010525   Darge R (NO, , Valspar, Station Lane, Witney, Oxon, OX7 6LX, UK) : Metal decorating perspective on UV cured inks. Paintindia 1999, 49(11), 55-7.

010524   Bhatnagar N;Dhirendra (Department of Chemical Engineering, Pravara Rural Engineering College, Loni-413 736) : Energy auditing a case study - methodologies and techniques. Chem Wkly 1999, 45(12), 147-59.

Energy conservation, in the past few years has become of prime importance to all chemical industries. With competition increasing day by day, it becomes very necessary for the industry to produce quality and quantity at minimum possible cost. Compromising on quality cannot reduce cost and hence the most appropriate area for cutting costs is the Energy Bill. The major draw for all companies working on conserving energy in their plants is the reduction in production costs leading to an out and out profit gain, with minimal investment. Thus the basic function of an energy audit is thus to pinpoint vulnerable areas in industry consuming higher energy than required and then to formulate solutions to decrease the energy cost to get to the common goal of energy conservation and economic benefits for the industry. The mechanical section of the audit was worked on i.e. namely the boiler section, the steam distribution system and all other equipment of the plant installed at various points. In the present communication the electrical section of the audit is not detailed into because it would be out of the scope of this presentation. The audit was started with a tour of the plant. An inspection of the various equipment and meters, logbook, measuring instruments and from the operators and shift superintendents. Then the stream distribution for the plant was studied and each section where steam is used was inspected...

010523   Arora S;Seth R;Ajit Singh (Dairy Chemistry Division, NDRI, Karnal-132 001) : Conjugated linoleic acid in dairy products. Indian Dairyman 2000, 52(2), 29-33.

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009530   Thakur N K;Lal Kaushal B B;Joshi V K (Deptt. of Postharvest Technology, Dr. Y.K. Parmar University of Hort. and Forestry, Nauni, Solan-172 230) : Standardization of method and treatment for clarification of kinnow juice. Indian Fd Packer 1999, 53(4), 27-31.

Study on standardization of method and treatment for clarification of kinnow juice was conducted. Of the centrifugation and pectinolytic enzyme treatments, the latter yielded higher serum quantity at higher concentration than centrifugation. The juice treated at higher temperature of 40±1°C with enzyme gave higher yield than that treated at 25±1°C. Higher serum yield and titratable acidity was observed from the juice treated with enzyme @ 1.0 or 0.8% at 40±1°C. Clarification as cloud index was higher in the serum from juice treated with 1.0 and 0.8 per cent enzyme concentration at 40±1°C than either 25±1°C or other enzyme concentrations. On the basis of these observations treatment of juice with 0.8% at 40±1°C was standardized for clarification of kinnow juice.

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009529   Suresh E R;Rajashekhara E;Yadav I S;Dinesh M R (NO, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta Lake (PO), Bangalore-560 089) : Evaluation of high acid mango varieties for brining preservation. Beverage Fd Wld 1999, 26(6), 41-2.

Raw mango slices are generally preserved in brine or by dry salting method for future use in pickle production. A process developed at IIHR, Bangalore and commercially adopted by a local pickle industry showed the possibility of storing raw mango slices with good retention of colour and texture for more than 6 months of storage under ambient conditions. High acid mango varieties having characteristic flavour are preferred for pickling purposes and hence five acidic varieties viz, `Rangoon Goa', `Kolanka Goa', `Karanjio', `Amini' and `Omlet' were evaluated for brining preservation. The physico-chemical composition and changes in texture during brining preservation were also studied. The results indicated that raw slices of all the varieties tested were suitable for brining preservation. However, the variety `Kolanka Goa' retained excellent colour and maximum firmness at the end of six months of storage period.

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009528   Suresh Babu D S;Mohan Das P N (NO, Centre for Earth Science Studies, P.B. No. 7250, Akkulam, Thiruvananthapuram-695 031) : Mineralo-chemical assessment of ilmenites from the three Indian placers. Trans Indian Inst Metals 1999, 52(2-3), 73-9.

Differently-weathered ilmenites of three Indian placers (Chavara, Manavalakurichi and Chatrapur) have been characterised and compared using mineralogy and composition changes. Significant variation in terms of iron and titanium oxides is noticed in the magnetic fractions separated from each of the deposit-samples. Coexistence of ilmenite with pseudorutile, rutile and hematite is observed in substantially varying amounts in the three deposits. Tropical weathering rather than source-rock differences has apparently played an important role in imparting major compositional and structural dissimilarities among ilmenites in different placers.

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009527   Sohrab (NO, , ) : Risk assessment - a prerequisite for application of HACCP in food industries. Indian Fd Packer 1999, 53(4), 43-50.

Health concern of consumers has become the concern of food processing establishments. The advent of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) system as an international food safety management standard published by the Codex Alimentarius commission, a joint commission of FAO and WHO in 1997 and its adoption under the Sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement of WTO has triggered faster application of the system. The application of the system calls for adoption of the international code of practice for General Principles of Food Hygiene as a prerequisitic for implementation of HACCP system. The HACCP system is based on proactive preventive mechanism of hazards throughout the food chain. But hazard identification and monitoring is not enough, it is the risk attendant to each hazard that matters. Therefore risk assessment should be made part of the HACCP system to make it more effective and scientifically tenable system. The author has brought out the rationale and relationship between HACCP system and risk assessment system.

009526   Sinha P P;Sreekumar K;Nagarajan K V (Materials and Metallurgy Group, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Trivandrum-695 022) : Grain growth in 18 Ni Co-free maraging steel. Trans Indian Inst Metals 1999, 52(2-3), 119-24.

Grain growth behaviour in a 18 Ni-Co-free (T-250) vis-a-vis 18 Ni-8Co-5Mo (M-250) type maraging steels have been investigated. The study has indicated that these steels follow classical growth model ΔD = Ktⁿ, where ΔD is the increase in grain size. A `time lag' has been observed in both the steel for grain growth to start at lower annealing temperatures. This has been explained on the basis of unique shear type α → γ transformation in these steels. The activation energy for growth has been found to be in the range of 316-339 kJ.mole<sup>-1</sup> which indicates that the overall growth process is controlled by self diffusion in γ-iron. A comparison of the grain growth behaviour in the two steels show that although these steels have, in general, identical growth pattern, they differ in actual `lag time' for growth to start and increase in grain size in identical heat treatment condition. The `time lag' in case of 18 Ni-8Co-5Mo maraging steel is 0.38 h against 0.17 h in 18 Ni-Co-free steel, at 1173 K. Also, the grain size of M-250 steel at a particular time and temperature of annealing is always finer than T-250 steel. This increased resistance of grain growth in M-250 steel has been attributed to the presence of cobalt in the steel.

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009525   Singh S;Ghose A K;Maheswari C (Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221 005) : BOS charge calculation models - impact of technological discipline. Trans Indian Inst Metals 1999, 52(2-3), 63-71.

Mathematical model is an equation or set of equations (algebraic or differential) together with initial and/or boundary conditions that represent a chemical and/or physical phenomena in a process. One of the number of applications of mathematical model to BOS is the calculation of charge to meet the end point specifications of temperature, C, S and P. The latter two are required to be maintained generally below 0.03% through control of raw materials and use of flux. Carbon and temperature are required to be controlled within a specific upper and lower limits and so end point control is essentially control of these. Most of the Indian steel plants use charge control for BOS. An understanding of these models is essential for full exploitation of the same. The effect of the deviations commonly observed in plant practice by use of charge control model has been discussed. Besides these, it is explained that even with correct weighing and analysis, charge calculation models are not fool-proof and additional models such as dynamic control or sensor lance control need to be used as back up facilities.

009524   Sengupta S;Phadke A Y;Ganguly A (R & D Section, Mukand Ltd., Belapur Road, Dighe, Kalwe, Thane, Mumbai-400 605) : Banding phenomena in a sulphurised steel. Trans Indian Inst Metals 1999, 52(2-3), 131-7.

Efforts were directed towards improving the quality of a sulphur bearing semi-free cutting steel by way of reducing the ferrite-pearlite banding level. An optimised homogenisation cycle could be established to achieve this goal and in course of the investigations for characterising the bands, specific processing stages were identified, while analysing the influencing parameters. an improved understanding of the phenomena, critical for the quality enhancement of the above grade of steel, could be achieved.

009523   Sekar N (Dyes Division, UDCT Matunga, Mumbai-400 019) : Designing lightfast disperse and acid dyes : an update of research trends. Colourage 1999, 46(10), 37-40.

Developments in the synthesis of disperse and acid dyes containing built-in ultravoilet absorbing unit with an aim of improving light fastness have been reviewed.

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009522   Sandeep K D;Bawa A S;Shivhare U S (Department of Food Science and Technology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar-143 005) : Development of an egg-milk beverage. Indian Fd Packer 1999, 53(4), 32-6.

Egg milk beverage was prepared by blending whole-egg powder (1, 3, 5 and 7%) sugar, vanilla essence and sodium alginate with milk. The beverage was thermally processed in glass bottles and stored under refrigerated conditions for 7 days. The weekly evaluation of the beverage was carried out for physico-chemical and sensory attributes. Thermal processing had a negligible effect on the quality when compared with the un-processed beverage. The seven-weeks storage had no appreciable effect on the TSS, viscosity and specific gravity. The beverage was rated acceptable throughout the storage period. Sensory evaluation tests indicated that the beverage with 3.5% whole-egg powder scored maximum on the Hedonic scale for the overall acceptability. Statistical analysis demonstrated that the effect of storage period on the physico-chemical and sensory attributes of the beverage was not significant, while that of the whole egg powder concentration was significant (P≤0.05).

009521   Sambasiva Rao A;Satya Prasad V V;Baligidad R G;Ramakrishna Rao V;Sarma D S (NO, Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory, Hyderabad-500 058) : Influence of hot working on electro slag remelted low alloy steel. Trans Indian Inst Metals 1999, 52(2-3), 139-46.

Low alloy steel modified with vanadium addition (AISI 4340 + V) has been electro slag remelted using calcium fluoride base slag. There was significant reduction of sulphur and oxygen in the metal during ESR. The size and number of non-metallic inclusions were reduced while the remaining fine inclusions were distributed uniformly in the refined metal. The mechanical properties of cast ESR ingot were comparable to forged electrode in the longitudinal direction and much superior in the transverse direction. The influence of hot working on solidification structure and mechanical properties of low alloy steel has been investigated over a reduction ratio in the ratio of 1:1 to 7:1. Inspite of breaking the cast dendritic structure progressively by hot-forging, there was no significant improvement in tensile properties of ESR steel. However, the impact strength had shown considerable improvement with hot forging.

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009520   Rege A R;Pai J S (Department of Chemical Technology, University of Mumbai, Mumbai-400 019) : Thermal processing of sapota. Indian Fd Packer 1999, 53(4), 37-42.

Effect of acid treatments during processing, on leucoanthocyanins of sapota fruit were studied. Such conditions were found to lead to a greater conversion of the leaucoanthocyanidins present to anthocyanidins, rendering the product unsuitable for consumption on account of pink-red discolouration and an astringent taste formation. Thermal resistance of Bacillus stearothermophilus NCIM 2328 was studied in sapota-sugar syrup homogenate adjusted to pH 5.0. Inoculated pack tests were done using an initial load of 10⁴ spores per can. The fruit was then thermally processed using the D₂₅₀ value. Storage studies indicated that the process was adequate. The resulting product retained most of its original flavour and colour, though some astringent taste and a slight hardening of the texture was noticed.

009519   Pradeep Kumar;Thomas M;Barua P B (Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, University of Roorkee, Roorkee-247 667) : Effect of iron powder (as an additive to silica sand) on the mechanical properties of Al-7% Si alloy castings produced by V-process. Indian Fndry J 1999, 45(10), TP199-204.

Attempts to visualize the effect of iron powder, as an additive to base silica and (AFS 50), on the mechanical properties of the Al-7% Si alloy castings produced by V-process. The present research is limited to tensile properties (tensile strength, per cent elongation) of the castings only. In order to evaluate the effect of iron powder on the mechanical properties of the V-process castings the Taguchi's parameter design and optimization approach was used. Through the Taguchi's parameter design approach, optimal levels of process parameters can be determined. In addition to investigating the effect of iron powder on the tensile properties the effects of other process parameters, such as duration of vibration, level of vacuum imposed, and pouring temperature on tensile properties were also investigated. The iron powder, vibrating time and pouring temperature affect the tensile properties significantly. The iron powder when added as an additive to silica sand improved the tensile properties of the V-processed castings.

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009518   Patel H S;Patel A P (Department of Chemistry, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar-388 120) : Sulfonamide based azo dyes. Colourage 1999, 46(10), 21-4.

Synthesis of some new Azo disperse dyes containing 4-(N, N'diethyl amino sulphanyl) moiety is described. Different coupling components were taken to produce disperse dyes for polyester and nylon fibres and the fastness properties of the dyes were evaluated.

009517   Pandey R K;Gupta D K (Department of Process and Food Engineering, College of Technology, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technol, Pantnagar-263 145) : Partial oil expression and expansion of groundnuts. Indian Fmr Dig 1999, 32(11), 39-40.

Production of partially oil expressed groundnuts by hydraulic pressing has the advantage of utilization of groundnut cake protein as snacks for human consumption and increasing the shelf life of groundnuts due to decreased oil rancidity. This would provide edible quality oil as well as low fat and high protein snacks at lower prices. The idea of producing a product which looks similar to original groundnuts on expansion/frying would add about 1.5 million tonnes per year of protein in the food chain of the country.

009516   Naresh Kumar C;Latha N;Vijayalakshmi A S (NO, Institute of Food and Dairy Technology, Koduvalli, Chennai-600 052) : Occurrence of Bacillus species in ice cream. Cheiron 1999, 28(4), 130.

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009515   Murthy K S N (NO, Crest Composites and Plastics Pvt. Ltd, Ahmedabad) : Weatherabiltiy of composites. Pop Plast Packag 1999, 44(9), 71-4.

009514   Kretschmer B;Bose A K (NO, CMD, IVA Industrieberatung GmbH, D-86343 Konigsbrunn, Germany) : Protein shifting in coconut processing. Indian Cocon J 1999, 30(5), 36-7.

009513   Israni R;Mankar S N;Pillai V P R;Ghoshal S P; Jaiswal P K (NO, Central Agmark Laboratory, North Ambazari Road, Nagpur-440 010) : Microbiological studies on Gulab Jamun mix. Indian Fd Packer 1999, 53(4), 18-19.

62 samples of Gulab Jamun mix were analysed for Standard Plate Counts, Staphylococcal counts, yeasts and moulds counts, coliforms, Faecal coliform and for the presence of Salmonellae. Yeasts were not observed in any of the samples studied while Moulds were observed in 29% samples. Similarly Staphylococci were observed in 22% samples. The Coliforms were in the range of nil -<62> 1100 and Faecal coliforms in the range of nil -500. Coliforms were observed in all except 2 samples studied. Only 13% samples indicated nil Faecal coliforms while rest of the samples were positive for Faecal coliforms. No Salmonellae were isolated from any of the samples.

009512   Gunasekaran S;Subramanyam A;Arulmozhichelvan P;Manickavasagam V S (Post Graduate and Research Department of Physics, Pachaiyappa's College, Chennai-600 030) : Spectral investigation on liquid polymer PAQSE. Asian Chem Lett 1999, 3(3), 235-7.

FTIR and FT-Raman spectra of poly anthracene quenone sebacol (PAQSE) have been recorded in the regions 4000-400 cm^-1 and 4000-10 cm^-1 respectively and satisfactory assignments have been made to various fundamental models.

009511   Gunasekaran S;Rajkumar R (Post-Graduate and Research Department of Physics, Pachaiyappa's College, Chennai-800 030) : Investigation on eucalyptus oil and its purity determination. Asian Chem Lett 1999, 3(3), 195-8.

Eucalyptus oil has a variety of applications in the industrial and medical fields. Identifies the pure sample of eucalyptus oil by determining the λmax of the sample in the UV-visible spectrum of the sample. This is also confirmed by calculating the internal standards from the infrared spectrum of the sample.

009510   Enig M G (Nutritional Sciences Division, Enig Associates, Inc., Maryland 20904, USA) : Rationale for use of lauric oils as physiologically functional foods for HIV - infected individuals. Indian Cocon J 1999, 30(5), 8-11.

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009509   Dutt B;Kaushal A N;Sharma K R (NO, Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan-173 230) : Compatibility studies on some low commercial value lignocellulosic materials for wood cement composites. Indian J For 1997, 20(3), 296-9.

Compatibility of seven low cost lignocellulosic materials with cement was examined by monitoring hydration parameters of temperature and time required to reach maximum temperature. Out of these saw dust of Eucalyptus tereticornis was found to be highly compatible, whereas whole woods of Eucalyptus tereticornis and Populus deltoides as well as saw dust of populus deltoides and pruned material of Malus domestica was found to be moderately compatible. Pinus roxburghii (needles) and Parthenium hysterophorus were found non-compatible.

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009508   Bauer W;Baumgart D;Macholdt H T;Zoeller W (NO, Clariant GmbH, D-60343 Frankfurt, Germany) : Lightfast colorants for ink jet applications. Paintindia 1999, 49(10), 81-4,90.

During the last decade ink jet printing has emerged as one of the most important reprographids technologies providing high quality output at low cost. For recent multicolor industrial applications such as wide format color graphics and near-photographic color imaging there is a growing demand for lightfast colorants. Developing water soluble dyes showing optimal fading resistance and good water fastness has proved a difficult target. Survey of yellow, magenta, cyan and black ink jet dyes is presented including spectroscopic features, aggregation behavior and the development of lightfast polycyclic dyes. By tailoring the solid state properties, organic color and carbon black-based pigments are obtained exhibiting superior light fastness and small particle size distribution.

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009507   Athawale V D;Bailkeri R S (Department of Chemistry, University of Mumbai, Vidyanagari, Mumbai-400 098) : High performance coatings from liquid crystalline acrylic copolymers. Paintindia 1999, 49(10), 39-44.

Series of side-chain liquid crystalline acrylic copolymers using p-hydroxybenzoic acid as mesogenic group were synthesized by grafting p-hydroxybenzoic acid onto carboxyl functional acrylic copolymers. The monomer compositions used for copolymerization were calculated from glass transition temperature (Tg) using Fox equation. These copolymers were characterized by IR, H-NMR, DSC, TGA and the presence of liquid crystalline state in the polymer was confirmed by using polarizing photomicroscope. The potential utility of these liquid crystalline acrylic copolymers for coating applications was assessed by testing various coating properties. Coated films had excellent adhesion, hardness, flexibility and chemical resistance, which are important characteristics for coating applications.

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009506   Arora N;Panesar P S;Marwaha S S (Department of Biotechnology, Punjabi University, Patiala-147 002) : Evaluation of different starter cultures for the production of quality dahi and their antibacterial activities. Indian Fd Packer 1999, 53(4), 20-6.

Reports the screening of four starter cultures for the production of dahi of consistent quality and palatability. The culture producing maximum acid displayed significant antibacterial activity against the test organisms. The market dahi culture @ 2% (v/v) produced a good quality dahi. Moreover, an incubation period for 2-4h at 40°C, 4-6h at room temperature and 8-10h at 25°C, were found optimal for the production of quality dahi.

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008469   verma S A;Mehta G N (Chemistry Section, Applied Sciences and Humanities Department, Sardar Vallabhbhai Regional College of Engineering and Technology, Surat-395 007) : Effect of acid extracts of Acacia arabica o acid corrosion of mild steel. Bull Electrochem 1999, 15(2), 67-70.

Mild steel cylindrical (working) electrodes were completely immersed in both stagnant 0.1 N HCl and H₂SO₄ solutions and open circuit (corrosion) potentials (OCP) and polarisation potentials were measured with saturated calomel (reference) electrode using Potentio-Galvano-Scan, Bank, Model PGS-81. From the slopes of linear curves of +10 mV polarisation from OCP, the linear polarisation resistaqnce values and from the slopes of +300 mV polarisation curves, the Tafel slopes were obtained. By the extrapolation of the latter, the values of corrosion currents were obtained without and with 0.5%, 0.375%, 025% of the aditives. In HCl, the inhibitive effect was much higher than that in H₂SO₄ probably due to synergistic effect of the chloride ions. With the increase in the concentration of the additive, the inhibition was also increased.

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008468   Sridhar T M;Rajeswari S;Subbaiyan M (Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai-600 025) : Invitro electrochemical characterisation of hydroxyapatite coated stainless steel implants in the presence of serum proteins. Bull Electrochem 1999, 15(3-4), 139-42.

Hydroxyapatite (HAP) (Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆ (OH)₂) bioceramic is an attractive material for implantation as it resembles vertebrate tooth and bone mineral which is bioactive and has proven to be biologically active to tissues. The HAP coating is reported to promote attachment to the surrounding bne and thus improve fixation. There is increasing concern about the release of metal ions from orthopadic implants and the effect of these ions on tissues and host response. It is well established that after implantation that proteins will be adsorbed on to the surface of biomaterials and may then influence the development of surface mineralised layers. Hydroxyapatite was synthesised by wet method and electrophoretically deposited over 316L stainless steel at optimised coating parameters. The corrosion behaviour of the coated materials was evaluated under physiological conditions using 0.9% saline solution with addition of 10% bovine serum by cyclic polarisation studies. The HAP coated materials exhibited improved corrosion resistance and lower levels of leach out of metal ions in solution in the presence of serum.

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008467   Singh G;Singh A K (NO, University of Roorkee Institute of Paper Technology, Saharanpur-247 001) : Localized corrosion in chlorine dioxide bleach media of paper industry. Bull Electrochem 1999, 15(3-4), 127-30.

Chlorine and chlorine cmpounds have been in use since long for bleaching the brown colored pulp for producing bright paper. With the findings that these chemicals are responsible for producing carcenogenic compounds, the environmentally conscious paper industry is attempting to replace them. In this scenario, chlorine dioxide is finding wider acceptability. Indian mills have also introduced only recently chlorine dioxide as a bleach stage. Recently conducted in-plant tests have shown excessive attack an stainless steel 316 L and 317 L. These inplant tests motivated to perform laboratory tests on the above stainless steels along with more resistant duplex and super austentic stainless steels. Long term localized corrosion tests were performed by exposing the coupons in chlorine dioxide solutions. Pitting, crevice corrosion and weld related attack have been evaluated. Attempt has been made to correlate the degree of attack with the chemical composition of the liquors and that of stainless steels.

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008466   Sarkar P (Department of Polymer Science and Technology, University of Calcutta, 92, A.P.C. Road, Calcutta-700 009) : Novel amperometric biosensor for detection of penicillin in milk. J Indian Chem Soc 1999, 76(10), 495-7.

Novel disposable screen-printed biosensor for low level detection of penicillin in milk is reported. Penicillin binding protein (PBP) is used for immobilisation of both penicillin and the enzyme conjugate, i.e. β-lactum analogue lebelled with the enzyme glucose oxidase (7ACA-GOD) on the working electrode of a screen-printed sensor. The residual glucose oxidase on the electrode is used to catalyse glucose to produce hydrogen peroxide. The amount of GOD immobilised on the surface of the PBP electrode and hence the current is inversely proportional to the penicillin concentration.

008465   Sakthivel P;Nirmala P V;Umanaheswari S;Antony A A A;Paruthimal Kalaignan G;Gopalan A;Vasudevan T (Department of Industrial Chemistry, Alagappa University, Karaikudi-630 003) : Corrosion inhibition of mild steel by extracts of pongamia glabra and annona squamosa in acidic media. Bull Electrochem 1999, 15(2), 83-6.

Corrosion inhibition of mild steel by the extracts of Pongamia Glabra and Annona Squamosa in HCl and H₂SO₄ media was studied. Weight-loss, polarization, hydrgen permeation and impedance studies have been carried out at room temperature. The effect of temperature and concentration variations on the inhibition performance of the extracts have also been studied. The results are discussed.

008464   Reddy C S;Sai Babu G (NO, H B L Limited, Via, Nisa, Shameerpet, M, Hyderabad-500 078) : Effect of chemical corrosion and corrosion inhibition of aluminium/alumina alloys metal matrix composites in neutral chloride solution with different concentration. Bull Electrochem 1999, 15(2), 91-8.

The corrosion behaviour and corrosion inhibition of SS 8081 and SS 4041 metal matrix composites (MMC'S) reinforced with alumina particles, during exposure to 0.15 M NaCl solution is reported. Many tungsten and molybdenum containing inorganic salts were tested as corrosion inhibitors, but only ammonium tetrathiotungstate afforded good inhibiting properties, particularly towards the SS4041-based MMC. The corrosion behaviour of the composites in uninhibited or inhibited solutions was compared to that exhibited by the corresponding matrices by using various experimental techniques like weight loss measurements, linear polarization resistance explained whether the chemical or general corrosion domiantly take place in the systems.

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008463   Ramesh Kumar A V;Nigam R K;Srivastava A K; Monga S S (NO, Defence Materials and Stores Research and Development Established, DMS, G T Road, Kanpur-208 013) : Mossbauer spectroscopy and FTIR spectroscopy of corrosion products obtained beneath mild steel coated with different phosphate primers. Bull Electrochem 1999, 15(3-4), 160-3.

Corrosion products obtained on mild steel beneath coating of five different alkyd base phosphate primers Zinc phosphate Manganese phosphate Calcium phosphate Barium phosphate and Aluminium phosphate and exposed under; immeresed condition in 3% NaCl and salt spray by 3% NaCl for one month have been discussed. The Mossbauer and FTIR spectroscopic analysis show the corrosion products mainly consist of γ-FeOOH, β-FeOOH and δ-FeOOH. However, under salt spray conditions the downward bend in Mossbauer spectra may be due to FeO_x(OH)_3-2x which is generally precipitated as a precursor for αFeOOH under alternate wet and dry conditions. The ferrous/ferric phosphate was absent under immersed condition, however, the asymmetry of centra doublet of Mossbauer spectrum under salt sprayed condition could be due to ferric hydrogen phosphate.

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008462   Ramesh Kumar A V;Nigam R K;Monga S S (NO, Defence Materials and Stores Resarch and Development Established, DMS, G T Road, Kanpur-208 013) : Mossbauer spectroscopy of corrosion products and effect of inhibitor spray on the nature of corrosion products of mild steel exposed to simulated industrial environments. Bull Electrochem 1999, 15(3-4), 115-9.

Study the corrosion products obtained from mild steel coupons exposed to SO₂ and SO₂ plus HCl generated in a CRL beaker and mild steel coupons sprayed with chromate and nitrite and then exposed to SO₂ have been highlighted. The corrosion products thus resulted were scrapped of in two parts, the easily removable rust from top is termed as external corrosion product and strongly adhered rust as internal corrosion product. The external corrosion products obtained from SO₂ showed the presence of Fe_3-x4, γ-FeOOH, α-FeOOH and SPM α-FeOOH. The internal rust however, showed the presence of Fe_3-xO₄, γ-FeOOH and SPM α-FeOOH. Similarly mild steel exposed SO₂+HCl and corrosion products of mild steel sprayed with inhibitors and then exposed to SO₂ also showed Fe_3-xO₄, γ-FeOOH and SPM αFeOOH. The non-stoichiometry of Fe_3-xO varies, with environment and also in internal to external corrosion products. The magnetite phase of internal corrosion products showed a higher non-stoichiometry and mild sprayed with inhibitors before exposure to SO₂ also showed a higher nonstoichiometry. Therefore, the non-stoichiometry of magnetite is a very important factor in its corrosion protective ability. A mechanism of corrosion process under these enviroments is proposed.

008461   Rajendran S;Apparao B V;Palaniswamy N (NO, G T N Arts College, Dindigul-624 005) : Corrosion inhibition by HEDP-Zn<. Bull Electrochem 1999, 15(3-4), 131-4.

Inhibition efficiency of HEDP-Zn²⁺ system in controlling corrosion of mild steel in a neutral aqueous environment containg 60 ppm Cl^-, a situation commonly encountered in cooling water systems, has been evaluated by weight loss study. Various concentrations of HEDP (10, 50, 100 ppm) and various concentrations of Zn²⁺ (10, 50, 100, 150 ppm) have been used. A formulation in arrived at, which has 98% inhibition efficiency. The protective film has been analysed using X-ray diffraction, FTIR and nv-visible reflectance spectra. The protective film conists of Fe²⁺-HEDP complex and Zn(OH)₂; free from any oxides of iron. The influence of a biocide, namely, N-cetyl-N, N, N- trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), on the corrosion inhibition efficiency of HEDP-Zn²⁺ system and also the influence of HEDP-Zn²⁺ system on the biocidal efficiency of CTAB have been investigated.

008460   Paruthimal Kalaignan G;Muthuramalingam R; Muralidharan B;Gopalan A;Vasudevan T (Department of Industrial Chemistry, Alagappa University, Karaikudi-630 003) : Electrochemical behaviour of aluminium and its alloys in alkaline media. Bull Electrochem 1999, 15(1), 42-6.

Aluminium possesses attractive properties like high energy density, high negative potential and low cost and hence it has every chance to be the future electrochemical fuel for the production of electrical energy. Study of binary alloy of commercial aluminium containing 4% zinc and ternary alloy of commercial Al with 4% Zn containing various percentage of indium, antimony and bismuth have been cast and the electrochemical characteristics were examined with an idea of studying their utility as galvanic anode in alkaline battery. Performance of commercial aluminium (2S) and aluminium - zinc alloy as galvanic anode in alkaline electrolyte have been examined by studying self - corrosion, steady state open circuit potential, potentiostatic polarization and anode efficiency.

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008459   Pandit M;Sen D C (Department of Dairy Technology, West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, Mohanpur Campus, Nadia-741 252) : Effect of different strengths of fumaric acid and sour whey on soypaneer. Indian J Anim Hlth 1998, 37(2), 61-4.

Soypaneer was prepared with different strengths of fumaric acid solution and sour whey. Amongst them, 1.0% fumaric acid solution gave the highest yield whereas 0.5% sour whey gave the lowest yield. However, 2.0% fumaric acid solution produced soypaneer with firm body, smooth texture and desirable elasticity.

13 ref

008458   Nirbhay Singh;Vadera K K;Ramesh Kumar A V; Singh R S;Monga S S;Mathur G N (NO, Defence Materials and Stores Resarch and Development Established, DMSR, G T Road, Kanpur-208 013) : Corrosion behaviour of 2124 aluminium alloy-silcon carbide metal matrix composites in sodium chloride environment. Bull Electrochem 1999, 15(3-4), 120-3.

Aluminium alloy based particle reinforced metal matrix composites (MMCs) are being considered for a range of applications. Their mechanical properties have been investigated in detail, but more information about their corrosion resistance is needed. The corrosion behaviour of Silicon carbide particulates (SiC_p)-2124 aluminium metal matrix composites was studied in 3wt% sodium chloride solution by means of electrochemical technique and optical microscope. The effects of weight percentages and particle size of silicon carbide particulates on corrosion behaviour of the composite were studied in NaCl and it was observed that corrosion rate increases linearly with the increasing weight percentage of SiC_p. The corrosion resistance of the composites.

12 ref

008457   Mudali U K;Ningshen S;Dayal R K (Metallurgy Division, Indira Gandhi for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam-603 102) : Passive films of nitrogen-bearing austenitic stainless steels using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Bull Electrochem 1999, 15(2), 74-8.

Nitrogen-bearing austenitic stainless steels have been reported to exhibit the stability of the passive film. In the present investigation, passive film was developed at different electrode potentials (-300, OCP, +300, +600 and +900 mV (Ag/AgCl) by potentiodynamic anodic polarisation method on type 316L alloys containing 0.015, 0.2 and 0.56% N respectively in an acidic chloride medium. The passive films developed were also analysed by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) to study the distribution of alloying elements across the passive film. Electrochemical impedance sectroscopic (EIE) studies of the specimens having a different passive films were carried out by. From the Nquist plots obtained for each condition the polarisation resistance, (R_p) and capaciance, (C_dl) values were calculated. It was found hat the polarisation resistance increased linearly as the electrode potential increased indicating improvements in the corrosion resistance. However, significant variations were noticed in the capacitance values depending on the electrode potentials. An attempt has been made to correlate the change in the chemical compositions of the passive films with the EIS parameters, and to highlight the role of passive film in improving the locallised corrosion resitance.

32 ref

008456   Maruthan K;Selvaraj M;Jayakrishnan P (NO, Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikud-630 006) : Development of an universal paint stripper for metals. Bull Electrochem 1999, 15(3-4), 113-4.

Two types of strippers used to remove the old paint from the parts that need to be reworked. They are hot chemical solution and highly volatile organic solvent based systems. Nowadays, owing to environmental and health concerns, these strippers need to be replaced with more effective low temperature paint strippers. Based on this object, there types of paint strippers have been developed and the stripping performance of these formulations were carried out on different paint systems. The strippers are used to remove the coatings based on any type of binders such as alkyd, acrylic, epoxy, chlorinated rubber and polyurethane etc. The parameters such as effect of agitation, effect of temperature, time duration, thickness of the coating system and solvent concentration have been standardized. This revealed that these paint strippers have been used as an universal stripper for removing any type of old or new coating system from any metallic surface.

008455   Marikkannu C;Sathiyanarayanan S;Rengaswamy N S (NO, Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi-630 006) : Manganese phosphating of steel. Bull Electrochem 1999, 15(2), 104-8.

New manganese phosphating bath which produces coating relatively at lower tempeature within a reasonable time by the use of chemical accelerators has been developed. Both formulation and operating conditions have been optimized by coating determinations. Corrosion resistance property of the resultant coatings has been evaluated in 3% NaCl by electrochemical methods such as potentiodynamic polarisation, linear polarisation and impedance measurements. Results of the electrochemical techniques have been complemented by salt spray, humidity and immersion tests. Porosity coating has also been studied. Results show that the newer manganese phosphate bath gives good coatings at 353 K within 30 minutes. Addition of nitrates of various metals as accelerator produces thicker coatings. Corrosion studies have shown that the corrosion resistance of the resultant are much superior than the conventional coatings.

008454   Jana S;Kuiry S C;Ganguly A (Research and Development Division, Mukand Limited,, Kalwe, Thane, Maharashtra-400 605) : Estimation of scaling losses during processing stage of stainless steel rolled product. Bull Electrochem 1999, 15(2), 71-3.

During annealing stage prir to pickling, metal loss due to oxidation was found to be maximum for AISI 304 stainless steel. The oxidase phase like FeCr₂O₃, NiFe₂O₄, (FeCr)₂O₃ and Ni were found on the surface.

008453   Iotov P;Kalcheva S V (NO, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, Sofia 1756, Bulgaria) : Further mechanistic consideration on the anodic oxidation of phenol at a platinum/gold alloy electrode in an acidic medium. Bull Electrochem 1999, 15(1), 28-33.

Comparative study of the adsorption behaviour on platinum and on the alloy electrode was carried out. The effects of phenol concentration, adsorption time and temperature were followed. Values of the adsorption rate constant and those of the enthalpy and entropy of activation were obtained at concentrations lower than 5 x 10^-3 mol l^-1. A comarison with reference data for platinum suggests that the one electron reaction scheme is followed and that p, p'-biphenol is the primary oxidation product in an acidic medium. When the same approach is applied to the alloy electrode the experimental data permit to state a tentative two electron reaction scheme with hydroquinone as the primary oxidation product. The observed behaviour of the alloy electode supports the previously reported mechanism of the oxidation of phenol in an acidic medium.

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008452   Gopalakrishnan Pillai A G;Ravindran K (NO, Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Cochin-682 029) : Corrosion of biofouled alluminium and aluminium alloys. Bull Electrochem 1999, 15(2), 99-103.

Study is aimed on the selection of various aluminium alloy for Ocean Engineering Applications. Results of one year exposure of these metals at the Cochin Harbour (9° 58' N, 76° 18' E) are presented. The corrosion rates of metals after one year exposure were 5.6, 6.4, 6.0, 7.4 microns year^-1 for 1100 Al, 5050 Al, 5052 A and 5058 Al respectively. All the samples were free from pitting and crevice attack. A fouling load of 20.0 to 21.9 kgm^-2 was observed in all the panels during this period, but on continuous exposure the douling load decreased. Statistical equations were derived with which the fouling load and corrosion rate can be predicted.

30 ref

008451   Deshpande B;Vaidehi M P (Departmetn of Rural Home Science, U A S, Herbal, Bangalore-560 024) : Nutritional benefits of cereal products enriched with fullfat and defatted soyflours. J Dairying Fd Home Sci 1999, 18(2), 98-103.

Use of defatted (DSF) and fullfat soyflour (FS) incorporation at 20% level in some staple cereal products showed that nutritive value and protein quality significantly improve. There was a common trend in the extent of increase in fat, fibre, calcium and energy values in FFS blended products and that of protein and iron content in DSF belnded products. Carbohydrate content was reduced in both the cases. Through all the products were well accepted most of them blended better with DSF and a few like tandoorinaan, jowar roti, jowar-besan laddu were perferred for DSF substitution. The growth value of soyblended test diets was found to be superior compared to respective regular diets. FFS blended products can alleviate the protein calorie malnutrition DSF belnded products with high protein and low fat and carbohydrate contents can be used for dietetic purposes. Soyflour belnded cereal products are more desirable than regular cereal products for better feasible nourishment, health and economic benefits.

008450   Dash D K;Ghatak P K;Das A (Department of Dairy Chemistry, Faculty of Dairy Technology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Mohanpur Campus, Mphanpur-741 252) : Lobratory made Chhanapodo. J Dairying Fd Home Sci 1999, 18(2), 127-9.

Chana based sweet, "Chhana podo" is a typical indigenous dairy product of Orissa. Ten lots of chhana-podo samples were prepared in the laboratory from the buffalo milk and it had been characterized by it's light brown appearance, spongy texture, slightly cooked flavour and good taste. The average percentages of moisture, fat, protein, sugar, ash and titratable acidities (as lactic acid) were found to be 28.51±1.52, 27.93±1.03, 18.35±2.1, 22.79±1.32, 0.98±0.03 and 0.20±0.02 respectively for chhana podo samples.

008449   Dash D;Ghatak P K (Department of Dairy Technology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Mohanpur Campus-741 252) : Utilisation of sour milk for the preparation of paneer. Indian J Anim Hlth 1998, 37(2), 37-40.

Suitability of sour milk was examined for preparation of paneer. Sour-milk (0.24%LA) was found unsuitable for the preparation of paneer due to its highly acidic flavour, loose body and coarse texture, Paneer prepared from neutralized milk (0.14%LA) after neutralization the sour milk (upto 0.28% LA) with sodium bicarbonate gave soft and elastic body, smooth texture and rich appearance product that resembled buffalo milk paneer in its texture quality.

008448   Ashutosh Kumar;Borthakur S P;Dhawan H C (Chemistry Section, O N G C, Sibsagar-785 640, Assam) : Inhibitive action of some mercaptotriazoles towards the corrosion of Fe-Cr-Ni steel in sulphuric acid. Bull Electrochem 1999, 15(2), 63-6.

4-Amino-5-H-3-Mercapto 1, 2, 4-triazole, 4-Amino-5-methyl-3-Mercapto 1, 2, 4-triazole and 4-Amino-5-Ethyl 1-3-Mercapto 1, 2, 4-trizole have been evaluated as inhibitor towards the corrsion of Fe-Cr-Ni (304-SS) steel in sulphuric acid solution at different temperature 298 K, 30 K and 318 K using weight loss, electrochemical polarisation and potential decay techniques. Surface studies have also been carried out using AES and SEM techniques. The three mercaptotrizoles are cathodic inhibitors and having the tendency to stimulate the anodic reaction of 304 stainless steel e.g. the critical current density increases remarkably along with broadening of active - passive transition peak in resence of these inhibitors. These compounds are having the tendemcy to destablise the passive film formed at the anodic potentials. This also supports the finding of the electrochemical polarisation studies. The compounds obey the Langmuric adsorption isotherm. Percentage inhibition efficiency increases with the increase in temperature (93% at 298 K to 96% at 318 K) and concentration of inhibitors (85% at 100 ppm to 96% at 800 ppm).

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