024174   Krishnasamy V;Eswaramoorthy M (Department of Chemical Technology, Anna University, Chennai-600 025) : Vapour phase catalytic transformations of 3-carene over chromium impregnated zeolites : influence of organic bases. Indian J chem Technol 2001, 8(3), 162-8.

Large pore zeolites, 13X and Y and medium pore zeolite ZSM-5 were synthesised by hydrothermal method, partially converted them into H-form by ion exchange. Each was impregnated with 2% Cr and they were characterised by physico-chemical analysis.

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024173   Kavitha P;Easwaran P P;Mageshwari U S (Department of Food Service Management and Dietetics, Avinashilingam University, Coimbatore-641 043) : Effect of different methods of cooking on the dietary fibre content of wheat and wheat products and their hypoglycemic effect on NIDDM patients. Indian J Nutr Diet 2001, 38(6), 173-81.

Effect of different cooking methods on the TDF content of the selected wheat products was varied. Moist heat cooking methods were found to reduce the TDF of wheat products in varying degrees. Deep fat frying increased the TDF content of whole wheat flour by seven per cent and baking and roasting increased the TDF of whole wheat flour (51 per cent) and semolina (188 percent) significantly. A significant inverse relationship was established between TDF content and amount of water used for cooking (r = -0.6). Peak rise in blood glucose was a minimum for whole wheat bread (44.0 mg/dl) which had the highest TDF of 19.47 g/100g followed by that for chappathi (49 mg/dl) and wheat rava upma (54 mg/dl) whose TDF were 12.69 and 12.83 g/100g respectively. A significant inverse relationship was found between TDF and the rise in blood glucose. The results of the study imply that dry heat cooking methods like baking, roasting and pan roasting; a usage of minimum possible amounts of water for cooking; and selection of whole wheat product helps in maximum retention of TDF and ensures better glycemic control in diabetic subjects.

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024172   Kashyap K T;Chandrashekar T (Central Laboratory, Foundry and Forage Division, Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd., Bangalore-560 017) : Effects and mechanisms of grain refinement in aluminium alloys. Bull Mater Sci 2001, 24(4), 345-53.

Grain refinement plays a crucial role in improving characteristics and properties of cast and wrought aluminium alloys. Generally Al-Ti and Al-Ti-B master alloys are added to the aluminium alloys to grain refine the solidified product. The mechanism of grain refinement is of considerable controversy in the scientific literature. The nucleant effects i.e. which particle and its characteristics nucleate α-Al, has been the subject of intensive research. Lately the solute effect i.e. the effect of dissolved titanium on grain refinement, has come into forefront of grain refinement research.

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024171   Kalia V C;Raizada N;Sonakya V (NO, Centre for Biochemical Technology, Mall Road, University Campus, Delhi-110 007) : Bioplastics. J scient ind Res 2000, 59(6), 433-45.

Plastics (polymers) can be degraded by three different processes, either independently or in combination : Light or high energy radiation; Heat and Microbes. In response to increasing public concern over environmental hazard caused by plastic, many countries are conducting various solid waste management programmes including plastic waste reduction by development of biodegradable plastic material. There is an intense research for making the biodegradable plastic material. Some biodegradable plastic materials under development are: Poly hydroxy alkanoates (PHAs), Poly-lactides, Aliphatic poly-esters, Polysaccharides, and Co-polymers and/or blends of above. However, it is possible to produce biodegradable plastics from bio-wastes with the help of a syntrophic population of microbes of diverse origins. This will help to reduce waste management problems and improve environment.

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024170   Joy C M;George P P;Jose K P (Research Department of Botany, Sacred Heart College, Thevara, Kochi-682 013) : Solar tunnel drying of red chillis (Capsicum annum L.). J Fd Sci Technol 2001, 38(3), 213-16.

Investigation was aimed to understand the drying efficiency of solar tunnel dryer and to improve the quality of red chillis. An extensive survey of the cultivated regions and drying methods that prevail in Kerala for chilli was conducted. Attappadi area of Palakkad district was identified as the major chilli-growing region in the State. Wet samples of red chillis from two different sampling stations of Attappadi were collected and dried in a tunnel dryer. Both physical and chemical quality analyses of the dried chillis were done according to the National and International Standards. The results of quality analyses of both tunnel-dried chilli samples and those chilli samples dried by conventional method, collected from the same sampling locations were compared. Considerable reduction in drying time was noticed in tunnel-dried samples. Improvement in overall quality parameters, cleanliness and texture were noticed in tunnel-dried chilli samples. Optimum conditions required for the drying of red chilli could be identified.

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024169   Joshi S S;Dhopeshwarkar R;Jadhav U;Jadhav R; D'souza L;Dixit J (Department of Chemical Engineering, Tatyasaheb Kore Institute of Engineering and Technology, Warananagar, Kolhapur-416 113) : Continuous ethanol production by fermentation of waste banana peels using flocculating yeast. Indian J chem Technol 2001, 8(3), 153-6.

Warana Agricultural Goods Processing Co-operative Society (WAGPCOS), a unit producing banana puree at Amritnagar gives out the banana peels along with the foul bananas as a major waste. This waste was tested for its sugar content and was found to contain substantial amount of sugars with hardly any hazardous material for the fermentative microorganisms i.e. yeast. To utilize this waste as a fermentation substrate, extract was prepared from the waste. Highly flocculant yeast Saccharomyces uvarum (NCIM culture 3528) having a high fermentation activity was used for the fermentation. A multi vessel system was prepared for the fermentation of waste extract. The system consisted of a main reactor, a buffer vessel and a separation vessel. The fermentation was carried out under anaerobic conditions with CO2 bubbling and well maintained pH and temperature. Runs were carried out at different feed rates with continuous yeast cell recycle. It was observed that the waste banana peels are capable of providing enough sugar for the fermentation and hence can be economically utilized for the ethanol production. After the removal of the extract from the waste, the remaining fibrous material can be dried in an easier way and can prove to be a good fodder for the animals.

024168   Iramma G;Shailaja D N;Shivaleela K (NO, UAS, Dharwad) : Impact of fungal growth on the physical properties of silk fabric. Indian Silk 1999, 38(8), 24-7.

024167   Husain S;Kifayatullah M;Sekar R (Analytical Chemistry Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500 007) : Simultaneous determination of mefenamic acid and paracetamol in pharmaceutical preparations by <. Indian J chem Technol 2001, 8(3), 191-4.

Simple, specific and rapid nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic method for the determination of mefenamic acid and paracetamol in pharmaceutical preparation is described. Samples are dissolved directly in DMSO-d6 and their spectra are recorded on a Gemini-200 MHz NMR spectrometer instrument. The results obtained by the proposed method is agreed closely with those found by the method of British Pharmacopoeia (BP). No interference due to excipients is also observed.

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024166   Giram S D;Barbind R P;Pawar V D;Sakhale B K; Agarkar B S (Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying, Marathwada Agricultural University, Parbhani-431 402) : Studies of fortification of sour whey concentrate in chakka for preparation of shrikhand. J Fd Sci Technol 2001, 38(3), 294-5.

Addition of 5% sour whey concentrate in chakka (both from cow's milk) increased the yield of shrikhand by 5% over that by traditional method. This addition, however, did not bring about any change in the physical attributes of shrikhand. Addition of whey concentrate to more than 5% level brought about deterioration in the quality of shrikhand in terms of flavour, consistency, body and taste.

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024165   Gandhi A P;Khare S K;Jha K (Soybean Processing and Utilization Centre, Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal-462 038) : Determination of residual hexane and microbiological status in de-oiled soybean meal. J Fd Sci Technol 2001, 38(3), 260-2.

Simple volatization procedure was developed to detect the residual hexane in solvent extracted soy meals with good precision using the gas chromatographic technique. The study showed that this method released and assayed residual hexane up to one ppm. The deoiled soybean meals from different solvent extraction plants were also analyzed for microbial load. These results indicated the presence of Coliforms, Enterobacteriaceae, Staphylococci, Aerobacter, Bacillus, Aspergillus and Mucor in the isolates.

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024164   Deshpande S S;Mishra A;Mishra M (NO, Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Nabi Bagh, Berasia Road, Bhopal-462 038) : Preparation and organoleptic evaluation of soy-blended food products. J Fd Sci Technol 2001, 38(3), 291-3.

Full fat soyflour was blended with cereal or pulse flours to make a variety of common Indian traditional products, namely chapati, pakoda, burfi and extruded snacks. These recipes were evaluated by a trained panel of judges for their acceptability and other quality parameters. From the mean score values, it was observed that all the products were liked and were acceptable by the judges. These products were devoid of off flavour and had acceptable characteristics. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated significant differences among all the products at 5 and 1% levels of significance, while the disagreement among the judges for all the characteristics was not significant, while the disagreement among the judges for all the characteristics was not significant at 5 and 1% levels, thereby confirming the homogeneity of panelists.

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024163   Desai G S;Vijayabaskar V (NO, Asian Paints (I) Ltd., L B S Marg, Bhandup (W), Mumbai) : Process cycle time reduction of high solids alkyd using Taguchi statistical technique. Paintindia 2001, 51(6), 59-65.

Taguchi Statistical Technique has been used to reduce the process cycle time of high solids high viscosity alkyd. Monoglycerolysis (MG) catalyst esterification catalyst, addition of free fatty acid and pre-prepared monoglyceride and antioxidant are considered as the critical factors which can affect the process cycle time. These factors are studied at different levels using the L-8 model. The statistical technique - Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) has been used to analyse the outcome of each experiment. Anti oxidant and MG catalyst affect the colour and drying time of alkyd resin, and therefore the effect of anti-oxidant and MG catalyst has also been critically analysed through this model.

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024162   Deepa S S;Arumughan C (Agro Processing Division, Regional Research Laboratory (CSIR), Industrial Estate, P O Thiruvananthapuram-695 019) : Extraction and characterisation of peroxidases from oil palm (Elaeis quineensis. Jacq) fruit and leaf. J Fd Sci Technol 2001, 38(3), 200-06.

Peroxidases from oil palm fruit mesocarp (MPOD) and leaf (LPOD) were isolated and their kinetics were studied. The former had an optimum pH of 5.5, while the latter had a pH of 5.0 Both MPOD and LPOD had high pH stabilities in the pH range at 4-10, LPOD being more stable in the pH range of 8-10. Both exhibited high thermal stabilities as compared to other sources, LPOD being more stable than MPOD. Using guaiacol as substrate, Michaelis constant (Km) for MPOD was 2 mM and for LOPOD, it was 7.5 mM, MPOD and LPOD showed greater activity during the early stages of fruit and leaf development, respectively and as maturation proceeded, their activities declined. MPOD and LPOD activities of the two parental varieties of oil palm, `dura' and `pisifera' were also compared.

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024161   Dayal R;Dobhal P C (Chemistry Division, Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun-248 006) : Natural dyes from some Indian plants. Colourage 2001, 48(8), 33-8.

Leaves and bark of Eucalyptus hybrid, seeds of Cassia tora and Grewia optiva available in plenty, can be used for extracting natural dyes. These dyes can be used for dyeing silk, wool, cotton and jute fabrics by using alum, copper sulphate, ferrous sulphate, potassium dichromate and stannous chloride as mordants. The optimum concentrations of dye and mordants were standardized. The best shades can be obtained by dyeing with optimum dye percentage of each dye followed by mordanting and fixing with sodium carbonate solution by maintaining a varying material to water ratio. The wash fastness, light fastness, crocking fastness (dry and wet), perspiration fastness (acidic and alkaline) varied between 3-5; 2-4; 4-5 (dry), 3-4 (wet); 3-5 (acidic and alkaline) on grey scale for silk, wool and cotton fabrics. Jute samples dyed with Eucalyptus hybrid bark dye using alum, ferrous sulphate and potassium dichromate as mordants showed low wet crocking fastness. These dyes may help in enhancing the export of silk, wool, cotton and jute garments dyed with natural dyes to foreign countries, where the use of azo dyes has been banned.

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024160   Das S K (Computer Application Division, National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur-831 007) : Evaluation of solid-liquid interface profile during continuous casting by a spline based formalism. Bull Mater Sci 2001, 24(4), 373-8.

Numerical framework has been applied which comprises of a cubic spline based collocation method to determine the solid-liquid interface profile (solidification front) during continuous casting process. The basis function chosen for the collocation algorithm to be employed in this formalism, is a cubic spline interpolation function. An iterative solution methodology has been developed to track the interface profile for copper strand of rectangular transverse section for different casting speeds. It is based on enthalpy conservation criteria at the solidification interface and the trend is found to be in good agreement with the available information in the literature although a point to point mapping of the profile is not practically realizable. The spline based collocation algorithm is found to be a reasonably efficient tool for solidification front tracking process, as a good spatial derivative approximation can be achieved incorporating simple modelling philosophy which is numerically robust and computationally cost effective.

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024159   Das H;Radhakrishna K (Defence Food Research Laboratory, , Siddharthanagar, Mysore-570 011) : Preservation of mutton as ready-to-eat curry by Hurdle technology. J Fd Sci Technol 2001, 38(3), 287-90.

Conditions for the preparation of mutton curry suitable to Indian palate were standardized. The mutton curry thus prepared was preserved by hurdle technology, employing various hurdles like water activity (aw), pH, preservative (pres.), high temperature (F), low temperature (t) and oxido-redox potential (Eh) to obtain convenience intermediate moisture product, which after a few minutes of heating in boiling water could be served in the curry form. The product having 37.68% moisture, 33.15% fat and 5.58 pH was stable for more than four months at ambient temperature of 27±2°C and more than six months at refrigerated temperature of 3 ± 2°C. Chemical quality indices like free fatty acid (FFA), peroxide value (PV) and thiobarbituric acid value (TBA), texture (Warner-Bratzler shear value) as well as microbial and sensory qualities were evaluated and statistically analysed. Changes of these quality parameters during storage were monitored and tabulated. The product had a longer storage life at refrigeration than at ambient temperature and in paper-foil-polyethylene pouches than in polypropylene pouches.

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024158   Chavan J K;Deshmukh R A;Dalvi U S (Department of Biochemistry, Mahatma Phule Agricultural Vidyapeeth, Rahuri-413 722, ) : Pearling treatment of discoloured sorghum grains. J Fd Sci Technol 2001, 38(3), 263-5.

Simple process was standardized to obtain about 80% clear, white edible-grade product from mould-infested and discoloured sorghum grains. The discoloured grains were suspended in 40% NaCl (sp.gr. 1.25) to separate heavily infested and light weight grains. The sinkers were dried and pearled on an abrasive polisher at 650 rpm for 5 min. The pearling treatment removed completely the surface discoloration and aflatoxins, while lowering the contents of fibre by 15.6% and polyphenols by 20.6%. The pan breads from meal of discoloured grains were unacceptable, while those prepared from pearled product were found acceptable.

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024157   Bharati A;Panda P C;Sahoo J (Department of Animal Products Technology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125 004) : Effect of conventional versus ultrapasteurization of egg components of the quality of custards and cakes. J Fd Sci Technol 2001, 38(3), 239-42.

Effect of ultrapasteurization of egg components on the quality of custards and cakes was studied. Ultrapasteurization caused significant (P<60>0.05) increases in coagulation content and pH of liquid white, while significant decreases were observed in percent moisture absorption, foam draining characteristics, cake volume and cake height. Cakes prepared from ultrapasteurized samples were poor in shape, when compared to those by conventional pasteurization. However, organoleptic evaluation scores showed slight improvement in ultrapasteurized sponge cake made of yolk. Baked custard did not show any significant differences between two treatments in respect of organoleptic qualities.

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024156   Bera M B;Shrivastava D C;Singh C J;Kumar K S; Sharma Y K (Department of Food Technology, Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology, Longowal, Sangrur-148 106) : Development of cold grinding process, packaging and storage of cumin powder. J Fd Sci Technol 2001, 38(3), 257-9.

Cumin was subjected to conventional grinding during which the mill and product temperatures rose to as high as 95°C and at this temperature, considerable loss in volatile oil and changes in the volatile constituents occurred. Lowering the temperature of the grinding zone by circulating chilled water (10-25°C) had profound influence on the retention of volatile oil, fineness of particles and sensory qualities of the ground cumin. Aluminium / low density laminated pouches and a storage condition of 37°C/70% RH could be used for packaging and storage of cold ground cumin.

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024155   Barwal V S;Sharma R (Post-harvest Technology Department, University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan-173 230) : Standardization of recipe for the development of plum appetizer. J Fd Sci Technol 2001, 38(3), 248-50.

Efforts were made to develop nutritious and palatable plum appetizer. Two different combinations of fruit pulp and spice recipe were tried at three levels (40, 45 and 50° Brix) of total soluble solids for the standardization of the product. The prepared appetizers were evaluated for sensory attributes by a panel of semi-trained judges. A combination of 30% fruit pulp with standard recipe (0.1% cardamom, 0.25% cumin, 0.4% black pepper, 0.5% common salt, 1.0% black salt, 1.5% ginger extract and 1.0% mint extract) at 40°Brix TSS was found to be the best. The developed appetizer was also analyzed for various physico-chemical characteristics. The appetizer had appealing colour, body, flavour and 30.8 sugar/acid ratio. The sale price of appetizer was estimated to be Rs. 17.93 per 700 ml bottle.

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024154   Balaji Narasimhan R (NO, Goodlass Nerolac Paints Ltd., Nerolac House, Ganpatrao Kadam Marg, Lower Parel, Mumbai-400 013) : Pearl lustre pigments. Paintindia 2001, 51(6), 67-72.

Introduction of poly methyl mechacrylate and unsturated polyester in button manufacturing brought on the search for synthetic pearl lustre pigments and replaced fish silver and mother of pearl. The most valuable of all newly developed pearl lustre pigments proved to be basic lead carbonate. Bismuth oxy chloride, first implemented for the reflection layers, grew to the second most important synthetic pearl lustre pigment. The use of oxides such as iron oxides, chromium oxide or mixed oxides instead of titanium dioxide permits a steady growing application of artificial pearl lustre effects.

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024153   Bakre S M;Krishnamurthy R;Shinde B M (NO, Forensic Science Laboratory, Vidyanagri, Kalina, Santacruz (E), Mumbai-400 098) : Study of genunity of saffron samples. J scient ind Res 2000, 59(7), 596-8.

An attempt is made to separate and identify the crocin, picrocrocin and safranal constituents in the saffron samples by HPTLC. The quantitative estimation of crocin in the fake and genuine samples was studied by UV spectrophotometry. The fake samples contain about 3-5 per cent of crocin when compared with genuine samples. Thus, analytical techniques such as water soluble, alcohol soluble percentage and quantitative estimation of crocin by UV spectrophotometry substantially differentiate the adulterated saffron samples from genuine sample.

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024152   Annadurai G;Mahesh K P O;Murugesh P;Vasantha Kumar R (Department of Chemical Engineering, Alagappa College of Technology, Anna University, Chennai-600 025) : Response surface method for experimental optimization for adsorption of basic dye on chelating polymer. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 1999, 1(1-2), 81-7.

Chitin is a chelating polymer occurring in the fish material of prawn, shrimp, crab. The adsorption of basic methylene blue dye on chitin was investigated since this has the potential advantage of deystuff adsorption of basic dye under different operating conditions. Box-Behnken methods and analysis of variance have been applied to the experimental determination of adsorption studies. Response surface method with three levels of temperature (30°C, 45°C, 60°C), pH (6.7, 8.1, 9.5) and particle size (0.177 mm, 0.914 mm, 1.651 mm) were used in the identification of significant effects and interactions in the equilibrium studies. This methodology requires no assumption and identifies the principal experimental variables and their interactions, which have the greatest effect on adsorption. The experimental values are in good agreement with predicted values, the correlation coefficient was found to be 0.9999.

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024151   Anandaraj T;Mohan P S;Krishnan Sm; Balakrishnan K;Raghavan M (Corrosion Science and Engineering Division, Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi-630 006) : Studies on characterization of high performance coatings based on polymer alloys of interpenetrating polymer networks. Paintindia 2001, 51(6), 35-52.

Two polymer alloys of Interpenetrating Polymer Network (IPN) based on epoxy-acrylic-polyurethane polymers have been developed in the laboratory and subjected to different laboratory accelerated tests as pigmented coatings. They have been found to possess far superior physical and chemical and corrosion resistance properties compared to crosslinked acrylates, polyamide cured epoxies and polyurethanes. The IPNs as clear coatings were also characterized by various physico-chemical and surface analytical techniques. The thermo-analytical techniques, FTIR and SEM confirmed the formation of IPN. The improved corrosion resistance properties were established by water permeation tests and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.

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024150   Amathussalam A;Abubacker M N (NO, Mookambigai College of Engineering, Keeranur-622 502) : Effect of chemical pre-treatment of market wastes in biogas production. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 1999, 1(1-2), 93-6.

Current topic of interest under waste management is the bioconversion of cellulosic waste materials to readily usable fuel product namely, methane (biogas). Experiments to produce methane using vegetable and fruit wastes of market in Tiruchirapalli were condcuted. Wastes were mixed with cow-dung and water (w/v) and loaded into the lab-scale fermentors to produce methane. Biogas produced in 30 days of fermentation was 820 CC per 250 g of market waste with 52 per cent methane at 35° ± 1°C. Effect of various chemical pre-treatment on the market wastes revealed that sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) enhanced biogas production to 1240 CC per 250 g of market waste with 57 per cent methane in 30 days at 35° ± 1°C with increase in bacterial population of Clostridium hutyricum and Methanobacterium ruminatum. Anaerobic fermentation of these market waste materials with effective chemical pre-treatment can serve the dual purpose of reducing environmental pollution as well as source of renewable energy.

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024149   Ahmad S;Ashraf S M;Hasnat A;Noor A (Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi-110 025) : Studies on epoxidised oil and its blend with polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate). Indian J chem Technol 2001, 8(3), 176-80.

Attempts have earlier been made to replace aromatic epoxies by renewable resource based vegetable oil epoxies. However the latter lack in toughness and strength. To improve these properties linseed oil epoxy was blended with polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate). The polyblends were prepared in varying proportion of oil epoxy and polystyrene/poly(methyl methacrylate), for investigation of their physical and mechanical characteristics with reference to their use in coatings. The blend formation was confirmed by DSC, FT-IR and solution tests. The epoxy equivalent, hydroxyl value, iodine value, viscosity, refractive index, and specific gravity of oil epoxy, oil epoxy -polystyrene blends and oil epoxy-poly(methyl methacrylate) blend were determined. Glass transition temperatures of linseed oil epoxy-polystyrene blends were found to occur in the range of 60-77.6°C and for the linseed oil epoxy-poly(methyl methacrylate) blends in the range of 75-82.4°C in the composition range investigated. Distinct shift in IR peaks of epoxy ring, ester group and hydroxyl group was observed in both the polyblends systems indicating electrostatic interaction between the consituents of the blends. Linseed oil epoxy was found to turn into rigid mass by the addition of these polymers to the extent of only 16.6% (w/w).

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022181   Yousif A k;Alghamdi A S (Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan) : Suitability of some date cultivars for Jelly making. J Fd Sci Technol 1999, 36(6), 515-18.

Optimum processing conditions as well as the suitability of nine Saudi date cultivars for jelly making have been standardized. Storability of the prepared date jelly was also studied. The results showed that the 50/50 date juice/sugar ratio gave the best jelly. It was also found that 'Sefri' and 'Barni' dates were more suitable than the other seven cultivars for jelly making. Storage at room temperature (25±5°C) upto 32 weeks had no effect on pH, moisture, °Brix, acidity and sensory properties of the prepared date jelly. While a slight increase was observed in the colour intensity of the stored date jelly, a marked change was noticed in its sugar composition. However, the 32 weeks stored date jelly was still acceptable and was rated as equal to a fresh imported apple jelly.

022180   Yadav V G;Chandalia S B (Chemical Engineering Division, University Department of Chemical Techn, University of Mumbai, Matunga-400 019) : Baker's yeast medicated hydrolysis of Schiff's base. Indian J chem Technol 2001, 8(1), 72-3.

In the synthesis of aromatic aldehyde from carboxylic acid via hydrazide of the acid by air oxidation using butyl amine invariably Schiff's base is formed. Hydrolysis of the Schiff's base to aldehydes using baker's yeast has been reported.

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022179   Yadav V G;Chandalia S B (Chemical Engineering Division, University Department of Chemical Techn, University of Mumbai, Matunga-400 019) : Acylation of anisole using acid clay catalyst. Indian J chem Technol 2000, 7(3), 112-15.

In this investigation para-methoxy acetophenone an important perfumery and flavouring chemical was synthesised by acylation of anisole with acetic anhydride as acylating agent in nitrobenzene as a solvent at 138°C by using 10% Lewis acids such as ferric chloride or zinc chloride impregnated on K-10 montmorillonite clay as a catalyst. This process could be a better alternative to the conventional Friedel-Crafts reaction using more than stiochiometric quantity of anhydrous aluminium chloride. The catalyst could be reused with no significant effect on the conversion if it was again impregnated with ferric chloride or zinc chloride.

022178   Waskar D P;Garande V K (Department of Horticulture, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri-413 722) : Standardization of a method of juice extraction from ber fruit. J Fd Sci Technol 1999, 36(6), 540-1.

Mature golden yellow coloured fruits of ber cv. 'umran' were obtained and washed thoroughly in running cold water and destoned. Such destoned fruits were crushed to get the pulp. Different methods of extraction such as cold extraction, blanching and enzymatic viz., use of Pectinex 3XL, and Trizyme P-50 at 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1% concentrations were employed for getting the highest recovery of raw and clarified juices. Among various concentrations tried, it was found that Pectinex 3XL, at 0.6% and Trizyme P-50 at 0.4% gave higher recovery of raw and clarified juices. In general, the enzymatic methods of extraction gave the highest TSS and sugars. Among the enzymes, Trizyme P-50 was found to be superior over Pectinex 3XL, in yielding maximum raw and clarified juices recovery irrespective of concentration.

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022177   Verma S S (Department of Physics, Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology, Longowal-148 106) : Effect of combustion temperature on the gas-phase formation and destruction of nitrous oxide. Indian J chem Technol 2001, 8(1), 54-61.

N2O emission is significant with in a restricted temperature window of 800-1100°C. Formation and destruction of N2O mainly depends on the combustion temperature and residence time. A detailed effect of temperature profiles and residence time on the N2O emission is being highlighted.

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022176   Uppal D S (Division of Crop Physiology and Biochemistry, Central Potato Research Station, Jalandhar-144 003) : Effect of storage environments on chip colour and sugar levels in tubers of potato cultivars. J Fd Sci Technol 1999, 36(6), 545-7.

Tubers of potato cultivars were stored at refrigerated cold storage (RCS), ambient temperature storage (ATS) and evaporatively cool storage (ECS) environments. The stored tubers were analyzed for chip quality and concentrations of free sugars. The chips made from the tubers stored in ECS were highly acceptable and far superior in colour and texture. Cold stored tubers produced chips of dark colour with bitter taste. The concentrations of reducing sugars decreased significantly in potatoes stored in ECS and ATS and increased manifolds in cold stored tubers. Chip colour and reducing sugar concentrations were positively correlated. These studies have revealed that evaporatively cool storage is a suitable alternative to store potatoes for processing into good quality chips.

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022175   Thakral R;Sangwan V;Sharma D N (Department of Family Resource Mgt., College of Home Science, CCS HAU, Hisar-125 004) : Performance evaluation of evaporative cooling systems for storage of perishable products in rural kitchens. Agric Engng Today 2000, 24(4), 40-3.

Study was conducted on different evaporative cooling systems viz. Pot type, Almirah model, Basket type and Zero energy cool chamber for storage of food items. Temperatures lower than ambient in different models was 12-13°C, 13-15°C, 13-14°C and 12-13°C in Pot type, Almirah model, Basket types and Zero Energy and chamber respectively when the ambient temperature was at its peak of 48°C in the afternoon hours. The corresponding cooling efficiencies were 80%, 90%, 90% and 83%.

022174   Sumanjit;Prasad N (Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar-143 005) : Adsorption of dyes on rice husk ash. Indian J Chem-Sect A 2001, 40(4), 388-9.

Rice Husk Ash, a waste from rice mills has been used as an absorbent for the removal of chemical oxygen demand from aqueous solutions of textile dyes. The adsorption capacity of rice husk ash for five aqueous acid dye solutions has been determined by adsorption isotherm. The adsorption data have been fitted to Freundlich isotherm and Langmuir isotherm by the least square method and the values of the constants k, n, c,v,m and b have been obtained. The effect of contact time, pH, absorbent concentrations and rate constants for each dye have been calculated.

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022173   Sridhari T R;Dutta P K (Department of Applied Chemistry, Shri G S Institute of Technology and Science, Indore-452 003) : Synthesis and characterization of maleilated chitosan for dye house effluent. Indian J chem Technol 2000, 7(4), 198-201.

Efficient procedure for the preparation of maleilated chitosan derivative has been established on the basis of the chemical modifications. Selective and quantitative maleilation of chitosan proceeds smoothly by the reaction of chitosan with maleic anhydride in dimethyl acetamide at 120°C for 4 h and resulted in the formation of amide product. Thereafter imidization by curing was done. The structure of the derivative is well confirmed by titration of carboxylic groups, elemental analysis of IR spectroscopy. The resulting maleilated chitosan exhibits much improved swelling in water. It is expected that multifunctional polar group in chitosan should have good dye adsorption capacity than pure chitosan.

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022172   Sivakumar T;Shanthi K (Department of Chemical Engineering, Anna University, Chennai-600 025) : Kinetic studies on the photo decolourisation of textile dyes (reactive) using ZnO catalyst. Indian J chem Technol 2000, 7(3), 121-6.

Photo decolourisation of various reactive textile dyes such as Procion Brilliant Yellow M-4G (PBY), Procion Brilliant Magenta M-B(PBM) and Procion Brilliant Orange M-2R(PBO) have been studied studied using ZnO as photocatalyst. Complete decolourisation (100%) of dyes by sunlight was obtained when ZnO was used as a catalyst. Decolourisation of dyes by sunlight was found to be more effective as compared to UV light. Also discusses the effect of pH, H2O2 concentration, dye concentration and catalyst weight on the decolourisation of dyes. The decolourisation was not affected by changes in pH. The degradation kinetics involving Langmuir-Hinshelwood model for PBY has been studied.

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022171   Singh R K;Sarker B C;Kumbhar B K;Agrawal Y C; Kulshreshtha M K (Department of Process and Food Engineering, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar-263 145) : Response surface analysis of enzyme assisted oil extraction factors for sesame, groundnut and sunflower seeds. J Fd Sci Technol 1999, 36(6), 511-14.

Effect of enzyme concentration (23.18-56.82 mg/100 g moisture-free seed), moisture content (7.95-28.05%, wet basis) and incubation period (6.95-17.05 h) on enhancing oil yield from sesame, groundnut and sunflower was evaluated by Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Mixed activity enzymes prepared from Aspergillus fumigatus were used. Statistical analysis of the responses was done using multiple regression technique. Depending upon the conditions of treatment, enhanced oil yield varied from 0.29 to 5.50% in sesame, 1.06 to 3.32% in groundnut and 0.43 to 2.23% in sunflower seed. Optimization of the treatment parameters was performed and the seeds hydrolysed under optimal conditions were found to have enhanced oil yield up to 6.06%, 3.08% and 2.29% in sesame, groundnut and sunflower, respectively. Moisture content, enzyme concentration and incubation period showed highly significant effects on oil yield from sesame.

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022170   Singh K;Dwivedi C S (Chemistry Department, D D U Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur-273 009) : Additive and inhibitor effect study on corrosion behaviour of nickel-zinc alloys. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2001, 8(1), 22-5.

Electrosynthesis of nickel-zinc alloy films from the electroplating bath consisting of nickel sulphate, zinc sulphate and various concentrations of surface active cetyl-pyridinium chloride (CPC) has been carried out under galvanostatic control to study their corrosion behaviour in sodium chloride solutions. Polarization method has been used for the estimation of the resistance of these films. Effect of inhibitors di-propyl ether and di-propyl sulphide on corrosion chracteristics of nickel-zinc alloys has also been studied. Substantial improvement in resistance towards corrosion has been observed in both the cases.

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022169   Shekhar Kumar;Koganti S B (Reprocessing R and D Division, Reprocessing Group, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam-603 102) : Modelling of tritium distribution coefficients in 30 vol % TBP/n-dodecane/UO2(NO3)2/nitric acid system. Indian J chem Technol 2001, 8(1), 51-3.

Stringent environmental norms require confinement of tritium and its proper disposal during solvent extraction operations of reprocessing. Current solvent extraction flowsheets, for reprocessing the spent nuclear fuel, have provision for tritium scrubbing from loaded solvent. An empirical model is reported for correlating the tritium distribution coefficient in nitric acid-30% TBP/n-dodecane system to aqueous nitric acid and free TBP.

022168   Shekhar Kumar;Koganti S B (Reprocessing R and D Division, Reprocessing Group, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam-603 102) : Modelling of Np(VI) and Np(IV) distribution coefficients in 30% TBP/n-dodecane/nitric acid/water biphasic purex system. Indian J chem Technol 2001, 8(1), 41-3.

In contemporary designs of flowsheets for reprocessing the spent nuclear fuels, neptunium is often termed as a contaminant. During partitioning of uranium and plutonium, its behaviour can be controlled by chemical means. Still its distribution in Purex extraction system is important. Reported data have been analysed and unique empirical equations for predicting neptunium distribution in 30% TBP/n dodecane system are reported.

022167   Sekar R;Kulshrestha U C;Vairamani M (Analytical Chemistry Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500 007) : Application of capillary electrophoresis for the analysis of nicotine content in Gutkha samples. Indian J chem Technol 2001, 8(1), 33-5.

Recently, the chewing of Gutkha is increased in every age group of Indian society. It is severely affecting the youth. The nicotine content of tobacco of Gutkha is harmful for the body. Presents the nicotine content in six famous brands of Gutkha which were analysed by Capillary Electrophoresis (CE). CE is a relatively new technique of analysis. It was observed that CE is very much suitable technique for the determination of nicotine in Gutkha samples. It is simple and economical technique.

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022166   Sarowha S L S;Sharma B K;Sharma C D;Sharma R L;Madhwal D C (NO, Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun-248 005) : Hydrocarbon class type distribution of crude oils by high performance liquid chromatography. Indian J chem Technol 2000, 7(4), 172-7.

High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) provides a rapid analytical technique for chemical group type separation for evaluating crude oils. Seven crude oils of different origins and a technical blend of these crudes were taken up for this study. Crude oils were separated into total saturates and total aromatics on amino bonded silica column through HPLC system using UV and RI detectors. The quantitation of all class types were carried out by applying the response factors of separated concentrates from the technical blend of crude oils and calculating their response factors. The precision and the accuracy of the method was demonstrated by determining the standard deviation for the peak areas using pure compounds and comparison of HPLC procedure with their gravimetric data obtained by open column chromatography on technical blend of crude oils. The method is simple, accurate and provides compound class type analysis with microgram sample and is suitable for quick compositional surveys of crude oils. It uses a single solvent elution, requires minimum sample preparation and the time required for single analysis is less then an hour. Therefore, the method can be adapted for routine analysis of crude oils and streams from various processes.

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022165   Sarkar S G;Dhadke P M (Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemical Technology, University of Mumbai, Matunga, Mumbai-400 019) : Liquid-liquid extraction of palladium (II) with cyanex 302 i.e. bis (2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) monothiophosphinic acid. Indian J chem Technol 2000, 7(3), 109-11.

A method is proposed for the extraction of Pd(II) from 1.0M HCl medium using Cyanex 302 in toluene Palladium (II) is determined in the organic phase by direct spectrophotometry at 336nm. Various parameters such as acid concentration, reagent concentration, time and effect of foreign ions were studied. The probable extracted species is determined by the logD - logC plot. The method is simple, rapid and permits separation of Pd(II) from closely associated metals like Pt(IV), Rh(III), Ru(III), Fe(III) and Ni(II). It has been applied for analysis of Pd(II) in commercial samples. The proposed method is reproducible with a relative standard deviation of ±1.0%.

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022164   Sangawar S R;Agarwal J P;Sarwade D B (NO, Armament Research and Development, Establishment, Pashan, Pune) : Comprehensive study on some binders for piezo-electric ceramics. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2001, 8(1), 26-35.

Binders play a vital role in formulating piezoelectric materials. A number of binders such as poly (vinyl alcohol) [PVA], methocel, starch, hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose [HPMC], hydroxy ethyl cellulose [HEC], poly vinyl pyrrolidone [PVP], gum-arabic, and poly ethylene glycol [PEG] have been studied for solubility, viscosity, pH, thermal behaviour and ash content incorporating them in a standard PZT formulation. Further, the resulting PZTs have been studied for green density, sintered density, shrinkage characteristics, microstructure, compressive strength and electrical properties. The generated data indicate that PVA is a potential candidate as a binder for this purpose.

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022163   Sandhu S K;Marwaha R S (NO, Central Potato Research Station, Jalandhar-144 003) : Evaluation of Indian potato varieties for processing into papads. J Indian Potato Ass 2001, 28(1), 172-3.

Six Indian potato varieties were evaluated for processing into potato-sago papads prepared on a small scale. Determination of sensory characteristics, yield recovery and certain processing parameters of revealed that, papads prepared from all the varieties except Kufri Pukhraj were acceptable in colour, teste and texture, Kufri Pukhraj, produced minimum yield of papads with poor quality having unacceptably dark colour, bitter teste, very loe expansion rate with folds, hence unacceptable. Papads prepared from Kufri Jyoti, although having good colour, taste and texture yet were unacceptable due to irregular shape and folds on frying. Based on above parameters, variety Kufri Chandramukhi is the best for papads.

022162   Sahoo J;Verma S P (Department of Animal Products Technology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125 004) : Oxidative problems in meat and meat products and use of antioxidant vitamins. J Fd Sci Technol 1999, 36(6), 487-99.

Meat consumption in India is considered as a status symbol, because of its appealing flavour and texture, high nutritional value and price. In recent years, meat industry has come under increasing scrutiny because of concerns such as those relating to saturated fat, cholesterol and heart disease, food safety, animal welfare and environmental protection. In general, there is now a greater demand than ever before by consumers for foods perceived as natural, fresh-tasting, healthy, more nutritious and without any residue of chemical preservations. One of the main factors limiting the quality and acceptability of meat and meat products is lipid oxidation, which has been of increasing interest now, especially in relation to improvement of the quality of ready-to-eat and convenient meat products. Reviews the oxidation problems in meat and meat products and use of antioxidant vitamin to prevent them.

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022161   Saha S;Roy B;Siddhanta S K;Sinha T P (Department of Physics, Bose Institute, 93/1 A P C Road, Calcutta-700 009) : Ultrasonic studies of polyaniline synthesized under support polymers. Proc Indian Sci Congr Ass - Pt III(YS abstr), Sect-I 1998, (NULL), 6.

Reports the acoustical behaviour of PANI synthesized in an easy processable form in aqueous solution using polyacrylamide (PAAm) and poly vinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) as the water soluble support polymers. The ultrasonic velocity, density and viscosity of pure PAAm and PVP and composite (PANI-PAAm and PANI-PVP) polymer solutions were measured. The adiabatic compressibility, intermolecular free length, relaxation amplitude (ultrasonic absorption) and the relaxation time were calculated. The ultrasonic measurements indicate that the PANI-PAAm or PANI-PVP composite is not a simple blend or physical mixture, it is rather a complex macromolecular system where PANI formed is extensively and uniformly anchored on the support polymer PAAm/PVP by H-bonding and to a limited extent by chemical grafting through establishment of covalent bond.

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022160   Rengaraj S;Sivabalan R;Arabindoo B;Murugesan V (Department of Chemistry, Anna University, Madras-600 025) : Adsorption kinetics of O-cresol on activated carbon from palm seed coat. Indian J chem Technol 2000, 7(3), 127-31.

The activated carbon prepared from palm seed coat by dolomite process showed more than 95% removal of O-cresol from aqueous solution under optimum conditions. The adsorption capacity calculated by Freundlich adsorption isotherm gave 19.58 mg/g of O-cresol removal. The kinetic studies revealed the overall rate constant decrease with increasing concentration of O-cresol. The activated carbon showed reversible uptake of O-cresol and thus have a good application potential for the removal/recovery of O-cresol from aqueous solution. Film diffusion was found to be the rate limiting step. Recovery of used carbon was studied by in situ chemical regeneration technique and showed good result.

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022159   Raj K R;Rao R J;Ramesh B S;Mahendrakar N S (Department of Meat, Fish and Poultry Technology, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore-570 013) : Protein fractions and characteristics of lipids in fresh broiler and layer chicken muscles and penetration of salt and acid in marinated muscles. J Fd Sci Technol 1999, 36(6), 522-6.

Comparative characteristics such as protein solubility and muscle protein fractions and saponification and iodine values of lipids of pre- and post-rigor breast and thigh muscles from broiler and layer chickens and water holding capacity (WHC), acidity and salt content of marinated muscles have been studied. Myofibrillar protein content was lower and sarcoplasmic protein content was higher in breast than in thigh muscles. Saponification values were higher and iodine values were lower in broiler than in layer muscle lipids. Pre-rigor marinated muscles had higher WHC than post-rigor marinated muscles. Acidity was more and salt content was less in breast than in thigh muscles marinated for 30 min at ambient temperature (26±2°C) with solution of marinating mixture containing 20% (w/v) common salt, 2.5% (w/v) citric acid and 0.5% (v/v) lactic acid solution (pH 1.5).

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022158   Raj K R;Modi V K;Ramesh B S;Mahendrakar N S (Department of Meat, Fish and Poultry Technology, Central Food Technology Research Institute, Mysore-570 013) : Thermal stability and texture of emulsions from pre- and post-rigor chicken muscles. J Fd Sci Technol 1999, 36(6), 527-9.

Comparative characteristics such as composition, pH and water holding capacity (WHC) of muscles, thermal stability and textural quality of thermally set emulsions from pre- and post-rigor breast and thigh muscles of broiler and layer chicken have been studied. Protein and water contents were higher (P<60>0.05) and fat content was lower (P<60> for thigh and p<60>0.05 for breast muscles) in muscles from broiler than those from layer birds. Higher pH of pre-rigor muscles was associated with higher (P<60>0.05) WHC compared to post-rigor muscles from both broiler and layer birds. Emulsions from pre-rigor breast and post-rigor thigh muscles were distinctly (p<60>0.05) more stable as compared to those from post-rigor breast and pre-rigor thigh muscles from both broiler and layer birds. Layer muscles produced more firm and gummy (P<60>0.05 for breast and P<60>0.05 for high muscles) emulsions (textural quality) than muscles from broiler birds.

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