004187   Raghavan S (Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai-600 036) : Gibbs energy of formation of magnesium antimonite (MgSb2O4) using a magnesium fluoride solid electrolyte galvanic cell. Trans Indian Inst Metals 1998, 51(6), 511-13.

004186   Nayak P L (NO, Gopabandhu Nagar, Chauliaganj, Cuttack-753 004, ) : Biodegradable plastic film made out of soybeans : a breakthrough in plastic industry. Pop Plast Packag 1999, 44(10), 65-6.

004185   Mor S;Dahiya M;Kishan Singh (Department of Microbiology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra) : Aflatoxin produced by Asperfillus species in khoa. Indian J Dairy Sci 1999, 52(3), 149-51.

Khoa samples were inoculated with 5 day old cultures of Aspergillus flavus NCIM-538, Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL-2999 and Aspergillus flavus SK-57. Toxigenicity of the cultures was determined by TLC and compared with Bacillus brevis NCIM-2534 in a disc diffusion assay. Blank filter paper discs (0.5 cm dia) carrying 5.0 μl aflatoxin extract were used. The toxicity of these strains was compared on the basis or diameter of zone of inhibition. Sensitivity was checked by aflatoxin extract of khoa on alternate days starting from 5th and 13th day of inoculation. A parasiticus NRRL-2999 gave highest diameter of inhibition zone (0.8-1.8 cm) followed by A. flavus NCIM-538 (0.7-1.2 cm) and A. flavus SK-57 (0.5-1.5 cm).

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004184   Mohan Lal D;Renganarayanan S;Kalanidhi A; Murugesan S N (Mechanical Engineering Department, Anna University, Madras-600 025) : Effect of cryotreatment on T1 type high speed steel tool material. Indian J Cryogenics 1996, 21(2), 41-4.

Metal cutting tools are vital component of any manufacturing Industry and the life of cutting tools is of high premium. The wear resistance is augmented by increasing the surface hardness. Cryotreatment forcibly transforms retained austenite in any conventionally heat treated tool, leading to induced residual stresses and microstructural improvement. The nature of residual stress plays a major role in augmenting tool life. Stress assisted martensite usually forms below the yield stress of the material. At stresses that produce substantial plastic strain, new nuclei are formed by plastic deformation and they develop strain induced Martensite. Experiments carried out in T1 type HSS tool speciments to study the hardness improvement, induced residual stress and microstructural variations yielded and following. The conversion of retained austenite into martensite into martensite is an isothermal process. The maximum hardness was attained by quenching at - 70°C that resulted in 67 HRC. Isothermal holding beyond three hours did not result in further transformation. As the Quenching temperature was lowered below - 60°C, induced residual stress became more and more tensile. Quenching in -80°C lead to high HRC value but induced tensile stresses that were detrimental to tool life. Microstructural analysis shows that the larger alloy carbides are broken into finely dispersed carbides in 2 hours and more soaking time.

004183   Miky J A;Abdel Mohdy F A (Textile Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt) : Preparation and characterisation of cellulose ion-exchangers bearing dimethyl/diethylamino hydroxy chloropropane groups. J Text Ass 1999, 60(1), 35-9.

1-Dimethylamino-2-hydroxy-3-chloropropane and 1-diethylamino-2-hydroxy-3-chloropropane were prepared by reacting epichlorohydrin with dimethylamine and diethylamine respectively. A series of starch/cellulose substrates have been prepared by reacting the so prepared compounds with starch, cellulosic-pulp and cellulosic-fabrics. The structural features of the prepared substrates have been confirmed by IR and NMR spectrometry as well as by Mass spectroscopy. Evaluation of the prepared substrates as dye adsorbents using acid dye and reactive dye and as heavy metal adsorbents was studied under a variety of conditions. Maximum adsorption of acid and reactive dyes is obtained at pH 2, while maximum adsorption of Cu²⁺ ions at pH 5 and Cr₂O₇²⁺ anions at pH 2.

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004182   Mehta S R;Wadhwa B K (Dairy Chemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132 001) : Chemical quality of ghee prepared by microwave process. Indian J Dairy Sci 1999, 52(3), 134-41.

Microwave technology was applied for preparation of ghee from high fat cream/butter with enhanced shelf life and good sensory properties. The fatty acid and flavour profiles of microwave processed ghee samples were similar to those of conventionally processed samples. Microwave processed ghee conformed to legal specifications with respect to moisture, FFA, Reichert, Meissl, Polenske value and butyro-refractometer reading. There was no loss of vitamin A, E, phospholipids, conjugated linoleic acid and polyunsaturated fatty acids in microwave prossed ghee. Microwave radiations did not accelerate lipid oxidation through free radical generation during the preparation of ghee.

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004181   Manpreet Kaur;Shukla F C (Department of Foods and Nutrition, College of Home Science, PAU, Ludhiana) : Extrusion cooking of foods. Beverage Fd Wld 1999, 26(5), 19-25,34.

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004180   Manian C V (NO, Research and Development Centre of Heavy Engineering Group, Larsen and, Saki Vihar Road, Mumbai-400 072) : Challenges in food process engineering. Beverage Fd Wld 1999, 26(5), 41-6.

Demands of globalisation and increased competition has brought into critical focus the importance of good process engineering in the food process industry. Awareness of primary need for hygiene along with the need to produce at the minimum cost enforces a major responsibility on the process engineer. The engineer has to keep abreast of the latest technology, conceptualize and introduce changes in the process, technology, equipment, quality control and packing, so that all the above objectives are met and the product made cost-effective and quality competitive.

004179   Maitin B K (NO, McDowell and Co. Ltd, Technical Centre, Shariff Chambers, 14, Cunningham Road, Bangalore) : Modern trends in instrumental analysis of foods and beverages. Beverage Fd Wld 1999, 26(5), 47-60.

Modern instrumental analysis is widely used in foods and beverages industries for useful quality, process and R and D applications to overcome the problems generally experienced with the conventional analysis. In recent years, significant advances have been made in various analytical instruments which offer lower detection limits, better accuracy and precision, faster analysis, automation capabilities etc. A range of newer analytical techniques has also emerged offering remarkable benefits for foods and beverages applications.

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004178   Jayakumar T;Mukhopadhyay C K;Kasiviswanathan K V;Baldev Raj (Metallurgy and Materials Group, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam-603 102) : Acoustic and magnetic methods for characterisation of microstructures and tensile deformation in AISI type 304 stainless steel. Trans Indian Inst Metals 1998, 51(6), 485-509.

Microstructural characterisations with non-destructive test techniques is a relatively new and useful method of assessment of the quality of finished components and their degradation during service. Acoustic and magnetic methods have been applied to characterise the deformation - induced micro structures and the tensile property in mechanically and thermo-mechanically treated AISI type 304 stainless steel. Characterisation of the tensile deformation and changes in the microstructure have been made by ultrasonic technique. Acoustic emission technique has been used to study the characteristics of α - martensite transformation during mechanical and thermo-mechanical treatments. Magnetic methods have been employed to detect the α' - martensite phase formed after mechanical and thermo mechanical treatments. Based on these studies, an attempt has been made to correlate various NDT techniques with the changes in structure and tensile property.

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004177   Geetha R;Balkar Singh;Sharma R C (NO, Shri Ram Institute for Industrial Research, 19, University Road, Delhi) : Synthesis of monomer 1, 1, difluoro ethylene. Pop Plast Packag 1999, 44(10), 67-70,73.

Different raw materials like ethane and methane derivatives, acetylene, vinylidene chloride, tetralfuorocyclobutane, etc. for the preparation of 1,1-difluoroethylene have been reviewed. Also covered are techniques like dehydrohalogenation, use of lasers, photochlorination, followed by pyrolysis and the use of catalysts for same.

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004176   Geary R;Litschert J (NO, LCI Corp, Charlotte, NC, USA) : Polymer filter media. Asian Text J 1999, 8(4), 106-10.

Media selection is critical for optimum filtration performance and filter element life. Fibre metal felt, especially multilayer graded material, is the proven choice for polymer filtration. However, not all FMF constructions are the same : they vary in cost and the performance they provide. Further, different manufacturers have different method of rating their media. Users who do not know or understand these differences may be limiting their filtration system's performance or paying more than they should in operating costs. These risks are easily overcome. First, the user should ask the filter element supplier to provide full specifications for the media being quoted. Second users should have comparative tests done on current and proposed media to determine which media is the best choice of their process.

004175   Ashraf Pal M;Beniwal B S;Karwasra R K (Department of Animal Products Technology, College of Animal Sciences, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125 004) : Comparative efficacy of citric and malic acids as coagulants for paneer manufacture. Indian J Dairy Sci 1999, 52(3), 156-9.

Malic and citric acids were compared for their coagulant capability in Paneer manufacture. Malic acid resulted in a significantly higher (P±0.05) moisture retention in paneer as compared with one prepared from citric acid. Malic acid resulted in lower fat and total solids losses in whey. There was no difference between the acceptability of the two samples except for body and texture scores which were comparatively lowere for malic acid paneer owing to its higher moisture content.

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003163   Tsanov T;Gospodinova N;Mokreva P;Terlemezyan L (NO, Institute of Polymers, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, BG-1113 Sofia, Bulgaria) : Dispersion and flocculation processes taking place in polyaniline-poly(Ethylene-Co-Vinylacetate) composite films during their storage. J Polym Mater 1998, 15(4), 349-54.

Changes in the electronic absorption spectra and in the electrical conductivity during storage of conductive polyaniline/poly(ethylene-co-vinylacetate) composite films were studied. The results showed that both dispersion and flocculation processes proceed in the composites, the electrical conductivity of which corresponds to the range well above the so-called percolation threshold or conductivity jump. This can be regarded as an extension of Wessling's "dispersion-flocculation' hypothesis towards higher conductivity ranges.

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003162   Srinaga R;Rajalingam P;Perumal P T (Organic Chemistry Division, Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai-600 020) : Liquid crystal polyesters : preparation of polyesters containing bisphenol-A. J Polym Mater 1998, 15(4), 419-22.

Different main-chain thermotropic polyesters having an alternating sequence of mesogenic units and polymethylene spacers as well as their model compounds were prepared. All the compounds and polymers were well characterised by IR, ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR. 10 ref

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003161   Shridhar M H;Lata P;Rao V (Department of Materials Science, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri) : Miscibility studies of PVA-PVP blend by viscosity and ultrasonic measurements. J Indian Coun Chem 1998, 15(1&2), 31-3.

Detailed Viscometric and ultrasonic studies have been conducted on solutions of blends of polyvinylalcohol (PVA) and polyvinylpyrollidone (PVP). In viscosity measurements, in one method, concentration of the polymers is fixed and blend composition is varied and in the second method blend ratio is kept constant and concentration is varied from dilute to semidilute region. Relative viscosity versus composition plot is found to be linear. No cross over is observed in the plot of reduced viscosity versus concentration. Experimental intrinsic viscosity is compared with values predicted from the weighed averages of intrinsic viscosities of each constituent. In ultrasonic measurements, ultrasonic velocity is plotted versus blend composition and is found to be linear. From these observations, it can be concluded that PVA and PVP form miscible blends in the entire composition range. Miscibility may be due to hydrogen bond formation between hydroxyl group of PVA and carbonyl group of PVP.

003160   Sen A R;Bhagwan P S K (Meat Science and Pelt Technology Section, Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar-304 501) : Appraisal of two genetic groups of rabbits for carcass and meat quality traits in males and females. Indian J Anim Sci 1999, 69(8), 631-3.

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003159   Radhakrishna K (NO, BMS College of Engg., Bangalore-19) : Dry sliding wear of alloyed austempered ductile iron castings. Indian Fndry J 1999, 45(8), TP171-6.

Experiments were carried out to study the dry sliding wear behaviour of austempered ductile iron castings. Ductile iron with composition 3.4% C, 2.4% Si, 0.6% Mn, 0.05% S, 0.02% P and 0.05% Mg was produced by treating the base iron with FeSi Mg alloy at 1450-1500°C, using a lab scale mains frequency induction furnace. Cylindrical castings were made using CO₂ sand moulds. For alloying, Fe-Ni and Fe-Mo were added to the molten metal to bring about the microstructural changes in the castings. Heat treatment of castings was also adopted to change the microstructure. The castings were then sectioned for the study of microstructure and to conduct dry sliding wear test. The wear specimens were slid on EN 19 disc having a hardness of 63 HRc and the change in length was measured as a function of time to represent wear. It was found that by austempering the ductile iron, by employing lower austempering time, by employing lower austempering temperature, by alloying with Mo and Ni, the wear in the iron can be reduced.

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003158   Onal A;Kepez M (NO, Gaziosmanpasa University, Natural Dyes Aspplication and Research Cente, Tokat, Turkey) : Determination of effect of novel mordant mixture (urea + ammonia + calcium oxalate) on wool dyeing. Bull pure appl Sci-Sect C 1998, 17(1), 43-52.

New development was carried out on dyeing of wool using quercetin which is present in buckthorn (Rhamnus tincotoria) and the effect of (urea + ammonia + calcium oxalate) mixture was determined using pre-mordantation method. Fourty wool samples were dyed for each of combination which are urea, ammonia, calcium oxalate, (urea + ammonia) and (urea + ammonia + calcium oxalate). Some transition element's salts such as FeSO₄, CuSO₄, NiCl₂ were used for second mordantation agents in every combination. Dyeing conditions and other characteristics were determined and the repeatable specialities were gained to these processes and mostly high fastness colours were obtained using (urea + ammonia + calcium oxalate) mixtures.

003157   Mohamed M G;Abd-El-Messieh S L (Petrochemical Department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt) : Dielectric properties of waste polyethylene filled with silica and asbestos. J Polym Mater 1998, 15(4), 343-7.

Systematic dielectric study in addition to hardness measurements were carried out on waste polyethylene (low and high density) separately filled with silica and asbestos to different extents ranging from 2.5% to 25% by weight. The permittivity ε' and loss tangent tan δ at the frequency range from 100 Hz to 50 kHz were found to increase by increasing the temperature or the filler percentage. The conclusion from this study is that incorporative of small extents of silica (2.5 and 5% by weight) to waste polyethylenes provides composites of insulating properties better than those containing similar weight proportions of asbestos. On the other hand, ε' and tan δ for composites based on low density polyethylene (LDPE) waste are higher than those for high density polyethylene (HDPE) waste as LDPE is known to be less crystalline than HDPE. Shore hardness measurements show that the hardness of the filled composites increases by increasing the filler content while composites based on HDPE showing higher hardness values than those based on LDPE.

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003156   Mathiyarasu J;Palaniswamy N;Muralidharan V S (Corrosion Science and Engineering Division, Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi-630 006) : Electrochemical behaviour of copper-nickel alloy in chloride solution. Proc Indian Acad Sci-Chem Sci 1999, 111(2), 377-86.

Cyclic voltammetric measurements were made on pure copper, nickel and 70//30 copper-nickel alloy in sodium sulphate and sodium chloride (0.5 M) solutions. In sodium sulphate solution the passivation of copper and nickel is through oxide formation. The passive film on copper nickel alloy is found to have nickel ions ingress along with copper oxide by volume diffusion. Nickel ions cause hindrance to the reduction of copper oxide to copper. The presence of chloride ions increases the dissolution of nickel while copper is passivated. The formation of CuCl₂ and its subsequent hydrolysis to hydroxide prevents the dissolution. Introduction of nickel in copper depassivates the copper and hydrolysis of monovalent copper complex is prevented by the ingress of nickel ions. The formation of NiCl₂ along with CuCl₂ is facilitated by chloride ions.

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003155   Iyer A;Sadhu P N (NO, Sunbeam Castings, Gurgaon-122 001) : Metal treatment practices in aluminium die casting industry. Indian Fndry J 1999, 45(8), 17-25.

In order to consistently produce high quality castings with little scrap, it is necessary to produce quality molten metal. Quality molten metal is metal of proper alloy composition, free from trap elements, with a minimum level of dissolved gas and foreign inclusions, and at the correct pouring temperature, proper nucleation potential, and proper modification potential to promote the formation of the desired microstructure during solidification of the alloy. The important molten metal processing steps include, melting, fluxing, degassing, inclusion removal by floatation and/or filtration, grain refinement and modification of silicon eutectic. This covers some practical aspects of fluxing, grain refining, modification and degassing molten metal within the aluminium industry.

003154   Gupta K;Yaseen M (Organic Coatings and Polymers Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-50007) : Rheological parameters of poly(vinyl chloride) solutions in cyclohexanone - xylene mixture. J Polym Mater 1998, 15(4), 371-8.

Apparent viscosity data of Poly(vinyl chloride) solutions in cyclohexanone and in mixtures of cyclohexanone and xylene have been determined at 30°C and analyzed by using Power Law and Cross Models. The estimated rheological parameters like flow index, consistency index, limiting viscosities at zero and infinite shear rates, and rupture constant indicate that a 1:1 mixture of cyclohexanone and xylene serves as a better solvent system for dissolving PVC than only cyclohexanone or other cyclohexanone-xylene mixtures. The values of flow index, n and rupture constant, α, indicate a shoft from dilatant to pseudoplastic behavior of PVC solutions in the mixed solvent systems containing more than 50% of xylene.

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003153   Gasilova E R;Ya Frenkel S (NO, Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy Pr., 31, 199004; St.-Petersburg, Russia) : Dynamics of liquid crystalline pretransitional phenomena. J Polym Mater 1998, 15(4), 389-401.

Transverse magnetic relaxation in the solutions of liquid-crystalline main chain polymers and in the melt of the low molecular weight nematic is studied. In both macroscopically isotropic phases local order fluctuations were shown to modulate the echo decay in 90° x-t-180° pulse sequence and to involve the dependence of spin-spin relaxation time T₂ on the pulse separation (t_cp) in Curr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill pulse sequence (90° x-t-180° t-t_cp-180° t-t_cy-180° y-...). Exchange rate and modulation frequency (δω) are estimated from T₂ (t_cp) dependencies using Luz-Meiboom approximation. Temperature dependence of δω in the melt of low molecular weight LC is shown to follow the Curie-Weiss law: δω^-2 ∝ T-T<42>, T<42> being close to the clearing point. This correspondence strongly supports our interpretation of the role of pretransitional phenomena in the frequency modulation. Deborah's number, ratio of the life time of cluster to the observation time, is shown to be a basic characteristic of these fluctuating systems, necessary for analyzing the contradictory data of different methods (dielectric and NMR spectroscopy, NMR relaxation).

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003152   Ecob C M;White D S (NO, , ) : Examination of the benefits derived from thermally efficient handling of molten cast irons. Indian Fndry J 1999, 45(8), TP159-64.

003151   Datta R N;Wagenmakers J C (Flexsys B.V. Technology Center, Zutphensweg 10, 7418 AJ Deventer, , The Netherlands) : High temperature curing of NR compounds by using 1,3-bis(Citraconimidomethyl) benzene. J Polym Mater 1998, 15(4), 379-87.

Chemistry of reversion is reviewed. The concept of reversion protection by using a new chemical, 1,3-bis(citraconimidomethyl) benzene (BCI-MX) is discussed. Based on this concept, the possibility of hightemperature cure is examined.

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003150   Collar E P;Asreso S;Laguna O;Garcia-martinez J M (Departamento de Fisica e Ingenieria de Polimeros, Instituto de Ciencia, , ) : Effect of succinic anhydride modified atactic polypropylene as interfacial agent in PP/Talc composites I.-thermal behavior. J Polym Mater 1998, 15(4), 355-61.

Thermal behaviour of PP/Talc composites is discussed on the basis of the changes induced by the addition, as interfacial agent, of succinic anhydride modified atactic polypropylenes (containing different level of grafting) obtained in laboratories by chemical modification of a by-product from industrial polymerization reactor. From this study, the interfacial modification effects induced on the composites can be clearly concluded.

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003149   Collar E P;Areso S;Laguna O;Garcia-Martinez J M (Departamento de Fisica e Ingenieria de Polimeros, Instituto do Ciencia y Tecnologia de Polimeros. C.S.I.C., C/Juan de la, ) : Effect of succinic anhydride modified atactic polypropylene as interfacial agent in PP/Talc composites II.-Dynamic-mechanical behaviour. J Polym Mater 1998, 15(4), 363-9.

Dynamic-mechanical analysis has been used to put into evidence the interfacial changes in PP/Talc composites induced by the addition of succinic anhydride modified atactic polypropylenes (a-PP-SA), obtained in laboratories by modification of a by-product coming from industrial polimerization reactors. The interfacial modification effects in the composites, in terms of the amount of replaced matrix as well as of the grafting level, have been clearly concluded.

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003148   Bhuniya S;Maiti S (Materials Science Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur-721 302) : Synthesis and characterization of a new epoxy resin. J Polym Mater 1998, 15(4), 335-41.

A new epoxy polymer was synthesized from diethanolamino cyanuric dichloride bisphenol-A and epichlorohydrin using the traditional solution polymerization method. This diethanolamino cyanuric dichloride was synthesized from diethanol amine and cyanuric acid in the water and acetone mixed solvent, and characterized by IR, elemental and NMR analyses. The new epoxy polymer was characterized by inherent viscosity measurement, elemental analysis, IR, ¹H-HMR, ¹³C-NMR, X-ray diffraction and GPC analyses. The epoxy polymer is highly soluble in polar solvents like DMF, DMSO, NMP, HMPA, acetone etc. like other commercial epoxy resins.

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003147   Basak A;Sastry B V S K (Metallurigical and Materials Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur-721 302) : Wear characteristics of austempered ductile iron alloyed with copper. Indian Fndry J 1999, 45(8), TP165-70.

Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI) alloyed with copper was subjected to adhesive wear tests on a pin-on-disc wear machine under varying loads XRD, SEM, XPS and microhardness studies were carried out. Variations of frictional interface temperatures and forces were noted with time during the tests. It was observed that under low wearing loads oxidative wear through the stick and slip mechanisms predominates and the same changes over to laminative wear on increasing the wearing load as well as the copper content of the alloy. Mostly (Fe₂O₃) oxide debris are formed due to the oxidative wear. The presence of copper in ADI increased its wear resistance (110%) under low wearing loads through work hardening effects probably due to the formation of stress-induced martensite. It also enhances the laminative wear and tends to resist the wear of ADI under high wearing loads.

003146   Bakirci I;Turel I;Aksoy A;Coskun H (Department of Food Engineering, Agricultural College of Yuzuncu Yil University, 65080, Van-Turkey) : Changes in nitrate and nitrite contents of herby cheese with different herb concentrations during ripening. Bull pure appl Sci-Sect C 1998, 17(1), 1-7.

Effect of different levels of wild garlic (Allium sp.) on the nitrate and nitrite contents of herby cheese was aimed to determine during ripening. Herby cheese was produced from whole and raw cows' milk, and divided into 5 groups. The first group had no herb and used as control (K), and the other four groups contained the herb at ratios of 0.5, 1.2 and 3%, and coded as A, B, C, and D respectively. Each group was produced in duplicate. Samples were taken from the cheeses on days 1, 15, 30, 60, 90 and 150, and nitrate and nitrite analyses were carried out. According to the results obtained, while diferent concentrations of wild garlic had no significant effect on nitrate content of herby cheese, nitrite content of the herb-added cheeses significantly differed from those of control group, and group C and D and significant (P<60>0.01) levels of nitrite when compared with group K.

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003145   Bajpai R;Agrawal K;Agrawal P;Datt S C (Department of Postgraduate Studies and Research in Physics, Rani Durgavati University, Jabalpur-482 001) : Annealed and quenched microhardness of polycarbonate under different conditions. J Polym Mater 1998, 15(4), 329-34.

Effect of annealing and quenching on the microhardness of polycarbonate has been investigated. The profiles of the curves obtained for these thermal treatments reveal their significant effect on the microhardness level of the polycarbonate. Annealing as well as quenching, both the processes, are found to decrease the level of hardness, while increment in microhardness is observed with the increasing pretreatment time. Quenching was carried out in three different media, viz., air, water and ice water. The highest degree of crystallinity was observed for the heating time of 5 h for all the three media. However, quenching in water imparted the highest regularity for molecular ordering in polycarbonates.

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003144   Badaruddoza;Afzal M (Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202 002) : Social correlations of breast feeding in north India. Indian J Physiol Allied Sci 1999, 53(1), 1-5.

Data are used from the Aligarh district, North India to investigate the effect of different social correlates like residence, education and age of marriage etc. on the duration of breast feeding. It has been found that all social correlates have significant effect on the length of breast feeding, It is also suggested that mothers should be encouraged for prolonged breast feeding for ensuring healthy children and the reduction of fertility rate.

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003143   Ateia E (Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt) : Influence of dynamic cyclic extension on the electrical conductivityof NBR/PVC conductie blends. J Polym Mater 1998, 15(4), 403-8.

Butadiene acrylonitrile rubber (NBR) was blended with different concentration of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) according to standard techniques. The vulcanized sample was subjected to dynamic cyclic extension with different magnitude of strain amplitude and constant number of strain cycles. The resulting variation of electrical conductivity σ of the above composites was then studied. It was found that samples containing low concentration of PVC showed a remarkable decrease in σ up to critical concentration. Furthermore, the variation of σ with the number of strain cycles was investigated.

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003142   Aliyu B A (Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 2076 Yola, Nigeria) : Semi-I interpenetrating polymer networks based on polyurethane and polystyrene PU/PS. 1 synthesis and transition behavior. J Polym Mater 1998, 15(4), 409-17.

Chain and step growth polymerizations were used in the formation of polyurethane (Pu) and polystyrene (Ps) based interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs). The reaction conditions were synchronized by performing separate kinetic studies on PU and PS forming reactions at different catalyst triethylene diamine (TED) and initiator-Azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) concentrations respectively. Optimum (TED) and AIBN) for the IPN formation were I mole % based on (NCO) and 0.5% wt/wt based on styrene concentrations. Two series of IPNs namely, sequentially and simultaneously reacted IPNs designated as selPN and SIIPNs respectively have been prepared. The composition of PU:PS varies between 0 and 100% PS. Differential scanning colorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical studies (DMS) were made on the two series. Generally only two transition temperatures were observed for both series though a third transition temperature was observed in SIPU25/PS 75 and SIPU20/PS 80 IPNs. Both DSC and DMS, therefore, suggest that incompatible IPN blends were formed; which is an indication of very limited miscibility between the two components (PU and PS). Macroscopic phase separation occurred for SIIPNs with <62> and <62> 75% styrene contents, and no data were therefore obtained in this region. The immiscibility of the IPNs was explained largely in the nature of the components PU and PS and the preparation methods used.

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002108   Viswanathan Nair P G;Ammu K;Devadasan K (NO, Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Kochi-682 029) : Hypocholesterolemic effect of polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrate prepared from fish oil. J Fd Sci Technol 1998, 35(5), 403-7.

Hypocholesterolemic effects of a concentrate of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) prepared from commercially available fish oil were evaluated in albino rats. PUFA concentrate containing about 76% of total polyunsaturated acids (36<128>% of docosahexaenoic acid, (DHA) and 23% of eicosapentaenoic acid, (EPA) was incorporated in a hypercholesterolemic diet at 1% level and fed to rats for two different periods, viz., one month and three months. The results showed that one month was too short a period for the hypocholesterolemic effects to be manifested. continuation of the same diet for three months resulted in lowering of serum cholesterol level to about 36% of that in the control group. Cholesterol content f the liver of the animals fed on PUFA-supplemented diet was more than two times that of the control group (2.71 and 1.17 g/100g, respectively). Total lipid content of the liver of the animals also showed a similar trend, suggesting that n-3 PUFA probably would lower serum cholesterol between serum and tissues.

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002107   Venkateswara Rao V (NO, National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur 831 007) : Microstructure and properties of high strength aluminium alloys subjected to rapid solidification processing. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 1999, 6(3), 158-63.

High strength aluminium alloys of 7075 type, modified by the addition of 1.0 wt% Fe, Mn, or Ni were rapidly solidified (RS) by centrifugal atomization and substrate quenching. The product was in the form of circular platelets of 3-5 mm diameter and 20-5- μm thick and solidfied at a cooling rate of ≥10⁴°C/s. Microstructural study of the RS alloys revealed some novel features like bimodal morphology and spiral morphology. The RS platelets were consolidated by compacting, vacuum heat treatment and hot extrusion. The consolidated alloys had good surface finish and exhitied moderate improvement in properties.

002106   Toppo N G;Yadava R;Choudhary S P (Department of Veterinary Public Health & Epidemiology, Ranchi Veterinary College, Ranchi) : Level of bacterial contamination of pork luncheon meat at different stages of its production. Indian vet med J 1999, 23(1), 9-12.

Total viable count of cured and minced pork, as expressed in log10 scale ranged from 6.3802 to 7.9912 with an average of 7.2987/gm. All the samples examined were positive for coliform and the count varied between 3.3802 to 4.9777 with an average of 3.9805/gm. Similarly all the samples were positive for faecal streptococci and the count varied from 2.3802 to 4.4913 with an average of 3.5655/gm. Altogether, 17 out of 20 (85.0%) samples were positive for sulphite reducing clostridia and the count varied from zero to 3.00 with the average of 1.3500/gm. There was significant reduction in total viable, coliform, faecal streptococci and sulphite reducing clostridial counts when the minced pork was subjected to heat treatment in moulds during the preparation of pork luncheon meat. However, significant increase in total viable, coliform and faecal stretococcal counts in sliced and packaged pork luncheon meat was observed due to post processing contamination.

002105   Shehata H A;Attia El-S A;Attia A A (Food Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia Egypt) : Effect of some additives on the quality of low fat cooked emulsion sausage of beef. J Fd Sci Technol 1998, 35(5), 447-50.

Attempt was made to improve the quality of a newly developed cooked sausage prepared by reducing the fat (50% lean beef + 20% fat tissues + 30% ice) to obtain low fat sausage. The quantities of spices and condiments were also altered to increase the intensity of aroma of the product so as to suit Egyptian palate. Seven treatments were investigated. Besides the control, 6 samples were prepared to study the influence of sodium diphosphate, soy protein isolate emulsion, dry soy protein isolate, sodium caseinate emulsion or dry and modified starch. The data showed that the moisture and moisture; protein ratio were relatively high, while protein, fat and connective tissue contents and a were relatively low. In the canned products, total jelly was relatively low (5.38-10.66%) sodium nitrite, potassium nitrate and total nitrate (76.49 ppm) were still markedly less than the amounts permitted by the Egyptian standard and FRG law (125 ppm). Ammonia concentration did not vary widely among treatments. Colour brightness and total organoleptic scores showed that the sodium diphosphate was the best treatment. Dry soy protein isolate developed a beany flavour. The aw values were low, particularly for the diphosphate treatments. Nevertheless, sodium diphosphate and dry sodium caseinate treatment gave the best results.

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002104   Sathe P D;Gogte B B (NO, Institute of Petrochemical Engineering, Lonere-402 103, ) : New fast drying styrenated alkyds. Paintindia 1999, 49(5), 43-6.

Some interesting experiments on styreated alkyds containing 5 to 50% styrene have been conducted. The oil length of alkyds have been varied from 28 to 60%. A special cataloyst called styro catalyst has been developed in our laboratory for smooth polymerisation. The proportion of polyol has been drastically reduced. A net saving of 28-30% has been claimed on raw material cost. The physico-chemical properties and film properties of varnish samples have been studied. Some fast drying compositions have been identified. The resistance of film to water, alkali and detergent is good. The resistance to acids is slightly poor. The hardness, adhesion and drying characteristics of many formulations are excellent. A two pack system one containing the binder and other containing the drier has been recommended. The stability of attempted formulations is excellent when used as a two pack system. A wide variation in proportion of oil, styrene and rosin can help to control the raw material cost depending on price fluctuation. These varnishes can be used in formulations of metal primers, wood primers, semigloss enamels, oil bound distempers, printing inks and duplicating inks.

002103   Pangas T K;Sachdev A K;Ram Gopal;Verma S S (Division of Post Harvest Technology, Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122) : Storage stability of fried chicken gizzard. J Fd Sci Technol 1998, 35(5), 419-21.

Experiment were conducted to observe quality losses in fried chicken gizzard stored under ambient (15 to 21°C, 69 to 82° RH) and at refrigerated (4<145><255>1%C, 80% RH) temperatures for 7 and 14 days, respectively. Non-significant reductions in pH and moisture along with significant (P<60><255> 0.05) increases in shear force and thiobarbituric acid values were observed. Crude proteins and ether extractives were not significantly affected during ambient storage. However, significant increases in these were noticed in refrigerated samples on the 14th day. Total plate counts (TPC) of raw gizzards decresed during processing. Though the extended storaged caused increase in TPC, it was within the permissible limits. The results on the microbial, physico-chemical and sensory properties suggested that fried gizzard could be stored for 7 days at ambient and for 14 days at refrigerated temperature, respectively, without affecting its eating quality

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002102   Narasimhamurthy K;Raina P L (Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore-570 013) : Physico-chemical characteristics of some vegetable oils during heating and frying. J Fd Sci Technol 1998, 35(5), 432-4.

Changes in the physico-chemical characteristics of oils during heating and frying were studied in respect of groundnut, sesame and coconut oil (heating at 180°C for 72 h and frying under laboratory conditions). The results indicated relatively greater alterations in heated oils compared to fried oils. Peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid value, iodine value, conjugated dienoic acid and free fatty acids showed significant changes in heated oils compared to fried oils. The fatty acid analysis showed significant increases in the levels of 16:0, 18:0 and 18:1 and a decrease in the level of 18:2 in both heated and fried oils.

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002101   Murali K R;Subramanian V;Chockalingam M J (NO, Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi-630 006) : Studies on the spray pyrolised CuInS₂ films. Bull Electrochem 1998, 14(12), 476-80.

Electrical, optical and electrochemical properties of thin films of CuInS₂ prepared by spray pyrolysis using cuprous chloride, indium chloride and thiourea sprayed onto heated glass, conducting SnO₂: F and Ti substrates are reported. CuInS₂ is a promising semiconductor in the group of I-III-VI semiconductors for photoelectrochemical cells due to its high absorption coefficient (10⁴ cm^-1) and the optimum band gap (1.55 eV). Polyerystalline films spray pyrolysed at substrate temperatures in the range of 523-573 K were nearly stoichiometric as shown by auger electron spectroscopic studies. More reports are available on the preparation of `n' type CuInS<sub>2</sub>. Photoelectrochemical studies on spray pyrolysed `p' type CuInS₂ with vaccum annealing treatment has been reported. XRD studies indicated prominent peaks of CuInS₂ with a chalcopyrite structure. The films wee `p' type and their resistivities after vacuum annealing at 573 K WAS found to be 2 X 10^-3 ohm cm. The films were characterised by XRD, EPMA, AES, optical, SEM and photoelectrochemical studies. A substrate temperature of 573 K was found to be favourable for obtaining stoichiometric films. Hall measurement on the films indicated a resistivity around 10^-3 ohm cm, carrier concentration around 10¹⁸ cm^-3 and a mobility around 25 cm² V^-1 s^-1.

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002100   Mukhopadhyay S;Chandalia S B (Department of Chemical Technology, University of Mumbai, Matunga, Mumbai 400 019) : Production of γ-butyrolactone by liquid phase oxidation of 1, 4-butanediol. Indian J chem Technol 1999, 6(4), 237-9.

Alternative manufacturing process-scheme was developed to synthesize γ-butyrolactone with very high selectivity. Ruthenium trichloride was used as a redox catalyst and sodium hypochlorite as the oxidizing agent. Different process parameters such as temperature, effect of pH, mode of reaction and catalyst loading were studied to develop the most suitable process conditions. Under best suitable conditions, at 83% conversion level of 1,4-butanediol, 97% selectivity to the desired lactone was achieved in 5 h.

002099   Mohan P;Srivastava A K (Department of Chemistry, Harcourt Butler Technological Institute, Kanpur 208 002) : Polymer alloy of poly (metal acrylate). Indian J chem Technol 1999, 6(4), 219-24.

Series of different type of polymer alloys has been prepared by the combination of poly (acrylonitrile) (PAN) and poly (bismuth acrylate) (PBiA)/poly (arsenic acrylate) (PAsA). The metal forms a complex with the nitrogen of poly (acrylonitrile), as evidenced from IR and FTIR spectroscopy. The higher value of interaction coefficient (kAB) for PBiA-PAN (1.2) in comparison to PAsA-PAN (0.6254), indicates the formation of strong complex and Vander Walls forces between PBiA and PAN macromolecules. The presence of two closed values (146, 152°C) for Tg and little phase separation in SEM micrographs shows that PAN and PAsA are sufficiently compatible with each other. However, the PAN and PBiA are completely compatible as there is no phase separation in SEM micrographs and has single Tg (281°C).

002098   Mathews A R;Mahadeviah M;Gowramma R V; Krishnamurthy M N (Packaging Technology Department, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore-570 013) : Packaging of raw groundnut oil in tin-free steel cans. J Fd Sci Technol 1998, 35(5), 435-7.

Studies on groundnut oil packed in tin-free steel and tinplate containers indicated that there was no significant difference in the peroxide value, free fatty acids and the quality of oil between the two types of containers. Large area of iron exposure caused an increase in peroxide value. Incorporation of free fatty acids resulted in the acceleration of peroxide value.

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002097   Mascarenhas M (NO, Goodlass Nerolac Paints Ltd., Nerolac House, Ganpatrao Kadam Marg, Lower Parel, Mumbai-400 013) : Novel uses of micro-organisms in the paint industry. Paintindia 1999, 49(5), 35-40.

In the pain industry, the general emphasis has been on the control of micro-organisms due to their deleterious effects on both raw material as well as the finished product. However increasingly, research in being conducted to discover ways of exploitingmicro-organisms in a positive way. Thus the ability of micro-organisms to tolerate and degrade unwanted, waste products that are often toxic to the environment, is made use of in biofitration plants for VOC reduction and emission control. Effluent treatment plants use the same principle to reduce levels of wastes to acceptable standards. Micro-organisms are also capable of synthesizing useful products which may find use as raw materials in the paint field. Thus the production of antifouling agents, industrial polysaccharides, pigments, etc. by micro-organisms offer eco-friendly and cheaper alternatives to chemically produced products without any compromise on the quality of the final product. Moreover the ability to manipulate micro-organisms through genetic engineering opens the road to a host of possiblities in the future, making microbial biotechnology an exciting and interesting field of research.

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002096   Mandeep Singh;Panesar P S;Marwaha S S (Department of Biotechnology, Punjabi University, Patiala-147 002) : Suitability of kinnow fruit for the production of wine. J Fd Sci Technol 1998, 35(5), 455-7.

Optimization of process condition for alcoholic fermentation of kinnow juice to kinnow wine by Saccharomyces cerevisiae MTCC 178 is discribed. The optimal fermentation of kinnow juice was recorded at 30°C temperature, pH 4.5 and total soluble solids of 24° Brix with an inoculum level of 14% (v/v). The fermentation of the fruit mash was completed within 4-5 days. A maximum ethanol content of 11.3% (v/v) was detected in the kinnow wine under optimized conditions.

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002095   Madhavi Reddy M;Yenagi N B;Rao M;Srinivasan C N;Hanchinal R R (Department of Foods and Nutrition, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad-580 005) : Grain and gluten quality of some cultivars of wheat species and their suitability for preparation of traditional south Indian sweet products. J Fd Sci Technol 1998, 35(5), 441-4.

Wheat varieties of Triticum dicoccum (`HW-1093; `NP-200' and `DDK-1001'), T. aestivum (`DWR-162' and `HD-2189') and T. durum (`HD-4502' and `DWR-185') were studied for their physical, chemical and cooking properties and evaluated for organoleptic qualities of traditional wheat-based products, viz., godi huggi and gulladiki laddu. Thousand kernel weight (32.5 to 44.5 g) volume (46.0 to 55.7 ml) and density (0.7 to 0.8 g/ml) of the grains significantly varied amongst the varieties of some species. Dicoccums were relatively rich in proteins (12.5 to 13.7%), total (1.6 to 2.1%) and non-reducing sugar contents (1.1 to 1.8%), Durums were rich in fat (1.6 to 1.7%) and ash (1.8 to 1.9%). The cooking time of polished grains was lesser by 11 to 12% when compared to whole wheat grains. Polished grains of dicoccums took minimum cooking time (21 to 23 min). Gluten yield and frying quality of dicoccums compared well with aestivums. Traditional products of dicoccums had relatively better taste, doneness and flavour and suited for both godi huggi and gulladiki laddu. Products of aestivum had relatively better texture and suitable for preparation of gulladiki laddu.

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002094   Kalra C L;Sehgal R C;Nageender A;Berry S K (Regional Centre, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Gill Road, Ludhiana-141 006) : Preparation, packaging and quality standards of mongra - a traditional savoury product. J Fd Sci Technol 1998, 35(5), 414-8.

Thirty two samples of Mongra were analyzed for their chemical composition. Monga varied widely in its chemical composition. The ranges of variations in respect of moisture (0,18-6.9%(, proteins (15.16-21.15%), ehter extractive (37.13-61.33%), common salt (0.98-3.90% and total ash (1.17-5.11%) have been reported. A standard recipe was developed to prepare laboratory samples. Based on these values, frequency distribution histograms have been plotted and quality standards for Mongra have been suggested. Mongra prepared in refined cottonseed oil by incorporation of antioxidant (BHA at 0.1 g/kg flour) had a better shelf life. To ascertain the packaging requirements of Mongra. ERH studies have been conducted. The ERH of Mongra bearing initial moisture 2.63% was found to be 53.4%.