012611   Chakraborty P;Dutta S K (Department of Food Technology and Biochemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Calcutta-700 032) : Kinetics of lactic acid production by Lactobacillus delbrueckii and L. bulgaricus in glucose and whey media. J Fd Sci Technol 1999, 36(3), 210-16.

Kinetics of lactic acid production from glucose and whey at a give substrate concentration level was studied, using Lactobacillus delbrueckii and Lactobacillus bulgaricus, separately. The maximum lactic acid production from glucose was 46 g/l and carbon conversion was around 35% after 40 h optimum pH 55.30 with L. delbrueckii. The maximum production rate was attained after 36 h of fermentation, which remained constant till 42 h. The same culture in whey medium produced maximum lactic acid of 30 g/l after 60 h of fermentation at pH 5.30. The acid production values per unit cell in glucose and whey media were 4.66 g/ UOD/ml and 0.818 g/UOD/ml, respectively, at pH 5.30 after 72h of fermentation. Lactic acid production from whey medium using L. bulgaricus was 55 attained after 12 h of fermentation which remained constant upto 18 h fermentation. Thereafter, productivity fell sharply, although acid production continued upto 72 h. The lower saturation constant value of L. delbrueckii in whey medium compared to glucose medium at pH 5.30 supported its better growth in the former medium. The maximum yield of lactic acid in glucose medium was 35% higher than that of whey at pH 5.30, when fermented with L. delbrueckii. Fermentation of whey medium with L. bulgaricus and L. delbrueckii gave a maximum yield of lactic acid (YP) 0.94 and (YP) 0.71 on the basis of initial lactose consumption and the former was very close to the theoretical value (1.05).

11 ref

012610   Akubor P I;Obiegbuna J E (Department of Food Science and Technology, , P M B 1037, Idah, Nigeria) : Certain chemical and functional properties of ungerminated and germinated millet flour. J Fd Sci Technol 1999, 36(3), 241-3.

Ungerminated and germinated millet (Pennisetum typhodium) flours were prepared and evaluated for certain chemical and functional properties. Germination resulted in significant decreases (p<60>0.05) in fat and carbohydrate contents and significant increases in crude proteins and crude fibre. Water absorption capacity and bulk density of flour samples decreased significantly (p<60>0.05) with increased length of germination. Germination increased foam capacity and decreased foam stability. Germinated flour produced 45 and 53% increases in emulsion activity and stability, respectively over ungerminated flour. Germinated millet flour may have increased utility in food system rather than ungerminated flour.

^ssc19 ref

012609   Agu R C;Okenchi M U;Ude C M;Onyia A I; Onwumelu A H;Ajiwe V I E (Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, P M B 01660, Enugu, Nigeria) : Fermentation kinetic studies of Nigerian palm wines-Elaeis quineensis and Raphia hookeri for preservation by bottling. J Fd Sci Technol 1999, 36(3), 205-9.

Fermentation kinetic studies of two Nigerian palm wines-Elaeis guineensis and Raphia hookeri showed that gas evolution, used as the fermentation rate index, was continuous throughout the fermentation experiment due to heavy micorbial growth in the fermenting broths. Both Elaeis and Raphia wine fermentations followed a similar first-order kinetics. Elaeis wine fermentation was more vigorous, having a fermentation rate constant three times that of Raphia wine. Elaeis wines from different sources showed slight variations in their fermentation rates. The unsterilized sap fermented faster and produced higher levels of alcohol than sterilized Elaeis sap inoculated with yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Sterilization of the sap followed by yeast inoculation did not prevent explosion after bottling of fermented wine. The sterilization of the sap, followed by pasteurization of fermented wine was more effective in controlling explosion during the bottling of palm wine. However, the sterlization process changed the appetizing whitish colour of palm wine to a dull brownish colour.

22 ref

011628   Yahia Abed M;Hindia T A;Mohamed M G;Mazrouaa A M (Polymer Laboratory, Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City, Cairo) : Preparation of some poly-2-vinylpyridine-complexes and study of their electrical properties. J Polym Mater 1999, 16(1), 47-53.

Poly-2-vinylpyridine (P2VP)-complexes were prepared via quaternization of the ring nitrogen with cobalt acetate, ferrous oxalate, methyliodide and picric acid. Their electrical properties were studied. It was found that the specific conductivity of these polymer complexes is higher than that of the P2VP without complexation. The activation energy, Ea of the complexes is lower than that of the polymer.

15 ref

011627   Wazir Singh;Kapoor C M;D Srivastava D N (Department of Animal Products Technology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125 004) : Standardization of technology for the manufacture of guava-whey beverage. Indian J Dairy Sci 1999, 52(5), 268-71.

Attempts were made to develop a soft beverage from paneer whey and guave. The whey had on an average 0.31, 0.49 and 6.12 per cent proteins, ash and total solids, respectively. Three types of guavas viz., market grade, Lucknow-49 and Banarsi Surkh, and three types of edible colours i.e. rose, orange and lemon were tried with different sugar levels. The guava extract and whey ratios were tried at 1:5, 1:4 and 1:3. The guava-whey beverage formulated by using Banarsi Surkh variety of guava extract at 1:3 ratio with 8.0 per cent sugar level and lemon colour scored highest. The carbonation enhanced the acceptability of guava-whey beverage. On an average, the finished product contained 12.33, 11.68, 0.34 and 0.31 per cent total solids, carbohydrates, protein and ash, respectively.

10 ref

011626   Wang L;Xian Feng L;Yang S (Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. of China-310027) : Copolymerization of propylene and ethylene over a TiCi4/Al2Et3Cl3/HY-zeolite catalyst system. J Polym Mater 1999, 16(1), 31-4.

Using Y-zeolite as starting materials of supports, new supported catalysts for copolymerization of ethylene and propylene were prepared and their possible structures were discussed. It was found the higher polymerization productivity, for instance, 10kgP/gπ.h can be obtained using TiCl4/Al2Et3Cl3/HY catalystic system and addition of MgClPh to this catalytic system can increase significantly the polymerization productivity.

011625   Umapathy M J;Mohan D (Department of Chemical Engineering, Anna University, Chennai-600 025) : Phase transfer catalyzed polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate. J Polym Mater 1999, 16(2), 167-71.

Kinetics of free radical polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), using potassium peroxydisulfate (lnitiator) in the presence of propiophenonebenzyldimethylammonium chloride as phase transfer catalyst has been studed. The order with respect to monomer, initiator and the phase transfer catalyst is found to be 1, 0.5 and 0.5 respectively. The rate of polymerization (Rp) is independent of ionic strength and pH. However an increase in the polarity of solvent and volume fraction of aqueous phase has slightly increased the Rp value. Based on the results obtained, a mechanism has been proposed for the polymerization reaction.

011624   Thamizharasi S;Gnanasundaram P; Balasubramanian S (NO, Anna University, Chennai-600 025) : Synthesis and characterization of polyacrylates-poly(4-phenoxyphenyl acrylate) poly (POPA) and poly(4-phenoxyphenyl methacrylate)poly (POPMA). J Polym Mater 1999, 16(2), 179-84.

Monomers 4-phenoxyphenyl acrylate (POPA) and 4-phenoxyphenyl methacrylate (POPMA) were synthesized by the reaction of acryloyl/methacryloyl chloride with the corresponding substituted phenol. The monomers were characterized by elemental analysis and IR, ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR spectral studies. The free radical polymerization of monomers in 2-butanone using benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as initiator resulted in the formation of corresponding homopolymers, which is turn were characterized by spectral studies. Moelcular weight determination of the polymers indicates that their weight average molecular weight (Mw) and number average molecular weight (Mn) range from 4.39-5.17x10⁴ and 2.69-2.86x10⁴, respectively. Thermal studies show that the polymers undergo decomposition in the range 355-565°C, and their glass transition temperature (Tg) lies between 74-97°C.

22 ref

011623   Suleimenov I E;Kryakunova O N;Somsikov V M; Salina A A;Kudaibergenov S E;Frenkel S Y (NO, Institute of Ionosphere of the Ministry - Academy of Science, Kamenskoe Plato, 480068, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan) : On the nature of polyelectrolyte deformation mechanism under the influence of direct electric current. J Polym Mater 1999, 16(1), 63-9.

Hydrogel deformation mechanism under the influence of electric current is considered. It is shown that the gel deformations are closely connected with the inhomogeneities of network charge distribution, which are appearing while electric charges pass through the gel.

011622   Shertukde V V;Kale D D (Department of Chemical Technology, University of Mumbai, Matunga, Mumbai-400 019) : Blends of polypropylene and polyethylene terephthalate. J Polym Mater 1999, 16(1), 55-61.

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), bottle waste and virgin PET was blended with Polypropylene (PP), and blown films were prepared. Effect of ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer, EVA, and meleated PP, PP-g-MA, as compatibilizer was studied. The oxygen permeability of resulting blend was found to be less than that of virgin PP and water vapor permeability was less as compared to that of PET. The film form the blend had a paper-like appearance.

011621   Senthil K;Rakkappan C (Department of Physics, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar-608 002) : Acoustic studies on solvent-solute interactions in non-aqueous polymer solutions. Asian J Phys 1997, 6(3), 467-71.

Ultrasonic velocity, density and shear viscosity have been measured for solutions of polyvinyl acetate in methyl, ethyl and n-butyl alcohols. The ultrasonic data are presented at 308 K, 318 K and 328 K. By taking measurements at several concentrations of each solution, information about the molecular interaction between the solute and solvent molecules was obtained.

21 ref

011620   Ramesh S;Radhakrishnan G (Polymer Division, Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Madras-600 020) : Polyurethane ionomers - an overview. J Polym Mater 1999, 16(2), 135-53.

208 ref

011619   Ramana B L V;Tiwari B D (Distribution Section, H block, NFCL Factory, Nagarjuna Road, Kakinad) : Effect of processing variable on sensory and physico-chemical qualities of heat treated lassi. Indian J Dairy Sci 1999, 52(5), 272-8.

Heat treatment of lassi (50, 55, 60, 65 and 70°C for 5 min) adversely affected its sensory quality and caused wheying off. Homogenisation of heat treated lassi improved the consistency, but increased wheying off. Addition of 0.3 per cent carboxyl methyl cellulose was more beneficial to pectin and homogenisation in improving the sensory score of heat treated lassi. Application of homogenisation in combination with CMC reduced the requirement of CMC to 0.2 per cent in heat treated lassi as well as made it possible to heat treat the lassi at 55°C for 5 min without any adverse effect on its sensory quality.

15 ref

011618   Passi S J;Suri S (Department of Foods and Nutrition, Institute of Home Economics, N D S E-I, New Delhi) : Consumption of dietary fibre rich foods - a preventive strategy. Everymans Sci 1999, 34(2), 66-8.

Modernization has resulted in an overall change in lifestyle, that has lead to an increased consumption of fast/refined foods which are extremely low in dietary fibre. An attempt has been made to highlight the role of dietary fibre intake in the prevention, treatment and management of various degenerative diseases such as coronary heart disease, diabetes mellitus and cancer.

011617   Karia F D;Parsania P H (Department of Chemistry, Saurashtra University, Rajkot-360 005) : Thermo-mechanical and electrical properties of polysulfonates of diphenyl methane - 4,4'-disulfonyl chloride and 1,1'-bis(4-hydroxy phenyl cyclohexane/1,1'-bis(3-methyl-4-hydroxy phenyl) cyclohexane. J Polym Mater 1999, 16(2), 161-5.

Two polysulfonates PSBD (0.196 mm thick) and PSMD (0.189 mm thick) were selected for studies, they showed static hardness ranging from 8.8-15.8 and 7.7-17.3 kg/mm², respectively at four different loads (20-80 g). A 90μm thick PSBD film and 60 μm thick PSMD film showed respectively 7.7 and 10.1 N/mm² tensile strength and <126>2 and <126>1% elongation at break. The same films exhibited electric strength and volume resistivity of the order of 27.1-27.5 kV/mm and 5.5-5.8x10¹⁵ ohm-cm respectively. DSC analysis showed that Tg values of PSBD and PSMD are 130° and 125°C, respectively. The two polymers studied are thermally stable up to about 325°C. The maximum weight loss on heating under N2 took place at about 378°C and 385°C, respectively for PSBD and PSMD. Weight loss on heating tends to level off at about 450°C leaving about 40% residue for heating up to 750°C. PSBD and PSMD showed comparable static hardness, but PSBD showed relatively low tensile strength.

22 ref

011616   Kannan S;Kishore K (Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560 012) : Flow behaviour of long chain plasticizing liquids : segment size calculations in carboxylate esters. J Polym Mater 1999, 16(2), 155-60.

This is the first comprehensive report on the calculation of segment size, which signifies the basic unit of flow in long chain plasticizing liquids, by a novel multi-pronged approach. Unlike low molecular weight liquids and high polymer melts these complex long chain liquids encompasses the least understood domain of the liquid state. The flow behaviour of carboxylate ester (300-900 Da) has been explained through segmental motion taking into account the independence of molecular weight region. The segment size have been calculated by various methods based on satistical thermodynamics, molecular dynamics and group additivity and their merits analysed.

21 ref

011615   Kalyanasundaram S;Sundaresan B (Department of Physics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi-630 003) : Role of hydration in polymer solutions through adiabatic compressibility. J Polym Mater 1999, 16(1), 35-45.

Ultrasonic velocity and density measurements for aqueous solutions of Poly(ethylene glycol) -6000 have been made as a function of concentration and temperature. The data are used to compute the solvation number using the methodology based on the fact that, the adiabatic compressibility of the solution is mainly due to the free solvent molecules. Using the solvation number, apparent molal compressibility of the solution is estimated and is compared with those values obtainedd by the traditional methods. Similar expressions have also been derived for polymer solutions added with salt. Maisano et al., have developed a model and obtainedd an expression for the hydration number of salt in polymer-salt solutions. The values obtained through this model and thos obtained through the model developed by the authors are compared and found to agree for the system PEG + NaCl + water. In this system, ion-polymer interaction has been identified.

18 ref

011614   Jana S C;Biswas S;Maiti S (Dept. of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore-721 102) : Effect of plant gums on photo-polymerization of acrylonitrile. J Polym Mater 1999, 16(1), 87-91.

Effect of some plant gums on the polymerization of acrylonitrile (AN) using ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) as initiator in presence of air (containing 21% oxygen) was studied. The induction period and percent conversion were determined. The induction period in presence of gum was comparatively lower than that under the N2-atmosphere. The percent conversion was found to be 91% within an hour. The rate of polymerization depends on the concentration of the gum and initiator upto a certain limit. Both the molecular weight and density of the polyacrylonitrile (PAN) prepared in presence of the gum are higher than those of PAN prepared in absence of the gum. The PAN produced in presence of the gum is more thermostable than that prepared in its absence.

15 ref

011613   Jaiwal S P K;Ahad A;Sastry K V (Department of BioScience, M D University, Rohtak-124 001) : Biodegradable plastics : an alternative to synthetic plastics. Everymans Sci 1999, 34(2), 80-5.

25 ref

011612   Hussain S;Sharma N C (Department of Chemistry, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh-786 004) : Synthesis and characterization of some copolymers of trans-stilbene and maleimides. J Polym Mater 1999, 16(1), 81-5.

Copolymers of trans-stilbene with N-arymaleimides and a bismaleimide have been prepared by free radical polymerization. The monomers N-(4-methyl phenyl) maleimide; N-(2-naphthyl) maleimide; and 4,4'-bismaleimido diphenyl methane were prepared from the corresponding amines via maleamic acids and cyclodehydration. Both the homo and co-polymaleimides have been characterized by IR and ¹H NMR spectroscopy. The solubility and intrinsic viscosity of the polymers have been determined. Thermal stability of the polymers were checked by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermogravimetric analysis (DTG).

14 ref

011611   Guruprasad R;Chanda M (Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560 012) : Solution grafting of maleic anhydride onto polyethylene and compatibilization of polyetylene-nylon blends. J Polym Mater 1999, 16(2), 173-8.

Maleic anhydride (MAH) has been grafted onto high density polyethylene (HDPE) with benzoyl peroxide (BOP) initiator in toluene solution. Maximum degree of grafting (12%) without crosslinking has been obtained using MAH/HDPE and BOP/HDPE weight ratios of 1.0 and 0.15, respectively, at 110°C. The HDPE-g-MAH compatibilizer is found to drastically reduce the dispersed phase size and also to produce homogeneous blends for relatively low concentrations of dispersed phase in HDPE/nylon blends. Addition of this compatibilizer results in increase of tensile strength and modulus with increasing nylon content of HDPE/nylon blends, while the opposite is found for the blends without any added compatibilizer.

10 ref

011610   Gupta V K (Research Centre, Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Limited, P O Petrochemicals, Vadodara-391 346) : Advances in polyolefins synthesis using transition metal catalyst systems. J Polym Mater 1999, 16(2), 97-111.

54 ref

011609   Ghosh M K;Maiti S (NO, Reliance Industries Ltd., Hazira Complex, Hazira, Gujarat) : Polyolefins technology - a comprehensive review. J Polym Mater 1999, 16(2), 113-34.

Despite being one of the more matured petrochemical sectors, the polyolefin industry is undergoing a revolution. An attempt was made to show the evolution of polyolefins technology since it's commercialization. Here, mainly stress has been given on the different processes through which polyolefins can be made and comparison of the processes with special emphasis on the distinctive advantages and disadvantages. Catalyst systems also have been reviewed thoroughly from conventional Ziegler-Natta to the latest metallocene single-site catalyst with special reference to their product advantages. Future trends of polyolefin technology were also discussed.

^iia

011608   Dey T K;Misra B M (Desalination Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085) : Characteristic properties of a few selected polymers for reverse osmosis applications. J Polym Mater 1999, 16(1), 13-21.

Polyamide hydrazide and polyetheramide hydrazide polymers were synthesized by the low temperature solution polycondensation method and characterized by their moisture regain, inherent viscosity, IR, X-ray, DTA, TGA and DSC spectra. Reverse osmosis membranes were made from these two polymers using the Solvent Exchange cum Immersion Precipitation (SEIP) technique and also from cellulose acetate polymer by the phase inversion technique. Their solute rejection and solvent flux properties were determined and the observed results were explained by comparing their hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties, moisture regain, equilibrium distribution coefficient of the solute between the bulk and interfacially sorbed solution, in accordance with the Interfacial Sorption-Capillary Flow mechanism. Transport properties like pure water permeability constant, solvent flux and % solute rejection were also determined and compared for the three polymers; and finally the superiority of the polyamide class of polymers over cellulose acetate polymer was established.

011607   Buruiana E C;Buruiana T;Robila G;Airnei A (NO, Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, "P.Poni", Aleea Gr. Ghica Voda 41 A, lasi-6600, Romania) : Synthesis and characterization of cationic polyurethanes using a new viologen diol. J Polym Mater 1999, 16(1), 7-12.

New viologen diol (l) containing ester groups was prepared and used in synthesis of some cationic polyurethanes based on 4,4'-bibenzyldiisocyanate and polyether diol. The diol and corresponding ionic polyurethanes were characterized by ¹H-NMR, IR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. UV photobehavior was studied comparatively with simple viologen diol and a different photosensitivity of viologen structure was observed both in a monomers and polymers.

17 ref

011606   Brar A S;Hekmatyar S K (Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi-110 016) : Acrylonitrile-styrene-methyl methacrylate terpolymer: a sequence distribution by one and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. J Polym Mater 1999, 16(1), 71-80.

Acrylonitrile-styrene-methyl methacrylate (A/S/M) terpolymers were prepared by photopolymerization using uranyl ion as initiator and analyzed by the two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. The compositions of the terpolymer were calculated by Goldfinger's equation using comonomer reactivity ratios ras = 0.03, rsa = 0.33, ram = 0.17, rma = 1.45; rsm = 0.52, rms = 0.47. The sequence distributions obtained from ¹³C {¹H} NMR spectra of the terpolymers are in agreement with triads concentrations calculated from the statistical model. The spectral assignments of the ¹³C and ¹H NMR spectra are complex and were analyzed with the help of Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer (DEPT) and the two dimensional ¹³C^-1H Heteronuclear Single Quantum Correlation (HSQC). The methyl, methylene, methine and methoxy carbon resonances show both stereochemical and compositional sensitivity. The 2D Total Correlated Spectroscopy (TOCSY) was used to ascertain the various geminal and vicinal coupling between the methylene protons.

19 ref

011605   Ashour A H;Osman M B S;Mokhtar S M (NO, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, P O Box 29, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt) : Characterization of grafted polypropylene sheets doped with different metals. J Polym Mater 1999, 16(1), 23-9.

Characterization of doped polypropylene (PP) grafted polyacrylic acid with different metals such as Cu, Fe, Co and Ni was studied. The grafted PP were prepared by γ-radiation induced grafting of aqueous acrylic acid onto thick PP films. Spectroscopic analysis were made for the characterization of the metal-graft copolymers; X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and UV. The doping of metal with carboxylic acid groups of the graft copolymer was confirmed by XRF. The electrical conductivity for the metal-graft copolymer was also investigated at various elevated temperatures (298-390 K). The electrical conductivity for the grafted PP was significantly improved by doping witgh metal ions. The thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) for Ni-graft copolymers possessed the highest thermal stability compared to the other metal-graft copolymers investgated, even at high elevated stability and electrical conductivity which is of great interest for practical uses in some industrial applications.

19 ref

011604   Aggour Y A (Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, New Demiatta, Egypt) : Homogeneous graft copolymerization of 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulphonic acid onto ethyl cellulose. J Polym Mater 1999, 16(1), 1-6.

Graft copolymerization of 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulphonic acid (AMPS) onto ethyl cellulose (EC) with benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as radical initiator in homogeneous medium has been studied. The effects of reaction time, initiator concentration, grafting temperature, and the concentrations of both monomer and ethyl cellulose on the grafting parameters were investigated. The graft copolymers were characterized by infrared spectroscopy and intrinsic viscosity measurements. The highest rate of propagation of graft copolymerization of (AMPS) onto (EC) in the presence of (BPO) was 0.028%/min. The probable graft copolymerization mechanism was established.

27 ref

010547   Vijayaraghvan R (NO, SAMEER, IIT, Campus, Powai, Mumbai-400 076) : Discovery and properties of quaternary borocarbide superconductors. IETE J Res 1999, 45(3&4), 181-4.

Discovery of superconductivity in Y-Ni-B-C by Indian scientists has led to a new class of materials, viz, Quaternary Rare Earth Borocarbides, with many interesting properties. Several members of the series show superconductivity with high Tc for intermetallics with the multiphase Y-Pd-B-C system showing a Tc of 23 K which is highest for bulk intermetallics. Some of the magnetic members of the family exhibit the exotic phenomenon of coexistence of superconductivity with high Tc as well as high magnetic ordering temperatures. The two cooperative phenomena occurring at comparable energy scale results in new aspects of interplay of magnetism and superconductivity. In quarternaries, there is ample scope for finding new materials possibly with even higher Tcs and newer phenomena.

21 ref

010546   Vijayaraghavan L;Iyer K J L (Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai-600 036) : Boronising process using molten bath containing boron yielding substances. Tool Alloy Steels 1999, 33(9), 20-4.

Significant studies and findings of the widely practiced process of liquid boronising are reviewed. Both molten bath process and electrolytic boronising using molten bath containing boron yielding substances are in practice in Eastern Europe, Japan and USSR. There are many difficulties in the boronising process using liquid medium. These difficulties are mentioned. Boronising has been carried out on AISI D2 cold work tool steel using molten bath which yield boron. The results are presented and discussed.

31 ref

010545   Vijayaraghavan L;Iyer K J L (Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai-600 036) : Recent advances in boronising. Tool Alloy Steels 1999, 33(8), 15-17.

With the establishment of process conditions for most conventional boronising processes, investigators turned their attention to more exotic methods and processes for the formation of boride layer on the surface of steel. Some of these are discussed.

11 ref

010544   Thorat B N;Dhorajiwala S H;Malshe V C (Department of Chemical Technology, University of Mumbai, Matunga, Mumbai-400 019) : Synthesis of ammonium molybdate. Chem Wkly 1999, 44(47), 157-63.

Ammonium molybdate is a very important compound used in variety of applications from fertilizers to laboratory reagent to catalyst. For some end-uses of ammonium molybdate it's purity is critical and the additional steps involved for purification decide the economics of the processes. The processes differ in the methods in which ammonium molybdate product is purified. A review of the economically viable processes for the synthesis of high purity ammonium molybdate is made. Also a critical comparison of the reviewed processes is made in light of different purification procedures involved.

010543   Tamhankar A (NO, N.S. Chemicals, Mumbai) : Introduction to biocides. Chem Wkly 1999, 45(7), 163-5.

010542   Srinivasan K (Dept. of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, K.R.E. College, Srinivasnagar-574 157) : Cold extrusion of steels. Tool Alloy Steels 1999, 33(8), 9-14.

Extrusion is a bulk deformation process involving only compressive stresses. Cold extrusion is done at room temperature so that there is total (100%) strain hardening and no (zero) recrystallization. Advantages, disadvantages, applications, equipment, tooling and lubricant required for cold extrusion of steels are elaborated. Extrudability of steels and consequences of temperature rise in the deformation zone are explained in depth. In short a summary of cold extrusion of steels has been attempted.

12 ref

010541   Shukla F C;Nagi H P S;Minhas K S;Bakhshi A K (NO, , ) : Utilization of soybean for good nutrition. Prog Fmg 1999, 36(11), 7-8.

010540   Shenai V A (NO, Technical Consultant, Mumbai-400 071) : Some aspects of newer reactive dyes in dyeing and printing. Chem Wkly 1999, 45(12), 139-45.

^iia

010539   Ranote P S;Mehta A (NO, , ) : Use of fruits for squash and sharbat preparation. Prog Fmg 1999, 36(11), 11,27.

010538   Pathak J P;Sunil Mohan;Gupta R C (Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Centre of Advanced Study, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221 005) : Wear behaviour of Fe-Ni-Cr austenitic stainless steel under dry sliding. Tool Alloy Steels 1999, 33(9), 3-10.

Discusses the wear behaviour of austenitic stainless steel which slided against high carbon chromium heat treated hardened (Rc 60-62) steel disc. Impact of sliding distance, Sliding velocity and load were evaluated which accounted the wear characteristics of stainless steel under consideration. Modes of wear depend on load and sliding velocity. Wear weight continuously increased with sliding distance and steep rise in wear weight was also found after 13.2 x 10³ m sliding. There was a rising trend in wear rate with sliding velocity and load. Plastic deformation of sliding surface layers was considerable particularly with high load.

15 ref

010537   Parthasarathy K;Gnanasekaran C S (NO, CLRI, Chennai) : Enzyme based cleaner soaking and unhairing processes. Chem Wkly 1999, 45(13), 163-6.

^iia

010536   Panda H (NO, Devashish Consultants (Pvt.) Ltd., 1, Station Road, P.O. Clutterbuckganj-243 502) : Terpene based adhesives. Chem Wkly 1999, 45(7), 149-60.

This communication emphasizes the uses of terpene resins in Hot Melt as well as Pressure Sensitive Adhesives. Some of the results with chemical reactions are also shown.

10 ref

010535   Panda H (NO, Devashish Consultants (P) Ltd, 1, Station Road, P.O. Clutterbuck Ganj-243 502) : Hot melt adhesives. Chem Wkly 1999, 45(13), 149-61.

010534   Panda H (NO, Devashish Consultants (P) Ltd, 1, Station Road, P.O. Clutterbuck Ganj-243 502) : Hot melt adhesives. Chem Wkly 1999, 45(14), 139-51.

010533   Muralidhara G V (NO, Kirloskar Brothers Limited, Pune-411 002) : Improved coating systems for long term corrosion protection. Paintindia 1999, 49(11), 26-7.

010532   Mukherjee D;Vishnudevan M;Sarkar A (NO, C.E.C.R.I., Karaikudi) : Rapidly quenched metal-metalloid ribbons and electrodeposited metal-metalloid alloys having metastable orientation. Tool Alloy Steels 1999, 33(9), 25-32.

Discusses about the surface metastability of metal-metalloid glasses, both in the form of rapidly quenched ribbons and metal-metalloid deposits. The oxidation and corrosion resistance of these materials have also been discussed.

010531   Mitchell M J (NO, International Protective Coatings, Akzo Nobel, Plot No. 62P, Hoskote Industrial Area, Bangalore-562 114) : High performance surface tolerant coatings. Paintindia 1999, 49(11), 28-33.

Reviews the benefit and limitations of these coatings and attempts to give a realistic estimation of expected performance in a range of environments from bridges, coastal refineries and steel plants to offshore maintenance. The evaluation of these materials is described as also the formulation development necessary to give good performance over both rusty hand-prepared steel and intact old coatings.

010530   Khanna A S (NO, Corrosion Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Powai, Mumbai-400 076) : Is the alloy steel (CRS) produced in the country for reinforced bar concrete really corrosion resistant. Paintindia 1999, 49(11), 43-5.

010529   Khamrui K;Rajorhia G S (Dairy Technology Division, NDRI, Karnal-132 001) : Non-thermal technologies for food preservation. Indian Dairyman 2000, 52(2), 21-7.

33 ref

010528   Goswami M C;Prakash S (NO, National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur) : Smelting reduction kinetics of fluxed composite reduced iron pellets (FCRIP). Tool Alloy Steels 1999, 33(9), 11-19.

Fluxed composite pellets are produced from a mixture of blue dust, non-coking coal fines and lime powder using an organic binder. After pre-reduction in reducing atmosphere at a temperature of 1273K these fluxed composite reduced iron pellets (FCRIP) are then used for smelting reduction experiments in an induction furnace. FCRIPs are charged onto a molten slag layer floating on a carbon saturated molten iron bath taken in a graphite crucible. The temperature of the bath is varied in the range of 1623K to 1823K for the pellets of basicity varying between 0.82 and 2.0. Kinetic studies show a mixed kinetic model of both diffusion and chemical reaction and follow a model expressed by Ginstling-Brounshtein as G(α) = 1-(2/3) (α) - (1-α)^2/3, where α denotes the degree of reduction. The rate of reaction increases with increase in temperature and basicity. However, the basicity dependence on the degree of reduction is not very significant. Activation energy value is obtained in the range of 42 and 60 kJ/mole.

19 ref

010527   Gattuso M J;Regan J P;Taskar A (NO, , ) : Simulated Moving Bed chromatography in the pharmaceutical industry. Chem Wkly 1999, 44(50), 157-63.

Improved methods of identifying molecules with pharmaceutical activity, there has been an increase in the number of new drug entities moving through the drug testing process. This process severely taxes downstream operations, such as scale-up and process development capabilities, of the pharmaceutical companies. Because larger number of developmental quantities of potential new drugs are needed for testng, rapid and scalable methods for isolating and purifying the new chemical entities must be developed and utilized. Many of the new therapeutic materials are also single isomer compounds, and a rapid method for the preparation of single enantiomer drugs must be available. Even if a racemic mixture is found to have desired therapeutic activity, the U.S. FDA guidelines require toxicity information on not only the racemic mixture, but also on each of the pure enantiomers as well. Therefore, several kilograms of each pure enantiomer must be made available for screening and testing purposes. Separation of chiral compounds by chromatography has been practiced in the laboratory for many years. The use of chromatographic processes for the manufacturing of petrochemicals was introduced in the 1960s with the commercialization of the UOP Sorbex family of simulated moving bed (SMB) processes. The use of chromatography in the development and manufacturing of pharmaceutical and fine chemical products has grown steadily but slowly over the years...

14 ref

010526   Deshmukh G M (Department of Petrochemical Engineering, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere-402 103) : Acid effects on liquid - liquid equillibria. Chem Wkly 1999, 45(2), 163-5.

Effect of the addition of acids as additive to the acetone-water-toluene ternary system, where toluene is used as a `extraction solvent' for separation of acetone from the acetone water binary mixture. In the presence of the additives, the shift in the slopes of the distribution curves and the tilting of the tie line were in the direction which enhanced solute recovery. The shifts and the tiltings increased with increasing acid concentration. In addition, the effect of solutropy diminished.