converter Adhesives and Chemicals Ltd, Mumbai) : Laminating adhesive for flexible package. Beverage Fd Wld 2000, 27(5), 18-20.

025570   El-Etre A Y (Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, EGYPT) : Passivation characteristics of CuNiAl alloy in pure and sulphide polluted solutions of 3.5% NaCl. Bull Electrochem 2000, 16(4), 171-4.

Cyclic voltammograms of Cu-30Ni-1.5 Al alloy were traced in stirred and non-stirred solutions of 3.5% sodium chloride containing 100 ppm sodium sulphide. The surface film was analyzed using electron dispersive X-ray (EDX) and IR whereas the soluble cations were measured by atomic absorption technique. It was found that in chloride solutions free from sulphide ions, a passive film which composed mainly of Cu2O and Cu2(OH)3Cl is formed through the first two oxidation steps. The passive film obtained in non-stirred solution has appeared somewhat more stable than that obtained in stirred solution. In the presence of sulphide ions, the formation of sulphide compounds came on the expense of the formation of the passive film. Consequently, the corrosion rate was highly increased due to the presence of sulphide ions. It was found that in addition to the anodic dissolution of the alloy during negative-to-positive potential sweep, there is also a reductive dissolution during the positive-to-negative potential sweep.

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025569   Dutta S;Ahmed R;Pathak M G (Department of Plant Sciences and Ecology, Regional Laboratory, , Jorhat-785 006) : Essental oil composition of Amomum linguiforme benth. from north-east India. Indian Perfumer 2000, 44(1), 11-13.

Volatiles, obtained from the rizome and leaf of Amomum linguiforme Benth., Collected from Dhakuakana in Assam, were analysed by GC and GC-Mass. Anethole (49.32%) and methyl chavicol (41.09%) in rhizome and limonene (32.94%) and methyl chavicol (8.70%) in leaf were the dominant components. The other predominant components identified, were: α-pinene, β-pinene, Δ-3 carene etc.

025568   Choudhary S D;Mukhopadhyay B N;Misra P; Bhattacharya K K (Metallurgical and Engineering Consultants(India) Ltd, , Ranchi- 834 002) : Strength of steel against substitute materials in new millennium. J Instn Engrs-Pt MM 2000, 81(April), 15-25.

Steel has continued to rule as a dominant material for quite a number of decades due to its overriding advantages, especially of properties and cost effectiveness. However,continuous quest for innovation,and unrelenting R&D efforts in material science,have brought to light a few substitute materials such as aluminium,plastics,magnesium and titanium, which have also caught the attention of scientists,engineers and,the most important, consumers. These materials have offered definite advantages in some respects and in some specific applications. This development poses threat not only to the existence of steel,but also to its extent of consumption in the years to come.This attempts to present the magnitudes and dimension already achieved, and to visualise the probable developments in the new millennium.Possibly, per capita steel consumption may decline to the level of 65 kg in 3000 AD compared to 136 kg at present. On the other hand, per capita aluminium consumption may pick up from 3.7 kg at present to 12.4 kg by the above period.

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025567   Buchbauer G (NO, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria) : Detailed analysis of essential oils leads to the understanding of their properties. FAFAI Jl 2000, 2(2), 33-6.

025566   Bose A K (NO, National Metallurgical Laboratory (CSIR), Jamshedpur-831 007) : Drying behaviour of alumina gel. NML tech J 1999, 41(1), 37-41.

Gel kept at room temperature dries up into scale. It dries up quickly but with soluble magnesia dopant the rate is considerably reduced. Gel has a fine network and their cluster and is non crystalline reveals TEM. DSC however shows a transition temperature <60>273°C<62> from amorphous to crystalline state of the alumia gel. Gel dried at 400°C shows the presence of the lower forms of alumina by XRD. Bonding alumina with alumina gel, alumina has to be dispersed in gel and dried in situ till plasticite exists followed by forming and sintering.

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025565   Bongirwar D R (Food Technology Division & Project Manager, Food Irradiator Project, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai) : Improved dehydration processes in food preservation. Beverage Fd Wld 2000, 27(5), 35-7.

025564   Bhatnagar M S (NO, 15 Negi Road, Dehradun-248 001, ) : Chemicals that produce monomers - III. Pop Plast Packag 2000, 45(6), 74-82, 85.

025563   Bellaouchou A;Guenbour A;Benbachir A (NO, University Mohammed V, Faculty of Science, Laboratory of Corrosion-El, Av Ibn Batouta, BP 1014, Rabat, MOROCCO) : Corrosion of an austenetic stainless steel in phosphoric acid: effect of sulphide ions and abrasive action. Bull Electrochem 2000, 16(4), 166-70.

Erosion-corrosion of an austenetic alloy in a phosphoric acid media containing sulphide ions has been studied by means of electrochemical techniques. The results have pointed out that the abrasion and the sulphide ions, interacting by a synergistic effect, cause a reduction of the material resistance to the erosion-corrosion. This effect shows a direct temperature dependence. In some experimental conditions, the polarisation curves show the emergence of secondary peaks in the normal potential range of passivity. An interpretation of this phenomenon and a mechanism of the sulphide ions action have been proposed.

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025562   Aggarwal K K;Tandon S;Raina V K;Ahmad J; Sushil Kumar (NO, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic plants, PO CIMAP, Lucknow-226 015) : Process for the isolation of geraniol and geranyl acetate from jamrosa oil. FAFAI Jl 2000, 2(1), 57-61.

Studies have been carried out for the isolation of geraniol and geranyl acetate from jamrosa essential oil which find extensive use in the perfumery and flavour industry. The jamrosa oil contained 41-58% geraniol and 22-30% geranyl acetate and was considered a commercial source for the production of the aroma compounds. The geranyl acetate present in the jamrosa oil was converted into geraniol by hydrolysis with different concentrations of aqueous alkali. On the other hand the geraniol was semi-synthesised into geranyl acetate by acetylation using sodium acetate fused or pyridine. The reacted products were finally fractionated under high vacuum to yield geraniol or geranyl acetate of purity 94-95% as ascertained by GC. The yields were in the range of 68-75% (w/w) of the original raw oil. The products geraniol and geranyl acetate obtained by these methods have been compared with those separated from palmrosa oil and their qualities as per ISI specifications have been described.

024493   Vijayaraghavan L;Iyer K J L (Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai-600 036) : Boronising process using molten bath containing boron yielding substances. Tool Alloy Steels 1999, 33(9), 20-4.

Significant studies and findings of the widely practiced process of liquid boronising are reviewed. Both molten bath process and electrolytic boronising using molten bath containing boron yielding substances are in practice in Eastern Europe, Japan and USSR. There are many difficulties in the boronising process using liquid medium. These difficulties are mentioned. Boronising has been carried out on AISI D2 cold work tool steel using molten bath which yield boron. The results are presented and discussed.

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024492   Vijayaraghavan L;Iyer K J L (Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai-600 036) : Recent advances in boronising. Tool Alloy Steels 1999, 33(8), 15-17.

With the establishment of process conditions for most conventional boronising processes, investigators turned their attention to more exotic methods and processes for the formation of boride layer on the surface of steel. Some of these are discussed.

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024491   Vaish A K;Humane M M;Chakrabarty A K; Ramachandra Rao P (NO, National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur-831 007) : Direct current transferred arc plasma reactor - its suitability for smelting reduction and refining processes. NML tech J 1998, 40(3), 95-108.

Plasma processing is more versatile than the existing extractive techniques and direct current transferred arc plasma reactors can treat such materials which are difficult to process. The special feature of DC transferred arc plasma reactor is its ability to obtain long, stable arcs with independent current and voltage control. It posses the potentiality to smelt iron ore fines, iron ore particulates, steel, stainless steel and a varieties of ferro alloys. The hydrogen argon plasma jet produces very high temperature and accelerates the reaction rate of refining processes such as decarburization and denitrogenization of iron-chromium alloys and the argon plasma arc enhances the desulphurization of stainless steel using different fluxes.

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024490   Tshirumal M;Ganguli A K (Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi-110 016) : Phase analysis and dielectric properties of ceramics in PbO-MgO-ZnO-Nb₂O₅ system: a comparative study of materials obtained by ceramic and molten salt synthesis routes. Bull Mater Sci 2000, 23(4), 255-61.

Compositions of the type 3PbO-MgO/ZnO-Nb₂O₅ were synthesized by the ceramic route at 1000°C and sintered at 1200°C. Powder x-ray diffrection studies of the 1000°C heated products show the presence of the cubic pyrochlore and the columbite (Mg/ZnNb₂O₆) type phase in the ratio of 3 : 1 for all possible combinations of MgO and ZnO. Further heating at 1200°C led to a decrease in the cubic pyrochlore phase and an increase in the columbite phase by around 10%. Compacted pellets sintered further showed the appearance of the perovskite phase. Similar compositions synthesized using the KCl-NaCl molten salt method at 900°C for 6 h gave a significant amount of the cubic perovskite related phase of the type Pb (Mg/Zn)_1/3Nb_2/3O₃ for all compositions containing MgO. The amount of the perovskite phase was nearly 55% for the Mg rich compositions and decreased with increase in Zn content, the pure Zn composition yielding mainly the cubic pyrochlore phase. On sintering these phases at 1000°C the perovskite phase content decreased. The dielectric constant of the composite materials formed by the ceramic route was in the region of 14 to 20 and varied little with frequency. The composites obtained by the molten salt method, however, showed much larger dielectric constants in the region 40-150 at 500 kHz for various compositions. The dielectric loss tangent of these composites were lower by an order (0.005-0.03 at 500 kHz) compared to the ceramic route.

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024489   To Duy Ca (NO, National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur-831 007) : Effect of molybdenum on the formation of carbides and phases structure of 12Cr20Ni38Mo5-alloy. NML tech J 1998, 40(3), 87-94.

Ni-Cr-Mo alloys have strong corrosion resistance. The major results and understandings obtained during researches and also use of Ni-Cr-Mo alloys are provided.

024488   Thorat B N;Dhorajiwala S H;Malshe V C (Department of Chemical Technology, University of Mumbai, Matunga, Mumbai-400 019) : Synthesis of ammonium molybdate. Chem Wkly 1999, 44(47), 157-63.

Ammonium molybdate is a very important compound used in variety of applications from fertilizers to laboratory reagent to catalyst. For some end-uses of ammonium molybdate it's purity is critical and the additional steps involved for purification decide the economics of the processes. The processes differ in the methods in which ammonium molybdate product is purified. A review of the economically viable processes for the synthesis of high purity ammonium molybdate is made. Also a critical comparison of the reviewed processes is made in light of different purification procedures involved.

024487   Tamhankar A (NO, N.S. Chemicals, Mumbai) : Introduction to biocides. Chem Wkly 1999, 45(7), 163-5.

024486   Susila B;Karthik K;Radhakrishnan P (NO, CAD/CAM Centre, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore) : Rapid tooling for casting - a study on the application of rapid prototyping process. Indian Fndry J 1999, 45(11), 213-6.

Reports the results of an attempt to adapt the FDM rapid prototyping process for tooling for sand casting applications. Describes the methodology of development of sand casting tools from the solid model of a part. An estimate of the time compression is also given.

024485   Srinivasan K (Dept. of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, K.R.E. College, Srinivasnagar-574 157) : Cold extrusion of steels. Tool Alloy Steels 1999, 33(8), 9-14.

Extrusion is a bulk deformation process involving only compressive stresses. Cold extrusion is done at room temperature so that there is total (100%) strain hardening and no (zero) recrystallization. Advantages, disadvantages, applications, equipment, tooling and lubricant required for cold extrusion of steels are elaborated. Extrudability of steels and consequences of temperature rise in the deformation zone are explained in depth. In short a summary of cold extrusion of steels has been attempted.

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024484   Sowbhagya C M;Viajayalakshmi N S;Indiramma A R;Ali S Z (NO, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore-570 013) : Shelf-life of noodles/vermicelli from maize and rice. Indian Fd Packer 2000, 54(1), 68-75.

Noodles/vermicelli from maize and rice prepared with or without antioxidant (tertiar butyl hydroquinone, TBHQ) were packed in cast polypropylene (CPP) and a laminate of metallised polyester with low density polyethylene (M-PET/PE). The packs were stored at 38°C, 92% RH (accelerated storage) and 27°C, 65% RH (normal storage) for 100 to 140 days. Solid loss of the product upon cooking decreased from 12.4% to 7.6% at acceleraged storage and to 9.6% at normal storage. Firmness and elasticity of the cooked product however increased upon storage. The sensory properties of the cooked product remained good upto 100 days at both the storage and packaging conditions.

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024483   Singh D D N;Gaur B;Ghosh R;Singh B K (NO, National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur-831 007) : Role of corrosion inhibitors on grain boundary corrosion control of Cr-Mn-Cu stainless steel in pickling solution. NML tech J 1998, 40(3), 77-86.

Investigates the effect of various additives on the scale and metal dissolution of stainless-steel in 6.8% HNO₃ + 0.9% HF + 3.5% H₂SO₄ solution. The additives namely Urea, methanol, boric acid, phosphoric acid and sodium chloride, were chosen for study as they are reported to have beneficial effect on oxide dissolution of other metals and alloys and also in some cases exhibit corrosion inhibitive effect. Potentiostatic polarization, mass loss, optical microscopic and scanning electron microscopic studies have been performed to assess the performance and to understand the mechanism of action of the above additives. Amongst the reagents studies, phosphoric and boric acids are found to have the most promising results. During the dissolution of the alloy, it is observed that enriching of Cu takes place near the grain boundaries.

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024482   Shukla F C;Nagi H P S;Minhas K S;Bakhshi A K (NO, , ) : Utilization of soybean for good nutrition. Prog Fmg 1999, 36(11), 7-8.

024481   Shenai V A (NO, Technical Consultant, Mumbai-400 071) : Some aspects of newer reactive dyes in dyeing and printing. Chem Wkly 1999, 45(12), 139-45.

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024480   Sharma K D;Sethi V;Maini S B (Division of Fruits and Horticultural Technology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110 012) : Effect of pre-treatment and package on chemical and sensory characteristics of dried apple. Indian Fd Packer 2000, 54(1), 52-9.

Osmotically dehydrated apple rings with a good consumer acceptability were developed and evaluated for their quality retention in different types of packages during storage at ambient temperature (13-36%C). Pre-treatments like blanching and antioxidant dip prior to osmotic dehydration in hypertonic sucrose solution for 4.5 h with a final dehydration in vacuum dehydrator were found beneficial in preventing browning and loss of nutrition in storage. The rings dehydrated by this method were attractive, palatable and crunchy in comparison to leathery texture and poor taste of conventionally dried rings. The critical point (CP) for the storage of osmo-vac dried rings was at 79.60 per cent relative humidity with 30.30 per cent equilibrium moisture content (EMC), wheras the optimum equilibrium relative humidity (ERH) was found to be 52.00 per cent at 18.56 per cent moisture. The rings quality deteriorated significantly in polyethylene and glass packages during stoage study of 6 months at ambient temperature; however a minimum change in chemical composition and sensory attributes was observed in vaccum sealed laminated pouches.

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024479   Roy S K;Singh S (College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Gujarat Agricultural University, Sardar Krushinagar-385 506, Banaskantha District) : Optmisation of the processing parameters for manufacture of paneer from filled milk. Indian J Dairy Sci 1999, 52(6), 346-50.

Attempts were made to develop filled paneer using skim milk and vegetable oils. Homogenisation did not yield an acceptable product. The use of domestic mixer as well as centrifugal pump were found to be satisfactory for proper blending of vegetable oils and skim milk. Out of the three oils, Vanaspati and Groundnut oil were found to be equally good, while soy oil resulted in an unacceptable product. Effect of fat level (3.5, 4.5 and 5.5%) revealed that higher the fat level to 90°C (without holding) was found to be the most suitable for the manufacture of filled paneer. The lower final heating temperature (<60>80°C) resulted in weak body and improper matting.

024478   Ranote P S;Mehta A (NO, , ) : Use of fruits for squash and sharbat preparation. Prog Fmg 1999, 36(11), 11,27.

024477   Rakshit J;Das P K (NO, Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, Jadavpur, Calcutta-700 032) : Optimization of time-temperatre schedule for nitridation of silicon compact on the basis of silicon and nitrogen reaction kinetics. Bull Mater Sci 2000, 23(4), 249-53.

Time-temperature schedule for formation of silicon-nitride by direct nitridation of silicon compact was optimized by kinetic study of the reaction, 3Si + 2N₂ = Si₃N₄ at four different temperatres (1250°C, 1300°C, 1350°C and 1400°C). From kinetic study, three different temperature schedules were selected each of duration 20 h in the temperature range 1250°-1450°C, for complete nitridation. Theoretically full nitridation (100% i.e. 66.7% weight gain) was not achieved in the product having no unreacted silicon in the matrix, because impurities in Si powder and loss of material during nitridation would result in 5-10% reduction of weight gain. Green compact of density <60> 66% was fully nitrided by any one of the three schedules. For compact of density <62> 66%, the nitridation schedule was maneuvered for complete nitridation. Iron promotes nitridation reaction. Higher weight loss during nitridation of iron doped compact is the main cause of lower nitridation gain compared to undoped compact in the same firing schedule. Iron also enhances the amount of β-Si₃N₄ phase by formation of low melting FeSi_x phase.

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024476   Pathak S N;Bharati K B;Ganguly A (R&D Division, Mukand Ltd, Mumbai) : Improving profitability of a foundry by reducing sand to metal ratio. Indian Fndry J 1999, 45(11), 217-20.

In foundries waste sand lumps generated during knock-out of moulds/cores after metal pouring as well as from rejected moulds/cores, are generally removed as a waste, even by paying disposal cost. A study on the usage of these waste sand lumps as inserts in the mould/cores has revealed that the sand lumps can be used to the extent of 40%. This result in substantial reduction in the sand mix consumption and thereby the cost. Deals with the effects of size, addition level and quality of sand lumps and also effect of using hollow metallic blocks on quality of moulds/cores and castings.

024475   Pathak J P;Sunil Mohan;Gupta R C (Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Centre of Advanced Study, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221 005) : Wear behaviour of Fe-Ni-Cr austenitic stainless steel under dry sliding. Tool Alloy Steels 1999, 33(9), 3-10.

Discusses the wear behaviour of austenitic stainless steel which slided against high carbon chromium heat treated hardened (Rc 60-62) steel disc. Impact of sliding distance, Sliding velocity and load were evaluated which accounted the wear characteristics of stainless steel under consideration. Modes of wear depend on load and sliding velocity. Wear weight continuously increased with sliding distance and steep rise in wear weight was also found after 13.2 x 10³ m sliding. There was a rising trend in wear rate with sliding velocity and load. Plastic deformation of sliding surface layers was considerable particularly with high load.

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024474   Parthasarathy K;Gnanasekaran C S (NO, CLRI, Chennai) : Enzyme based cleaner soaking and unhairing processes. Chem Wkly 1999, 45(13), 163-6.

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024473   Panda H (NO, Devashish Consultants (Pvt.) Ltd., 1, Station Road, P.O. Clutterbuckganj-243 502) : Terpene based adhesives. Chem Wkly 1999, 45(7), 149-60.

Emphasizes the uses of terpene resins in Hot Melt as well as Pressure Sensitive Adhesives. Some of the results with chemical reactions are also shown.

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024472   Panda H (NO, Devashish Consultants (P) Ltd, 1, Station Road, P.O. Clutterbuck Ganj-243 502) : Hot melt adhesives. Chem Wkly 1999, 45(13), 149-61.

024471   Panda H (NO, Devashish Consultants (P) Ltd, 1, Station Road, P.O. Clutterbuck Ganj-243 502) : Hot melt adhesives. Chem Wkly 1999, 45(14), 139-51.

024470   Mukherjee D;Vishnudevan M;Sarkar A (NO, C.E.C.R.I., Karaikudi) : Rapidly quenched metal-metalloid ribbons and electrodeposited metal-metalloid alloys having metastable orientation. Tool Alloy Steels 1999, 33(9), 25-32.

Discusses about the surface metastability of metal-metalloid glasses, both in the form of rapidly quenched ribbons and metal-metalloid deposits. The oxidation and corrosion resistance of these materials have also been discussed.

024469   Kamat R P;Toro V A;Joshi S V;Burte R G; Dandekar V S (Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairy Science, Konkan Agricultural University, Dapoli-415 712) : Whey utilization for the manufacture of soup. Indian J Dairy Sci 1999, 52(6), 396-9.

Study has been undertaken to explore the possibility of utilizing whey and fruits/vegetables for preparation of soups. The paneer-whey could be successfully utilized for preparation of nutritious and delicious soup by blending it with tomato pulp at 25 per cent level and beet root pulp at 20 per cent level. Kokum fruit syrup has poor utility in preparation of soup from paneer whey.

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024468   Jana S;Biswas P K (Glass-Ceramic Coating Division, Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, Calcutta-700 032) : Incorporation of cobalt and nickel metal nano-particles in nano-grain zirconia film matrix by solution route. Bull Mater Sci 2000, 23(4), 263-6.

Precursor solutions of cobalt/nickel incorporated nano-grain zirconia films were prepared from aquo-organic solutins of zirconium oxychloride octahydrate and corresponding transition metal nitrate. The films were deposited onto silica glass substrate by the dipping technique. Annealing was made at different temperatures from 450°C to 1200°C±5°C in air atmosphere. The range of thickness of the films baked at 450°C was 1800-1870 Angstrom. For cobalt system Co₃O₄ was formed initially at 450° which gradually transformed to alpha cobalt and next to cubic cobalt along with a non-stoichiometric compound (Zr_0.71Co_0.23O_0.06) with increasing annealing temperature. On the other hand, for nickel system nickel metal of nano-size was observed in the nano-grain zirconia film matrix at 450°C. By increasing anealing temperature to 1200°C, a compound, ZrNi₄O, was formed which was fond to be stable for ~ 30 days.

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024467   Gupta R;Kalia M;Dhaliwal Y S (Department of Food Science and Nutrition, COHS, HPKV, Palamput-176 062) : Evaluation of some biochemical constituents of lungru (Diplazium esculentum). Indian Fd Packer 2000, 54(1), 65-7.

Physico-chemical constituents of lungru (Diplazium esculentum), an edible fern grown and consumed in different parts of the world was studied. Indicates that it is a good source of nutrients and can be safely included in our diet.

024466   Gupta G K (NO, Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, R.B. Road P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow-226 002) : Standardization of recipe for preparation of sweet papaya chutney. Indian Fd Packer 2000, 54(1), 76-80.

In order to standardise the recipe for sweet papaya chutney,various treatments were evaluated. Among these treatments, T8 in which 65 per cent salt, 0.8 per cent red chilli powder, 1.5 per cent garam masala (spices), 75 per cent sugar, 2.5 per cent raisin (kismis), 5 per cent sliced dried dates and 0.8 per cent glacial acetic acid (based on the weight of papaya shreds) were used and was found to be most acceptable upto 9 months, of storage without spoilage and deterioration in quality parameters.

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024465   Goswami M C;Prakash S (NO, National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur) : Smelting reduction kinetics of fluxed composite reduced iron pellets (FCRIP). Tool Alloy Steels 1999, 33(9), 11-19.

Fluxed composite pellets are produced from a mixture of blue dust, non-coking coal fines and lime powder using an organic binder. After pre-reduction in reducing atmosphere at a temperature of 1273K these fluxed composite reduced iron pellets (FCRIP) are then used for smelting reduction experiments in an induction furnace. FCRIPs are charged onto a molten slag layer floating on a carbon saturated molten iron bath taken in a graphite crucible. The temperature of the bath is varied in the range of 1623K to 1823K for the pellets of basicity varying between 0.82 and 2.0. Kinetic studies show a mixed kinetic model of both diffusion and chemical reaction and follow a model expressed by Ginstling-Brounshtein as G(α) = 1-(2/3) (α) - (1-α)^2/3, where α denotes the degree of reduction. The rate of reaction increases with increase in temperature and basicity. However, the basicity dependence on the degree of reduction is not very significant. Activation energy value is obtained in the range of 42 and 60 kJ/mole.

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024464   Geetha K;Umarji A M;Kutty T R N (Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560 012) : Ceramic joining through reactive wetting of alumina with calcium aluminate refractory cements. Bull Mater Sci 2000, 23(4), 243-8.

Compositions in CaO-Al₂O₃ system have been prepared by gel-to-crystallite conversion method. Reactive powders of 1 ; 2, 1 : 1, 2 : 1 and 3 : 1 of CaO and Al₂O₃ compositions were obtained by calcining the product at 800-1200°C. Fine grained powders were used as refractory cement for joining alumina ceramics. An optimum temperature of 1450°C for 4 h produced joints of satisfactory strength. The microstructure and X-ray phase analysis of the fractured joint surface clearly indicate reactive wetting of the alumina ceramics. This wetting enhances the joining of alumina substrates and can be attributed to the formation of Ca₁₂Al₁₄O₃₃ liquid phase. The results are explained by using CaO-Al₂O₃ phase diagram.

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024463   Gattuso M J;Regan J P;Taskar A (NO, , ) : Simulated Moving Bed chromatography in the pharmaceutical industry. Chem Wkly 1999, 44(50), 157-63.

Improved methods of identifying molecules with pharmaceutical activity, there has been an increase in the number of new drug entities moving through the drug testing process. This process severely taxes downstream operations, such as scale-up and process development capabilities, of the pharmaceutical companies. Because larger number of developmental quantities of potential new drugs are needed for testng, rapid and scalable methods for isolating and purifying the new chemical entities must be developed and utilized. Many of the new therapeutic materials are also single isomer compounds, and a rapid method for the preparation of single enantiomer drugs must be available. Even if a racemic mixture is found to have desired therapeutic activity, the U.S. FDA guidelines require toxicity information on not only the racemic mixture, but also on each of the pure enantiomers as well. Therefore, several kilograms of each pure enantiomer must be made available for screening and testing purposes. Separation of chiral compounds by chromatography has been practiced in the laboratory for many years. The use of chromatographic processes for the manufacturing of petrochemicals was introduced in the 1960s with the commercialization of the UOP Sorbex family of simulated moving bed (SMB) processes. The use of chromatography in the development and manufacturing of pharmaceutical and fine chemical products has grown steadily but slowly over the years...

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024462   Deshmukh G M (Department of Petrochemical Engineering, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere-402 103) : Acid effects on liquid - liquid equillibria. Chem Wkly 1999, 45(2), 163-5.

Effect of the addition of acids as additive to the acetone-water-toluene ternary system, where toluene is used as a `extraction solvent' for separation of acetone from the acetone water binary mixture is studied. In the presence of the additives, the shift in the slopes of the distribution curves and the tilting of the tie line were in the direction which enhanced solute recovery. The shifts and the tiltings increased with increasing acid concentration. In addition, the effect of solutropy diminished.

024461   Bhatnagar N;Dhirendra (Department of Chemical Engineering, Pravara Rural Engineering College, Loni-413 736) : Energy auditing a case study - methodologies and techniques. Chem Wkly 1999, 45(12), 147-59.

Energy conservation, in the past few years has become of prime importance to all chemical industries. With competition increasing day by day, it becomes very necessary for the industry to produce quality and quantity at minimum possible cost. Compromising on quality cannot reduce cost and hence the most appropriate area for cutting costs is the Energy Bill. The major draw for all companies working on conserving energy in their plants is the reduction in production costs leading to an out and out profit gain, with minimal investment. Thus the basic function of an energy audit is thus to pinpoint vulnerable areas in industry consuming higher energy than required and then to formulate solutions to decrease the energy cost to get to the common goal of energy conservation and economic benefits for the industry. The mechanical section of the audit was worked on i.e. namely the boiler section, the steam distribution system and all other equipment of the plant installed at various points. In this present communication the electrical section of the audit is not detailed into because it would be out of the scope of this presentation. The audit was started with a tour of the plant. An inspection of the various equipment and meters, logbook, measuring instruments and from the operators and shift superintendents. Then the stream distribution for the plant was studied and each section where steam is used was inspected...

024460   Ankleshwaria N;Shah S R;Banerjee S (Department of Foods and Nutrition, Faculty of Home Science, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baorda, Baroda) : Potential of ARF added root vegetable slurry for promoting geriatric nutrition. Indian J Gerontol 1999, 13(3-4), 92-8.

Aims to standardize vegetable slurry, to determine the acceptability of the standardized root vegetable (potato) slurry throug sensory evaluation and to investigate the impact of amylase rich food (ARF) added root vegetable slurry on the anthropometric measurements of the geriatric subjects. The results indicated very clear cut evidence that presence of ARF not only decreased the viscosity but also enhanced, incorporation of more solid ingredients (potato) in root vegetable slurry. The results obtained after the supplementation of ARF added potato slurry compared with the same without ARF, indicated that ARF added slurry having higher energy density compared with the one without ARF, could bring about greater, improvement in terms of weight, MUAC, SFT and BMI of the geriatric subjects.

023573   Gupta A K (Department of Botany, S B P G College, Baragaon, Varanasi-221 204) : Ecological efficiency of herbaceous vegetation in soil stability and nutrient conservation at Varuna river corridor. Mendel int J 1999, 16(3-4), 119-20.

River Varuna is a tributary of river Ganga. It is degrading in terms of water quality, sediment characteristics, aquatic marginal and flood plain vegetation due to biotic and industrial stresses. Analysis shows that pH, EC, organic-C, N and P contents have increased, while `DO' and transparency have decreased. It can restore river corridors treating effluents, before being discharged into the river and growing plant species with more than 85% conservation value and capacity to accumulate heavy metals and other pollutants.

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023555   Barot V M (Department of Chemistry, Smt. S.M.P. Science College, Talod-383 215) : Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of 6-(H/Br)-7-ethoxy flavone. Asian J Chem 2000, 12(2), 623-4.

Compounds of flavones have been synthesized by the condensation of 2'-hydroxy-4'-ethoxy-5'-(H/Br0-chalcone with dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) in the presence of catalytic amount of iodine. The structures of the compounds have been supported by elemental analysis and spectral data. These compounds were screened for antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli.

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023500   Vaidya P S;Nigam S N;Jaiswal P K (Central Agmark Laboratory, Directorate of Marketing and Inspection, Government of India, North Ambazari Road, Nagpur-440 010) : Pesticide residue in meat and meat food products. Beverage Fd Wld 1999, 26(6), 24.

023499   Thakur N K;Lal Kaushal B B;Joshi V K (Deptt. of Postharvest Technology, Dr. Y.K. Parmar University of Hort. and Forestry, Nauni, Solan-172 230) : Standardization of method and treatment for clarification of kinnow juice. Indian Fd Packer 1999, 53(4), 27-31.

Study on standardization of method and treatment for clarification of kinnow juice was conducted. Of the centrifugation and pectinolytic enzyme treatments, the latter yielded higher serum quantity at higher concentration than centrifugation. The juice treated at higher temperature of 40±1°C with enzyme gave higher yield than that treated at 25±1±C. Higher serum yield and titratable acidity was observed from the juice treated with enzyme @ 1.0 or 0.8% at 40±1°C. Clarification as cloud index was higher in the serum from juice treated with 1.0 and 0.8 per cent enzyme concentration at 40±1°C than either 25±1°C or other enzyme concentrations. On the basis of these observations treatment of juice with 0.8% at 40±1°C was standardized for clarification of kinnow juice.

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