022157   Pillai A G;Sanghavi R R;Khire M S V H;Bombe P D;Karir J S (High Energy Materials Research Laboratory, , Sutarwadi, Pune-411 021) : Process technology development for LOVA gun propellant. Indian J chem Technol 2000, 7(3), 100-4.

"LOVA" gun propellants are formulated with the use of a suitable inert binder and a cyclic nitramine as the energetic ingredient. For the technology development of LOVA gun propellant a suitable manufacturing method was required to be developed. Manufacture of propellant formulation using cellulose acetate and RDX was tried by conventional solvent process by two different methods. In the first method the fine RDX was first desensitised by the plasticiser coating and the desensitised fine RDX was incorporated with the inert binder. In the second method a two stage process technology was adopted. In the first stage, the basic composition is prepared by wet mixing process and in the second stage the dry basic mix is solvent incorporated for extrusion into the required size and shape. The first method was termed as dry process and the second method as wet process. The comparative analysis of the ballistic aspects as determined by closed vessel firing indicated that the propellant batches made by the wet mix process gave consistent and reliable results, and has been adopted for the manufacture of 'LOVA' gun propellants.

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022156   Pal A;Bandyopadhyay M (Civil Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur-721 302) : Fluorimetric determination of bromoform via its photochemical reaction with diphenylamine in aqueous triton X-100 medium. Indian J chem Technol 2001, 8(1), 15-19.

New fluorimetric method based on photochemical reaction of CHBr3 with diphenylamine (DPA) in aqueous Triton X-100 (TX-100) medium is described for the determination of bromoform (CHBr3). The fluorescence intensity of the product at 480nm (λex: 400 nm) is a direct measure of CHBr3 concentration. The calibration graph is linear in the range of 0-21.8 ppm of CHBr3. The limit of detection (LOD) is 0.1 ppm of CHBr3. The effect of reagent concentration, TX-100 concentration, time of irradiation, interfering substances, and statistical parameters are discussed.

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022155   Pal A;Bandyopadhyay M (Civil Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur-721 302) : Solvent extraction-spectrofluorometric determination of anionic surfactants using acridine orange. Indian J chem Technol 2000, 7(3), 105-8.

Simple and rapid extraction-fluorometric method for the determination of anionic surfactant (AS) at the parts-perbillion (ppb) level is developed. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), an anionic surfactant after the formation of an ion-associate with acridine orange (ACO), a fluorescent cationic dye was extracted in toluene. The fluorescence intensity (λem : 530 nm, λexc : 480 nm) of the complex is a direct measure of the SDS concentration. The calibration graph is linear in the range of 0-1040 ppb of SDS (in toluene). The relative standard deviation is <60>±7%. The method is applicable to river water, pond water and tap water. It is free from interference from sodium chloride upto 0.5M concentration level, and also from many cations and anions upto a large concentration.

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022154   Neppolian B;Sakthivel S;Arabindoo B; Palanichamy M;Murugesan V (Department of Chemistry, Anna University, Chennai-600 025) : ZnO - photoassisted degradation of textile dye using solar energy. Indian J chem Technol 2001, 8(1), 36-40.

Describes the efficiency of photocatalytic degradation of textile dye, reactive blue 4, using ZnO in the form of slurry. The results showed that the dye molecules can be completely degraded to CO2, SO4^2-, NH4⁺, NO3^- and H2O under solar irradiation. The effects of various parameters viz., ZnO loading, initial concentration of dye, persulphate ion, pH and sodium carbonate on the photocatalytic degradation were investigated. The degradation of dye was found to be effective in alkaline solution. This work envisages the great potential that sunlight mediated photocatalyst has in the removal of textile dyes from wastewater.

022153   Navin Chand;Vashishtha S R (NO, Regional Research Laboratory (CSIR), Habibganj Naka, Bhopal-462 026) : Rheological studies of mineral wool fibre reinforced PP/LDPE composites. Indian J chem Technol 2000, 7(4), 192-7.

An experimental study was conducted to investigate the melt rheological properties of mineral wool fibre (MW) reinforced polypropylene / low density polyethylene (PP/LDPE) blend having different mineral wool fibre loading ranging from 5 to 15 weight per hundred of blend. Rheological measurements at shear rate range 10¹-10⁴s^-1 were made on a MCR capillary rheometer at 220°C. Composites were mixed at 220°C by using a single screw extruder. The effect of mineral wool fibre concentration on shear stress, melt viscosity, shear rigidity, recoverable shear strain data were presented and discussed. A change in slope in presence of mineral fibre is observed in shear stress versus shear rate curves near the critical shear rate range 2 x 10²s^-1. The study showed that the melt viscosities increased and melt elasticity decreased on increasing the fibre concentration. Recoverable shear strain (SR) reduced on loading of mineral fibres in the blend and showed nonequilibrium behaviour. Shear rigidity (G) increased with the increase in fibre loading.

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022152   Mukhopadhyay M;Mukhopadhyay M (NO, FICo, BRL, Marar Hazaribagh-829 117) : Role of polymers in ceramics. Proc Indian Sci Congr Ass - Pt III(YS abstr), Sect-I 1998, (NULL), 2.

Polymers-meaning many unit-very truly acts multifacetly while in use in different product ranges. In Ceramics Refractory field now both inorganic and organic Polymers are being used mainly to give better green strength to reduce firing/curing temperature of the product. Referred sodium tripoly-phosphate, sodium hexa metaphosphate, Monoalinium Phosphate (turn polymer while in use), Polyacrylites, sodium carboxymethyle cellulose Phenolformaldihyde, resin polyester and cellulose in use in Ceramics Refractories.

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022151   Modashia A D;Bhakta C D;Patel D D (NO, Gujarat Narmada Valley Fertilizers Co. Ltd., P O Narmadanagar, Dist. Bharuch-392 015) : Novel approach to H2S removal and ammonia recovery from process condensate. Fertil News 2001, 46(3), 21-3.

Focuses on novel approach adopted by GNFC for selective removal of H2S and recovery of ammonia from process condensate. Calculations indicated that by using very small quantity of tail gas containing about 80 per cent CO2, H2S can be selectively stripped from condensate stream. Total scheme was developed with in-house efforts and has been successfully implemented.

022150   Mitra P K;Paul S (Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Calcutta-700 032) : Interactive method of estimation of corrosion rate. Trans Indian Inst Metals 2000, 53(1-2), 93-5.

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022149   Misra A K (NO, , 20, Saudagaran, Bareilly-243 003) : Analytical applications of stannic(IV) antimonate in analysis of magnesium and aluminium in antacid formulations. Indian J chem Technol 2000, 7(3), 132-6.

The distribution coefficients (Kd) of some metal ions have been determined at various pH values of stannic (IV) antimonate cation exchanger. Based on this study, the separations of some important pairs of metal ions have been achieved. The separation of Mg(II) from Al(III) has been achieved quantitatively in some synthetic mixtures and in commercially available 32 antacid formulations using stannic (IV) antimonate columns. The method is simple, rapid and highly selective with good accuracy and precision within the experimental error range (±2%).

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022148   Mishra S K;Bandyopadhyay S (Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur-721 306) : Prediction of freezing time for shrimp blocks by numerical modelling. J Fd Sci Technol 1999, 36(6), 500-05.

A three-dimensional numerical heat transfer model formulated through a combined fully implicit (FI) and Crank-Nicolson (C-N) schemes was validated with freezing of shrimp and Tylose blocks carried out in a laboratory freezing unit under various experimental conditions. The model predicted the time-temperature profiles fairly well with the help of a computer program based on a single algorithm. The C-N scheme provided an accuracy of prediction better than the FI scheme for all the freezing conditions and with Tylose blocks. Prediction by C-N model (5.6-13.2%) in case of shrimp blocks. The correlation coefficient between the experimental and predicted temperature during shrimp block freezing was better with C-N model (0.95-0.97) than that with FI model (0.93-0.95). Similar results were obtained with Tylose blocks. Refinement of spatial interval and time increment improved further the accuracy of prediction, but with a higher computational time and memory.

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022147   Manpreet Kaur;Kawatra B L (Department of Food and Nutrition, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141 004) : Molar ratios to predict zinc availability from domestically processed ricebean (Vigna umbellata). J Fd Sci Technol 1999, 36(6), 548-50.

Effects of various processing treatments viz., soaking, pressure cooking, open pan cooking germination, followed by pressure cooking and roasting of whole rice bean and pressure cooking, open pan cooking and fermentation and frying of vadas of dehulled ricebean were assessed for the availability of zinc based on phytate:zinc and phytate x calcium:zinc molar ratios. The availability of zinc improved on dehulling of whole ricebean and also on cooking by various methods. However, the calcium added to the ricebean during cooking, using tap water hindered the availability of zinc. The maximum availability of zinc in whole ricebean was observed for sprouted ricebean, followed by pressure cooked and then open pan cooked ricebean. Maximum availability in dehulled ricebean was found for fermented ricebean followed by pressure cooked and open pan cooked.

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022146   Manju Rani;Ezekiel R (NO, Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla-171 001) : Potato processing in unorganised sector and quality of potato chips available in the market. J Indian Potato Ass 2001, 28(1), 159-61.

Market survey conducted at Shimla, Chandigarh and Mohali revealed that potato chips, potato sticks and potato bhujia were the most common processed products available in the market. These products were prepared by small-scale local processing units in the unorganised sector depending largely on human labour and generally most using machinery. The quality of the product was poor due to the poor quality of potatoes used, thin slices and unsatisfactory packaging.

022145   Madhuchhanda M;Devi N B;Srinivasa Rao K;Rath P C;Paramguru R K (Regional Research Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Bhubaneswar-751 013) : Leaching of deep-sea manganese nodule and base metal sulfide minerals in hydrochloric acid. Trans Indian Inst Metals 2000, 53(1-2), 71-7.

Leaching of manganese nodule in the presence of chalcopyrite, sphalerite and galena individually was studied in HCl medium. When leached together, dissolution of metal values from the nodule as well as each of the base metal sulfide minerals, was found to be more efficient compared to their leaching individually under similar conditions. Galvanic interaction between metal sulfides (MS) and MnO2 and corrosion coupling due to cyclic action of Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺ redox couple were responsible for such increase in dissolution. Chlorine gas generated in the system also dissolved the base metal sulfide minerals. This approach of combined MS-manganese nodule leaching appears to be advantageous because of more efficient dissolution and addition of value into the final product.

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022144   Kumbhare V;Bhargava A (NO, Tropical Forest Research Institute, Jabalpur-482 021) : Studies on the nutritional composition of Sterculia species. J Fd Sci Technol 1999, 36(6), 542-4.

Apart from industrial uses of Sterculia spp., the seeds are used for human food. Hence, the nutritional composition of seeds of Sterculia foetida and S. urens from 4 localities was studied. The results showed that carbohydrates ranged from 18-48%, crude protein from 9.63-30.81%, ascorbic acid from 2.3-5.2 mg/100g and fat from 24-32.5%. Appreciable amounts of minerals were also present. Tannin content was found to be appreciably low.

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022143   Kuiry S C;Jana S;Ganguly A (Research and Development, Mukand Limited, Kalwe, Thane-400 605) : Corrosion behaviour of low nickel stainless steel vis-a-vis conventional and corrosion resistant structural steels for rebar applications. Trans Indian Inst Metals 2000, 53(1-2), 63-9.

Comparative investigation of corrosion characteristics of conventional, corrosion resistant and low nickel grade stainless steels in environment similar to those faced by concrete rebars, was carried out keeping in view the application of stainless steel as reinforcement bars, especially for structures near coastal regions where simultaneous action of chloride ions with other corroding agents exists. Dissolution kinetics and polarisation investigations were carried out on such steel specimens in artificial seawater, calcium chloride (3M), sodium hydroxide (3M) and saturated calcium hydroxide solutions. It has been observed that the dissolution kinetics for all the steels in these media follows a linear rate law. Dissolution rate of low nickel containing stainless steel is found to be the highest in artificial seawater and it is the lowest in saturated calcium hydroxide solution. The low nickel grade stainless steel has corrosion resistance about 5 times higher than that of conventional concrete reinforcing steel and corrosion resistant steel in various corroding media. Besides, low nickel grade stainless steel has better resistance to pitting for rebar applications.

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022142   Karak N;Gupta B R (Chemical Sciences Department, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Napaam-784 028) : Effects of compounding ingredients of a tyre treat of NR based compound on physical properties, special reference to hardness. Indian J chem Technol 2000, 7(3), 91-9.

Effect of dose of stearic acid, ZnO and process oil; type of carbon black; dose of curatives like sulfur, and CBS, on hardness of a tyre treat of NR based compound has been investigated. Along with the hardness, other physical properties have also been measured with variation of the above compounding ingredients. Empirical relationships for the hardness of the vulcanizates with the dose of stearic acid, ZnO and process oil, the particle size of carbon black, dose of sulfur and CBS have been established.

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022141   Jyothi T M;Sugunan S;Sreekumar K;Talawar M B; Rao B S (Catalysis Division, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune-411 008) : Effect of sulphate treatment in the alkylation of phenol with methanol over mixed oxides of tin with lanthanum and samarium. Indian J chem Technol 2000, 7(4), 155-60.

Pathways of phenol alkylation is investigated in detail over mixed oxides of tin with lanthanum and samarium and the effect of sulphate modification on the product selectivity is highlighted. It is found that unmodified catalysts are selective in the preparation of o-cresol and 2,6-xylenol whereas sulphate modification leads to the formation of all possible products which is attributed to the nature of interaction of phenol with the catalyst surface.

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022140   Jouhari A K;Galgali R K;Datta P;Bhattacharjee S;Chattopadhyay P;Bhoi B;Gupta R C;Ray H S (NO, Regional Research Laboratory, Bhubaneswar-751 013) : Use of a plasma reactor for smelting reduction studies. Trans Indian Inst Metals 2000, 53(1-2), 87-91.

Generally silicon carbide resistance furnace or induction melting furnance is employed for study of kinetics of reduction of FeO containing slags and their foaming behaviour. Some investigations reported in the literature used Tammann furnace. Describes some of the studies carried out using a plasma reactor which brings some unique features. The particle feed can be fine and high temperatures obtained easily give rise to high throughput. There is also operational flexibility. There are, however, some problems also and these are critically discussed. It is shown that even though there are some uncertainties as regards the experimental conditions, it is possible to employ the plasma reactor successfully in studies on reaction kinetics and foaming behaviour.

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022139   Jayaraman K S;Vibhakara H S;Ramanuja M N (Defence Food Research Laboratory, , Mysore-570 011) : Browning and carotenoid oxidation in some high moisture fruit slices prepared by hurdle technique as compared with intermediate moisture fruits during storage. J Fd Sci Technol 1999, 36(6), 555-7.

Shelf stable high moisture fruit slices (moisture content 50-60%) were prepared from some fruits using hurdle technique (HT) and compared with the semi-moist slices prepared using intermediate moisture (IM) technique (moisture content 30-40%) during storage in flexible polymeric pouches under ambient conditions (19-33°C). They were evaluated with respect to non-enzymatic browning (NEB) and pigment (carotene) oxidation besides component transfer. The results showed that high moisture HT fruits were significantly less susceptible to NEB and carotenoid oxidation during storage as compared to IM fruits. Component transfer data and sensory evaluation showed that the IM fruit exhibited higher weight and volume reduction and solute gain compared to HT fruits. The latter were less sweet due to lower solute gain and softer due to higher moisture.

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022138   Gehlawat J K (NO, Raha Gehlawat Sugar Academy, 248, R K Vihar, I P Extension, Delhi-110 092) : New technology for invert sugar and high fructose syrups from sugarcane. Indian J chem Technol 2001, 8(1), 28-32.

Invert sugar is an equimolar mixture of glucose and fructose. It may be obtained on hydrolysis of sucrose under milder conditions using strong cationic resins. The fructose content may be increased to about 60 per cent level by a partial removal of glucose from invert sugar using the technique of column chromatography. The resultant product is called high fructose syrups (HFS) which is traditionally produced from starch. HFS may be produced from sucrose with economic advantage by this novel process. The production of invert sugar and high fructose syrups from sucrose (cane juice) is cost effective. It has been commercialized in India. Discusses the salient features of this novel technology, which results in an effective 25 per cent increase in the sweetener output from the same quantity of sugarcane as molasses as a waste product is avoided.

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022137   Dhanasekar R;Viruthagiri T;Sabarathinam P L (Department of Technology, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar-608 002) : Biosynthesis of poly (3-hydroxybutyrate) from cheese whey using Azotobacter vinelandii. Indian J chem Technol 2001, 8(1), 68-71.

Poly (3-hydroxybutyrate) [P (3HB)] is a homopolymer of 3-hydroxybutyrate and is the most widespread and best characterized member of the polyhydroxy-alkanoates (PHAs). Eventhough, P(3HB) has been recognized as a good candidate for biodegradable plastics, their high price compared with conventional plastics has limited their use in a wide range of applications. Azotobacter vinelandii (MTCC 124^*) was used for the studies because it is able to utilize sucrose, which suggests a cheap carbon source such as cheese whey. The cost of carbon substrate significantly affected the overall economics in large scale production. In order to reduce the cost of production, waste whey from cheese making industry is used as a substrate. The effect of different nitrogen sources on the production of P(3HB) was studied. Bacterial peptone gives the maximum production of 1.44 g P(3HB)L^-1 with an incubation time of 48 h. The other effects such as substrate concentration, inoculum size and the environmental condition such as pH are also studied.

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022136   De J;Pal D;Bhattacharya A;Chakrabarty J; Banerjee D;Ghosh A (Department of Chemistry, Bose Institute, 93/1, Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Calcutta-710 009) : Comparative study on fatty acids and ether lipids of fresh and sun-dried Bombay duck (Harpadon nehereus). J Fd Sci Technol 1999, 36(6), 506-10.

The lipids, fatty acids and 1-O-alkylglycerols (glycerol ethers) composition of fresh and sun-dried Bombay duck (Harpadon nehereus) were estimated. In both types of fishes, palmitic (16:0), palmitoleic (16:1) and oleic acids (18:1) were the predominant fatty acids and the fishes contained significant quantities of the ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). viz., eicosapentaenoic (20:5ω3) and docosahexaenoic acids (22:6ω3). They also contained higher levels of 1-O-alkylglycerols, in which chimyl alcohol (16:0), butyl alcohol (18:0) and 20:0 alcohol were predominant. After sundrying no significant alterations in the lipid profile in these fishes were observed. However, in sun-dried fish, proportions of 22:6 fatty acid decreased. Inspite of this decrease, sun-dried samples retained 68.9% of the initial amount of ω3 PUFA.

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022135   Choudhary R B;Pande P P (NO, Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun-248 005) : Alternative solvent system for iodine value determination. Indian J chem Technol 2000, 7(4), 165-7.

A suitable solvent system needs to be investigated and brought into practice for determination of iodine values. The alternative solvent (cyclohexane) recommended by AOCS cd 1b-87, forms emulsions which are difficult to titrate, effecting the precision of the results. Thus, six organic solvents and their mixtures as alternative solvents for determinations were investigated. The iodine values obtained were comparable to those obtained by using cyclohexane as the solvent. When a mixture of two solvents was used it was found that a mixture of a non-protonic solvent and a protonic solvent resulted in lower iodine values comparable to those obtained by using pure cyclohexane as the solvent. The results obtained through various solvent systems appeared to be very satisfactory and distinctive as recommended by many researchers. The study is directed towards avoiding the use of hazardous solvents and encouraging the use of solvents with increased safety and precision for IV determination.

022134   Chatterjee S;Pillai A K;Gupta V K (School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur-492 010) : Spectrophotometric determination of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in various environmental samples. Indian J chem Technol 2001, 8(1), 12-14.

New sensitive spectrophotometric method based on the reaction of pentachlorophenol (PCP) with concentrated nitric acid to form chloranil that liberates iodine with potassium iodide is described. The liberated iodine bleaches the pinkish red coloured rhodamine-B dye which was measured at 555 nm. Beer's law is obeyed over the concentration range of 1-10 μg of PCP in final solution volume of 25 mL (0.04 - 0.4 ppm). The apparent molar absorptivity and Sandell's sensitivity were found to be 7.34 x 10⁵ l mol^-1 cm^-1 and 0.0003 μg cm^-2. The method has been satisfactorily applied to the determination of PCP in air, water, plant material, textile effluent and biological samples.

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022133   Biswas R K;Habib M A;Ali M R (Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Rajshahi University, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh) : Intercalation of γ-zirconium phosphate benzenephosphonate by primary amines. Indian J chem Technol 2000, 7(3), 137-41.

γ-Zirconium phosphate benzenephosphonate [γ-ZrPO4 (H2PO4)0.33 (C6H5PO2OH)0.672H2O abbreviated as γ-ZrPBP] having a layered structure can be intercalated with primary amines (n-C3 - C16

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022132   Bhandari G S;Bhatia B M L;Madhwal D C;Rawat M S M;Nagpal J M;Aloopwan M K S (NO, Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun-248 005) : Physico-chemical and compositional studies on vacuum gas oils from north Gujarat crudes. Indian J chem Technol 2000, 7(3), 116-20.

Analytical data has been generated on vacuum gas oils from North Gujarat crude oils using separation techniques and average structural parameters were estimated on compound type concentrates by ¹H and ¹³C nmr. The combination of analytical data with average structural parameters accounted for certain distinctive features of the composition of vacuum gas oils from heavy and light crudes.

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022131   Berry S K;Sehgal R C;Kalra C L (Central Food Technological Research Institute, Regional Centre, , Gill Road, Ludhiana-141 006) : Comparative oil uptake by potato chips during frying under different conditions. J Fd Sci Technol 1999, 36(6), 519-21.

Effect of different frying media viz., vanaspati ghee, refined oils (groundnut, cotton seed, sunflower seed, soybean, and rapeseed), pre-treatment of potato slices with carboxymethyl cellulose and initial frying temperature on oil uptake during deep-fat-frying of potato chips was determined. The oil uptake expressed as oil uptake ratio in chips fried in different frying media ranged from 0.34 to 0.41. Higher initial temperature of frying media, in general, resulted in increased oil pick up by the chips. Carboxymethyl cellulose (0.1%) was found to be effective in reducing oil uptake. Chips fried in cottonseed oil picked up less oil, were more crisp and retained better quality during storage.

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022130   Bawa A S;Gujral H S (Department of Food Science and Technology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar-143 005) : Effect of osmotic agents on the drying behaviour and product quality in raisin processing. J scient ind Res 2000, 59(1), 63-6.

Mass transfer during osmotic dehydration of grapes, to produce quality raisins, is investigated. The effect of some osmotic solutions (sucrose and honey) on water loss and solid gain is evaluated. It is found that the rate of moisture loss in the fruit varies with both the osmotic agents as well as their concentrations in the soak solutions at ambient temperature. The sensory scores indicate that the honey-treated samples have better flavour while sugar-treated ones have better colour (appearance) and overall acceptability.

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022129   Antony T P (NO, Laboratory, Gas Authority of India Ltd., Lakwa, Sibsagar-785 688) : Investigation on the polymerization of petroleum vacuum residue using column chromatography. Indian J chem Technol 2001, 8(1), 7-11.

Quality of Industrial Bitumen produced by the waste PVC catalyst is found to be superior in flexibility to that produced by the conventional catalyst ferric chloride. The quality of Bitumen produced by the sodium sulphide catalyst is found to be slightly inferior in flexibility to that produced by the ferric chloride catalyst. The softening point-penetration relationship of industrial bitumen is better if the penetration is higher for a given softening point. The better the softening point-penetration relationship the better will be the flexibility of the product. As per IS 702-1961, there are different grades of industrial bitumen depending on the softening point-penetration relationships. They are mainly 85/25, 85/40, 90/15 and 105/25. (The first figure represents softening point and second one penetration). The optimum temperature of the process and air-flow rate are found to be 220°C and 5 L min^-1kg^-1 sample. The optimum concentration in wt% of ferric chloride, waste PVC and sodium sulphide are found to be 0.75, 2.0 and 2.0 respectively. It is found that the duration of air-blowing in presence of catalyst required to produce the industrial bitumen of grade 105/25 is about 3 h. By using an activated silica gel column and proper eluants it is possible to sufficiently separate the various fractions in the industrial bitumen which resulted in their accurate determination.

022128   Ali M R;Nishikata A;Tsuru T (Department of Metallurgy and Ceramics Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo-152, Japan) : Electrodeposition of cobalt-chromium alloys from cobalt chloride-N- (n-butyl) pyridinium chloride molten salt. Indian J chem Technol 2001, 8(1), 44-50.

Electrodeposition of cobalt-chromium alloys of different composition (upto 14 at% Cr) has been carried out onto copper cathode by the pulse potential and the pulse current methods from cobalt chloride-N- (n-butyl) pyridinium chloride (BPC) molten salt containing chromium(II) chloride at 110°C. The magnetic properties of the deposited cobalt-chromium alloys have been investigated. The magnetic polarization of the deposited cobalt-chromium alloys at high fields decreases with the increase of chromium content in the deposit except Co-1.22 at% Cr alloy, with maximum magnetic polarization than the bulk cobalt. The cathodic current efficiency for the deposition of alloy is about 99%.

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022127   Al-Jedah J H;Ali M Z;Robinson R K (Central Food Control Laboratory, , Doha, Qatar) : Chemical and microbiological properties of Mehiawah - a popular fish sauce in the Gulf. J Fd Sci Technol 1999, 36(6), 561-4.

An extensive examination of home-made and commercial samples of mehiawah revealed that samples were free from vegetative pathogens even after storage for several months at 20-25°C; Bacillus cereus was identified in one sample. The inhibitory nature of the product was confirmed, when fresh mehiawah was inoculated with Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and E. coli. Only V. parahaemolyticus survived beyond 14 days and even this species could not be detected at 21 days. It was concluded that, during routine manufacture, the initial processing of the fish eliminated any serious contamination, while the combined effects of salt, acidity, spices and, perhaps fatty acids from the fish oil, arrested the growth of any pathogens that might enter the product during bottling.

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022126   Agte V V;Gokhale M K;Paknikar K M (NO, Agarkar Research Institute, G.G. Agarkar Road, Pune-411 004) : Effect of fermentation using baker's yeast on bioavailable iron and zinc from cereals and legumes. J Fd Sci Technol 1999, 36(6), 551-4.

Yeast fermentation and addition of legumes were tested as the strategies to improve iron/zinc bioavailability of four cereals, which are usually consumed as whole grain flour unleavened pancakes (roti). Rice, wheat, sorghum, pearl millet, blackgram, greengram, Bengalgram, redgram and their 16 combinations in 2 parts cereal and 1 part legume were prepared as yeast raised breads, naturally leavened breads and unleavened breads. Addition of legumes significantly increased the bioavailable amounts of iron in rice, wheat and sorghum breads (p<60>0.05), but there was no significant effect on bioavailable amounts of zinc as also for iron and zinc in case of bajra breads. In vitro dialyzabilities of iron and zinc were significantly increased by 50.3 and 64.5% (P<60>01) and the levels of phytic acid as IP6+IP5 were reduced by 13 to 47%, indicating the potential use of yeast fermented breads in place of roti.

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022125   Agrawal R;Saxena N S;Sreekala M S;Thomas S (Condensed Matter Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Universit, , Jaipur) : Non-isothermal crystallization kinetics of glass oil palm fibre reinforced phenolformaldehyde composites. J scient ind Res 2000, 59(2), 136-9.

Non-isothermal crystallization kinetics of glass oil palm reinforced hybrid phenol formaldehyde composites has been studied at different heating rates by using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Samples of different weight percentages of fibres have been tested and the results are analysed in the light of Ozawa's theory. It has been found that all the samples studied follow the above theory very well and, therefore, it has been employed to determine the Avrami exponent for these composites under non-isothermal conditions.

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021125   Suryawanshi S H;Unde P A (Department of Agricultural Process Engineering, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri-413 722) : Household evaporative cooler for storage of fruits and vegetables. Beverage Fd Wld 2001, 28(1), 34-5.

Household evaporative cooler of size 450mm x 600mm having capacity of 25 to 30 Kg was constructed. The low cost materials viz., wood wool, wala sheet, wooden batten, wire mesh, aluminium were used for the construction. The various fruits, vegetables, and leafy vegetables could be stored for 10-15 days with a maximum weight loss of 5%. The quality of the stored material was found nearly fresh and tough in texture. The cost of the household evaporatory cooler is approximately Rs. 1200/-.

021124   Surianarayanan M;Vijayaraghavani R; Swaminathan G;Rao P G (Chemical Engineering Department, Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai-600 020) : Microcalorimetry and its role in thermal hazard quantification. Curr Sci 2001, 80(6), 738-47.

Industrial level exothermic chemical reactions and thermally unstable chemical compounds continue to be areas of intense research. Lack of adequate knowledge of the exothermicity of reactions and runaway reaction chemistry at plant level operations have caused casualties and material loss. Nevertheless, through recent advances in the field of microcalorimetric techniques even hazardous runaway reaction potential could not only be identified, but also quantified. Describes the causes, several contributing factor for thermal runaway and instability, analyses, the methodologies of the new instrumental techniques. Suggests a tested protocol for the effective application of microcalorimetry in thermal hazard quantification.

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021123   Sundar D;Reddy A R (School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry-605 014) : Characterization of rubber latex particles and the associated proteins from Ficus elastica Roxb. J Pl Biol 2000, 27(2), 139-44.

Rubber particles were extracted and purified from the latex cytosol of Ficus elastica Roxb. The proteins associated with the buoyant and heavy rubber particle fractions were characterized. SDS-PAGE protein profile of the rubber particles showed the presence of two bands of 20 and 30 kDa associated with the buoyant fraction, while the heavy fraction exhibited only a single polypeptide band of 20 kDa. Rubber transferase (RuT) activity was estimated in both the rubber particle fractions at an optimum pH 7.4 and found a significantly higher rate of activity in the buoyant fraction compared to the heavy rubber particle fraction. Kinetic analysis of initiation and polymerization of rubber molecule were done using four different allylic pyrophosphate initiators. It was observed that the rate of rubber biosynthesis increased with the size of allylic pyrophosphate initiators. For the first time, it was demonstrated that partially purified phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase (PRS) from Ficus latex had very high speciefic activity of 3.5 nkat mg per protein compared to the activity in crude extract (0.042 nkat mg per protein).

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021122   Sridharan M (Geerlofs Refrigeration b.v, , P.O. Box 137, 2600 AC Delft, Netherlands) : Modular cold storage systems for horticulture and floriculture products. Beverage Fd Wld 2001, 28(1), 29-30, 32.

021121   Shukla A K;Singh K N (Department of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221 005) : Phase transfer catalysis by tetraethylammonium bromide : oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols using potassium superoxide in aprotic medium.. Indian J chem Technol 2000, 7(1), 43-5.

Tetraethylammonium superoxide, generated in situ by the phase transfer reaction of potassium superoxide and tetraethylammonium bromide, readily oxidises the primary and secondary alcohols in dry dimethylformamide at room temperature. As a result, primary alcohols are transformed into their corresponding acids whereas secondary alcohols are converted to ketones in fairly good yields. The reports demonstrates the applicability of tetraethylammonium bromide as phase transfer catalyst for efficient superoxide studies.

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021120   Sherigara B S;Rai S K;Shivakumar K (Department of Post-graduate Studies in Industrial Chemistry, Kuvempu University, Shankarghatta-577 451) : Aqueous polymerization of methyl methacrylate initiated by manganese (III) pyrophosphate - potassium thiocyanate redox system : a kinetic study. Indian J Chem-Sect A 2001, 40(1), 46-52.

Aqueous free radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate monomer [M], initiated by magnatese (III) pyrophosphate - potassium thiocyanate redox system, has been studied in the pH range 2-3 and in the temperature range 25-40°C at constant ionic strength. The rates of polymerization (Rp) and manganese (III) disappearance have been measured. The effects of certain salts, water miscible organic solvents, and surfactants on the rate of polymerization have been investigated. The temperature dependence of the rate has been studied and the activation parameters computed using the Arrhenius plot. A polymerization mechanism, involving chain initiation by radicals derived from decomposition of manganese (III)-thiocyanate complex formed in situ and bimolecular chain termination, is suggested. The rate of polymerization is found to be proportional to ]M]^1.2, [Mn(III)]^1/2, [H⁺]^1/2, [NCS]^1/2, [P2O7 ^4-]. The overall energy of activation in the range studied (25-40°C) is found to be 32.2 kJ mol^-1.

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021119   Samarkandy A A;Al-Youbi A O;Khalil R M;Andel Fattah A A (Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia) : Inhibitioin of acid corrosioin of aluminium by thiophene and its derivatives. Bull Electrochem 2001, 17(3), 111-4.

Studies were carried out on aluminium in acid solutions using ethoxylated fatty acids, derivatives of benzaldehyde and derivatives of phenanthroline. The corrosion rates were correlated with Hammett constants.

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021118   Sah P L;Sharma S C;Jain S C;Sinhasan R (Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Technology, Pant Nagar-263 145) : A study of constant flow valve compensated multirecess hydrostatic/hybrid flexible journal bearing operating with non-Newtonian lubricants. J Instn Engrs-Pt MM 2000, 81(Nov), 84-92.

Presents the study of effect of non-linear behaviour of lubricant on the performance characteristics of a constant flow value compensated four-pocket flexible journal. The generalized Reynolds equation governing the lubricant flow in the clearance space and the three-dimensional elasticity equations governing the displacement field in the bearing shell have been solved using finite element method and iterative procedue.

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021117   Reddy C P;Prasad C M V (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vijayanagar Engineering College, Bellary-583 104) : Wear characteristics of a four-stroke diesel engine through endurance tests with diesel and water-diesel emulsions. J Instn Engrs-Pt MM 2000, 81(Nov), 81-3.

Endurance tests are carried out on a four-stroke diesel engine with pure diesel and 10 per cent water-diesel emulsions. The percentage variation of wear in critical components of the engine is estimated with both pure diesel and water-diesel emulsions from the 500 h run as per the prescribed loading cycle recommended by Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). It has been established that no abnormal wear occurred with the use of emulsified fuel.

021116   Ramamurty G;Srikiran S V;Emmanuel P A (Mechanical Engineering Department, Osmania University, Hyderabad) : Heat transfer analysis of non-Newtonian power law fluid flowing between parallel plates maintained at constant heat flux. J Instn Engrs-Pt MM 2000, 81(Nov), 77-80.

Fluids, which do not follow the Newtonian law of viscosity are called non-newtonian fluids. Practically all fluids are non-Newtonian in nature. Mathematical relations are available in abundance for Newtonian fluids, but heat transfer of these fluids is a neglected area of research. Deals with the mathematical analysis of heat transfer to a non-Newtonian fluid satisfying the Ostwald-de Waele Power law flowing under laminar conditions between parallel plates maintained at constant heat flux. It solves the energy equation governing the flow of the non-Newtonian fluid using an exact velocity profile. A general expression is derived relating Nusselt number with flow behaviour index `n' of non-Newtonian fluid and the variation of Nusselt number with `n' is graphically represented.

021115   Rajesh b;Viswanathan B (Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai-600 036) : Polymer based oxidation catalyst for direct methanol fuel cell. Indian J Chem-Sect A 2000, 39(8), 826-9.

Polymer film on carbon electrodes is prepared by electropolymerisation of 1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene (1,5-DHN) in organic medium. The activity and stability for methanol oxidation follow the order: C/Poly(1,5-DHN)-Pt<62>C/Poly(1,5-DHN)/Pt<62>Pt . The higher activity and stability of the composite electrodes may be due to the dispersion of platinum particles in the polymeric environment.

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021114   Rajasekaran S (NO, Civil Engineering, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore-641 004) : Application of generalized inverse to kinematics of mechanisms. J Instn Engrs-Pt MM 2000, 81(Nov), 72-6.

Purpose is to present a simple and unified method for the numerical kinematic analysis of mechanism problem in the context of discrete multi degree of freedom system. The proposed method is called the `Method of Generalised Inverse.' The mechanism problems can be solved using EXCEL package.

021113   Raghunath A V;Srinivasan G;Durani S (Chemical Laboratory, Atomic Minerals Division, Department of Atomic E, , Begumpet, Hyderabad-500 016) : Rapid estimation of zinc and copper in tent cloth materials using flame AAS ICP-AES. Indian J chem Technol 2000, 7(1), 35-7.

Rapid, simple, ecofriendly and cost effective method is described for the determination of Zn and Cu in tent cloth materials using flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (F-AAS) and or Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES) after the selective dissolution of Zinc and Copper naphthenates into ammoniacal ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) in solutions. EDTA in ammoniacal medium is used as chelating agent to leach the Zinc and Copper from their respective naphthenates. The solutions are filtered and made up to a known volume. An acidity of 5% v/v is maintained w.r.t. HNO3 prior to their aspiration either in to flame AAS or ICP-AES for their individual estimation. This method has been applied to some tent cloth samples and the Zn and Cu values are compared with the standard dry ashing/ignition method as per American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) procedure. The values so obtained are in very good agreement with the standard ignition procedure both by F-AAS/ICP-AES. The relative error by the proposed method varies from <60>1% 4.50% RSD for both Zn and Cu depending upon the content of the elements.

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021112   Pal A;Bandyopadhyay M (Civil Engineering Department, Indian institute of Technology, Kharagpur-721 302) : Photochemical formation of gold nanoparticles in aqueous triton X-100 and its application for cyanide determination. Indian J chem Technol 2000, 7(2), 75-8.

Pink coloured stable gold sol (λmax: 523 mm) has been prepared photochemically in aqueous Triton X-100 (TX-100) medium and used for spectrophotometric determination of cyanide. The colour of the sol decreased on cyanide addition and becomes colourless at the end point. Linear calibration is obtained in the range of 0-26 ppm of cyanide concentration. The relative standard deviation for 8.65 ppm of cyanide is found to be ±2.03%. The method is simple, rapid and applied for real sample analysis.

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021111   Orumwense F F O;Nwachukwu J C (Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Benin, P.M.B. 1154, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria) : Flocculation studies on hematite-silica system using polymeric flocculants. Indian J chem Technol 2000, 7(1), 23-9.

The dispersion-flocculation behaviour of synthetic mineral mixture using polymer flocculants was investigated. Results reveal that flocculation of these separate minerals with 50 ppm causticised cassava occurred within the acidic pH region (pH 3-6) with maximum flocculation occurring at pH 5 and the optimum flocculation occurring within a narrow causticised starch concentration range of 20-40 ppm (hematite suspension), while the flocculation of silica suspension was found to be independent of starch concentration above 25 ppm. For the effective flocculation of the separate minerals, 75 ppm of polyacrylamide was found to be needed. It was established that for the hematite/silica mixture suspension, 50 ppm causticised starch concentration in the acidic pH region (pH 3-6) gave the best result. Electrokinetic studies conducted to study the mechanisms involved provided indication for the shift of shear plane. Based on the data gathered in the study, it is concluded that causticised cassava starch is a better flocculant for the selective flocculation of hematite/silica mixture suspension than polyacrylamide.

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021110   Mernari B;El Kadi L;Kertit (Laboratorie de Chimie de Coordination et d'Analytique, Faculte des Sci, , B.P. 20, 24 00 El Jadida, Maroc) : 2,5 bis(2-thienyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole as corrosion inhibitor of mild steel in acidic media. Bull Electrochem 2001, 17(3), 115-22.

New corrosion inhibitor, namely, 2,5 bis(2-thienyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (2-TO) was tested for mild steel in both acids (1N HCl and 1N H2SO4) by weight loss, electrochemical polarization methods and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The adsorption of (2-TO) on the mild steel surface in both acid media follows a Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The effect of temperature indicated that the inhibition efficiency E(%) is temperature-independent in the range of 303-323 K in 1N HCl and in 1N H2SO4.

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021109   Mathur A N (NO, , ) : Cooling systems for preservation of fresh produce. Beverage Fd Wld 2001, 28(1), 19-20.