008447   Antony A A A;Kalaignan G P;Gopalan A; Balakrishnan K;Vasdevan T (Department of Industrial Chemistry, Alagappa University, Karaikudi-630 003) : Development and characterization of polymeric antiscalants for cooling water systems. Bull Electrochem 1999, 15(3-4), 124-6.

New Variety of effective low molecular weight copolymer was developed and laboratory studies were carried out to assess its control properties. It includes the antiscaling efficiency towards major scale formation and their ability to disperse iron for water treatment application. The efficiency of antiscaling treatments were also confirmed by electrochemical tests. The copolymer behaves well in the tests with good inhibition.

008446   Ajmal M;Rawat J;Quraishi M A (Corrosion Research Laboratory, Department of Applied Chemistry, Facult, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh) : Tetamethyl-dithia-hexaazacyclobidecanehexaene (MTAB) : a new acid corrosion inhibitor for mild steel. Bull Electrochem 1999, 15(1), 8-11.

Tetrametyl-dithia-hexaazacyclobidecane-hexaene(MTAB) was synthesized and its inhibitive performance towards the corrosion of mild steel in 1 N, 3 N, and 5 N HCI and H₂SO₄ was investigated by weight loss and potentiodynamic polarization techniques. The influence of inhibitor concentration, concentration of acids, immersion time and KI was also studied on the IE of MTAB. The inhibitor has exhibited better inhibitive performance in sulphuric acid than in hydrochloric acid. Potentiodynamic polarization studies indicated that MTAB acts as a mixed corrosion inhibitor in both acids. The adsorption of macrocyclic compound MTAB on mild steel surface obeyed Temkin's adsorption isotherm.

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007403   Tandel P B;Oza B N (Department of Chemistry, South Gujarat University, Surat-395 007) : Thermometric evaluation of inhibitive action of aniline and its derivatives for mild-steel in binary acid mixture (HCl + HNO3). Trans SAEST 1998, 33(1), 14-17.

Corrosion behaviour of mild-steel in binary acid (HCl + HNO3) mixture has been examined using conventional weight-loss and thermometric techniques in presence of aniline and its derivatives viz. o-anisidine, o-chloroaniline, o-nitro aniline, o-toluidine, p-toluidine, m-tolitidine and aniline. All these inhibitors obey Langmuir adsorption isotherm equation. Reaction Number (RN), Temperature difference (DT) as well as, Time to reach Tmax (Dt) were calculated by thermometric technique. Inhibition efficiency determined from the results of conventional weight loss and thermometric techniques are in good agreement for all the compounds used in the binary acid mixture. The mode of inhibitive action appears to be chemisorptioin. Aniline and its derivatives can be arranged in the following order of efficiency in inhibiting corrosion of mild-steel o-Anisidine <62> o-Chloroaniline <62> o-Nitroaniline <62> o-Toluidine <62> p-Toluidine <62> m-Toluidine <62> Aniline.

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007402   Sundaram C V (National Institute of Advanced Studies, Indian Institute of Sciences Campus, Bangalore-560 012) : Electro-chemical processes in nuclear materials engineering. Trans SAEST 1998, 33(1), 1-7.

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007401   Sudheer K P;Dash S K (Division of Agricultural Engineering, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110 012) : Osmo-solar dehydration of fruits and vegetables - an overview. Indian Fd Packer 1999, 53(3), 28-39.

Harvesting season for most tropical fruits generally coincides with high solar radiation levels, which allows utilization of solar energy for drying of the produce. A new concept for fruits and vegetable preservation, which combines use of solar drying with osmotic dehydration of fruits and vegetables, has proved very effective for preservation of fresh produce in various forms. This solar-assisted osmotic dehydration (SAOD) leads to considerable amount of moisture removal in the initial stage with the help of an osmotic agent, which shortens the solar drying time. Results indicate that the process also gives a product of very high nutritional and organoleptic quality. 87 ref

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007400   Srinivasan T V (NO, , W2C 8/20/8/Phase III, Golf Green Complex Calcutta-700 095) : Design features of thermally insulated container-wagon for the inter-shop transfer of hot cast steel. J Instn Engrs-Pt MC 1999, 80(Aug), 79-83.

Discusses the problems envisaged in the transport of hot slabs in one of the integrated steel plants in India, taken up for modernisation, having a total production capacity of 1.8 mt/year of liquid steel. Due to space constraints in between the existing steel melting shop (SMS-1) and the rolling mills, only 20 per cent of 25 per cent of the liquid steel can be produced in SMS-1. A bigger BOF comprising a continuous casting machine-SMS-2 with a capacity of producing the remaining 70 per cent to 75 per cent of the liquid steel/hot slabs has, therefore, been constructed in a new area at a distance of 4 km to 5 km away from the rolling mills. The prime objective of the paper is to solve the problem through a concept of a thermally insulated container-wagon for transport of hot slabs without any appreciable drop in their temperature for further processing in the rolling mills.

007399   Singh A K (NO, IFFCO, Kalol) : Nozzle ring modification in high pressure turbine of synthesis gas compressor in ammonia plant. Fertil News 1999, 44(10), 19-21.

In Fertiliser plants, particularly in the old units, continuous efforts should be made to implement modifications, so that the energy consumption is reduced. One such effort is described. The installation of the modified Nozzle Ring in the 25 years old Synthesis Gas Turbine has resulted in saving of 4.7 t/hr of medium pressure steam, the pay back period of the above modification is three months.

007398   Singh A;Gupta D K;Pandey J P (Department of Post Harvest Process & Food Engineering, G B Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar-263 145) : Distribution of oil in bran layers. J Instn Engrs-Pt AR 1999, 80(Sept), 1-4.

Deals with experimental investigation of oil content in bran in relation in time of milling up to 110 s (corresponding to 8% - 11% degree of polish) for five varieties of paddy (Manhar, Govind, Pant-dhan 4, UPR 79-123 and Type 3). It has been observed that average oil content in bran decreases with increase in degree of polish for all varieties. Out of four forms of mathematical models, ie linear, semi-logarithmic, second and third order polynomial, third order polynomial can precisely describe the relationship between average oil content of bran and degree of polish as well as between degree of polish and milling duration.

007397   Siluvai Michael M;Pushpavanam M;Subramanian G;Balakrishnan K (NO, Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi-630 006) : Corrosion resistance of electrodeposited zinc alloys : a marine exposure study. Bull Electrochem 1999, 15(5-6), 205-7.

Considerable efforts are being made to improve the life of galvanised steel substrates. Electrodeposited zinc alloy containing nickel or cobalt play a significant role in this aspect and most of the galvanishing industries abroad have switched over to these modified processes. In addition to offering increased service life they are considered as viable alternative to poisonous cadmium deposits also. Notwithstanding the extensive corrosion testing of these coating under simulative conditions in the laboratory, an elaborate programme of a field testing these superiority over conventional zinc deposit both in the passivated and up-passivated conditions was performed for 18 months under severe tropical marine conditions at Mandapam Camp. The results confirm that zinc 15% nickel alloy deposit are superior and zinc 1% cobalt deposit are much better than zinc deposits with respect to their corrosion resistance.

007396   Sidhu R K;Verma A;Raina K K (Thapar Corporate Research & Development Centre, Thaper Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala-147 001) : Effect of calcium chloride on the preparation of NdFeb alloy powder by calciothermic reduction process. Metals Mater Process 1999, 11(1), 35-42.

Calciothermic reduction process has been identified to be one of the cost effective processes for producing NdFeB from Nd2O3. Use of CaCl2 as slag former in calciothermic reduction is well established. Describes the effect of CaCl2 addition on the various properties of NdFeB alloy powder prepared by calciothermic reduction. The effect of CaCl2 on ease of disintegration of the reacted product during calcium leaching, particle size, particle size distribution, grain size, lattice parameters and residual calcium has been studied and compared with the alloy powder prepared without using calcium chloride. Addition of CaCl2 has been found to result in easier disintegration, reduction in grain size and more uniform particle size distribution. Substantial decrease in the residual calcium in case of charge consisting of CaCl2 was observed. The effect on the lattice parameters was not found to be very significant.

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007395   Sharma B D;Rao V K;Sushil Kumar (Division of Livestock Products Technology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar) : Effect of hot boning and preblending on the quality characteristics of chicke loaves. Indian J Poult Sci 1998, 33(2), 235-7.

Spent hens, btained in groups of 6 were dressed and dividied in two lots of 3 each. First lot was deboned and minced within 30 minutes of slaughter. Minced meat was preblended with 3.5% table salt and 150 ppm sodium nitrite and kept for 24 hours at 4°C. The other lot of dressed chicken was kept in refrigerator for 24 hours, deboned and minced just before processing. Chicken loaves of prostandardised formulation were prepared from both the lots and evaluated for quality parameters. The cooking yield of loaves prepared from hot preblended chicken meat was significantly (P<60>0.05) higher as compared to cold boned chicken. Sensory evaluation showed very good to excellent juiciness, texture and binding strength in loaves prepared from hot preblended chicken. The aliceability of this product was also excellent. The hot preblending of chicken is advantageous for the production of high quality chicken loaves.

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007394   Sethuraman R;Lakshmana Rao C;Kameswara Rao P (Department of Mechnical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai-600 036) : Fatigue crack growth of semi-elliptical surface cracks in curved geometries. J Struct Engng 1999, 26(1), 81-6.

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007393   Rao C R M (Chemical Division, Geological Survey of India, SRO, Bandlaguda, Hyderabad-500 068) : Use of quinolin -8- ol and carbamate reagents for the preconcentration of trace elements in sea water by complexation and adsorption on macroporous resin. Envir Geochem 1998, 1(2), 75-8.

Method is described for the preconcentration of various trace metals quantitatively from sea water after complexation with quinolin-8-ol and adsorption on to a column packed with macroporous polystyrene-divinyl benzene resin. Complex formation between ligand and the metal ions was achieved by heating a sample solution containing a small amount to quinolin -8-ol for a short time in a microwave oven. A mixed carbamate reagent (APDC + DDDC) was also employed for the complex formation at room temperature and quantitative recoveries of various metal ions were obtained with both the reagents. The present method offers several advantages like high concentration factors (500 or more) high sample throughout and ready adaptability for on board operation.

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007392   Ram S;Rana S (Materials Science Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur-721 302) : Fast surface oxidation induced growth of AlO (OH).αH2O molecular fibres at nascent Al-metal surface in ambient atmosphere. Curr Sci 1999, 77(11), 1530-6.

Conditions are explored for an activated surface oxidation of nascent Al-metal surface in AlO(OH).αH2O molecular fibres in air. It is found that a surface treatment of the specimen by a surface catalyst of Hg²⁺-cations promotes its oxidation in air by an activated diffusion of the reaction species at ambient temperature. In this process, H2O molecules from the air decompose readily into nascent H⁺ and OH^-ions at the nascent Al-metal surface created by a peculiar surface reaction of Hg²⁺-cations over it. The nascent OH^-ions instantaneously recombine with Al atmos at the Al-metal surface by electron transfer reaction, forming an oxidized product of latter, AlO(OH0.αH2O in the form of fibres. Three primary forces - the chemical potential between the reaction species, the fast diffusion of the reaction species, and the mechanical stress caused in expansion of the specimen during the reaction, drive the growth of fibres in a common direction perpendicular to a Al-metal surface. It presents a simple and cost-effective method to yield the product of Al2O3 derivatives.

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007391   Pattnaik J B;Dash R C;Das D K (Department of Farm Machinery and Power, College of Agricultural Engineering & Technology, OUAT, Bhubaneswar-751 003) : Development and performance evaluation of a low cost manual drawn mustard drill. J Instn Engrs-Pt AR 1999, 80(Sept), 12-14.

Sowing of small seeds like mustard in line is very much desirable to save seed and to reduce cost of sowing and weeding. Hence, a two-row manually drawn mustard drill has been developed and evaluated in the field. It requires only 4 kg of seeds to sow one hectare of land at desired depth and row spacing. Seed distribution efficiency and field efficiency of the developed mustard drill are 84.3% and 67.0%, respectively. One hectare of land can be sown by this drill in 13h and there is a net saving of Rs 232.00 per hectare in comparison with traditional method of sowing behind the plough.

007390   Parikh G K;Dave P G (NO, Gujarat Narmada Valley Fertilizers Co. Ltd., P O Narmadanagar-392 015, Dist. Bharuch) : Experience of reversing exchangers for air separation unit at GNFC. Fertil News 1999, 44(10), 11-16.

Deals with the experience with operational aspects and problems encountered with reversing exchangers. The problems faced were related to switching valves, valve box, switching device and exchanger leakages and are described in detail along with short term as well as long term measures taken to overcome the problems. Also the procedure adopted for identification of leaking exchanger and measures taken to sustain operations are summarised along with the replacement plan.

007389   Pandey N K;Yadav A S;Verma S S (NO, Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122) : Formulation and quality evaluation of ready-to-use egg-meat patties. Indian J Poult Sci 1998, 33(2), 231-4.

Three blends of egg-meat patties were formulated to contain liquid whole egg and minced chicken meat at 50+40(I), 60+30(II) and 70+20%(III) levels respectively with 10% texturized soy flour and evaluated for physico-chemical, sensory and microbiological properties. Blend III gave the highest yield with smallest decrease in diameter and least increase in height during cooking. Increasing egg and decreasing meat levels in the formulations increased the pH and moisture and decreased the protein and fat contents of patties. Blend III also gave the lowest acrobic counts with complete absence of yeast and moulds. Sensory evaluation data showed that the patties made with 70% egg+20% chicken meat (blend III) received highest ratings for flavour, texture and overall acceptability and were most liked by the panelists.

007388   Pandey N K;Yadav A S;Verma S S (NO, Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122) : Development and storage stability of a low fat egg patty as influenced by packaging. Indian J Poult Sci 1998, 33(2), 173-81.

A low-fat convenience egg patty was developed with 50, 60 or 70% liquid egg albumen and evaluated for its physico-chemical, microbial and sensory characteristics. The refrigerated (±1°C) and frozen (-18±1°C) storage stability of the most acceptable patty was determined under vacuum and aerobic packaging conditions. The patties made with 70% albumen had highest cooking yield, greatest moisture retention and were most liked for appearance, flavour, juiciness, texture and overall acceptability. Although no difference was found between blends for moisture, total protein and fat contents, cooked and fried patties containing 70% albumen showed lowest aerobic counts (log 2.04/g) and contained merely 2.55% fat and thus could be a product of choice for health conscious consumers. Lipid oxidation and measured by TBA values did not pose a problem during storage of steam cooked patties due to its fat content (1.37%). Aerobic and yeast and mould counts increased during refrigerated storage, while aerobic counts decreased during prolonged frozen storage. However, vaccum packaging was superior to aerobic packaging in delaying the bacterial growth and maintaining the sensory attributes in patties during storage. The albumen patties had a refrigerated shelf-life of 14 days in vaccum and 12 days in aerobic packaging,

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007387   Padhi M K;Rai R B;Senani S;Saha S K (NO, Central Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair-744 101) : Performance of synthetic broiler in hot and humid climate of A and N Islands. Indian J Poult Sci 1998, 33(2), 191-4.

Synthetic broiler performance were studied in hot and humid climate of A and N islands. Significant differences were observed for body weight at 8 and 20 weeks of age between male, female and combined sex. Right week body weight in male, female and combined sex were 1615.6±38.42, 1475.6± 1545.7± 27.21 g, 38.34% respectively. Significant difference were observed between sexes for keel length of 6 week age. FCR from 0-8 weeks was 2.43. Carcass quality and meat bone ratio of different cut-up parts were measured at 8 weeks of age. Meat composition study showed significant difference between breast and leg meat for moisture, crude protein and other extract percent.

007386   Ojha S N;Srivastava V C (Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221 005) : Materials processing via atomisation and spray deposition of melt. Metals Mater Process 1999, 11(1), 49-59.

Spray deposition process is emerging as a viable alternative to casting and powder metallurgy methods of materials processing. The microstructural characteristics of preform generated during spray deposition of liquid metal are analysed in two distinct but closely related stages of melt atomisation followed by deposition of droplets on a substrate. Mechanisms governing generation of spray of droplets by gas-melt interaction during atomisation of the melt are discussed. It is shown that large nucleation undercooling and high heat exchange rate at the droplet-gas interface provides a significant refinement in solidification structure of droplets during atomization stage. Further microstructural modification during deposition stage provides formation of equiaxed grain morphology with large chemical homogenecity of the preform. These features of the spray deposits are presented and discussed in light of the models based on enthalpy considerations to account for the microstructural modification arising in materials during spray deposition processing.

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007385   Nulia U;Singh K S (Department of Animal Science, G B Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar-263 145) : Effect of dietary fishmeal and phosphorus levels on the performance, egg quality and mineral balances in layers. Indian J Poult Sci 1998, 33(2), 153-7.

Egg production on the diet containing 6% available phosphorus was significantly higher than on the diet containing 0% fishmeal with <60>0.4% phosphorus. This diet containing 6% fishmeal with 0.4% phosphorus showed the highest feed conversion efficiency. Dietary treatments caused no significant differences in the calcium retention, weight of eggs, yolk indice and specific gravity of eggs. However, the difference in the thickness of egg shell, albumen index and phosphorus retention were significant on various diets.

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007384   Nanjappa C;Jagannath J H;Arya S S (NO, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Mysore) : Thermal analysis of retrogradation of phulka and chapati. Indian Fd Packer 1999, 53(3), 16-21.

Rate of retrogradation (staling) of Phulka and Chapati and Phulka containing different additives like glycerol (GL), propylene glycol (PG), maltodextrin (MD) and anti-staling enzyme (NE) were studied using Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC). In-vitro enzyme digestion, water-soluble starch (WSS) and moisture content were determined. The correlation coefficients between different parameters were calculated. Enthalpy change (<128><68>) by DSC is a simple and rapid test for measurement of rate of retrogradation. Increase in <128><68>H is proportional to rate of staling. Least increase in <128><68>H was found in phulka containing PG followed by GL, MD and NE in the order of increasing <128><68>H.

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007383   Nag S;Sharma B D;Sushil Kumar (Division of Livestock Products Technology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122) : Quality attributes and shelf life of chicken suggests extended with rice flour. Indian J Poult Sci 1998, 33(2), 182-6.

Chicken nuggets were processed from spent hens using a standardised formulation. Minced meat was replaced by rice flour (hydreated 1:1) at 0, 5, 10 and 15% levels in formulation as a cost reduction measure. There was a significant (P<60>0.05) improvement in the emulsion stability and a progressive but non-significant improvement in the cooking yield of chicken nuggests with successively increasing levels of rice flour. General appearance, flavour and overall acceptability of the product remained highly desirable upto 10% extension with rice flour. Sensory ratings of nuggets ranged between moderately to highly desirable even at 15% extension with rice flour. Chicken nuggets extended with 10% rice flour could be conveniently packed and stored in low density polyethylene (LDPE) for a period of 14 days and in aluminium foil/LDPE laminate for a period of 30 days in refrigerated (4±1°C) condition without any appreciable loss of sensory and microbial quality.

007382   Meena B;Muthusamy M;Seetharaman K (Department of Plant Pathology, Agricultural College & Research Institute, Madurai-625 104) : Use of oils against Sclerotium rolfsii inciting sclerotial. Indian Perfumer 1999, 43(1), 47-8.

Oils were evaluated against Sclerotium rolfsii inciting sclerotial wilt in jasmine in vitro by poisoned food technique. The concentrations tested were 1 and 3 per cent. The results revealed that neem oil 60 EC (C) at 3% significantly inhibited the mycelial growth, sclerotial number and sclreotial germination which exhibited 1.12 cm, 8.08 and 6.11 per cent respectively as against 8.81 cm, 47.14 and 100 per cent respectively in the control. Hence, oils can be exploited for managing the sclerotial wilt disease in jasmine.

007381   Lohrengel M M (NO, Institute for Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany) : Spatially resolved electrochemical surface analysis by microcells. Trans SAEST 1998, 33(4), 145-8.

Common conducting materials show structured surfaces like grains, inhomogeneous passive layers, or localized corrosion sites. Our intention was the design of a standard 3-electrode cell arrangement with an improved local resolution. The scanning droplet cell is easily applicable and has a lateral resolution of about 100μm. A gold capillary positions electrolyte droplets of less than 1 nl on the surface. The working electrode is formed by the wetted circular area. The capillary acts as the counter electrode and as the Luggin capillary of the reference electrode. This arrangement requires no special preparation of the surface and is applicable to various technical surfaces. Investigations of sheets, rods tubes, die cast housings, solderpads on printed circuit boards, and structured silicon wafers are possible. The scanning droplet cell allows the application of all established electrochemical techniques in a wide range: impedance spectroscopy (frequencies 1 mHz ≤ f ≤ MHz), cyclic voltammetry (sweep rates up to 1000 V/s), or current transients of potentiostatic steps (times 1 μs≤ t ≤ 1000 s, current densities 100 nA/cm² ≤ i ≤ 10 A/cm²).

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007380   Kishan Reddy N;Mulay V N (NO, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500 007) : Electrical resistivity studies of chromium and nickel carbide infiltrated reaction sintered silicon carbide. Metals Mater Process 1999, 11(1), 73-5.

Reaction sintered silicon carbide with 5% nickel carbide, 5% chromium carbide, 2.5% nickel carbide and 2.5% chromium carbide together were prepared. Electrical resistivityof these materials was determined from room temperature (RT) to 1000°C. The resistivity decreases with increase in temperature. The variation in electrical resistivity from RT to 1000°C was 0.175 to 0.030 ohm.cm for RSSC infiltrated with chromium carbide whereas 0.208 to 0.193 ohm.cm with that of 2.5% chromium carbide and 2.5% nickel carbide together.

007379   Khare M;Singh A K (Phytochemical Technology Division, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow-226 015) : Essential oil of Eucalyptus kirtoniana : GC-MS study. Indian Perfumer 1999, 43(1), 45-6.

Volatile constituents of leaves of Eucalyptus kirtoniana were analysed by GC and GC MS. Total 134 peaks were recorded on higher attention out of which 37 compounds comprising about 80% of the oil have been identified, α-pinene (27.33%), α-terpineol (9.9%), β-pinene (6.73%) and p-cymene (6.25%) are the major constituents.

007378   Juhasova E (Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Construction and Architecture, Dubravska cesta 9, 842 20 Bratislava, Slovakia) : Properties of cyclic loading in relation to fatigue life of steel structures. J Struct Engng 1999, 26(1), 75-80.

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007377   Jeswani A;Srivastava R K;Shukla P K (Department of Poultry Science, College of Veterinary Science and A H, Mathura-281 001) : Effect of autoclaved and acid treated rice bran on growth and feed efficiency in broilers. Indian J Poult Sci 1998, 33(2), 162-5.

Autoclaving (1.2 kg/cm² at 120°C for 30 minutes) followed by acid treatment (with 19 per cent W/V @ ml/100 g of the substrate refluxed for 30 minutes) of deoiled rice bran (DORB) reduced crude fibre contents by 20.56 per cent, neutral detergent fibres by 10.79 per cent and acid detergent fibres by 8.78 per cent. Week old triplicate groups of eighteen broiler chicks were randomly maintained on a control or on a diet containing autoclaved and acid treated DORB. A feeding trial of six weeks duration was followed by 5 days metabolic trials and subsequent slaughter of birds to estimate the meat yield. The overall weight grain, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio were not significantly different among the autoclaved and acid treated DORB inclusion and from the control. The utilization of organic nutrients, balances of N, Ca, P and meat yield were also of the same order in the two treatment groups. Combination of autoclaving and acid treatment has not improved the nutritive value of DORB for broilers.

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007376   Gupta A;Shivhare U S;Bawa A S;Singh S (NO, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar-143 005) : Equilibrium moisture content of okra. J Instn Engrs-Pt AR 1999, 80(Sept), 9-11.

Equilibrium moisture content (EMC) of okra at selected levels of temperature (298, 303, 313, 323 and 343 K) and relative humidity (25, 50, 75 and 100%) of the surrounding air was determined experimentally by the static method. It has been observed that EMC increased with relative humidity but decreased with increase in temperature. Linear models are developed to correlate the EMC values with temperature and relative humidity of air and the coefficients of the models are determined. Results indicate that the EMC model predicted well the EMC data for okra at conditions prevail during drying but deviated considerably at higher relative humidites (75%-100%).

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007375   Gowda S (NO, Technical Research Centre of Finland, Building Technology, Wood Techno, Puumiehenkuja 2 A, FIN-02150 Espoo, Finland) : Constant amplitude fatigue tests on curved glulam beams. J Struct Engng 1999, 26(1), 63-73.

Tensile stresses acting perpendicular to the grain in curved glulam beams can lead to failure when such beams are subjected to pure bending under long term loading. To investigate the effect of tensile stresses perpendicular to the grain, a three part research was undertaken at the Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT). The first part was devoted to the study of curved beams under short term load and the second part was to investigate the behaviour of beams under long term loading. The aim of the third part was to investigate the bahaviour of normal and repaired beams under static and cyclic loads. Presents the results of the third part of the research carried out on curved beams with and without steel reinforcements. The results showed that, the repaired beams were able to carry significant portion of the short term static load. During cyclic loading, the initiation and propagation of fatigue cracks were monitored both in repaired and new beams. The failure behaviour of beams with steel bars under static and cyclic loads showed significant difference in failure behaviour compared to specimens without steel reinforcements.

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007374   Ganesan N;Sreekala R (Civil Engineering Department, Regional Engineering College, Calicut-673 601) : Fracture characteristics of latex modified SFRC. J Struct Engng 1999, 26(1), 49-54.

Experimental investigation was carried out to study the fracture behaviour of latex modified steel fibre reinforced concrete. In order to compare the fracture parameters of latex modified SFRC with plain concrete and SFRC specimens, the size of the specimens considered in this study was selected from ASTM C 1018 standards for fracture toughness testing of fibre-reinforced concrete. The variable considered in this study include - three percentages of volume fraction of steel fibres (Vf), and two percentages of Dry rubber Content (DRC) of latex viz 0.5 and 1.0. The aspect ratio of 25, was kept constant. The specimens were subjected to three point bending at a constant strain rate of 0.4 mm per minute. The test results were used to obtain the following fracture parameters - Fracture Toughness (KIC), Crack tip Opening Displacement (COD), and Apparent J-integral. Of the above parameters, fracture toughness (KIC) and apparent J-integral were found to be sensitive to the addition of latex and steel fibres and hence appears to be useful fracture criteria for latex modified steel fibre reinforced concrete.

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007373   Doultani D K;Roade D M;Haware D J;Patil P V (Department of chemical technology, Laxminarayan Institute of Technology, Nagpur) : Removal of Ni (II) and Cu(II) from solution using Eucalyptus globulus bark substrate. Res J Chem Envir 1999, 3(2), 33-6.

Use of Eucalyptus globulus bark substrate for the sorption Cu (II) & Ni (II) from industrial waste streams is discussed. The dried and powdered Eucalptus globulus bark is contacted with 1% NaoH and resin product so obtained is found to be highly efficient in removing Cu(II) & Ni(II) from the solution. The metal ion uptake increases with increasing pH of the solution. It is observed that more than 60% of the metal ions are removed by the substrate from the solution instantaneously. By using packed columns of the substrate the metal ion concentration from the waste waters can be reduced to very low levels conforming to the acceptable water quality standards.

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007372   Deolankar R P;Singh K S (Department of Animal Science, G B Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar-263 145) : Phospholipid and phosphorus metabolism in broiler chickens fed rice bran diets containing various levels of protein. Indian J Poult Sci 1998, 33(2), 158-61.

Effect of feeding of rice bran diets containing various protein levels on phospholipid and phosphorus metabolism of broiler chickens were studied in two experiments using ³²P. Higher phospholipid synthesis occurred in liver of birds fed rice bran diets than wheat diet. Higher dietary protein levels lowered the phospholipid synthesis in liver of birds fed rice bran diets. Broilers fed rice bran diets and fasted for 12 hours exhibited higher turnover of liver phospholipids as well as mobilization of phospholipids to blood than the birds fed wheat based diet. Higher retention of injection ³²P in the femurs indicated lower reserve of the mineral in birds fed rice bran diet than the wheat diet, the later also showing higher excretion.

007371   Deolankar R P;Singh K S (Department of Animal Science, G B Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar-263 145) : Prediction equations for metabolizable energy of rice bran and rice bran extraction samples from their proximate analysis. Indian J Poult Sci 1998, 33(2), 149-52.

Metabolizable energy of rice bran was correlated with its ether extract (r=0.88), crude fibre (r=-0.75) and silica (r=-0.73) contents. Partial correlation coefficient between ME of rice bran and its ether extract content, after eliminating the effect due to variations in its crude fibre contents was 0.99. Partial correlation coefficients between the ME of rice bran and its crude fibre, after eliminating the effect due to variation in ether extract contents was 0.98. Prediction of ME content of rice bran and rice bran extraction from their ether extract and crude fibre (R²=0.98) or silica (R².88 for rice bran and 0.92 for rice bran extraction) was possible. ME of rice bran and rice bran extraction (KJ/g)=10.3928+0.2884 ether extract (%). ME of rice bran (KJ/g)=13.93-0.913 silica (%. ME of rice bran extraction (KJ/g)=10.95-.891 silica (%).

007370   De A K (NO, Raja Peary Mohan College, Uttarpara-712 258) : Treatment of agro-based pulp and paper mill's effluent using acidified pulp. Res J Chem Envir 1999, 3(2), 23-4.

Physico-chemical process using acidified pulp fibre has been used to treat black liquors of agro-based pulp and paper mills. The process is efficient in reducing color and C.O.D. of the black liquor.

007369   Das G K;Misra D;Anand S;Das R P (Rubamin Limited, Synergy House Subhanpura-390 023, Baroda, ) : Recovery of metals from copper converter slag by alkali roast-acid leach process. Metals Mater Process 1999, 11(1), 43-8.

Copper converter slag obtained from Hindustan Copper Ltd., Ghatsila, was roasted with sodium hydroxide prior to sulphuric acid leaching to extract copper, nickel, cobalt and zinc values. Various parameters changed during the studies include roasting temperature, time, amount of sodium hydroxide, acid concentration, leaching time, leaching temperature and pulp density. 96.28% Cu, 92.2% Ni, 94.5% Co, 98.5% Zn with 48.44% Fe were extracted under the following conditions: roasting time: 2 hours, roasting temperature 23°C, NaOH/slag ratio 0.2 (wt./wt.), leaching temperature 95°C, leaching time 3 hours, sulphuric acid concentration 4.0% (v/v). Under similar leaching conditions the extractions from the unroasted slag were: 68.55% Cu, 72.68% Ni, 77.57% Co, 89% Zn and 80.5% Fe. The leach solution obtained from treatment of unroasted slag became gel on storage indicating polymerisation of silicic acid. It is observed that under identical leaching conditions the roasted slag gave higher metal recoveries with lower iron contamination. The distribution of Fe³⁺ and Fe²⁺ in some typical leach liquors showed that Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺ ratio was higher in the roasted slag indicating oxidation of part of Fe²⁺ to Fe²⁺ to Fe³⁺ during roasting.

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007368   Chandra P;Shrivastava R;Dash S K (Division of Agricultural Engineering, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110 012) : Thermal behaviour of a fruits and vegetable storage structure. J Instn Engrs-Pt AR 1999, 80(Sept), 5-8.

Finite element model has been employed to represent the thermal environment in a storage enclosure as a function of structural materials, geometry, environmental parameters, stored product properties and other operational parameters, which is validated with an evaporatively cooled storage structure for fruits and vegetables. It has been observed that the evaporatively cooled chamber maintained a temperature of 1°C-3°C higher than the ambient wet bulb temperature. The temperature inside the storage space decreases rapidly with increase in the evaporation coefficient up to 0.03 kg/m²s, after which there is no significant increase in the rate of cooling. As the wall thickness increases, the inside temperature decreases for a structure having no evaporative cooling; however, with evaporative cooling on the structure walls the effects of increase in the wall thickness is not significant. Similarly, providing ventilation through the structure has a significant cooling effect as compared to no ventilation or low ventilation. The results of the study can be directly utilised for selection of suitable design parameters of a fruits and vegetable storage facility under different climatic conditions.

007367   Bharatkumar B H;Krishnamurthy T S; Gopalakrishnan S;Parameswaran V S (NO, Structural Engineering Research Centre, Taramani, Chennai-600 113) : Experimental investigations on the fracture characteristics of steel fibre reinforced concrete. J Struct Engng 1999, 26(1), 29-37.

Steel fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) is a composite material in which fibres are incorporated in the concrete matrix so as to improve the toughness properties and tensile strength of concrete. SFRC using Indian made steel fibres was investigated to evaluate its mechanical and fracture characteristics. Presents the results of experimental investigations conducted using notched SFRC beams to evaluate their fracture behaviour. Three different notch/beam depth ratios and three fibre volume fractions were used in these investigations. From the experimental results, fracture toughness was evaluated using linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) and two parameter approaches. It is found that the addition of fibre improves the fracture characteristics and influnces the fracture energy and fracture toughness.

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007366   Balan K P;Venugopal Reddy A;Sarma D S (NO, Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory, Hyderabad) : Effect of austenitisation temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties of 16Cr-2Ni martensitic stainless steel. Metals Mater Process 1999, 11(1), 61-71.

Recommended austenitisation temperature in various international standards for 16Cr-2Ni martensitic stainless steel varies from 950 to 1100°C. A detailed investigation has been carried out on 16Cr2Ni stainless steel to understand the effect of variation of austenitisation temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties. Optical and electron microscopic studies were carried out on samples quenched from 950 to 1150°C almost complete dissolution of carbides occurs without significant increase in grain size, δ-ferrite content and retained austenite; resulting in the best combination of hardness, strength, ductility and toughness in the as-quenched condition.

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006315   Yadav P N;Singh R P;Kushwaha S S (Department of Physics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221 005) : New polymer network for ionic conduction. Chem envir Res 1996, 5(1-4), 187-95.

Novel polyether networks based on poly(ethylene oxide) PEO complexes with ammonium perchlorate (NH4ClO4) were prepared and characterized. Both the ionic transference number, tion and the ionic conductivity is investigated as prospective superionic conductors at selected temperature and frequency.

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006314   Vaidya P S;Nigam S N;Jaiswal P K (Central Agmark Laboratory, Directorate of Marketing and Inspection, Government of India, North Ambazari Road, Nagpur-440 010) : Pesticide residue in meat and meat food products. Beverage Fd Wld 1999, 26(6), 24.

006313   Thakur J S;Rathore J S (Corporate R & D Centre, National Thermal Power Corporation Ltd.,, Sector-24, Noida-201 301) : Osmotic shock studies of ion exchange resins. Chem envir Res 1996, 5(1-4), 295-305.

Study on the resistance of ion-exchange resins towards osmotic and hydromechanical stress is an important criterion to ascertain their qualities in power stations. The operating conditions of loading and regeneration alternate with one another leads to volume changes in the resins which produce stresses within the resin beads. Stresses within the resin beads of mixed bed increase further due to osmotic shock by acid and alkali during regeneration. Efforts have been made to carry out the comparative evaluation of osmotic shock behaviour of indigenous-A and B and imported-A and B, resins up to 500 osmotic shock cycles. Correlation of total exchange capacity, salt splitting capacity and mechanical strength of resin beads are established. Experimental data revealed that the quality of Strong Acid Cation is comparable to the imported cation resin, whereas the quality of strong base anion exchange resin is inferior to the imported anion resin. The analytical results on deterioration of exchange capacity of resins are summarized and discussed.

006312   Sinha A P;Kumar R (Department of Chemistry, A.M. College, Gaya-823 001) : Standardization of TLC method for identification of carcino-genic aryl amines in coloured textile and leather products. Asian J Chem 1999, 11(4), 1549-52.

Many attempts have been made to detect carcinogenic aryl amines in coloured textile and leather products by TLC. But better resolution was the problem among mixtures of such amines. A chemical approach is shown to solve the resolution problems. For the good resolution, a mixture of ethyl acetate and n-hexane was used as a mobile phase. The whole procedure was standardized with standard of carcinogenic aryl amines and tested with samples of coloured textile and leather products. Resolution of amines was also observed under HPTLC scanner.

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006311   Shinde M (Sanitation Chemicals Division, Chembond Chemicals Ltd, Mumbai) : Sanitation in food and dairy industries - a view on detergent and sanitizer. Beverage Fd Wld 1999, 26(6), 25-7.

Quaternary ammonium compounds, commonly called Quats, have secured a prominant and important place in the field of medical and general disinfection during the past decade. Quaternary surface-active ammonium compound of late have received more attention as general sanitizer and chemical sterilizer as they are odurless, highly stable, have rapid and wide spectrum microbiocidal action and are non-toxic when used as in recommended concentration. This class of chemical is non-selective sanitizing agent, controlling a wide range of bacteria found in food and dairy industries. Quats are known to be a one step disinfectant cleanser saving time and money. They provide residual protection from various microbes in general sanitation.

006310   Sahare G M;Kotecha P M;Kadam S S (Department of Food Science and Technology, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri-413 722) : Effects of incorporation of defatted soybean meal on organoleptic and nutritional properties of Bakery products. Beverage Fd Wld 1999, 26(6), 36-7.

Excellent quality breads and buns were produced by substituting 10 percent (w/w) wheat flour with defatted soyflour. At 10 percent level of substitution, the breads and buns of acceptable quality and better storability can be produced from wheat. The substitution of wheat maida with 10 percent soyflour did not produce any significant difference in sensory properties of bakery products. The protein content increased from 9.80 to 14.90 percent in breads, from 8.70 to 13.75 percent in buns and from 7.2 to 12.3 percent in cookies at 10 percent level of substitution with defatted soyflour.

006309   Puri R K (NO, Environmental Trace Substances Laboratory, University of Missouri-Roll, Rolla, MO, U.S.A) : Supercritical fluid extraction and its applications in natural products. Indian J nat Prod 1998, 14(2), 3-23.

During recent years, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) using carbon dioxide as supercritical fluid has been extensively used for extracting various xenobiotics from different matrices. The basic concept of SFE, instrumentation, sample preparation, selection of supercritical fluid, off and on line extraction techniques including factors influencing extraction followed by application in the field of natural products are reviewed. It is concluded that SFE is an excellent technique for the study of natural products and appears promising that the conventional extraction methods.

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006308   Pradyuman Kumar;Tyagi S M;Chauhan G S (Dept. of Food Technology, Sant Longowal Institute of Engg. and Technology, P.O. Longowal-148 106, Distt. Sangrur) : Development of fermented beverages from whey and banana blends. Beverage Fd Wld 1999, 26(6), 21-2.

To utilise over ripened banana and whey, an attempt was made to prepare alcoholic beverage by fermentation of their blends with Saccharomyces cerevisae and Kluyveromyces fragilis, as single culture and two membered culture. Highest alcohol production (7.77%) was obtained from 100% banana pulp fermentation with S. cerevisae followed by (6.80%) from banana - whey blend (75 : 25) fermentation with two membered culture of S. cerevisae and K. fragilis. Sensory evaluation showed that the beverage prepared from blend (75 : 25) by two membered culture was highly acceptable followed by the one prepared from banana alone.

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006307   Patwardhan S G (NO, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Regional Centre, Mumbai-400 058) : Stainless steel as an alternative container and alternative method of sealing for tin plate container. Beverage Fd Wld 1999, 26(6), 28-30.

An attempt has been made to develop an alternative method of sealing stainless steel containers with stainless steel lid; also used open top sanitary cans with stainless steel lid using hot pack and creation of vacuum seal by methods described as "Press-in and Push-over". The air-tightness was tested by exposure to 20" vacuum and exposure to ammonia. Necessary sketch and diagram has been provided. Proposed concept of stainless steel container as an alternative to open top sanitary cans, as stainless steel containers can be reused. It was also proposed the concept of recycling the stainless steel container by giving examples of recycling of bottles in aerated drink industry.

006306   Mishra V;Pattnaik P (NO, Dairy Microbiology Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132 001) : Anti-freeze proteins : prospects and perspectives in food sector. Indian Fd Ind 1999, 18(4), 238-44.

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