025307   Dushyanthan K;Venkataramanujam V;Shanmugam A M (Department of Meat Science and Technology, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai-600 007) : Effect of packaging materials, methods and storage conditions on certain chemical qualities of pork. Cheiron 2000, 29(5-6), 142-4.

Effect of certain chemical qualities, namely, extract release volume (ERV), thiobarbituric acid (TBA) number and tyrosine value (TV) of pork packed in four packaging materials under two methods and stored at different periods, under chiller and freezer temperature was studied. Pork packed under vacuum and stored at both chiller and freezer temperatures revealed higher ERV and lower TBA number and TV. Multilayer material were reported to be the most suitable material for packaging pork under vacuum and stored at both chiller and freezer temperatures. As the storage period increased under chiller and freezer temperatures the ERV decreased, but TBA number and TV of pork increased.

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025306   Dash S K;Pitam Chandra (Division of Agricultural Engineering, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110 012) : Evaporative cooling systems for storage of fruits and vegetables. Indian Fd Packer 2001, 55(1), 79-87.

Evaporative cooling principle has been used extensively for creating favourable atmosphere in an enclosure for storage of horticultural produce. Evaporatively cooled (EC) storage structures, due to their low initial investment and almost no energy requirement, have become popular for short term storage of horticultural produce in many places of the country. Presents a brief account of studies on different types of EC structures for storage of fruits and vegetables. The review indicates that there is ample scope for a detailed study on the design of EC structures and subsequent improvement.

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025305   Das H (Food Contaminants Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Siddarthanagar, Mysore-570 011) : Protein and amino acids from cellulosic wastes of agriculture and food industry. Indian Fd Packer 2001, 55(2), 57-65.

Discusses in detail the scope, sources and composition of the cellulosic wastes; the property of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin; their conversion into amino acids and protein for human foods and amino acid-and protein-enriched feeds for animals. Research findings in the area of utilization of grasses, cereal straws, cereal husks, cotton seed hulls, cro cobs, sugarcane bagasse, vinasse, tea waste, coffee waste, wastes of various fruits such as citrus, banana, apple, grape, date, etc., wastes of several vegetables such as cabbage, carrot, beet, brinjal, waste soybean residue and waste tapioca residue have been highlighted. The protein and amino acid composition of several microbial biomasses has been enlightened. Problems associated with the economic utilization of the cellulosic waste for protein and amino acids production and feed enrichment and future prospects therein have been discussed.

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025304   Bahl O P;Bhatia G;Mathur R B;Aggarwal R K; Dhami T L;Lal C (Carbon Technology Unit, Division of Engineering Materials, National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi-110 012) : Development of advanced carbon products at National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi, India. J scient ind Res 2000, 59(11), 877-92.

Carbon group of NPL has been engaged in the science and technology of carbon for the last over two decades. As a result of sustained efforts, the group has developed over the past fifteen years a variety of advanced carbon products, namely, Flexible Graphite, PANEX Fibres, Industrial-grade Carbon Fibres, Carbon-carbon Composites, Laser-resistant Composites, Aviation-grade Brushes, Glassy Carbon, QI-free Coal Tar Pitch, High Density - High Strength - Isotropic Graphite and Ilizarov Carbon Composites Rings. QI-free Coal Tar Pitch, High Density - High Strength - Isotropic Graphite and Ilizarov Carbon Composites Rings. The technologies of most of these products have been successfully commercialised / utilised by the respective industries or organizations. Gives a brief description of the process technologies involved in the development of these products at NPL, New Delhi.

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025303   Aprem A S (Post Graduate Department of Chemistry, C M S College, Kottayam) : A novel binary accelerator system for sulphur vulcanization of natural rubber. Proc Indian Sci Congr Ass - Pt III(YS abstr), Sect-I 1998, (NULL), 38.

Use of 1-phenyl 2-4 dithiobiuret (DTB II) as a secondary accelerator for 2-(4-morpholinthio)-benzothiazole (MOR) has been investigated. NR mixes with varying dosages of DTB II were prepared by open mill mixing technique. Studies were carried out giving emphasis to the processing characteristics, mechanical properties and swelling behaviour of the samples and the results were used to find the optimum dosage of DTB II. Since fastness of curing is a measure of the production rate of the vulcanizate, detailed studies on the cure kinetics of the system were carried out. It was found that irrespective of the concentration of DTB II, all the cure reactions followed first order kinetics. Mechanical properties of the system were analysed for different DTB II loading and it was found that the strain crystallising nature of the natural rubber is not affected by addition of DTB II. In order to correlate the observed technological properties with concentration of chemical crosslinking, presence and estimation of different type of crosslinks were done by repeated equilibrium swelling method and thiol treatment. Based on the processing characteristics, mechanical properties and swelling behaviour the optimum dosage of DTB II was found out. The cure kinetics of the systems were carried out and the cure reactions are found to be first order. It is also found that the strain crystallising nature of Natural Rubber is not affected by the addition of DTB II. The nature of the chemical crosslinks and their density were estimated by equilibrium swelling method before and after thiol treatment.

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025302   Anjana (Department of Home Science, Government Home Science College, Hoshangabad) : Menace of food adulteration and contamination. Indian J appl pure Biol 2000, 15(2), 139-42.

Fuels used by the body to produce energy are carbohydrate, protein, and fat which derive from the food eat. The other nutrients are water, minerals such as sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sulphur; trace elements such as iron, copper, iodine, fluorine; fat-soluble vitamins such as Vitamins. A, D, E, K, as well as water-soluble vitamins such as thiamine, riboflavin, nicotinic acid, Vitamin B12 folic acid, biotin, and Vitamin C.

025301   Ahmed J;Shivhare U S;Vora G (Department of Food Science and Technology, Guru Nank Dev University, Amritsar-143 005) : Preparation and physico-chemical properties of green chilli paste. Indian Fd Packer 2001, 55(2), 51-6.

Study was undertaken to develop a shelf-stable green chilli paste. Pretreatments had a pronounced effect on the Hunter colour values in terms of L, a and b of green chilli puree. It was observed that hot water blanching degraded maximum green colour while sample blanched in sodium hydroxide containing 0.25% magnesium carbonate retained the maximum green colour in terms of the Hunter -a values. The thermally processed paste contained 7% sodium chloride with a pH value of 3.8. The product was found to be shelf-stable at room temperature for six months and microbiologically safe during entire storage period.

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024379   Yang Q;Luo J (Dept of Chemical and Materials Engg, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canda T6G 2G6) : Detection of crack initiation and propagation in 304 stainless steel through electrochemical noise technique. Bull Electrochem 2001, (NULL), 18-23.

Corrosion potential and current transients are associated with the initiation and propagation of stress corrosion cracks in 304 type stainless steel during slow stain rate test in 1 M NaCl + 0.5 M HCl Solution. Real time data were analyzed using statistical and maximum entropy method (MEM). The small irregular noise peaks shortly after yield were related to the crack initiations. Relatively regular peaks during stress drop stage having characteristics of rapid rise and slow decay were associated with the discontinuous crack initiations. Relatively regular peaks during stress drop stage having characteristics of rapid rise and slow decay were associated with the discontinuous crack propagation. The noise amplitude was sensitive to the exposed fresh area and could be used to indicate the relative change of crack propagation rate. The slope change of potential power spectral density (PSD) curves with testing time was very sensitive to the crack propagation process and could be used to determine the starting time of fast crack propagation and the time of failure. But the slope change of potential PSD curves was not sensitive to the rupture of passive film or crack initiations and could not provide useful information about the crack initiation time. However, the slope change of current PSD curves can sensitively detect not only the crack initiation but also the crack fast propagation and fracture time as well.

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024378   Verma S R;Gupta P K (NO, College of Agricultural Engineering, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141 004) : Bio-diesel as substitute for petroleum oil. Agric Engng Today 2000, 24(3), 40-62.

Deals with the importance of renewable fuels for I.C. Engines. The advances and method for preparation of plant oil esters popularly known as bio-diesel alongwith their various characteristics and use in engine and tractor have been discussed.

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024377   Vasantha V S;Pushpavanam M;Muralidharan V S (NO, Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi-630 006) : Tin-zinc alloy electrodeposit - physiochemical characterisation. Indian J chem Technol 2000, 7(5), 216-22.

Efforts are being made globally to replace the cadmium plating, which is being outlawed due to its toxic and carcinogenic nature. Tin - zinc alloy plating is one such approach to combine the good properties of the parent metals such as solderability and ductility with sacrificial corrosion resistance and hardness. A gluconate bath, identified in this work offers many advantages. Some additional information on their solderability, hardness, porosity, crystallography and surface topography are discussed.

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024376   Usmani G A;Vasishtha A K (University Department of Chemical Technology, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon-425 001) : Stabilization of ricebran by heat treatment in fluidized bed. J Oil Technol Ass India 2001, 33(1), 7-11.

Rice bran was stabilized by heat treatment under fluidized bed conditions using graded sand as heat transfer medium. Optimum stabilization conditions were established and it was found that heat treatment at a temperature of 110°C with a toal residence time of 2.6 sec for ricebran was optimum. The storage studies of the above stabilized bran were carried out for 60 days and the efficacy of the above fluidized bed treatment was established. The stabilized bran could be well stored for 15 days without a significant rise in FFA. About 1 ton of oil extracted from the bran so stabilized was accepted by a reputed oil industry as it met all the specifications for edible grade ricebran oil.

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024375   Thomas D;Kulwal L V (Department of Horticulture, Dr Punjabras Deotimukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola) : Preparation of jam from ber fruits (Zizyphus mauritiana L.). Adv Pl Sci 2001, 14(1), 225-8.

Studies on preparation of sole ber fruit jam with and without added pectin were conducted with two varieties viz., Umran and Sannaur-6. Use of 1kg ber pulp var. Umran, without peel, 1% added pectin, 0.75% acidity and 750 g sugar resulted in smooth textured, good jam preparation.

024374   Suresh G S;Ravindranath L K (Department of Chemistry, SSMRV College, J P Nagar, Bangalore-560 078) : Corrosion inhibition of mild steel by 3-amino-4-(4'-substituted benzeneazo)-pyrazoline-5-ones in artificial seawater. Indian J chem Technol 2000, 7(5), 207-12.

Corrosion of mild steel in artificial seawater containing various concentrations of 3-amino-4-(4'-substituted benzeneazo)-pyrazoline-5-ones has been studied by polarization technique. These compounds inhibit corrosion effectively even in trace concentration. The degree of corrosion inhibition is a function of temperature, concentration and nature of the inhibitor. The corrosion current density, percentage inhibitor efficiency and thermodynamic parameters for the surface adsorption of inhibitors were calculated for the inhibition process. The IR spectra of the firm formed on the corroding surface indicated the formation of a complex between the inhibitor molecule and the mild steel. The inhibitors appeared to function through a general adsorption mode following the Frumkin adsorption isotherm and Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The thermodynamic parameters of adsorption showed a strong interaction of these inhibitor molecules with the mild steel surface. The results revealed that these compounds act as mixed inhibitors for mild steel in artificial seawater.

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024373   Suresh E R;Rajashekhara E;Naik L B; Pitchaimuthu M;Prabhakar B S (Division of Vegetable Crops, Indian Institute of Horticulture Research, Hessaraghatta Lake Post, Bangalore-560 089) : Evaluation of pickling cucumber varieties for brine - stock preservation. Indian Fd Packer 2001, 55(3), 49-53.

Six varieties of pickling cucumber (Gherkin) viz., NUCH series 32, 33, 39, 40, 41 and Calypso-50 were evaluated for brine-stock preservation. A slight variation in the physico-chemical composition and not much differences in lactic acid production during fermentation of differnet varieties of cucumber were noticed. Fermentation in brine with 7.5% sodium chloride at equilibrated level for 4 to 5 days resulted in the formation of 0.6% lactic in all the varieties. Storing the pickling cucumber at 14% equilibrated salt level resulted in microbiological stable and good quality salt-stock product. Cultivar NCUH-32 produced best quality salt-stock with maximum overall sensory scores for colour, texture, flavour and taste.

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024372   Sundara Rajulu Y (Tata Cummins Ltd. Telco Township, Jamshedpur-831 004, , ) : Metallurgical quality and performance requirements of camshaft and valve tappet castings for automotive diesel engine. Indian Fndry J 2001, 47(6), 17-32.

Valve Train System of Automotive Heavy Duety Diesel Engine is highly complex and very critical for functional and performance of engine operation. The hard core components of Valve Train System are Camshafts. Tappets, Push Rods, Rocker Arms, Valves and Valve Springs etc. The contact behaviour between Camshaft and Valve Tappet is effected by valve spring pressure, lubrication and temperature. Regarding the Camshaft, Steel/Alloy steel is the usual material for heavy duty diesel engines, but also Chilled ductile/Chilled gray irons also can be used depending on applications LCVS or HCVS. Regarding Valve Tappets, several materials available Chilled Cast Iron Tappets provides an optimum balance between performance and price for gliding contact requirements. Steel/Alloy Steel is the suitable material for higher loading where roller tappets are in use. However, this material is also for gliding contact flat tappets. The metallurgy of both Camshaft and Tappet is very critical for functional properties such as loading, wear, pitting etc. but also have an effect on the cost of these components. Hence, the presentation of Metallurgical functional and performance requirements of Camshaft and Tappet has been demonstrated.

024371   Srivastava S;Srivastava N;Agrawal Y K (Department of Chemistry, Lucknow University, Lucknow-226 007) : Study of the electrodeposition of Zn-Co-Ti alloy from sulphate bath. Indian J chem Technol 2000, 7(6), 267-72.

Electrodeposition of Zn-Co-Ti ternary alloys on steel substrates has been carried out at the different concentrations of electrolyte, temperature and current density. The effects of these parameters on the cathodic polarization, cathode current efficiency and composition of the deposits have been investigated. In general blackish grey and dull thin films were obtained. The cathode current efficiency increases with increasing pH value and temperatue at a given current density. The throwing number of the electrolytic bath was calculated from the value of the Tafel slope and the resistivity. The surface morphology and the corrosion behaviour of the deposits have also been evaluated.

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024370   Silaimani S M;John S;Muralidharan V S (NO, Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi-630 006) : Role of zirconium on the dissolution and deposition of copper from sulphuric acid solutions. Bull Electrochem 2001, (NULL), 10-12.

Copper containing zirconium alloys found extensive applications in aerospace and cryogenic applications because of its superior mechanical properties at elevated temperatures as well as for low temperatue applications. The rapid solidification technique produced copper containing 0.5% ziconium to offer high strength and conductivity. Zirconium cannot be deposited by electrochemical methods as its deposition potentials are too negative and zirconium has low hydrogen over voltage. Investigation aims at the role of zirconium sulphate on the deposition and dissolution of copper from sulphuric acid solutions.

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024369   Shafia Hoor F;Ahmed M F;Mayana S M (Department of Post-Graduate Studies in Chemistry, Central College, Bangalore University, Bangalore-560 001) : Electroless deposition of Fe-P, Fe-P-Pt alloys. Indian J chem Technol 2000, 7(5), 213-15.

Fe-P and Fe-P-Pt alloys have been developed by electroless plating technique using suitable acidic bath solution and plating conditions. The alloys are characterised to be used as cathode materials for hydrogen evolution reaction in alkaline solution. The alloys exhibited an overpotential of 332 (Fe-P-Pt) and 412 mVs (Fe-P) for about 70 h of continuous electrolysis in 30% KOH at a current density of 100 mA/cm² and temperature 323 K. The electrocatalytic activity depends on the alloying elements and the composition of the alloy. Electrokinetic parameters for hydrogen evolution reaction are evaluated.

024368   Sakina Khatoon (Department of Lipid Science & Traditional Foods, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore-570 013) : Efffect of heating effect on expeller pressed and refined sunflower oil. J Oil Technol Ass India 2001, 33(1), 12-15.

Mordon variety (high oleic) sunflower oil (expeller pressed crude oil and refined/bleached oil) were heated at 180°C in static condition for different intervals of time upto a period of 8 hr. Oxidative deterioration of sunflower crude oil (C), as well as refined and bleached sunflower oil (RB) were followed by measurement of physical characteristics such as colour, viscosity and chemical characteristics such as acid value, peroxide value, iodine value and conjugated diene value. The acid value of crude oil was almost constant upto 6 hr of heating and stood at 1.7% level. The changes in acid value observed in RB oil were 14 times more than that of crude oil (0.14 - 1.9%) during heating. However, the rate of change in peroxide value was faster in refined sunflower oil compared to crude oil. Crude oil contains natural antioxidants (45 mg/100 gm) which are mostly reduced during refining and bleaching processes.

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024367   Ravichandran P;Kumar K R (Food Packaging Technology Management, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore-570 013) : Relationship between moisture sorption and texture characteristics of sugar confectionery. Indian Fd Packer 2001, 55(3), 62-6.

Moisture sorption characteristics of three types of sugar confectionery-hard boiled, toffee and chocolates were investigated. In general, acceptable crispness was lost above a water activity of 0.44, while below 0.11 water activity, the products became hard. The moisture sorption isotherms to the products were typical BET type IV of high sugar food products. Texture evaluation of specimen, hard boiled by compression and toffee by shear force was carried out. Complete liquefaction of the products was noticed above 0.86 water activity.

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024366   Patwardhan S G (NO, , 5A Om Vijayashree, Sant Janabai Road, Vile Parle (E), Mumbai-400 057) : Development of a wrap - pick method for vegetable preservation. Indian Fd Packer 2001, 55(3), 54-7.

Bittergourd and Drumstick were wrapped with aluminium foil and over-wrapped with manifold paper. The wrapped units were separately steam sterilised in a still autoclave. After opening the autoclave they were vacuum packed in irradiation sterlised laminated pouches. Prior inoculation of the vegetables with Cl. Sp. spores and their absence after pouching have been shown by carrying out MPN test. Organoleptic evaluation was carried out. Simulated studies on sterility were carried out to conform that the paper allows steam to sterilise the nutrient media and prevented aerial contamination of the media during transfer from autoclave to sterile pouch and later acted as a barrier during storage assisting in estension of shef life. The use of manifold paper as a microbial barrier has been proposed showing the possibility of a novel wrap-pack method for vegetable preservation.

024365   Patra D;Lakshmi Sireesha K;Mishra A K (Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai-600 036) : Determination of synchronous fluorescence scan parameters for certain petroleum products. J scient ind Res 2000, 59(4), 300-05.

Synchronous fluorescence scan (SFS) technique is a promising tool for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon analysis. For analytical purposes the SFS parameters that are needed to be optimized are Δλ (λ_ex <126> λ_cm) and synchronous fluorescence maximum. In the present work, conventional petroleum products available in Indian market like kerosence and petrol, and added lubricant namely 2T oil have been studied with respect to their SFS parameters. For these multifluorophoric systems conventional electronic absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy is of limited use. The effect of dilution (5-100 per cent, v/v in cyclohexane) on the SFS parameters has ben examined. In these multifluorophoric systems, excitation energy transfer results in shifting of synchronous fluorescence maxima with increasing concentration of the petroleum product. The correlation of this shift with concentration shows the possibility of using it as an analytical method to quantify the petroleum products in the environment.

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024364   Patnaik M;Choudhary V;Varma I K (Cente for Polymer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110 016) : Thermal behaviour of methyl methacrylate and n-hexyl methacrylate copolymers. Indian J chem Technol 2000, 7(5), 254-8.

Five copolymer samples of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and n-hexyl methacrylate (HMA) were prepared by bulk polymerisation using benzoyl peroxide as an initiator. Copolymer composition was determined using ¹H-NMR spectroscopy. The _n^- and M_w^- of the copolymers as determind by GPC were high, i.e. 231-338 x 10³ and 480-757 x 10³, respectively. Thermal stability of the copolymers was studied by dynamic thermogravimetry in nitroen atmosphere. A twostep degradation was observed in the copolymer samples. The weight loss in these steps depended on the copolymer composition. Major weight loss was observed in the second step (above 320°C) and has been attributed to the random scission of the backbone. The temperature of maximum rate of weight loss in this region decreased with increase in HMA content. An increase in HMA content above 0.25 mole fraction resulted in an increase in weight loss.

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024363   Patel N K;Pandya P D;Sinha V K (Department of Industrial Chemistry, VP and RPTP Science College, Vallabh Vidyanagar-388 120) : Blends of polyvinyl acetate and low density poly ethylene. J scient ind Res 2000, 59(3), 225-8.

The feasibility of synthesising a series of polyvinylacetate (PVAc); low density polyethylene (LDPE) blends of different weight ratio 0.25:1, 0.5:1, 0.75:1, 1:1, 1:0.75, 1:0.5 and 1:0.25 respectively is studied by using solution mixing process. An improvement in physical properties of blends is observed in comparison with those of blends of LDPE with Nitrile Butadiene Rubber (NBR) and Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR). It is found that these blends have superior mechanical properties as compared to those of rubber blends. Confirmation of blending is done with the help of IR. Thermal stability of PCAc:LDPE blends is determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Practically no weight loss is observed up to 275°C and a high value of MFI provides ease of processing within varying temperatures.

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024362   Navin Chand;Vashishtha S R (Regional Research Laboratory(CSIR), , Hoshangabad Road, Bhopal-462 026) : Effect of minwool fibre reinforcement on rheological behaviour of polypropylene. Indian J chem Technol 2000, 7(5), 250-3.

Minwool fibre reinforced composite was developed by using a single screw extruder. Shear stresses versus shear rate data of pure polypropylene (PP) and reinforced with mineral wool fibre PP at 220°C was determined and analysed. It has also been found that incorporation of mineral wool fibre into PP increased the melt viscosity and reduced the recoverable shear strain (S_R). Shear rigidity (G) also increased with the incorporation of mineral wool fibre loading.

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024361   Navin Chand;Khare N (NO, Regional Research Laboratory, Habibganj Naka, Bhopal-462 026) : Investigation on dielectric properties of polypropylene/waste low density polyethylene blends. Indian J pure appl Phys 2000, 38(7), 526-9.

Polypropylene (PP) and waste recycled low density polyethylene (LDPE) blends were prepared by melt blending technique. Dielectric properties such as dielectric constant ε' and dissipation factor (tan δ) were measured in the frequency range 4-100 kHz, at different temperature ranging from ambient to 160°C. Effect of LDPE incorporation on dielectric constant and dissipation factor of PP has been observed and discussed. It has been found that the blend had three types of relaxations, namely β', αc and α. These three relaxations have been analyzed. Activation energies determined from the β', α and αc tan δ-peaks for PP-LDPE blend were 55.2, 70.8 and 87.0 kcal/mole.

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024360   Nagaraj G;Praveena B;Srinivas C V S (Directorate of Oilseeds Research, , Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500 030) : Tocopherols in some Indian genotypes of sunflower, safflower and castor. J Oil Technol Ass India 2001, 33(1), 20-1.

Indian varieties of sunflower, safflower and castor seed oils were analyzed for alpha, beta and gamma tocopherols through reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography. Sunflower, safflower and castor oilseed varieties had high α tocopherol content followed by β and γ. In sunflower the tocopherol content ranged from 423 to 485 mg/kg, while in safflower it was 450 to 486 mg/kg and in castor it was 419 to 491 mg/kg.

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024359   Mohamed S K (Cellulose and Paper Department, National Research Center, , Dokki, Cairo, Egypt) : Grafting of CMC by the ionic-xanthate method. J scient ind Res 2000, 59(3), 235-40.

Graft copolymerization of acrylonitrile (AN) onto water-soluble cellulose derivative, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) with two different degrees of substitution (DS) was studied, using the ionic-xanthate method. The effects of grafting time, grafting temperature, NaOH concentration, and monomer concentration on the grafting process were studied and the structure of the product was investigated by using IR spectroscopy.

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024358   Mishra S L;Sharma S K;Agarwal R (B M Birla Science and Technology Centre, , Malviya Industrial Area, Jaipur-302 017) : Briquetting of lignite for domestic fuel. J scient ind Res 2000, 59(5), 413-06.

Lignite, an inferior grade coal has a tendency of fast disintegration and is therefore unsuitable as domestic fuel. Various compacting materials (binders) have been tried for lignite compaction so that it can be used as domestic fuel in the form of lignite briquetters. A comparative study of lignite briquettes, prepared by using various binders in different proportions has been made. On the basis of results obtained, the composition of lignite and binders and their optimum proportions have been suggested for preparing lignite briquettes, suitable as domestic fuel. A lignite briquetting machine for briquetting this composition, using forced compaction technique is also developed.

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024357   Mali P L;Mahajan M M;Patil D P;Kulkarni M V (School of Life Sciences, North Maharashtra University, P B No. 80, Jalgaon-425 001) : Biodecolourisation of members of triphenylmethane and azo group of dyes. J scient ind Res 2000, 59(3), 221-4.

An efficient isolate Pseudomonas sp. was isolated from soil by soil embadation technique which degraded and decolourised dyes belonging to triphenylmethane and azo group. Malachite green, fast green brilliant green, congo red, and methylene blue were degraded in the range of 20-70 per cent within 24-40 h under aerobic conditions at pH 6-8 and between 30-40°C. The advantage of using microbial culture for decolourisation and degradation of triphenylmethane and azo group of dyes is apparent in providing a realistic approach for decolourising industrial effluent, particularly textile industry prior to its disposal.

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024356   Kori S A;Murty B S;Chakraborty M (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Basaveshwar Engineering College, Bagalkot-587 102) : Effect of Al-5Ti-1B grain refiner on some hypereutectic Al-Si alloys. Indian Fndry J 2001, 47(1), 13-17.

Reports an investigation on the effect Al-5Ti-1B (M51) master alloy on the morphology of the primary Si particles in some hypereutectic (Al-15,20 and 30Si) Al-Si alloys. In addition, deals with the influence of Mg (0.2, 0.4 and 0.6% Mg) on the grain refining behaviour of Al-15%Si alloys. The results suggest that, addition of 0.2% M51 master alloy to Al-20Si alloy marginally decreases the size of the primary Si particles and addition of 1.0% M51 master alloy to Al-30Si alloy converts the star shape primary Si particles into fine cuboid type primary Si particles. Further, Mg can influence the effect of the Al-5Ti-1B master alloy in refining the α-Al dendrites in the hypereutectic (Al-15Si) Al-Si alloys.

024355   Kaul R K;Saini S P S (Department of Food Science and Technology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141 004) : Compositional changes during storage and concentration of Kagzi lime juice. J scient ind Res 2000, 59(5), 395-9.

Richness in sour (5.88 per cent acidity) and flavouring (0.017 per cent recoverable oil) components of fresh kagzi lime (Citrus aurantifolia) juice makes it preferred acidulant with strong flavour for preparing thirst quenching and appetizing drink. Juice is rich in ascorbic acid (38.99 mg/100 g) and pectin (0.43 per cent). Storage of heat processed juice for 6 months at 12-40° show more pronounced decline of 7.1, 23.5 and 55.5 per cent, respectively, in pectin, ascorbic acid and hesperidin as compared to the respective losses of 4.6, 15.2 and 40 per cent that occur in heat pasteurized (90°C, 30s) SO2 (700 ppm) preserved stored control samples. Noticeable respective changes of 55.8, 27.1 and 50 per cent can be ascertained in reducing sugars, ascorbic acid, and recoverable oil during concentration. Statistically the effects of treatments (except for body and aroma) and storage on sensory attributes of RTS-beverages are found to be significant at P <60> 0.05. Investigations show that heat pasteurized SO₂ preserved kagzi lime juice can be satisfactorily stored for six months for off season use to make various products.

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024354   Hajarnavis M R (NO, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nehru Marg, Nagpur-440 020) : Studies of trace metals in acidic fly ash. J scient ind Res 2000, 59(5), 381-8.

Demand for electrical energy has been increasing rapidly in India. By the beginning of this decade, coal-fired power plants accounted 89 per cent of the total generating capacity. An estimated annual production of 1.91x10⁹ m tonnes of coal by the year 2000 is anticipated. At present, about 100 thermal power plants are generating 75 million tonnes of fly ash. The increased use of coal will produce additional amount of fly ash. Thus the problem of environmental pollution from coal based power plants is ever increasing. Hence, to assess the pollution potential of flyash samples, 32 fly ash samples from different thermal power plants located in various states are studied for their physico-chemical characteristics.

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024353   Gomaa G K (Chemistry Department, Faculty of Education, Tanta University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt) : Effect of copper cation on corrosion of steel by tolytriazole in acid medium. Indian J chem Technol 2000, 7(6), 300-06.

The influence of different concentrations of tolytriazole in the presence of 0.1M sulphuric acid on electrochemical and corrosion behaviour of steel both with and without different concentrations of copper cation was studied potentiokinetically. It was found that tolytriazole reduces the corrosion current, corrosion rate and increases the polarization resistance. The protective cation was incorporated into the protective layer formed on the electrode surface exposed to tested solution. It was found that at a concentration of 10^-1 M, Cu⁺⁺ cation strongly inhibited the corrosion rate rather than at lower cation concentration. The corrosion of the steel in 0.1M H₂SO₄ is appreciably reduced by tolytriazole in combination with metallic copper cation, as a result of coadsorption. The corrosion potential, corrosion current, corrosion rate, polarization resistance, as well as activation energy and thermodynamic parameters were calculated at different temperatures.

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024352   Dwivedi D K;Sharma A;Rajan T V (Mechanical Engineering Department, REC, Hamirpur-177 005) : Friction and wear behaviour of cast Al-Si base alloys : effect of alloying elements on seizure resistance. Indian Fndry J 2001, 47(1), 18-22.

Effect of alloying elements on seizure resistance of cast Al-Si alloys has been investigated. Experimental alloy Al-12Si and Al-12Si-0.8Ni-0.6Mg-.1.2Cu-0.6Fe were prepared by foundry techniques. Wear resistances of both Al-12Si and Al-12Si-X [X=Ni, Cu, Mg, Fe) alloys were studied using pin on disc (ASTM : G99) type of friction and wear testing machine. Dry sliding wear test was performed at various sliding speeds (0.2-4.0m/s) and contact pressure (0.35-1.05 Mpa) against hardended ground steel En-32 disc. Optical microstructure hardness and tensile strength study is also reported.

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024351   Dwivedi D K (Mechanical Engineering Department, REC, , Hamirpur-177 005) : Experimental studies on machining characteristics of martensitic stainless steel. Indian Fndry J 2001, 47(6), 38-43.

Influence of cutting parameters and heat treatment such as annealing, air hardening on machining behaviour (cutting forces, specific power consumption, tool temperature and chip formation behaviour) of martensitic stainless steel has been investigated. It has been found that heat treatment increases specific power consumption and changes the chip formation behaviour significantly. Optical microstructure and hardness study is also reported.

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024350   Deka M;Saikia C N;Baruah K K (Regional Research Laboratory (CSIR), , Jorhat-785 006) : Treatment of wood with thermosetting resins: effect on dimensional stability, strength and termite resistance. Indian J chem Technol 2000, 7(6), 312-17.

The effect of thermosetting resins viz. phenol formaldehyde (PF) and melamine formaldehyde (MF) on dimensional stability, strength property and termite (Odontotermis spp) resistant capacity of a soft wood, bombax ceiba were assessed. The wood was treated with 30% resin concentration in 110°C at 75 psi air pressure and then dimensional stability in terms of anti-shrink efficiency (ASE) of 70.59% and 68.23% were achieved at 32.1 ad 33.0 levels of weight percent gain (WPG) for PF and MF resins respectively. Maximum bulking co-efficient (BC) of 15.39% and 13.28%, and moisture excluding efficiency (MEE) of 45.31% and 41.39% were achieved for PF and MF treated samples at the above two EPG levels. Three cycles of repeated wetting and drying did not cause any further change in BC and ASE. The treatment also increased modulus of rupture (MOR) by 21.6% and 19.48% and modulus of elasticity (MOE) by 12.86% and 11.10% over the untreated samples without any remarkable change in specific gravity. Furthermore, the treated wood showed resistance to termite.

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024349   Deka B C;Sethi V (Division of Fruits and Horticultural Technology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110 012) : Preparation of mixed fruit juice spiced RTS beverages. Indian Fd Packer 2001, 55(3), 58-61.

RTS spiced bevarages were prepared from blended fruit juice of lime-aonla, mango-pineapple, grape-mango and grape-pineapple with addition of various aqueous spice extracts and commercial spice drops.The spiced lime-aonla (95:5) RTS beverage with salt [common salt (0.5%) + black salt (0.5%)], aqueous spice extracts of curry leaf (0.5%), cumin (0.25%), cardamom (0.25%), black pepper (0.1%), juice of ginger (2%) and mint (0.4%) was found best among all the beverages. Likewise, mango-pineapple (85:15) with cardamom spice drops (0.006%) was best among the RTS beverages prepared from commercial spice drops. The addition of spices improved the quality of beverages.

024348   Deepa S S;Sobankumar D R;Arumughan C (Agro Processing Division, Regional Research Laboratory, , Industrial Estate P.O., Trivandrum-695 019) : Oil body composition from oil palm fruit mesocarp (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) during fruit ripening. J Oil Technol Ass India 2001, 33(1), 3-6.

Changes in the composition of oil body from oil palm fruit mesocarp during ripening was studied. Storage of lipids in the mesocarp oil bodies continues till the fruit reaches full maturity. The major components of the oil body were neutral lipids, an 'insoluble material', protein, phospholipids and glycolipids. During ripening, no significant change occurred in the concentration of neutral lipids, while the concentration of insoluble material and proteins increased slightly. For purified oil body, the major fatty acid components of total lipid as well as the lipid fractions were 16 : 0 and 18 : 1 followed by 18 : 2. The concentration of 12 : 0, 14 : 0 and 18 : 0 acids was more in polar lipids when compared to all other lipids classes. No significant change was noticed in the fatty acid composition of lipid components at 16, 20 and 24 WAA.

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024347   Daulatabad C D;Bhat G G (Department of Chemistry, Karnataka University, Dharwad-580 003) : Rich source of keto fatty acid in Bridelia stipularis and memecyclon umbellatum seed oils. J Oil Technol Ass India 2001, 33(1), 22-3.

Fatty oils of Bridelia stipularis and Memecyclon umbellatum seeds contain 7-keto-octadec-cis-11-enoic acid 27.0% and 35.5% respectively. The other fatty acids are myristic (10.9%), (16.0%0; palmitic (2.4%), (-); stearic (15.9%), (11.8%); oleic (6.5%), (36.7%) and linoleic (37.3%), (-); respectively.

024346   Datta S;Banerjee M K (Department of Metallurgy, B.E. College (D.U.), Howrah-711 103, ) : Effect of stacking fault energy on the fatigue behaviour of cast copper - aluminium alloys. Indian Fndry J 2001, 47(2), 17-22.

S-N curves of cast copper-aluminium alloys containing upto 3.9 at% aluminium were obtained under rotating bending type of cyclic loading. The fatigue behaviours of the alloys are described by suitable ΔS - ΔN curves derived from the experimental ΔS - ΔN curves. Fractographic studies are made with scanning electron microscope. A relation between stacking fault parameter and the nature of ΔS - ΔN curve has been obtained. Increasing aluminium content is found to led to the deterioration in fatigue resistance of the cast Cu-Al alloys by increasing the staking fault parameters.

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024345   Datta P (Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Calcutta-700 032) : Thermal behaviour and solidification times of clay molded investment castings. Indian Fndry J 2001, 47(2), 29-38.

The tribal or rural lost-wax casting process of eastern India primarily uses clay as molding material. Being a variation of the investment casting process this can be termed as Clay Molded Investment Casting process. All the good points of investment casting are available in this process. Yet the process is cheap and simple and can be easily adopted by any modern foundry. The chief impediment of the process is the lack of experimental data even on preliminary foundry methoding, related to the dependence of solidification parameters on the solidification time by known macroscopic energy transport models. Among the models. Ruddle model and Schwarz model relate the solidification time of casting to the thermal properties of the mold as well as mold temperatures. Hence, these models seem to be more relevant in CMIC process optimisation.

024344   Dasa S;Chanda S;Das R N;Bhaduri S K (Plant Chemistry Unit, Biological Science Division, Indian Statistical Institute, Calcutta-700 035) : Particle board from leaf fibre residues of sugarbeet. J scient ind Res 2000, 59(4), 306-08.

The making of particle boards from sugarbeet leaf fibre residue left after protein extraction using different binder systems, viz. urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin, phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin and in situ condensation of urea and formaldehyde without applying any resin is described. Laboratory studies of the physico-mechanical properties of the prepared particle boards show that these are comparable to those of other particle boards made from similar lignocellulosic materials. The properties of the investigated boards conform to the BIS specifications for medium density general purpose particle boards which could be used for panelling, ceiling, partitioniong, etc. in interior decoration.

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024343   Das C;Sudersanan M;Totlani M K (Material Processing Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085) : Corrosion inhibition of picolinic acid and ascorbic acid mixture by 5-hexyn-1-0l. Indian J chem Technol 2000, 7(6), 292-9.

Inhibition of carbon steel corrosion in a deaerated solution containing a mixture of picolinic acid (3.5 x 10² M) and ascorbic acid (1.0 x 10^-2 M), effective for magnetite film removal, by 5-hexyn-1-ol has been studied between 30 to 70°C by weight loss and electrochemical impedance techniques. The effect of inhibitor concentration and the reaction temperature on the performance of inhibitor has been evaluated. Activation energy for carbon steel corrosion decreased upon the addition of 5-hexyl-1-ol suggesting that the mode of operation is by chemisorption of the inhibitor on the metal surface. The inhibitor efficiency increased with temperature confirming to the chemical nature of adsorption process. The thermodynamic parameters such as free energy, heat and entropy of adsorption of the inhibitor on carbon steel surface have been determined. 5-hexyl-1-ol has been shown to follow Bockris-Swinkels isotherm leading to the replacement of four water molecules per inhibitor molecule adsorbed. Impedance measurements showed that the addition of inhibitor affects the charge transfer process on exposure for longer duration. While the charge transfer resistance increased in presence of 5-hexyn-1-ol, the double layer capacity showed reverse trend.

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024342   Darweesh H H M;Khalil N M (Refractories, Ceramics and Building Materials Department, National Res, , Cairo, Egypt) : Effect of cement kiln by-pass dust waste on the physicomechanical properties of alumina cement. Indian J chem Technol 2000, 7(6), 287-91.

The influence of the addition of cement kiln by-pass dust on the physicomechanical properties of alumina cement on cooling as well as after firing at 1200°C and 1300°C was studied. Results show that the water of consistency as well as setting time increased with the addition of cement dust both on cooling and firing. Where as mixing alumina cement with cement dust affects adversely on the specific properties of the cement, the properties are improved on firing at 1300°C. The free CaO content of cement dust is partially utilized by alumina cement on cooling, but further utilization occurs on firing. The XRD analysis revealed that by firing of alumina cement together with cement dust, new calcium silicate and aluminate phases are formed, which are responsible for the relatively higher rate of hydration. Accordingly, the physicomechanical characteristics of the cement are improved.

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024341   Charanjit Kaur;Kapoor H C (Division of Fruits and Horticultural Technology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110 012) : Inhibition of enzymatic browning in apples, potatoes and mushrooms. J scient ind Res 2000, 59(5), 389-94.

Effect of different browning inhibitors like ascorbic acid (AA), 4-hexylresorcinol (HR) and banana leaf extract (BLE) either alone or in different combinations was studied on apples, mushrooms, and potatoes. The results were compared with the samples treated with sulphites which are banned because of their toxic effects. A mixture of HR, AA and BLE significantly inhibited the enzymatic browning during storage at 4°C. Similar decrease in polyphenol oxidase activity was also observed. The colour and texture of treated samples were closer to the fresh samples. Total viable microbial, yeast, and mould counts were also reduced. Overall performance of this formulation was found to be better than that of sulphites.

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024340   Bhatia S (NO, , ) : Tinplate containers for food. Indian Fd Packer 2001, 55(3), 80-2.

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024339   Berry S K (NO, Central Food Technology Research Institute, Regional Centre, Gill Road, Ludhiana-141 006) : Bitterness in citrus juices : some solutions. Indian Fd Packer 2001, 55(3), 67-76.

Bitterness in citrus juices is mostly attributed to limonin, naringin and nomilin. Orange juice experiences delayed bitterness upon storage and heat processing. Sweet oranges are, however, free from this drawback. Solutions to the problem of bitterness of citurs juices have been looked into through research in the domains of cultivation and pre-harvest treatment of citrus fruits. Post-harvest treatments to overcome bitterness in citrus juices have largely concentrated on metabolic degradation of limonin, methods of juice extraction, masking of bitterness by different means, altering the entity of bitter principles using different techniques, and selective removal of bitter principles and their precursors through various patented techniques. The technique employing styrene-divinylbenzene resins to selectivity remove the bitter principles has been successful to a great extent in overcoming the problem of bitterness in citrus juices. However, advanced research techniques in the citrus cultivation front may provide the best solution in developing citrus cultivars that do not harbour bitter principles or their precursors in the fruit.

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024338   Bawa A S;Narpinder Singh (Department of Food Science and Technology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amristar-143 005) : Effect of incorporating extruded wheat flour on the quality of goat meat sausages. J scient ind Res 2000, 59(3), 241-5.

Effect of incorporating flour and its extruded counterparts from sound, 24 h and 48 h sprouted wheat at 5, 10 and 15% levels on the quality of goat meat sausages is studied. It is found that the yield of sausages increases with increase in the level of incorporation; however, the extrusion and sprouting show adverse effect. The incorporation of unextruded and extruded 48 h sprouted flour do not show any significant effect on the yield of sausages. The emulsion stability of sausage mix in terms of per cent separation of cooking correspond to the yield values. The organoleptic evaluation of cooked sausages reveals an improvement in texture, appearance and overall acceptability with increase in the level of incorporation of unextruded flour. The incorporation of extruded flour shows a deteriorating effect on all the sensory attributes. Sausages containing extruded or unextruded 24 h sprouted wheat flour are acceptable while those with 48 h sprouted wheat flour show poor acceptability. Warner Bratzler shear values increase with the addition of extruded and sprouted flour.

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024337   Appah D (Department of Petroleum Engineering, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria) : Field application of a method for waterflooding. J scient ind Res 2000, 59(4), 314-17.

Field investigation, developed from laboratory test, conducted to identify and understand magnetic effects on oil recovery during waterflooding process at several oilfields in Azerbaijan. Results of the initial field testing of this improved oil recoverty (IOR) method show, that magnetisation increases rock wettability, injectivity, as well as the flow capacity of porous media and favours degassing of water. The additional oil produced is attributed to the above factors and buoyant oil flow created by suction force of the magnetic type. Pressure stabilised easily during pressure build up, scaling from formation water reduced by 80-97 per cent, downhole corrosion reduce by 35-40 per cent and clay swelling minimise by the constant transverse magnetic field. The results reveal that the method is novel are used for studying magnetic fields.

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