013693   Chinh N Q;Judit I;Ca T D (Department of General Physics, Eotvos University, Budapest) : Precipitation and GP-zone structures in AlZnMg (Cu,Zn) alloys. NML tech J 1998, 40(2), 45-9.

Precipitation processes taking place in high strength AlZnMg alloys (7xxx series) were investigated by compression test TEM and EDX. The results show that addition of Cu changes strongly the temperature of GP-zone → intermediate phase transition. The addition of Zr leads to an extremely fine-grained structure and in the AlZnMgCuZn alloy a "duplex" GP-zone structure is formed, causing a "duplex" behaviour of this alloy.

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013692   Chelladurai T;Sankaranarayana A S; Purushothaman K K;Ananthanadarajan M S;Gandhiraj K (Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, , Trivandrum-695 022) : Acoustic emission response from EB welds of titanium alloy pressure bottles. J Nondestructive Test Evaluation 1999, 19(3), 34-8.

Presents concisely the outcome of recent studies undertaken on Ti alloy pressure bottles. In contrast with the active defects that are characterised by high amplitude and long duration envents, the failure initiated by yielding is governed by copious emissions of lower amplitude. No adequate advance warning can be realised in the case of yield type of failure unless the AE sensors are located closer to the sites of yielding.

013691   Bhalakia S M;Modi B J;Patel R G (Department of Chemistry, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar-388 120) : Synthesis and evaluation of novel photochromic disazo condensation pigments. Indian J chem Technol 1999, 6(1), 12-18.

Photochromic disazo condensation pigments have been synthesized by the condensation of 1-azaphenyl mercuric acetate-2-hydroxy-3-naphthoic acid with various benzidine derivatives and subsequent treatment with dithizone. The photochromic disazo condensation pigments have been characterized by their IR spectra and elemental analysis. The kinetic study of photochormic behaviour has been investigated by preparing films of the pigment. The pigment film on exposure to sunlight or tungsten light source of suitable wavelength showed very good photochromic effect. The film regained its original colour on removal from sunlight. The duration for return of the colour depends upon the intensity of incident light, ambient temperature, moisture content and thermal treatment of the film.

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013690   Bhagwat G A (Asian Paints(1)Ltd, , LBS Marg, Bhandup(W) Mumbai-400 078) : Concrete deterioration: causes and its prevention. Paintindia 1999, 44(8), 37-44.

Concrete, particularly with reference to its use for construction of buildings and factors that lead to its deterioration are described. With an accent to emphasize role of surface coatings and auxiliary construction chemicals in protecting concrete from premature deterioration, some of the latest developments are reviewed.

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013689   Bhagat R P (Mineral Processing Division, National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur-831 007) : Replacement of coke breeze by leco-fines from neyveli in iron ore sintering. Trans Indian Inst Metals 1999, 52(5), 299-304.

Reports the sintering efficiency using Leco fines vis-a-vis coke breeze. The raw materials used and sintering conditions are those typically followed in the sintering plant at Bhilai. The vertical speed of sintering increases with increase in moisture content in the 7-9% range, with 8% being optimum for yield and productivity. The optimum level of leco fines and that of coke breeze is 4.6% carbon equivalent. The yield of sinter, Y⁺¹⁰, increases with increasing coke breeze content in the range 6.10 to 8.33%. Whereas, 6.10% of leco fines (4.6% carbon equivalent) is optimum of Y+10 as well as productivity, P+10. These indices decrease sharply with increasing leco fines in the mix beyond this level. At this level there is an improvement in the sintering indices when leco-fines replaces coke breeze. However, the sintering indices are very sensitive to the variation in amount of leco-fines in the mix.

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013688   Bera P;Saha S K (Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling-734 430) : Selective trapping of initiator component in the interlayer space of montmorillonite : a novel technique of controlling linear termination in aqueous acrylamide polymerisation. Indian J chem Technol 1999, 6(1), 24-30.

Kinetics and mechanism of aqueous polymerization of acrylamide by FeCl3 -thiourea redox couple are investigated in homogeneous solution with a view to compare results with those observed after trapping metal oxidant in the montmorillonite layered space. The initial rate of polymerization and the intrinsic viscosity are ranged within (0.3-2.3) x 10⁴ mil L^-1 s^-1 and (14-137) mLg^-1 respectively in the former case. Linear termination by metal oxidants is checked in the latter instance resulting in the higher chain growth of the polymers. Formation of the acrylamide paris in the interlayer positions of acidic montmorillonite, strong `cage effect' on the initiating thiourea radicals and the delayed termination process are identified as the major causes for the observed mechanistic modification in the montmorillonite gel phase reactions.

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013687   Baldev Raj;Jayakumar T;Mukhopadhyay C K (Metallurgy and Materials Group, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam-603 102) : Application of acoustic emission technique for structural integrity assessment of pressure vessels and pipelines. J Nondestructive Test Evaluation 1999, 19(3), 39-50.

Potential of the acoustic emission technique (AET) for structural integrity monitoring of pressure vessels and pipelines has been discussed in this paper. Types of acoustic emission (AE) sources in materials, source location methodologies as well as the Codes and Standards applicable for AE monitoring of pressure vessels have been discussed. A few case studies on the application of AET of monitoring structural integrity and leak testing in critical components in nuclear, petrochemical and chemical industries are also highlighted.

013686   Anantharaman T R (Metals and Alloys Group, National Physical Laboratory, , Dr K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi-110 012) : Orthorhombic phases in aluminium-transition metal alloys. Bull Mater Sci 1999, 22(6), 937-45.

In recent decades some complex crystalline phases, as also many rational approximants to quasicrystalline phases with rather large unit cells, have been reported with orthorhombic symmetry in aluminium-transition metal (Al-TM) alloys. Furthermore, quite a few quasicrystalline phases, icosahedral as well as decagonal, forming in Al-TM alloys on normal or rapid solidification have been interpreted during the last decade as multiply-twinned orthorhombic crystals growing as superstructures of an orthorhombic cell that forms through welding in three perpendicular directions in the liquid state of 13-atom icosahedral clusters. Following exemplification of this new approach to quasicrystals based on the analysis of the Debye-Scherrer diffraction data from the comparatively defect-free Al-Cu-Fe icosahedral phase, the three types of orthorhombic phases in aluminium-rich Al-TM alloys, numbering 36 in all, have been examined as icosahedral cluster compounds nucleating from icosahedral atomic clusters present in the molten alloys. A detailed analysis of their lattice parameters supports the postulate that all such phases can be viewed as complex and, occasionally, as very large superstructures of a small basic orthorhombic cell.

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012653   Vaish A K;Humane M M;Chakrabarty A K; Ramachandra Rao P (NO, National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur-831 007) : Direct current transferred arc plasma reactor - its suitability for smelting reduction and refining processes. NML tech J 1998, 40(3), 95-108.

Plasma processing is more versatile than the existing extractive techniques and direct current transferred arc plasma reactors can treat such materials which are difficult to process. The special feature of DC transferred arc plasma reactor is its ability to obtain long, stable arcs with independent current and voltage control. It posseses the potentiality to smelt iron ore fines, iron ore particulates, steel, stainless steel and a varieties of ferro alloys. The hydrogen argon plasma jet produces very high temperature and accelerates the reaction rate of refining processes such as decarburization and denitrogenization of iron-chromium alloys and the argon plasma arc enhances the desulphurization of stainless steel using different fluxes.

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012652   Umaid Singh;Peter Burridge; (Department of Foods and Nutrition, College of Home Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125 004) : Dehulling quality and cooking time of Australian chickpeas. J Fd Sci Technol 1999, 36(3), 270-2.

An interlaboratory comparison was carried out to study the dehulling quality and cooking time of chickpeas grown in Australia. Results indicated considerable consistency in dhal yield of genotypes determined by different laboratories. Dhal yield of `T-1315' was the highest, followed by `T-1414'. The cooking time of genotypes ranged between 95 and 135 min for whole seed samples and between 32 and 48 min for dhal samples. Since India imports considerable amounts of chickpea to meet its domestic demands, it is suggested that chickpeas with 75% dhal yield potentials and about 90-100 min cooking time of whole seeds and 35-40 min cooking time of dhal samples be preferred and encouraged for import.

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012651   To Duy Ca (NO, National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur-831 007) : Effect of molybdenum on the formation of carbides and phases structure of 12Cr20Ni38Mo5-alloy. NML tech J 1998, 40(3), 87-94.

Ni-Cr-Mo alloys have strong corrosion resistance. Presents the major results and understandings obtained during researches and also use of Ni-Cr-Mo alloys.

012650   Susila B;Karthik K;Radhakrishnan P (NO, CAD/CAM Centre, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore) : Rapid tooling for casting - a study on the application of rapid prototyping process. Indian Fndry J 1999, 45(11), 213-6.

Reports the results of an attempt to adapt the FDM rapid prototyping process for tooling for sand casting applications. Describes the methodology of development of sand casting tools from the solid model of a part. An estimate of the time compression is also given.

012649   Sonkar R K;Ladaniya M S (NO, National Research Centre for Citrus, P B No. 464, Shankarnagar P O Amravati Road, Nagpur-440 010) : Individual film wrapping of Nagpur mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) with heat-shrinkable and stretch-cling films for refrigerated storage. J Fd Sci Technol 1999, 36(3), 273-6.

Heat-shrinkable (50μm) low density polyethylene (LDPE) and stretch-cling (15μm) linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) films were evaluated for individual wrapping of Nagpur mandarin fruits to extent their shelf life under refrigerated storage conditions (6-7°C; 90-95%RH) during Mrig crop season 1997. Wrapping of fruits reduced water loss drastically (1-2%) in both the films as compared with non-wrapped fruits (13.29%) at the end of refrigerated storage (60 days), followed by 2 days holding period at ambient condition. Two pre-harvest sprays with carbendazim (500 ppm) and post-harvest wash with chlorine (1000 ppm), followed by carbendazim (2000 ppm) treatment minimized decay (1-3%). Colour development was not adversely affected either by heat-shrinkable (LDPE) or stretch cling film (LLDPE). Respiration rate was low in film-wrapped fruits. Fruit firmness decreased except in non-wrapped fruits. Titratable acid content declined and change in total soluble was almost inconsistent. Flavour and overall acceptability scores were highest in stretch-cling film (LLDPE) wrapped fruits as compared with heat-shrinkable (LDPE) and non-wrapped fruits at the end of storage. 15 ref

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012648   Sogi D S;Kiran J;Bawa A S (Department of Food Science and Technology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar-143 005) : Characterization and utilization of tomato seed oil from tomato processing waste. J Fd Sci Technol 1999, 36(3), 248-9.

Tomato seeds were separated from tomato processing waste generated in a tomato past manufacturing unit. The oil expelled from these tomato seeds showed physical as well as chemical characteristics similar to any conventional oil. This oil can be successfully used in traditional breakfast item Paratha and also in cake.

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012647   Singh D D N;Gaur B;Ghosh R;Singh B K (NO, National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur-831 007) : Role of corrosion inhibitors on grain boundary corrosion control of Cr-Mn-Cu stainless steel in pickling solution. NML tech J 1998, 40(3), 77-86.

Investigates the effect of various additives on the scale and metal dissolution of stainless-steel in 6.8% HNO₃ + 0.9% HF + 3.5% H₂SO₄ solution. The additives namely urea, methanol, boric acid, phosphoric acid and sodium chloride, were chosen for study as they are reported to have beneficial effect on oxide dissolution of other metals and alloys and also in some cases exhibit corrosion inhibitive effect. Potentiostatic polarization, mass loss, optical microscopic and scanning electron microscopic studies have been performed to assess the performance and to understand the mechanism of action of the above additives. Amongst the reagents studies, phosphoric and boric acids are found to have the most promising results. During the dissolution of the alloy, it is observed that enriching of Cu takes place near the grain boundaries. 10 ref

012646   Singh A K;Srivastava R K;Sushil Kumar (NO, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow-226 015) : Production and trade of menthol in India. FAFAI Jl 1999, 1(2), 28-32.

012645   Sharma V;Des Raj (Dairy Chemistry and Bacteriology Section, Southern Research Station, National Dairy Research Institute, Adugodi, Bangalore-560 030) : Storage changes in lactose and protein of lactoperoxidase - H2O2 system treated milk preserved with formalin. J Fd Sci Technol 1999, 36(3), 239-40.

Effect of formalin as sample preservative was studied in lactoperoxidase - hydrogen peroxide system activated milk. Lactoperoxidase system (LP25:15 and LP70:30) was activated by adding 25 ppm and 70 ppm thiocyanate and 15 ppm and 30 ppm hydrogen peroxide in two different experiments. These samples were analyzed for lactose and protein. The lactose values were found to be 5.01±0.02% and 5.02±0.01%. After addition of 0.4% formalin and storage upto 6 months, no significant change (P<60>0.01) was observed in lactose and protein values. Even after the storage of 2,4 and 6 months, these values remained unchanged.

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012644   Sharma A;Khetarpaul N (Department of Foods and Nutrition, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125 004) : Effect of fermentation on the sensory and nutritional evaluation of some products prepared from rice-dehulled Bengal gram-whey blends. Ann Agri Bio Res 1996, 1(1-2), 211-5.

Rice and dehulled Bengal gram flour were mixed in 60:40, 70:30, and 80:20 (w/w) proportion. Such a blend (100 g) was then mixed with whey (105 ml) and fermented at 35°C for 18 h. The fermented slurries were used for the development of products like biscuits and weaning mixture and evaluated for organoleptic characteristics. Biscuits and weaning mixture which contained fermented slurries having rice and dehulled legume in 70:30 ratio were the most acceptable ones to the human palate and hence selected for nutritional analysis. As a result of incorporation of fermented blend slurry, protein, fat and ash contents did not change significantly, whereas the contents of antinutrients viz., phytic acid and polyphenols were reduced considerably.

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012643   Sharma A;Kapoor A C (Department of Foods and Nutrition, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125 004) : Effect of different types of fermentation on 1. crude protein and fat of pearl millet. Ann Agri Bio Res 1996, 1(1-2), 205-10.

Pearl millet was fermented with Lactobacilli and yeasts alone, in combination and with natural flora at 30°C for 48 h after giving variour processing treatments viz., size reduction, soaking, debranning, dry heat treatment, germination and autocalving. Fermentation was carried out with Lactobacillus plantarum (Lp) and Rhodotorula (R) isolated from naturally fermented pearl millet and Lactobacillus acidophilus (La), Candida utilis (Cu) and natural fermentation (NF), Fermentation by Lactobacilli and yeasts decreased the crude protein content, however, maximum reduction was observed in the case of natural fermentation. There was no change in fat content on fermentation, in general, but natural fermentation improved it significantly in finely ground and soaked samples.

012642   Sharma A;Kapoor A C (Department of Foods and Nutrition, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125 004) : Effect of different types of fermentation on. 2 true protein and non-protein nitrogen of pearl millet. Ann Agri Bio Res 1996, 1(1-2), 199-203.

Pearl millet was fermented with Lactobacilli and yeasts alone, in combination and with natural flora at 30°C for 48 h after giving various processing treatments viz., size reduction, soaking, debranning, dry heat treatment, germination and autoelaving. Fermentation was carried out with Lactobacillus plantarum (Lp) and Rhodotorula (R) isolated from naturally fermented pearl millet and Lactobacillus acidophilus (La), Candida utilis (Cu) and natural fermentation (NF). Fermentation with different microbes and their combinations increased the non-protein nitrogen (NPN) content, Lactobacilli being more effective than yeasts. On the other hand, fermentation either decreased or did not alter the true protein content. The lowest (9.33%) and highest (10.97%) true protein contents were recorded after NF of debranned and La + Cu fermentation of germinated pearl millet, respectively.

012641   Sarkar R;Banerjee G (Refractory Division, Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, Calcutta-700 032) : Densification study of attritor milled magnesium aluminate spinel. Trans Indian Ceramic Soc 1999, 58(4), 92-4, 103.

Pre-synthesization of magnesium aluminate spinel was done by mixing magnesium hydroxide and aluminium hydroxide in a molar ratio of MgO : Al2O3 = 1:1 and then calcining the mixture at temperatures between 900° and 1600°C. X-ray diffraction patterns confirmed that only spinel phase was present above 1400°C. Pre-synthesized spinels were then attritor milled up to 6 h and the extent of milling was characterized by surface area measurement. Milled and unmilled materials were isostatically pressed at 175 MPa and sintered between 1550° and 1650°C for 2 h and studied for densification. A maximum of 99% densification was achieved at a sintering temperature of 1650°C.

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012640   Sanjay Kumar;Singh K K;Das U S;Das S K R; Daspoddar P K (NO, National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur-831 007) : Effect of microstructure on the properties of synthetic refractory aggregates. Trans Indian Ceramic Soc 1999, 58(4), 89-91.

Four types of refractory aggregates (three sintered mullites using different starting materials and one tabular alumina) were synthesized by reaction sintering process and their properties evaluated. The microstructures of the aggregates have been studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy and correlated with the properties of the corresponding aggregates. The performance of these aggregates was also studied at high temperatures by using it in castables.

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012639   Sangwan V;Khetarpaul N (Department of Foods and Nutrition, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125 004) : Impact of deaddiction on food habits of alcoholics. Ann Agri Bio Res 1998, 3(1), 23-5.

Reports carried out on 60 adult male alcoholics admitted for deaddiction in private nursing homes and rehabilitation centre of Hisar city revealed that majority of them missed their regular meals while drinking. Most of them (38.3% preferred non-vegetarian foods alongwith alcohol as they like meat, eggs and spicy foods. Sweets were mostly disliked by them. Most of them enjoyed drinking tea. However, after deaddiction treatment there were abrupt changes in their food habits and preference. Affter deaddiction, most of them started preferring vegetarian foods instead of non-vegetarian ones and their intake of non-vegetarian foods was almost negligible. They also developed taste for sweets and their intake of cereals, vegetables and fruits increased remarkably.

012638   Sabikhi L;Tiwari B D (Dairy Technology Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132 001) : Factors in food frying. Indian Fd Ind 1999, 18(2), 100-4.

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012637   Rege A R;Pai J S (Department of Chemical Technology, University of Bombay, Matunga, Mumbai-400 019) : Development of thermal process for clarified pomegranate (Punica granatum) juice. J Fd Sci Technol 1999, 36(3), 261-3.

D value (thermal resistance) of Aspergillus niger NCIM 595 spores, in clarified pomegranate juice at 76.7°C was 5,4 sec. Process time required for pasteurization of the juice F¹⁵76.7=33 sec (corresponding to 6D) was adequate to render the juice free of Lactobacilli and Aspergillus. Degradation of juice colour of heating at various temperatures was examined. Results indicated that the colour of the juice was fairly stable, except for slight losses during heating at 80°C for 30 min. The thermal process developed resulted in an acceptable juice with respect to colour and flavour. 12 ref

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012636   Ravita;Chaudhary K (Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125 004) : Use of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains for breadmaking from different cereal flour blends. J Fd Sci Technol 1999, 36(3), 256-60.

Studies were conducted, using 9 S. cerevisiae strains (`KAS',`KOT',`Hefe',`Veeb',`HAU-21',`LBY',`TBY',`DBY' and `a-Hap') for their maltase activities (MA), dough raising capacities (DRC) and breadmaking qualities, using wheat flour and different cereal flour blends. The results showed that both DRC and MA affected the baking quality of a yeast strain. Commercially used strain of S. cerevisiae, `KOT' was found superior for breadmaking with wheat flour, the strains `HAU-21',`Hefe' and `DBY' produced good quality breads, using a blend of 10% sorghum, triticale and soybean flour with wheat flour, respectively. 22 ref

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012635   Ramachandraiah O S;Azeemoddin G (NO, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Oil Technological Research, Anantapur-515 001) : Oleoresin from onion bulbs. FAFAI Jl 1999, 1(2), 23-7.

Oleoresin from onion bulbs (Allium Cepa Linn) is extracted using n-hexane as solvent, yielding 0.05 to 0.13 per cent. It is yellowish mass having a sharp, pungent and characteristic odour. It is partly soluble in 95 per cent alcohol. Physico-Chemical characteristics of the oleoresin are : Specific Gravity at 30°C-0.9180; Melting Point, 58°C, Refractive Index at 60°C - 1.4650; Acid Value - 15.0; Iodine Value 124.7, Saponification Value 105, and ester Value 151.5 it finds wide application in food flavouring industry and pharmaceuticals. It is used as a remedy for diabetic foot, Tenia Versicolar and chronic wounds. The onion absolute is dark brown viscous liquid with a strong characteristic pungent odour. Proximate composition of solvent extracted dried onion bulbs (residue) show dry mass 93.5; crude fibre 29.4; protein 14.4; total ash 8.4; ether extract 0.8%, it is used as a cattle feed.

012634   Raghav P K;Grover P C;Thapar V K (Department of processing and Agricultural Structures, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141 004) : Storage stability of sunflower (Helianthus annus) oil in different packaging materials. J Fd Sci Technol 1999, 36(3), 253-5.

Studies on storage of raw sunflower oil were carried out in four different packaging materials viz., plastic, tin, hindolium and high density polyethylene (HDPE) pouches. The effect of heat treatment on storability of oil under airtight and non-airtight conditions was also studied. In case of heat treatment, the oil was heated upto 120°C temperature for 90 min in order to inactivate the lipase enzyme completely. It was observed that during storage, different packaging materials and heat treatment affected the colour, odour, free fatty acids and iodine value of oil. The airtight HDPE pouches (120 gauge) with heat-treated oil were found to be the best packaging meterials for storage of oil upto a period of 16 weeks. 11 ref

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012633   Premi B R;Sethi V;Maini S B (Technical Services Department, National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development, Garment House, 3rd floor, Dr. A B Road, Worli, Mumbai-400 018) : Effect of steeping preservation on the quality of aonla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) fruits during storage. J Fd Sci Technol 1999, 36(3), 244-7.

Study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of different chemical solutions to control the development of white specks (WS) is aonla fruits during a storage period of 90 days. A chemical solution containing 10% salt and 0.04% KMS was found to be effective in controlling the development of WS during storage with maximum retention of nutrients. The chemical solution containing calcium chloride irrespective of chemical preservative used, accelerated the development of WS and fruits stored in these chemical solutions were mushy in texture. Hence, the addition of lime or calcium chloride may be avoided in case of steeping preservation of aonla fruit. 14 ref

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012632   Pathak S N;Bharati K B;Ganguly A (R&D Division, Mukand Ltd, Mumbai) : Improving profitability of a foundry by reducing sand to metal ratio. Indian Fndry J 1999, 45(11), 217-20.

In foundries waste sand lumps generated during knock-out of moulds/cores after metal pouring as well as from rejected moulds/cores, are generally removed as a waste, even by paying disposal cost. A study on the usage of these waste sand lumps as inserts in the mould/cores has revealed that the sand lumps can be used to the extent of 40%. This result in substantial reduction in the sand mix consumption and thereby the cost. Deals with the effects of size, addition level and quality of sand lumps and also effect of using hollow metallic blocks on quality of moulds/cores and castings.

012631   Patel H G;Upadhyay K G (Department of Dairy Technology, Sheth M C College of Dairy Science, Gujarat Agricultural University, Anand Campus, Anand-388 110) : Alternate technology for manufacture of buffalo milk pizza cheese. J Fd Sci Technol 1999, 36(3), 235-8.

Alternate technology for plasticising the curd in dry condition with emulsifying salts was developed and compared with traditional technology with respect to its impact on functional characteristics and composition of resultant cheese. The results revealed that alternate method of plasticising the curd could be put in practice successfully for the manufacture of buffalo milk Mozzarella cheese with different functional properties as well as improved yield. Addition of 1.0-1.5% mixture of trisodium citrate and disodium phosphate in 1:1 or 2:1 proportion, heating at 65-70% for 10-15 min and then moulding is recommended for commerciial exploitation.

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012630   Pal P K;Hossain S A;Sarkar P K (Centre for Life Sciences, University of North Bengal, Siliguri-734 430) : Instron texture profile of Churpi as infleunced by proximate composition. J Fd Sci Technol 1999, 36(3), 222-5.

Churpi, a traditional milk product, prepared in Bhutan had very low moisture, fat, water-dispersible protein, titratable acidity and energy value than that prepared in Sikkim and Darjeeling. Total solids of churpi had a positive correlation with Instron hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess and chewiness. On the other hand, water-dispersible protein had the opposite effect with all the Instron parameters. Total fat, free fat and titratable acidity were negatively correlated with the Instron parameters. Total solids, titratable acidity, free fat and water-dispersible protein predicted 55% variation in hardness. 79% in cohesiveness, 81% in gumminess and 75% in chewiness (P<60>0.001), which are considered substantial in view of the complexity of the product's texture.

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012629   Narayan Prabhu K;Karanth S;Udupa K R (Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering, Karnataka Regional College, Surathkal, P O Srinivasnagar-574 157) : Assessment of degree of modification in Al-Si eutectic alloy (LM 6) for NDT technique. Indian Fndry J 1999, 45(9), TP-177-84.

In Al-Si cast alloys, the morphology of silicon phase can be changed by modification treatment, which transforms the silicon morphology from acicular to a fine fibrous structure resulting in a considerable improvement in ductility. Involved the assessment of the degree of modification in a general purpose Al-Si eutectic casting alloy LM6 by Conductivity Measurement and Ultrasound Technique. The concept of Modification Rating proposed by Apelian was adopted to quantify the degree of modification. Metallic sodium and NaCl-NaF salt mixtures were used as modifiers. A computer aided data acquisition set up was used to monitor, acquire and record the cooling curve data during solidification of the test sample. The thermal analysis parameters - eutectic undercooling (ΔTE), eutectic arrest temperature (Te), eutectic depression (ΔE) were determined. Two new parameters - cooling curve, curvature radius ratio (Rm/Rum) and angle ratio Φm/Φum) were proposed to detemine the minimum amount of retained sodium required to produce a full modified fine fibrous structure. An eddy current based electrical conductivity meter was used to measure the electrical conductivity in casting samples. The measured values were found to be significantly affected by the....

012628   Mitra N K;De S C;Parya T K (Ceramic Engineering Division, Department of Chemical Technology, University College of Science and Technology, Calcutta-700 009) : Rheological aspects of thixotropy in synthetic alumino-silicate hydrosol during electrolytic interaction. Trans Indian Ceramic Soc 1999, 58(4), 98-103.

Though thixotropy is a case of partial coagulation, it is a specific phenomenon and not observed in all kinds of colloidal sols. Alumino-silicate hydrosols, because of their high sensitivity towards addition of electrolytes and high molecular weight, exhibit this property. The relative influence of particle concentration and electrolytes on the rate of thixotropic growth can be rheologically characterized by the hysteresis loop in the double consistency curves.

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012627   Khosla M K;Bhasin M;Kaul B L (NO, Regional Research Laboratory, Jammu Tawi-180 001) : Breeding for evolving high yielding methyl chavicol rich strain of basil (Ocimum basilicum var. glabratum). FAFAI Jl 1999, 1(2), 17-21.

Ocimum basilicum var. glabratum is an indigenous South Indian species, yields essential oil rich in important aroma compound methyl chavicol. An open pollinated species has been red through recurrent selection and modified polycross techniques. The mean, range, standard deviation and co-efficient of variation of important yield characters has been worked out and compared by t-test. The newly developed strain is superior having high percentage of methyl chavicol (90-92%) along with other improved yield characters. The strain thus offers a rich source of methyl chavicol which can be well exploited in perfume industry.

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012626   Kakade M B;Roy S K (Materials Science Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085) : Solution combustion, characterization and sintering behaviour of 9ZnCr2O4.2LiZnVO4. Trans Indian Ceramic Soc 1999, 58(4), 85-8.

Systematic study of the synthesis and sintering of a composition, namely, 9ZnCr2O4.2LiZnVO4 in the zinc chromate-lithium zinc vanadate (ZnCr2O4-LiZnVO4) system was carried out. The powders were prepared by both solution combustion and solid state reaction methods. In solution combustion technique, stoichiometric mixture of nitrates of desired cations and urea in aqueous solutions was heated rapidly to ensue the reaction. Ammonium vanadate was used as the diluent. In solid state reaction, oxides of zinc, chromium and vanadium and lithium carbonate were homogenized and calcined at 800°C. The compound formation was confirmed by XRD. Compacts of both powders were prepared and sintering studies were carried out at 1000° and 1100°C. Sintering behaviour of both the powders were similar. Porosity of sintered specimens could be varied between 0 and 20% by controlled sintering.

012625   Kahol A P;Tandon S;Ahmad J (Department of Chemical Engineering, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP Campus, Lucknow-226 015) : Effect of the design parameters on the efficiency of Mentha arvensis oil/water separator. FAFAI Jl 1999, 1(1), 21-30.

Experimental study has been carried out to determine the efficiency of recovery of Mentha arvensis oil from an oil/water mixture flowing into a separator. Oil separators of two designs have been studied and the effect of changing flow rate and temperature of oil/water mixture on the oil recovery efficiency has been determined. A criterion to design and scale up mentha oil/water separators has been developed.

012624   Jogdeo D (Department of Chemical Technology, University of Mumbai, Matunga, Mumbai-400 019) : Optical isomers in perfumery and their purification. FAFAI Jl 1999, 1(1), 39-46.

Many compounds which are used in perfumes and flavours are optically active. One of the enantiomer is organoleptically active or enantiomers are having totally different aroma. Various methods available for the resolution of the enantiomers are discussed. The objective is to obtain pure enantiomer of importance to the perfume and flavour industry.

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012623   Jayaprakasha H M;Brueckner H (Department of Dairy Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Hebbal, Bangalore-560 024) : Whey protein concentrate: a potential functional ingredient for food industry. J Fd Sci Technol 1999, 36(3), 189-204.

Whey was all along been considered as a waste product and looked upon seriously by the environmentalists and technologists due to its potent pulluting strength. Now-d-days, however, it is no longer considered a waste product but a treasure chest of nutritionally rich whey protein, which has been unlocked by the modern processing technology, enabling them to recover economically in their native form. The advent of this technology has been a great boon to recover these previous solids in the form of whey protein concentrate (WPC). The whey proteins are potentially nutritional and functional food ingredients for use in a wide range of food types and can replace expensive ingredients such as egg white and milk proteins. It also contributes to the development of new food products. WPC are generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for food product application and not specially restricted by standards of identify. This review focusses on functional aspects of WPC in relation to their application in food products formulation. 98 ref

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012622   Jaiswal A K (NO, Amul, Anand, Gujarat) : Quality control in chocolate industry. Indian Fd Ind 1999, 18(2), 94-9.

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012621   Iwuoha C I;Agunanne C L (Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, P M B 1526, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria) : Effect of acid activation of locally available adsorbents for refining palm kernel oil. J Fd Sci Technol 1999, 36(3), 217-21.

Crude palm kernel oil (PKO) was refined using three locally available adsorbents (clay, palm kernel shell charcoal, (PSC) and wood charcoal, (WDC) activated with three inorganic acids (HCl, H2SO4 and H3PO4). In their natural state, WDC adsorbed relatively the best, PSC the least. Hydrochloric acid activation gave the best, while H3PO4 acitvation gave the least adsorption in clay, which was not significant (colour reduction, P=0.05). Among the charcoals, H3PO4-activated WDC exhibited the best bleaching power. The performance was directly related to the reagent's strength for H3PO4, while H2SO4 and HCl showed inverse trends. The overall quality of the refined PKO compared favourably with the samples bleached with commercial adsorbents.

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012620   Guchhait S;Arora S;Rai T (Dairy Chemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132 001) : Ghee residue - its nutritional value and antioxidant properties. Indian Fd Ind 1999, 18(2), 105-10.

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012619   Gopalan H S;Pendharkar M B;Subbulakshmi G; Padwal-Desai S R (Department of Post-Graduate Studies and Research in Home Science, Smt. Nathibai Damodar Thakarsi University, Mumbai-400 049) : Application of sodium erythorbate in controlling browning of diced potatoes. J Fd Sci Technol 1999, 36(3), 226-34.

Mechanism for the prevention of enzymatic browning by the antioxidant sodium erythorbate was investigated using the oxidative reaction catalyzed by polyphenol exidase (PPO), isolated from potato tuber on p-cresol, pyrocatechol and the mixture of natural substrates isolated from potato tuber tissue. Sodium erythorbate showed no inhibitory action on PPO activity. On the contrary, the acitivity enhanced slightly. In vitro experiments in PPO assay system, the antioxidant totally inhibited the brown colour formation even though the oxygen consumption was not changed. The prevention of browning was due to reduction of the quinones formed in the enzymatic reaction back to original phenolic compounds by sodium erythorbate. The factors influencing the stability and antioxidant ability of sodium erythorbate were studied. A practical method has been devised for the prevention of browning of potato slices by using a solution containing 1000 ppm sodium erythorbate in 0.02 M citric acid solution adjusted to pH 4-6 as an anti-browning mixture.

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012618   Ghosh S;Das M;Chakrabarti S;Ghatak S (NO, Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, Calcutta-700 032) : Rheological behaviour of aqueous suspensions of pre-fired terracotta compositions in relation to Newtonian factor `n'. Trans Indian Ceramic Soc 1999, 58(4), 95-7.

Utilization of common clay in admixtures with quartz and fly ash for fabrication of utility goods and art object is widely in practice. However, slip casting of slurries poses several problems in shaping of green bodies. Investigates of, Newtonianity of the suspensions were evaluated and an attempt has been made to correlate Newtonian factor `n' with the castability of a slip. Different factors affecting `n' are analysed by rheological investigation of the suspensions. It was found that the suspensions were pseudoplastic in nature with a marked tendency towards Newtonian. The castability of the suspensions were explained in terms of Newtonianity (`n' values) of the suspensions. The results were utilized for further fabrication of green articles by slip casting.

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012617   Ganesan V;Gothandapani L (Department of Post-harvest Technology and Agricultural Processing, Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering Technology, Tavanur-679 573) : Microstructure of spray-dried and partially defatted coconut skim milk powder. J Fd Sci Technol 1999, 36(3), 268-9.

Microstructure of coconut skim milk powder was observed using Scanning Electgron Microscopy (SEM). Small surface folds and cracks were noticed in some particles, whereas many samples contained small depressions, resembling the surface of moon. The surface of particle looked like honeycomb structure. Some of the particles were more wrinkled and curly.

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012616   Elkhalifa A E O;Tinay A H E (School of Family Sciences, Ahfad University of Women, P O Box 167, Sudan) : Effect of germination on protein fractions and assayable tannins of flow- and high- tannin sorghum cultivars. J Fd Sci Technol 1999, 36(3), 250-2.

Two sorghum cultivars, :Dabar 1-1" (low tannins - 0.240%) and "Cross 35:18" (hiigh tannins - 1.162%) were studied for changes in protein fractions and tannins during germination. The percentages of protein fractions ffor "Dabar 1-1" were : albumin 22.7%, globulin; 15.2%, prolamins 35.0%, glutelins 15.1% and residues 11.9% and were 10.0, 4.7, 67.9, 9.4 and 8.1% respectively for "Cross 35:18" cultivar. The tannin contents of the protein fractions for "Dadar 1-1" cultivar were 0.148, 0.040, 0.012 and 0.040% for the 4 fractions, respectively, while for the "Cross 35:18" cultivar, the corresponding values were 0.367, 0.056, 0.136 and 0.536%. The two cultivars were soaked in water for 10 h, germinated for upto 72 h and the protein fractions and their tannin contents were determined at 24 h intervals. A significant (p≤0.05) increase in the albumin fraction for both sorghum cultivars occurred during germination. The tannin content for the low tannin cultivar fluctuated during germination, whereas for the high tannin cultivar, the tannin contents of the albumin, globulin, prolamin and glutelin fractions decreased by 68, 28, 50 and 87%, respectively.

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012615   Dhaliwal Y S;Aggarwal R A K (NO, Oilseeds Research Station, Kangra) : Composition of fat in soybeans as affected by duration of germination and drying temperature. J Fd Sci Technol 1999, 36(3), 266-7.

Soybeans of varieties `Shivalik' and `Punjab No. 1' were soaked in water for 6 h, followed by germination for 36 and 48 h at 35°C. After requisite germination, the germinated samples were divided into two lots. One lot was dried at low temperature (30°C) and other at higher temperature (70°C) in tray driers. The germinated and dried samples were dehulled and milled to flour fineness. The fat content of soybeans decreased with increase in germination time. Free fatty acid content also decreased with increase in germination time. Oleic acid level first decreased with 36 h germination and thereafter, an increase was noticed after 48 h of germination. Similar results were recorded for linolenic acid. Oleic and linoleic acid contents were higher in germinated soybeans dried at low temperatues. Between tested varieties, fat, oleic acid and linoleic contents were higher in variety `Shivalik'.

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012614   Daisy Joseph;Lal M;Bajpai H N;Mathur P K (Analytical Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085) : Levels of trace elements of few Indian species by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) method. J Fd Sci Technol 1999, 36(3), 264-5.

Concentrations of K,Ca,Mn,Fe,Cu,Zn,Rb and Sr were determined in Indian spices namely, pepper, clove, cardamom, cinnamon and cumin by Radioisotope excited Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluoresence method. The levels of K and Ca were highest in cinnamon and cumin and that of Mn was highest in clove and cinnamon. Rubidium and strontium were found in all spices except cinnamon. Chromium and titanium were found only in pepper. The level of toxicity and the significance of the above trace elements in the human diet are discussed.

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012613   Cooper P S;Harlow K S (NO, London & Scandinavian Metallurgical Co Limited, 45 Wimbledon Hill Road, London, UK, SW19 7LZ) : Meeting the increased quality demands on grain refiners. Indian Fndry J 1999, 45(9), TP-190-4.

Use of grain refiners is well established in the aluminium industry world-wide. Producers of semifinished products such as slab or billet are facing increasing quality pressures from down-stream customers. This in turn has placed increased emphasis on the producers of TiBAl grain refiners. Key issues in terms of the grain refiner performance include increased potency, faster reaction times and improved insight into the fundamental mechanism of grain refining and the action of TiBAL grain refiners. This has allowed grain refiner manufacture development to progress to meet the performance requirements of the industry. In addition, the increased understanding allows recommendations for optimisation of best practice in the casthouse. Both the nucleation and growth restriction phases of grain refinement are described. The work has highlighted some limitations to future improvements to the traditional B containing refiners. A new phase in the use of grain refiners has now started with the development of TiC based alloys. Their performance in some applications has already shown benefits compared to the traditional TiBAL alloys.

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012612   Chandrasekhar U;Kowsalya S;Rajalakshmi R (Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Avinashilingam University, Coimbatore-641 043) : Household storage practices of carotene rich foods in Coimbatore district. Indian J Nutr Diet 1999, 36(3), 67-70.