018258   Sonia R;Ramanibai R (Aquatic Biodiversity Unit, Zoology Dep, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai-25) : Report on the occurrence of invasive species giant Salvinia (Salvinia molesta mitchell) in Kolavoi lake, Chingleput district - Tamil Nadu. Int J pharm Res Biosci 2015, 4(3), 1-6.

Giant Salvinia(Salvinia molesta Mitchell) is a floating aquatic fern which is native to Brazil but has been distributed worldwide (Mitchell, 1979). It has been documented in more than 20 countries, introduced as an aquarium or water garden species (Room et al., 1981). Dense mat formation of giant Salvinia can impede transportation, irrigation, hydroelectric production, flood and mosquito control as well as destroy natural properties of habitat, degrade water quality and hinder agricultural endeavors such as rice cultivation and fishing (Holm et al., 1977, Mitchell, 1979). Giant Salvinia, an aggressive aquatic invasive species can completely cover water surfaces, forming mats up to 1m thick (Thomas and Room, 1986).

3 illus, 8 ref

018257   Sisodiya M K (Botany Dep, Govt. College, Barnagar Dist.Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh) : Couroupita guianensis (Lecythiadaceae) plant is exploiting, fallible & dilation in Bhopal: A conspectus. Asian J biochem pharm Res 2015, 5(3), 164-70.

The Family Lecythidaceae is the major group Angiosperm Flowering plant. The Lecythidaceae comprise a Family of about 20 genera& 250-300 species of woody plants native to tropical South America & Madagascar. Couropita guianensis is a tree belonging to the Family Lecythidaceae. It is a evergreen tree scattered through tropical cities include Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, Shari Lanka, Hawaii nations of the Caribbean, Bolivia Costarica, Panama, Honduras Peru, Northern Venezuela Amazonian Colombia, Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana Brazil& Ecuador, In India Tamil nude, Kerala Andre Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh. Its common name includes Ayahuma, cannon-ball tree (cannon-ball-like fruits). The trees are grown extensively in Shiva temples in India. It is called the Nag lingam tree in Tamil. The flowers are called Shiva ling's flowers in Hindi. Hindus revere it as a sacred tree because the petals of the Flower resemble the hood of the Naga, a sacred snake, protecting a Shiva Lingam the stigma. Its Flowers are orange scarlet &pink in colors form large bunches measuring up to 3M in length. The produce large spherical &woody fruits ranging from 15 to 24 cm in diameter containing up to 200 or 300 seeds a piece. It is very rare& lesser exploited from ethno Pharmacology point of view. The present study deal with selected Couropita guianensis (Lecythidaceae) plant is Exploit Fallible & Dilation in Bhopal is a Conspectus were carried out to ascertain bioactivity of the plant part as leaves, stem, and bark Assessment was performed by Disc diffusion attempt at particularly Bhopal. The result suggests that the important part of used as potentially Human mankinds.

2 illus, 24 ref

018256   Singh T;Singh A;Dangwal L R (Herbarium and Plant Systematic Lab, H.N.B. Garhwal Central Univ, SRT Campus, Badshahitahul Tehri, Garhwal-249 199, Email: tajkhalsa@gmail.com) : Impact of overgrazing and documentaion of wild fodder plants used by Gujjar and Bakerwal tribes of district Rajour (J&K), India. J appl nat Sci 2016, 8(2), 804-11.

The present study aims to documents the wild plants used as fodder by Gujjar and Bakarwal tribes and their impact of utilization and overgrazing in the forests of district Rajouri (J&K), India. During the study period two blocks which were densely inhabited by Gujjar and Bakkerwal tribes were selected (Nowshera and Budhal) and frequent field trips were also made on other blocks of the district where the tribal people may reached. A total of 63 plants species were reported from the study area belong to 33 families and 51 genera, of all these 63 species, 22 were trees, 11 were shrubs and 30 were herbs. During the study it was observed that, due overgrazing, lopping, and cutting of forest plants in large scale by the tribes and local inhabitants for the expansion of agricultural lands and local settlements outside and inside of the forests and the number of livestock reported much more than the carrying capacity of forest, which resulted into the threatening of some plant species. It is also observed that some species like Pinus wallichiana and Cedrus deodara were not be reported in the area due to their commercial utilization and overgrazing purposes, and also due to their more litter fall which is not good for the growth of ground flora. The tribes sometimes also employ forest fire for better fodder, which leads to great loss to the regeneration of forest plants.

2 tables, 32 ref

018255   Sarojini Y;Neelima P;Sujata B (Botany Dep, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh) : Seasonal variations in distribution of photosynthetic pigments in four edible species of Chlorophyceae and the effect of light, dissolved oxygen and nutrients on their distribution. Ann Biol Res 2015, 6(3), 36-40.

Four edible species of Chlorophyceae collected from Visakhapatnam coast were analysed for their photosynthetic pigments such as Chl - a, Chl - b and carotenoids. The environmental variables such as light, dissolved oxygen, nitrite, phosphate and silicate were also measured for the same period at the same location. Interspecific variations were occurred in distribution of pigments. Of the pigments analysed, the Chl - b was high and it was followed by Chl - a and carotenoids. In Ulva fasciata higher content of chl - a and Chl - b were occurred during rainy season and carotenoids were higher in summer. In Enteromorpha compressa and Caulerpa racemosa the photosynthetic pigments were high during summer season. In Caulerpa sertularioides chl - a and chl - b were high during winter and carotenoids during summer season. The pigment ratios of Chl - b/ chl - a were high in Caulerpa racemosa among the four species and it varied from 0.84 to 1.85 among the these species. A significant positive correlation was found for pigments with their environmental variables at P ≥0.05 level. In Ulva fasciata, phosphate correlated with Chl - b. In Enteromorpha. compressa the carotenoids correlated with light, phosphate and silicate. In Caulerpa racemosa the content of chl - b was correlated with contents of nitrite and phosphate. In Caulerpa sertularioides the carotenoids correlated with the dissolved oxygen.

4 tables, 117 ref

018254   Sarkar A K (Botany Dep, Krishnath College, Berhampore-742 101) : Evaluation of soil-site suitability of different mangroves in coastal saline area of Indian Sundarbans. Int J pharm Res Biosci 2015, 4(3), 174-9.

Mangroves are the nature's own choice, naturally these are spreading over in the intertidal silted up deltaic regions of estuarine mouths, shallow coasts, edges of the islands and saline mudflats in the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. The varying salinity of the water and soil is the most important factor but the tidal water interacts with the mangroves in many ways for their natural succession. So different mangroves species grow in different intertidal zones according to their suitability of existing factors in the Sundarbans ecosystem.

2 tables, 18 ref

018253   Sarkar A K (Botany Dep, Krishnath College, Berhampore-742 101) : Plant colonization in different habitats of the coastal area of Sundarbans, West Bengal. Int J pharm Res Biosci 2015, 4(3), 167-73.

Mangrove forest of Sundarbans is interesting for providing the natural habitats of a large number of major and minor elements of mangroves and good number of back mangals or mangrove associated halophytic species. This ecosystem is also unique in terms of halophytic adaptation of specific types of plant species. This study is typically concerned with the colonization of species in relation to tidal amplitude and their abundance in different salinity regimes in the sea-land inter phase zone, regularly being influenced by tidal activities.

2 tables, 15 ref

018252   Roy A;Zaman S;Sinha S;Bera D;Roy M;Mitra A (Biotechnology Dep, Techno India University, Salt Lake Campus Ksokata-700 091) : Community structure analysis of phytoplankton in water bodies of East Kolkata wetlands. Int J pharm Res Biosci 2015, 4(3), 261-8.

Phytoplankton population density and diversity of three selected ponds at East Kolkata Wetlands were monitored during April, 2015. The hydrological parameters (like surface water pH, surface water temperature, dissolved oxygen, nitrate, phosphate and silicate) were also analyzed during the present study. Surface water temperature, pH and D.O ranged between 32.6°C -34.6°C, 8.5 -8.8 and 4.64 mg l^-1-6.02 mg l^-1 respectively. The nitrate (NO₃), phosphate (PO₄) and silicate (SiO₃) ranged between 23.66 -31.02 μg gm at l^-1, 2.04 -3.11 μg gm at l^-1 and 45.77 -53.66 μg gm at l^-1 respectively. The diversity index was computed to evaluate the condition of the aquatic environment. Correlation coefficient was computed to get a clear picture of the inter-relationships between phytoplankton species diversity and the hydrological parameters.

4 tables, 8 ref

018251   Rohitashw Kumar;Shankar V;Jat M K (Agricultural Engineering Div, SKUAST, Kashmir, Srinagar, Email: rohituhf@rediffmail.com) : Evaluation of root water uptake model. J Hydrol Engng 2015, 21(2), 115-24.

Estimation of root water uptake and water movement in plants is crucial to quantify transpiration and hence the water exchange between land surface and atmosphere through plants. Present paper is aimed to illustrate and discuss how mathematical modeling can be used for understanding of plants and, in particular, plant-soil interactions. Soil water movement due to root water uptake is a key process for plant growth and transport of water in the soil plant system. There are different root water uptake models which can be used for estimation of moisture uptake by plants. The accuracy of moisture uptake prediction by plants depends on selection of proper mathematical models. Root uptake models are available in different forms i.e. linear, nonlinear, and exponential. In this paper, a detailed review of the most commonly used models which are suitable for the estimation of moisture uptake by plants in different agro-climatic regions is presented. Further, an effort has been made to compare the performance of different widely used models under controlled condition and future research needs are outlined.

1 illus, 1 table, 86 ref

018250   Ramasubbu R;Felix Irudhyaraj D (Biology Dep, The Gandhigram Rural Institute- Deemed Univ, Gandhigram-624 302, Email: racprabha@yahoo.com) : Reproductive biology of Elaeocarpus blasoi Weibel, an endemic and endagered tree species of Palni hills, Western Ghats, India. Curr Sci 2016, 110(2), 234-40.

Elaeocarpus blascoi Weibel is a lesser known endemic tree species growing in the Vattakanal shola forest of Palni Hills, Western Ghats, India. A study on reproductive biology of the species was conducted in the natural habitat to study its phenology, floral biology, pollen biology, fruit set and seed germination. Flowers are bisexual, anther dehisces 2-3 hours after anthesis and stigma becomes receptive on the day of anthesis and extends up to 6 days. Breeding experiments confirmed that the species permits autogamy and geitonogamy. Six different pollinators were observed during peak flowering period and Apis dorsata (honey bee) was found to be an effective pollinator and it takes 55 ± 15 sec per flower. Percentage of fruit set observed in the natural habitat was 78 and seed germination rate was found to be less than 5 in the natural habitat. Tests showed that more than 70% of seeds lost their viability after a year and most of the seeds were infested with Fusarium sp., Lasiodiplodia sp. and Penicillium sp. Further, the natural habitat of the species is altered by commercial plantations, tourism and urbanization in the Palni Hills, which leads to their reduction.

5 illus, 1 table, 26 ref

018249   Ragozin B V (Ayurveda Dep, Institute of Oriental Medicine, Peoples' Friendship University of Russ, Moscow, Russia) : History of the development of Ayurvedic medicine in Russia. Ancient Sci Life 2016, 35(3), 143-9.

Ayurveda is one of the world's oldest medical sciences, with a history that goes back more than 5,000 years. The knowledge of Ayurveda has at various times had an impact on a number of branches of medicine: From ancient Greek medicine in the West to the Chinese and Tibetan in the East. Ayurveda continues to retain its prominent position in our modern world, being officially recognised by the World Health Organisation (WHO) and enjoying great popularity in the US, Germany, Italy and the Netherlands. In India, Ayurveda is recognised by conventional medicine on a par with modern medical science. In the Soviet Union a strong interest in Ayurveda arose for the first time after the Chernobyl disaster, and since then Ayurveda has been actively developing in Russia. In this article we present the chronology of the development of Ayurvedic medicine in Russia since 1989, explore academic literature on the subject available in Russian and review the existing Ayurvedic products and services offered on the Russian market.

15 ref

018248   Piri Sahragard H;Zare Chahouki M A;Gholami H (Range and Watershed Dep, University of Zabol, Iran, Email: mazare@ut.ac.ir) : Predictive distribution models for determination of optimal threshold of plant species in central Iran. Range Mgmt Agrofor 2015, 36(2), 146-50.

Aim of this study was determination of optimum threshold for predictive distribution models of plant species. For this purpose, vegetation sampling was carried out using random-systematic method. The plot size and sample sizes were determined using minimal area and statistical methods respectively. For sampling the soil at each habitat, eight holes was drilled and samples were taken from 0 to 30 and 30 to 80 cm depths. Plant distribution modeling was conducted using Logistic regression (LR), the Maximum entropy methods (MaxEnt) and Multi-layer perceptron of artificial neural networks (ANN). Threshold optimum was determined using sensitivity-specificity equal and maximum sensitivity approaches. Results indicate that in the LR model, Seidlitzia rosmarinus model was the poorest model (opp=0.3). However, the Artemisia sieberi model is the most accurate one (opp=0.7). The poorest and strongest of MaxEnt models were related to Halocnemum strobilaceum (opp=0.1) and Seidlitzia rosmarinus (opp=0.3). The poorest and most powerful models of ANN with 0.4 and 0.8 discrimination ability related to Seidlitzia rosmarinus and Tamarix passerinoides habitats respectively.

2 illus, 3 tables, 24 ref

018247   Patil B T;Chatale P D;Magar V G (All India Coordinated Research Project on Vegetable Crops, Mahatma Phu, , Rahuri-413, 722) : Correlation and path analysis for growth and green pod yield of cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.). Bioinfolet 2016, 13(2A), 251-5.

Fifty genotypes of cluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub] were evaluated to estimate correlation and path analysis for pod yield during Summer, 2014. Days to first flowering, days to 50% flowering and plant height had negative and significant correlation with green pod yield plot^-1 at both genotypic and phenotypic levels. However, number of pod cluster^-1, average weight of 50 pods, pod length had positive and highly significant association with green pod yield plot^-1 at both genotypic and phenotypic levels indicating possibility of simultaneous selection of these traits to improve pod yield. Path analysis revealed that pod length, number of pods clusters^-1, days to first flowering and diameter of pod had high direct effects on green pod yield plot^-1 hence, for the improvement of pod yield and these traits would be rewarding during selection.

2 tables, 7 ref

018246   Patil B T;Bhalekar M N;Shinde K G;Magar V G (All India Coordinated Research Project on Vegetable Crops, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri-413 722) : Genetic diversity in cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) for morphological characters. Bioinfolet 2016, 13(2A), 243-6.

Fifty genotypes of cluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub] were assessed for genetic divergence using Mahalanobis D2 technique. Wide range of genetic diversity for all the characters was observed and the genotypes were grouped in six clusters. Maximum intra cluster distance was observed in cluster IV indicating that genotypes under this group were diverse. Based on D2 values 50 genotypes were classified into six clusters. Maximum inter cluster distance was between cluster IV and V and intra cluster distance in cluster IV indicating presence of genetic diversity among genotypes and between clusters. Percent contribution towards genetic diversity was highest for plant height (73.39cm) followed by crop duration (13.39 days) and incidence of powdery disease (2.86%). On the basis of inter cluster distance and per cent performance, a hybridization program involving genotypes for specific character may be selected using cluster mean.

4 tables, 7 ref

018245   Patil B T;Bhalekar M N;Musmade A M;Shinde K G;Magar V G (All India Coordinated Research Project on Vegetable Crops, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri-413 722) : Genetic variability and heritability studies in cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.). Bioinfolet 2016, 13(2A), 247-50.

Fifty genotypes of cluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.)] Taub] were evaluated to estimate variability, broad sense heritability and genetic advance for vegetable pod yield and related attributes during summer 2014. Higher variability was observed for almost all characters under study excepts pod length and pod diameter. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance were observed for number of primary branches plant-1, pod length, number of pod cluster-1, average weight of 50 pods, pod yield plant-1, pod yield plot-1, pod yield ha.-1 and plant height. Thus the selection based on plant height, number of primary branches plant, number of pod cluster and plant yield will be useful for improvement in green pod yield of cluster bean.

2 tables, 10 ref

018244   Nisar S;Tahir I;Ahmad S S (Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Botany Dep, University of Kashmir, Srinagar-190 006, Email: inayatullahtahirku@gmail.com) : Modulation of flower senescence in Nicotiana plumbaginifolia L. by polyamines. Indian J Pl Physiol 2015, 20(2), 186-90.

An experiment was conducted to elucidate the effect of various polyamines on longevity of the isolated flowers of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia. Isolated flowers were harvested at brush stage (1 day before anthesis) at 08:00 h, cut to a uniform pedicel length of 1 cm and held in 10 mM concentration of polyamines, viz., putrescine, spermidine and spermine. A separate set of flowers held in distilled water designated the control. All the polyamines tested improved the flower longevity of isolated flowers of N. plumbaginifolia as compared to the control. The flowers held in spermine showed improvement in longevity by 3 days as compared to control besides; maintaining higher floral diameter, soluble protein content and α-amino acids. The flowers supplied with different polyamines maintained lower content of total phenols as compared to the control. Higher content of soluble sugars was recorded in the floral buds held in various polyamines. The flowers held in putrescine showed maximum content of sugar fractions. The present study revealed that polyamines are effective anti-senescence agents as they retard protein degradation and maintain increased content of sugar fraction in the isolated flowers, thereby increasing flower longevity of N. plumbaginifolia.

3 illus, 1 table, 18 ref

018243   Nimasow G;Nimasow O D;Rawat J S;Tsering G; Litin T (NO, Rajiv Gandhi Univ, Doimukh, Itanagar-791 112, Email: gibji26@yahoo.co.in) : Remote sensing and GIS-based suitability modeling of medicinal plant (Taxkus baccata Linn.) in Tawang district, Arunachal Pradesh, India. Curr Sci 2016, 110(2), 219-27.

Taxus baccata is a valuable plant for taxol extraction used in preparation of anti-cancer drugs, Kaposi's sarcoma and over 20 such other indications. It is a slow-growing evergreen tree found in the altitudinal range 1500-3000 m. Around 2-3 million kg of biomass is harvested annually, whereas the sustainable rate of harvesting is estimated to be 0.6 million kg/year. Linear transect recorded 118 Taxus plants, out of which 99 were live and 19 were dead. The importance value index was calculated for Taxus baccata and five associated plants. Tsuga mertensiana recorded the highest with 78.32 and Taxus baccata lowest with 34.22 out of 300. The MaxEnt and SMCE models were used for suitability modeling of Taxus. The occurrence points and environmental layers - current global climate, altitude, slope and aspect were used for the MaxEnt. The results show 5.31% of the area under highly suitable and suitable and 80.14% not suitable. For SMCE, the digital elevation model from USGS website, LISS 3, IRS-P6 (Resourcesat), row/path 110/052 (25 November 2011), the annual average rainfall, temperature and humidity were used. The results show 61.66% of the area under highly suitable and suitable and only 2.8% under not suitable category. The MaxEnt results are specific and target-oriented, whereas the SMCE results appear more generalized. The region is potential area for occurrence of Taxus baccata in natural stand as well as suitable area for regeneration.

4 illus, 3 tales, 34 ref

018242   Nath D;Mukherjee S K (Taxonomy of Angiosperms and Biosystematics Laboratory, Botany Dep, University of Kalyani, Kalyani-741 235) : Evaluation of plants in Hindu mythology, festivals and rituals and their conservational aspect. Int J pharm Res Biosci 2015, 4(3), 310-26.

Mythology is a part of every religion. It is the science which investigates myths or fables or legends founded from remote events to present day. Plants have layed a vital role in development of human civilization since past time. In India, mongst Hindu many plant species are associated with religious functions, rituals and also in calibration of festivals.The sacred plants of India are actually worshipped throughout the nation owing only to its mythological significance.In this study about 70 plant species have been recorded in different mythological, ritual and festival purposes. The mostly used for these purposes are Oryza sativa L., Santalum album L., Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa, Ocimum tenuiflorum L., Cocosnucifera L., Musa paradisiac L., Cynodon dactylon Pers., Areca catechu L. All these plants are belonging to 15 families. The most used families are Graminae, Moraceae, Leguminosae and rarely used families are Sapotaceae, Pedaliaceae, Menispermaceae, Costaceae. 17 plant families have been conservational aspects and 22 plant species have medicinal value. Such type of studies has potential value in our daily life for in-situ conservation of plants in their domain and also employed for recreational and promotional of mental health from our everyday stress condition in competitive modern life in metropolitan, urban and village areas. Plants recorded from this study can also be used for the treatment of some common diseases in particularly in remote areas people.

2 tables, 16 ref

018241   Murugesan M;Balasubramaniam V (Botanical survey of India, , Eastern Regional Circle, Shillong-793 003, Email: taxonmurugesh@gmail.com) : Notes on the occurrence of some less known endemic, rare and threatened trees from Velliangiri hills, a part of Nilgiri biosphere resrve, India. Scient Trans Envir Technovation 2015, 8(4), 195-203.

Present paper highlights the occurrence of 28 species of less known endemic, rare ad threatened trees specimens collected from the velliangiri hills, a part of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, the Western Ghats of Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu, India. These species are ecologically very imprtant since, they are strictly endemic and confined only to the hills of Peninsular India. Correct nomenclature, vernacular name, if any, family, brief description together with phenological, distributional data, specimen examined and IUCN status are given for each species to facilitate further collection ad easy identification.

23 ref

018240   Munde G R;Nainwad R V;Maske S N;Pawar J V (NO, College of Agriculture, Latu) : Effect of IBA and other chemicals on air layering in pomegranate cv. Bhagwa. Bioinfolet 2016, 13(2A), 291-3.

IBA with different chemicals significantly affected visible shoot sprouting (15.82), number of shoot per air layering (12.48), length of sprouted shoot (21.96 cm), number of leaves per air layering (85.10), diameter of sprouted shoot (1.93 mm), seedling height (81.66) and survival percentage (95%) of air layers in pomegranate cv. Bhagwa.

2 tables, 8 ref

018239   Munde G R;Nainwad R V;Mane S S;Gajbhaye R P; Pawar J V (NO, College of Agriculture, Latur) : Effect of IBA and chemicals on root characters of pomegranate cv. Bhagwa. Bioinfolet 2016, 13(2A), 286-8.

Significant effect of IBA with different chemicals was observed on early root initiation (15.00) number of roots (58.00), length of root (8.53 cm), root diameter (1.82 mm), fresh root weight (0.77 g), dry weight of Root (0.36 g), rooting percentage (98.33), and per cent success (98.33), in air layering of pomegranate cultivar bhagwa.

3 tables, 10 ref

018238   Milian I;Marchyshyn S;Kozachok S;Yavorivskiy N (Pharmacognosy with Medical Bssotany Dep, I Horbachevsky Ternopil State Medical University Ternopil, Ruska 36, 46001, Ukraine) : Investigation of phenolic compounds of the herbs of Veronica genus. Pharma Innovation 2016, 5(7), 40-5.

It was determined phenolic compounds of the herb of Veronica prostrata L., Veronica chamaedrys L., Veronica officinalis L. by the method of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Established quality composition and quantity content of flavonoids, hydroxycinnamic acids, coumarins and hydrolysable tannins. In the herb of Veronica prostrata L. it was revealed 5 hydroxycinnamic acids, the most abundant was rosmarinic acids - 0,41%, 3 flavonoids, the highest content was for apigenin and its glycosides - 0,34%, coumarin - 0,07%, 7 hydrolysable tannins, the highest content related to catechin - 1,45%; Veronica chamaedrys L. - 5 hydroxycinnamic acids (rosmarinic acid 1,31%), 5 flavonoids (rutin 0,26%), 3 coumarins (umbelliferone 0,17%), 5 hydrolysable tannins (epicatechin 0,06% and ellagic acid 0,06%); Veronica officinalis L. - 5 hydroxycinnamic acids (rosmarinic acid 1,41%), 2 flavonoids (isoquercetin 0,28%), 2 coumarins (umbelliferone 0,03%), 7 hydrolysable tannins (epigallocatechin 0,44%).

10 illus, 2 tables, 8 ref

018237   Mani B R;Deshpande S K (NO, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad-580 005) : Genetic divergence studies in maize (Zea mays L.) inbreds for yield and its components. Bioinfolet 2016, 13(2A), 267-72.

Genetic diversity analysis of maize inbreds for their suitability in hybrid breeding was undertaken using ninety eight inbreds and four high yielding checks. The experiment was conducted during summer 2015 under irrigated condition in RBD with two replications. Mahalanobis 'D² statistics was employed to assess the amount of genetic diversity. The inbreds fell into thirteen clusters, of which, cluster I was larger comprising of sixty eight inbred lines, followed by cluster III (14 inbreds) and cluster V (10 inbreds) showing similarity among the lines therein. Remaining ten clusters were solitary, showing their distinctness and diversity. Wide range of inter cluster distance was observed between the clusters VII and XIII (14.58) followed by cluster X and XII (14.23) inferring usefulness in hybridization between the members of such clusters. Traits directly associated with grain yield, had higher mean values in cluster X and VII for cob weight (223.50; 183.5) and grain yield (182.50; 80.90) respectively. Traits like, fodder yield per plant (32.32%) and shelling percentage (20.52) were the major factors which contributed highest to the diversity among the inbreds. The breeding material showed high genetic diversity which could be utilized in development of Single Cross hybrids (SCH's), composites and verities for high yield. These inbreds lines could also be selected to determine gca and sca for more successful hybrid breeding.

4 tables, 9 ref

018236   Mali P Y (Pharmacology Dep, Sandip Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sandip Foundation, Trimbak Road, Mahiravni, Nashik, Maharashtra) : Pharmacological potentials of Premna integrifolia L. Ancient Sci Life 2016, 35(3), 132-42.

Premna integrifolia Linn. (Verbenaceae) is an important constituent of the formulation of ten roots of herbs known as Dasamula and is widely used for treating various ailments in the Indian system of medicine. Aim of this review is to provide comprehensive information on the pharmacological activities of various parts of P. integrifolia. All the relevant universally accepted electronic databases were searched with respect to the terms "Agnimantha", "Headache tree", "Premna integrifolia", "Premna obtusifolia", "Premna serratifolia" including Indian classical texts, pharmacopoeias, Ayurvedic books, journals, etc., for information without specific timeline. Complete information of the plant has been collected manually since the year 1964 and has been arranged chronologically. The collected data reflects that many ethno-medicinal claims have been confirmed through the modern in-vitro and in-vivo pharmacological studies using different extracts and their isolates of P. integrifolia. The isolation of active constituents, their biological actions, clinical safety and validation of traditional uses of P. integrifolia could provide leads for further scientific research. The information collected here will be useful to set-up research protocols for modern drugs and Ayurvedic formulation development.

1 table, 61 ref

018235   Malathi S (NO, Horticultural Research Station (T.N.A.U.), Ooty, Tamil Nadu, Email: malathi_agri@rediffmail.com) : Antifungal metabolites produced by Pseudomonas fluorescens against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cepae. Int J Pl Prot 2015, 8(2), 324-30.

Antifungal metabolites were isolated from Pseudomonas fluorescens and tested against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cepae causing basal rot of onion. Phenazine and 2,4 DAPG produced by the Pseudomonas isolate (Pf 12) were recorded 67.03 and 77.34 per cent inhibition of mycelial growth over control respectively. P. fluorescens isolates were strongly produced hydroxymate and Carboxymate type of siderophore at various level. Antifungal metabolites produced by Pseudomonas isolate (Pf 12) was recorded maximum inhibition of basal rot pathogen in in vitro condition.

4 tables, 30 ref

018234   Khare N;Marak A D;Rout S (School of Forestry & Environment, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture Technology & Sciences, Allahabad-211 007, Email: srout.forestry@gmail.com) : Allelopathic effect of Leucaena leucocephala on pansy (Viola tricolor L.). J appl nat Sci 2016, 8(2), 926-30.

The present study on allelopahtic effect of L. leucocephala on pansy (V. tricolor L.) both laboratory and nursery conditions were undertaken. Leucaena which significantly reduced the seed germination in all treatments at 2% (43%), 3% (42%) and 4% (40%) over Control (Distilled water), except in treatment at 1% (55%) where germination was found to be maximum over Control (Distilled water), this result shows the stimulatory effect on germination at 1% concentration of leaf leachate under laboratory condition. Leucaena soil in combination with Field soil showed stimulatory effect on the growth parameters in Pansy. Highest germination percentage (82%), fresh shoot weight (2.82g), fresh root weight (0.22g), dry shoot weight (0.50g), dry root weight (0.05g), vigor index (99.36) were recorded in treatment amended with soil 50% Leucaena soil and 50% Field soil and inhibitory effect was seen in pansy when amended into with 100% Leucaena soil under nursery condition. From this study it appears that Leucaena produces allelopahtic substrates, increase in concentration exhibit adverse effect on germination and growth parameters. Hence it is suggested that pansy could be affected economically but this tree can very well adapt to diversified soil condition.

3 tables, 22 ref

018233   Kallihal P K;Chandrashekhar S S;Shwetha K S; Salimath P M;Dhone V K (Seed Science and Technology Dep, College of Agriculture, UAS, Dharwad-580 005) : Characterization of pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp] genotypes based on morphological traits. Bioinfolet 2016, 13(2A), 212-15.

Eleven genotypes (four hybrids and their respective parental lines) of pigeonpea were morphologically characterized using twenty one descriptors at different stages of plant growth. Out of twenty one qualitative and quantitative traits, twelve traits were polymorphic in nature while remaining were monomorphic. Seed coat colour, pattern of streaks on standard petal and pod colour were the most widely varied qualitative traits of pigeonpea.

1 table, 8 ref

018232   Kalegowda P;Haware D J;Rajarathnam S;Mysore N S (Fruit and Vegetable Technology Dep, Central Food Technological Research Institute (CSIR), Mysuru-570 020, Email: shashirkhamn@cftri.res.in) : Minerals of cactus (Opuntia dillenii): cladode and fruit. Curr Sci 2015, 109(12), 2295-8.

Cladode (modified stem) and fruit of cactus (Opuntia dillenii) were analysed for their mineral content, following ashing and analysis by ICP-AES and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). Values are expressed as mg per 100 g dry weight of the material. Cladode was analysed at three stages of growth; differences were noticed for K, Ca, Mg, P and Na, and also for Al, Ba, Cr, Mn and Pb contents. Cladode was observed to be a good source of K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe and Zn. Toxic elements such as Cd, Cu, Cr and Ni were well within the permissible limits; Pb and As were below detection levels. The fruit was found to contain 34%, 36%, 4% and 26% of pulp, peel, seed and waste (including spines) on fresh weight basis. Pulp was found to be a good source of K, Na, Ca, Mg and Fe. Toxic elements such as Pb, As, Hg and Se were below detection levels/ within permissible limits. These values of pulp were compared with the mineral contents of fruit peel and seed. Accordingly, both cladode and fruit can be used for edible purposes as food supplements, without endanger of toxicity from the angle of mineral consti-tution. The scope for their possible use in food formu-lation is highlighted.

7 tables, 25 ref

018231   Kalafatic M;Rajevic N;Kovacevic G (Faculty of Science, Biology, Zoology Dep, , Rooseveltovtrg 6, HR-10 000 Zagreb, Croatia, Email: goran.kovacevic@biol.pmf.hr) : Towards morphological variability of symbiotic algae. Curr Sci 2016, 110(6), 1086-8.

Green hydra is the host to unicellular algae in its gastrodermal myoepithelial cells. It is known that different xenobiotics can damage this symbiotic relationship. The effects of sublethal doses of antibiotics on the hydra-alga symbiotic relationship are assessed using cTEM microscopy. Chloroplasts showed changes in thylakoid structures. Pronounced changes in mitochondria of both hydra and algae are noted. In some algae plastoglobules are visible and the number of ribosomes in cytoplasm of algae is changed. Results show that endosymbiotic algae represent a stronger partner with less pronounced damages compared to hydra host in the studied symbiotic model.

3 illus, 20 ref

018230   Kadam V B;Salve S B;Deore S V;Sonawane M D; Khandare K R (P. G. Botany & Research Centre Dep, K.T.H.M.College, Nashik-422 002) : Effect of growth hormones on seed germination of some medicinal plants of genus Terminalia. Int J pharm Res Biosci 2015, 4(4), 278-84.

Seed germination is controlled by a number of mechanisms and is necessary for the growth and development of the embryo, resulting in the production of a new plant. Under unfavorable conditions seeds may become dormant (secondary dormancy) to maintain their germination ability. However, when the conditions are favorable seeds can germinate. There are a number of factors controlling seed germination and dormancy, including plant hormones, which are produced by plant. Three growth hormones i.e. IAA (Indol Acetic Acid), Gibberellins and 2, 4-D with different concentrations i.e. 10, 20 and 30 ppm were afforded to study their effects on the germination of seeds of four medicinally important plants. i. e. Terminalia cuneata Roth., Terminalia bellerica Roxb.,Terminalia chebula Retz. And Terminalia catappa Linn.

1 table, 16 ref

018229   Janaki T;Nayak B K;Ganesan T (Botany Dep, K.M. Centre for P.G. Studies, Puducherry-8) : Screening mangrove actinomycetes for anticandida activity. Pharma Innovation 2016, 5(7), 29-35.

Candida albicans is the most prevalent pathogenic and causal agent of oral candidiasis in man. Even though many azole based antimycotics are available, still candidiasis persists. The present investigation aims at finding better anticandida compound for controlling the candidiasis. The 25 aerobic mangrove actinomycetes were isolated from the soil collected near the root region of Avicennia marina (Forsk). Vierh - (Avicenniaceae), of Ariyankuppam backwater area. Out of 25, 13 actinomycetes (52%) showed anticandida activity. The most active isolate was identified as Streptomyces cacaoi subsp. cacaoi, Gene bank accession no: KP872910, 100μl culture filtrate shown maximum inhibitory zone measuring as 28mm in well diffusion method. Agar plug method has given inhibitory zone as 32mm. Methanolic partially purified compound fraction of M20 has shown 28mm of inhibitory zone, it was higher than the antibiotic clotrimazole used. The presence of pyrimidine nucleosides - neutral and acidic Polyoxins (230 nm), (270-290 nm) and Heptaene antifungal antibiotics (406-417 nm) are confirmed from the UV-Visible spectral analysis. It was concluded that the pyrimidine and polypeptide nucleoside compounds are responsible for anticandida activity.

3 illus, 2 tables, 47 ref

018228   Gupta S K;Mandal P (Plant Physiology and Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Botany Dep, University of North Bengal, Siliguri, West Bengal, Email: nbubotanypm@gmail.com) : Involvement of Calcium ion in Enhancement of antioxidant and antidiabetic Potential of Fenugreek Sprouts. Free Radical Antioxidant 2015, 5(2), 74-82.

Fenugreek seeds primed with Calcium chloride (CaCl₂), Calcium chelator EGTA [Ethylene glycol-bis(2-aminoethylether)-N,N,N', N, tetra acetic acid] and calcium channel blocker LaCl₃ (lanthanum chloride) and germinated for 3 days. The sprout extracts were investigated for their antioxidant potential by DPPH, ABTS+, metal chelating, reducing power, nitric oxide scavenging capacity and anti-lipid peroxidation as well beta-carotene bleaching assays along with in vitro antidiabetic activity by à-amylase and à-glucosidase inhibition. Along with this, phytochemicals such as phenol, flavonol and carotene were also estimated. The results demonstrated that the seeds treated with calcium chloride showed enhanced antioxidant as well as antidiabetic potential over control; on the other hand the action was reversed by EGTA and LaCl₃. Similar trend was observed in the phytochemical contents of the sprouts. Our data suggested that the improvement in nutraceutical value of fenugreek sprouts by calcium chloride could be due to the involvement of Ca²⁺ in signaling pathways associated with related phenolic compounds.

7 tables, 29 ref

018227   Gupta N K;Khan A;Maheshwari A;Narayan S; Chhapola O P;Arora A;Singh G (Plant Biotechnology Centre, S K Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner-334 006, Email: nkgupta69@yahoo.co.in) : Effect of post anthesis high temperature stress on growth, physiology and antioxidative defense mechanisms in contrasting wheat genotypes. Indian J Pl Physiol 2015, 20(2), 103-110.

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of post anthesis high temperature stress on morpho-physiological characters, antioxidants and yield of four wheat genotypes. Seeds were sown in the field under normal (15th November) and late sown (15th December) condition. High temperature stress caused significant reduction in photosynthetic parameters, relative water content, membrane stability and chlorophyll content in all the genotypes, with variable magnitude. Activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase increase as a consequence of high temperature conditions. Higher enhancement in activities of antioxidant enzymes under late sown condition was observed in RAJ 4083. There were general reduction in yield and yield contributing parameters but the tolerant genotypes RAJ 4083 and RAJ 4037 maintained higher yield by maintaining relatively higher grain weight and grain number. The effect of high temperature was variable among four wheat genotypes but RAJ 4083 performed the best. It is suggested that heat tolerance of RAJ 4083 could be due to enhanced photosynthetic efficiency, chlorophyll retention, membrane stability and antioxidative defense mechanism under late sown condition. The study also underlines the protective role played by antioxidant enzymes under heat stress and their significance as the basis of the tolerance to high temperature.

2 illus, 6 tables, 31 ref

018226   Grytsyk L M;Grytsyk A R;Sas I A;Legin N I; Kolyadjin T I (NO, Ivano Frankivsk National Medical University, Ukraine) : Study of amino acid composition of Betonica L., Sanicula L. and Astrantia L. genera species. Pharma Innovation 2016, 5(7), 46-8.

Results of research of qualitative and quantitative composition of amino acids in the herb of Betonica peraucta Klok., Betonica brachydonta Klok., Astrantia major L., and in the herb and roots with rhizomes of Sanicula europaea L. are represented in the article. Amino acid composition of the researched raw materials was studied by the method of ascending paper chromatography and amino acid analyzer AAA T-339 N. 17 amino acids, including 8 essential ones (threonine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, histidine and lysine), were identified in the investigated samples.

1 table, 10 ref

018225   Gokak I B;Taranath T C (P.G. Botany Dep, Karnatak University, Dharwad, Email: tctaranath@rediffmail.com) : Seed germination and growth responses of Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc. exposed to Zinc and Zinc nanoparticles. Int J envir Sci 2015, 5(4), 840-7.

Increasing application and use of nanoparticles are directly related to their release in the environment. The interactions of nanoparticles with plants and other organisms have been poorly studied. The studies on investigation of possible positive and phytotoxic effects of nanoparticles on crop plants are rare. In the present investigation an attempt has been made to assess the effect of Zn and nZn on the seed germination and seedling growth of Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.)Verdc. The treatment included four concentrations of both Zn and n Zn (2, 10, 50 and 100 ppm) and Control (Without Zn and nZn). Zn and nZn didn't show any effect on the germination percentage but delay in the germination was observed, the differences in other parameter such as Mean Germination Time (MGT), Seedling vigor, dry and wet biomass of seedling, root and shoot were also observed. The lowest and the highest MGT were observed at the concentration 50 ppm of Zn and 100 ppm of nZn respectively. The lower concentration of Zn (2 ppm) showed the highest MGT, the same was observed in the concentration (10 ppm) of nZn. The effect of Zn and nZn treatment had no significant impact over the root and shoot elongation. Root length decreased in all treatments indicating the negative impact of treatment over the root elongation however the shoot length increased 50ppm Zn, 2 and 50 ppm nZn.

5 illus, 2 tables, 20 ref

018224   Ghorbanpour M;Hatami M (Medicinal Plants Dep, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Arak University, 38156-8-8349, Arak, Iran, Email: m-ghorbanpour@arakur.ac.ir) : Changes in growth, antioxidant defense system and major essential oils constituents of Pelargonium graveolens plant exposed to nano-scale silver and thidiazuron. Indian J Pl Physiol 2015, 20(2), 116-23.

Application of signal molecules are very potential elicitors for production of plant secondary metabolites. This study was performed to elucidate the potential impacts of different concentrations of nano-silver (NS: 20, 40 and 80 mg l^-1) particles and thidiazuron (TDZ: 50, 75 and 100 μM) and their combinations on variations of growth indices, contents of plastid pigments, antioxidant enzymes, viz., superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POX) activities, accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and production of essential oils (EOs) and its major constituents in P. graveolens. Results showed that plant growth parameters increased with increasing concentrations of both TDZ (up to 75 μM) and NS (up to 40 mg l^-1). Combined treatments of TDZ and NS at all employed concentrations were better in improving growth indices and pigments content, except when applied at 100 μM TDZ + 80 mg l^-1 NS. Application of TDZ₇₅ +NS₄₀ significantly reduced H₂O₂ content by 61.2 % than control. The highest specific activity of SOD and POX were observed at TDZ₅₀ + NS₄₀ and TDZ₇₅ + NS₄₀ treatments, respectively. In contrast, CAT activity was strongly increased both by TDZ₅₀ and TDZ₇₅ + NS₈₀ treatments. The major EOs constituents were identified as citronellol (C), geraniol (G), cirtonellyl formate, iso-menthone, linalool and E-caryophyllene. EOs of P. graveolens plant under combined treatment of TDZ₇₅ + NS₄₀ possessed C/G ratio equivalent to one, indicating EOs with the best scent quality.

4 tables, 25 ref

018223   Elanchezhian R;Haris A A;Kumar S;Singh S (Indian Institute of Soil Science, , Bhopal- 462 038, Email: elanrc@gmail.com) : Positive impact of paclobutrazol on gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence and yield parameters under submergence stress in rice. Indian J Pl Physiol 2015, 20(2), 111-15.

Flooding is common in rainfed lowland areas of the world. Several physiological and biochemical plant processes were affected by the flooding, which causes deprivation of O2 in the root zone. Hence, a study was undertaken with four rice varieties, viz., Sita, IR64, FR-13A and Bharani, grown in simulated tanks and subjected to submergence stress. The effect of anti-GA compound paclobutrazol on the recovery of plants including gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence and grain yield parameters were measured after submergence stress. Net photosynthesis rate declined in plants subjected to stress at seedling stage. Varieties FR-13A and IR 64 recorded higher photosynthetic rate than Bharani and Sita. However, paclobutrazol application enhanced photosynthesis and transpiration rate in all the varieties after the imposition of stress. Chlorophyll fluorescence parameter, viz., maximum quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm) declined under stress at panicle initiation stage in all four varieties. The decline in yield of PSII was less in FR-13A, followed by Bharani and IR 64. Moreover, decline in panicle weight and grain weight was observed in all the varieties under submergence stress; however decline was less when the plants were treated with paclobutrazol. Higher photosynthetic rate coupled with lesser decline in yield of PSII with paclobutrazol application increased the tolerance of variety towards submergence stress. Hence, paclobutrazol application alleviated the negative effect of transient submergence stress by contributing to the recovery of plants and maintenance of yield in rice.

3 illus, 22 ref

018222   Dong K;Dong Y;Su R;Zhang J;Qing Z;Yang X;Ren X;Ma Y;He S (Yunnan Provncial Engineering and Research Centre for Sustainable Utili, Eastern Bee Research Institute, College of Food Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan-650 201, China, Email: dongkun19722005@yahoo.com) : Effect of nectar reabsorption on plant nectar investment in Cerasus cerasoides. Curr Sci 2016, 110(2), 251-6.

Flowering progress, floral morphology and nectar characteristics of Cerasus cerasoides were investigated from November 2011 to January 2012 in Kunming, Yunnan, China. We found that nectar removal had a positive effect on nectar production. The phenomenon of nectar reabsorption in C. cerasoides occurred at the end of the floral lifespan, on the tenth day after anthesis when allowing for nectar accumulation. A flower reabsorbs nectar when it has not been foraged, with the reabsorbed sugar content accounting for about 34% of the maximum sugar content. Therefore, nectar reabsorption can only reclaim a part of the energy allocated for nectar production.

4 illus, 1 table, 24 ref

018221   Deb D;Singh J P;Chaurasia R S (ICAR-Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, , Jhansi-284 003, Email: debiasri@gmail.com) : Biomass estimation of Acacia catechu using statistical modelling. Range Mgmt Agrofor 2015, 36(2), 151-5.

Acacia catechu is a very dominant and popular fodder tree in the dry and semi-arid part of central India. The aim of the present study was to find out suitable predictor variables for total tree biomass relationship and to fit popular nonlinear models for the total biomass of Acacia catechu. The selection of sample sites were based on NDVI generated through IRSP6LISS-III imagery of four districts of Uttar Pradesh part of Bundelkhand namely Jhansi, Mahoba, Hamirpur and Lalitpur. The dataset contained 220 trees with DBH ranging from 3 cm to 49 cm. Correlation analysis between calculated total biomass and different biometric parameters of individual tree were first performed using CD, H, DBH and D²H as explanatory variables. The variable DBH was found to be highly correlated with the total biomass, hence models were fitted using DBH as independent variable. The nonlinear models tried in this study include Allometric, Gompertz, Logistic, Weibull and Chapman-Richards models. Independent datasets were used for construction and validation of models. The Gompertz model was found to be the best fit (R²=0.94, RMSE=57.2). The fitted model was then validated using model diagnostics and statistical validation techniques and tested with an independent dataset to see the accuracy of prediction.

4 illus, 3 tables, 23 ref

018220   Das M;Patra P K (Biotechnology Dep, Gandhi Institute of Engineering and Technology, Gunupur, Odisha-765 022) : Biochemical characterization of spathe and peduncle during ageing of flowers in screwpine (Pandanus fascicularis Lam.). Asian J biochem pharm Res 2015, 5(3), 193-6.

Screw pine (Pandanus fascicularis Lam.) is an important species for its flower which is used for extraction of essential oil. Biochemical changes were studied in spathe and peduncle of screw pine (Pandanus fascicularis) flowers during ageing. Carotenoids and protein content increased up to 6 h after anthesis in both spathe and peduncle followed by a gradual decline. While the starch content increased up to 9h after anthesis. The level of α-Amylase activity increased hourly up to 18h and concomitantly the total soluble carbohydrate started decline after anthesis. The nucleic acid content found to be consistent throughout ageing process. The level of catalase and peroxidase enzyme activities increased by 150% up to 12h after anthesis followed by a gradual decline. The results of the study indicate that the biochemical changes are associated with progressive ageing and senescence of both the floral parts.

1 illus, 1 table, 18 ref

018219   Das D S;Mukherjee S K (Taxonomy of Angiosperms and Biosystematics Laboratory, Botany Dep, University of Kalyani, Kalyani-741 235) : Traditional leafy vegetables of Nadia district of West Bengal India. Int J pharm Res Biosci 2015, 4(3), 327-55.

Nadia district of West Bengal, India has been extensively surveyed and total 58 leafy vegetables are encountered under 49 genus and 30 families. Among 58 leafy vegetables, 2 are belonging to fern families, Marsilea quadrifolia and Ampelopteris prolifera of Marsileaceae and The lypteridaceae respectively. Maximum number of leafy vegetables has been recorded from Amaranthaceae then other following families are Brassicaceae, Fabaceae, Araceae, Apiaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Asteraceae, Alliaceae Chenopodiaceae etc. Most of the recoded leafy vegetables are eaten by people of Nadia district but Rumexvasicarious of Polygonaceae and Leucus cephalotes of Lamiaceae have been noted only from the markets of Karimpur, Tehatta and Shikarpur.

3 illus, 13 ref

018218   Chauhan B P S;Shrivastava A;Abhishek Kumar; Bhadauria S (Botany Dep, Paliwal College, Shikohabad / Dr.B.R.Ambedkar University, Agra) : Floristic diversity in the ravines of Ottangan river under protection and biotic disturbance. Int J pharm Res Biosci 2015, 4(3), 100-7.

Natural Vegetation of ottangaon ravine at Khander (Agra) was studied for assessing the impact of biotic disturbance on the phytosociological characters of the flora. Two different sites as protected & unprotected (biotically disturbed ) ravine forest were sampled from top, slope, bottom and river bank by quadrant method. Number of the tree species in frequency classes was increased in protected ravine whereas their importance value index in protected ravine was decreased in comparison of biotically disturbed area. Species richness of trees varied from 3 to 13 in unprotected to protected ravine. Froropis juliflora, Acacia nilotica were the dominant and co-dominant respectively on the top; Prosopis juliflora, Dalbergia sisso were dominant and co-dominant respectively on the slope; Dalbergia sissoo, Balanitis aegyptica were dominant a co-dominant respectively on the bottom. Prosopis juliflora, Dalbergia Sisso were dominant & co-dominant on the river bank of protected ravines whereas, only three species were recorded from unprotected ravines in the much reduced number and form.

2 tables, 16 ref

018217   Boora R S;Dhaliwal H S;Arora N K (NO, Punjab Agricultural University, Regional Fruit Research Station, Bahadurgarh-147 021, Email: rsboorapau@gmail.com) : Crop regulation in guava. Agric Rev 2016, 37(1), 1-9.

Basic principle of crop regulation is to manipulates the natural flowering and fruiting of guava plant in desired season of the year that contribute to increased fruit yield, quality, profitability and sustainability of the environment by reducing the use of the frequency of the pesticides. This concept is based on the fact that guava flowers are borne only on new, succulent, vigorously emerging vegetative growths. These new growth flushes can be either new emergences of lateral bud on older stems or extensions of already established terminals of various size and vigor. The crop regulation can be achieved by the adoption of the various practices like withholding irrigation after harvesting during the months of April-May in Northern Indian plains. This results in the shedding of flowers and the tree goes to rest. The basin of the tree is dug up, manured and irrigated in June. After about 30-35 days the tree put forth profuse flowering and fruit mature in winter. Terminal portion of the shoots up to 20 or 30 cm length should be pruned between 20th to 30th April. Always avoid severe pruning in guava. Apply the recommended dose of fertilizers during the month of June to encourage vegetative growth in July-August for getting maximum flowering during August-September for winter season crop. To regulate the guava crop, it is essential to reduce the fruit set during the rainy season and subsequently increase the fruit set during winter season by the use of different chemicals like NAA ethereal and urea etc.

^iia76 ref

018216   Aslani F;Juraimi A S;Ahmad Hamadani M S; Hashemi F S G;Alam M A;Omar D;Uddin M K;Hakim M A (Crop Science Dep, Faculty of Agriculture, Univ Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia, Email: aslani.farzad.1362@gmail.com) : Variation in the phytotoxic activity of Tinospora tuberculata extracts as influenced by solvent type and chemical profile. Curr Sci 2016, 110(2), 228-34.

A study was conducted to evaluate the role of secondary metabolites on the allelopathic activity of methanol and water extracts obtained from aerial parts of Tinospora tuberculata on seed germination and the radicle and hypocotyl lengths of barnyardgrass. The higher suppressive effects were observed on germination and seedling growth of barnyardgrass, when the methanol extracts of Tinospora tuberculata stem or leaf were applied in comparison to the water extracts. Ultra-fast liquid chromatography analysis confirmed that methanol extracts and leaf extracts contained higher number and amount of chemical compounds than did those of the water extracts and stem extracts respectively. Moreover, the concentrations of 11 identified compounds of the extracts and an equimolar mixture of the chemicals required for 50% growth inhibition on barnyardgrass germination, radicle and hypocotyle were determined. Trans-cinnamic acid and benzoic acid had the highest allelopathic activity, while chlorogenic acid and orientin had the lowest on the basis of the rank values. Benzoic acid was found in the highest concentration in the methanol leaf extract, while this compound was not identified in the water leaf extract. On the other hand, the predominant compound was orientin for stem extracts. These results suggest that these compounds may be involved in the allelopathy activity of Tinospora tuberculata depending on their number, concentration, combination and inhibitory activity. Tinospora tuberculata could be a potential source of natural inhibitor compounds employable for eco-friendly agriculture.

1 illus, 3 tables, 22 ref

018215   Arunika S;Palash M (Plant Physiology and Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Botany Dep, University of North Bengal, Siliguri-734013, West Bengal, Email: nbubotanypm@gmail.com) : Antioxidant potential of Fraxinus floribunda bark extracted through various aqueous processing. Free Radical Antioxidant 2015, 5(1), 6-12.

Dried bark sample of Fraxinus floribunda was subjected to three hydrothermal procedures and cold percolation method. The obtained extracts were investigated spectrophotometrically against DPPH, ABTS+, nitric oxide, superoxide and ferric reducing power. Metal chelating activity and anti-lipid peroxidation assay were also performed along with quantitative estimation of total phenolics, flavonols and ortho-dihydric phenol content. The lowest IC₅₀ values for DPPH (0.241 mg/ml), ABTS+ (0.0284 mg/ml), nitric oxide (5.3151mg/ml), anti-lipid peroxidation assay (2.29 mg/ml) were exhibited by the extract obtained through pressure boiling. The same sample also showed highest ferric reducing power and total phenol content. Maximum total flavonol and ortho-dihydric phenol content were exhibited by the extracts obtained through normal boiling and Soxhletion respectively. The bark of Fraxinus floribunda contains potentially active antioxidants. Extracts obtained through pressure boiling showed significant antioxidant activity therefore it seems to be the most effective method of extraction for acquiring antioxidants. The providing data can enrich the existing comprehensive data of antioxidant activity of plant materials.

10 illus, 1 table, 23 ref

018214   Aruna B;Bhadraiah B;Pindi P K (Microbiology Dep, Palamuru University, Mahabubnagar-509 001) : Occurrence, distribution, isolation and identification of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the rhizosphere soils of castor [Ricinus cummunis (L.) from Mahabubnagar district of Telangana state, India. Bioinfolet 2016, 13(2A), 294-7.

Present investigation was conducted to study association of AM fungi with Castor (Ricinus cummunis Linn) and their relation to soil physico-chemical characters. Twelve AM fungal species belonging to 2 genera Acaulospora and Glomus were observed. Among them the genus Acaulospora was represented by nine species (A. bireticulata, A. dilacata, A. koske, A. lacunosa, A. laevis, A. mellea, A. myriocarpa A. reticulatumand A. spinosa.) The genus Glomus was represented by three species namely G. aggregatum G. fasciculatum, and G. tortuosum. Among the eleven localities studied, highest spore count was noticed from Makthal. Bijinapally had greater number of AM fungi. Lowest spores were recorded from the soil samples of Chinnadarpally and Bandamidipally. Percent root colonization in castor ranged from 62 to 95%. The study revealed that soil moisture, pH, EC, Phosphorus and Carbon were negatively correlated, while Nitrogen and Potassium were positively correlated with the distribution of AM fungi.

2 tables, 16 ref

018213   Arora K;Upadhyaya P P;Dwivedi A K;Ved Ratan (Botany Dep, D.D.U. Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, Email: anil.k.dwiwedi@gmail.com) : Effects of canning on button mushroom. Asian J Adv Basic Sci 2015, 4(1), 93-5.

Canning is a technique by which the mushrooms can be stored for a longer period, up to about one year and most of the international trade in mushrooms is done in this form. The effects of canning on the chemical composition of edible mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus,) were investigated. Samples were analyzed for proximate constituents (moisture, fat, crude protein, ash, and carbohydrates) at different time period (Fresh and after 4, 8, 12 months). It was found that value of carbohydrate, fat, protein and ash content decreases gradually but the moisture content increases consequently; though it is the best method of preservation, as mushroom was available in more or less natural form and important for those places where mushrooms are less cultivated. The quality of canned mushroom shows slight retardation in its nutrient content but it is a relevant method to store the mush- room for longer period.

1 illus, 1 table, 17 ref

018212   Anusree T;Abhina C;Lishiba P P;Rasna T V; Varma S;Sinu P A (Animal Science Dep, Central University of Kerala, Padannakad PO-671 314, Email: sinupa@gmail.com) : Flower sex expression in cucurbit crops of Kerala: implications for pollination and fruit set. Curr Sci 2015, 109(12), 2299-2302.

Cucurbits are monoecious in general; the female flowers occur lower than the male flowers in fields. Often farmers are not aware of this type of sex expression, and are concerned about the low fruit set despite `profuse' flowering and abundant pollinators in the crop fields. We assessed flower sex expression during the peak (female) flowering and fruiting period in three widely grown cucurbit crops, Cucurbita maxima, Benincasa hispida and Momordica charantia in a village ecosystem of northern Kerala. Sex expression was male-biased in two species. In M. charantia, 97.65% of the flowers produced were staminate. In this condition, the farmers should ensure that effective pollinators are available in plenty to achieve maximum fruit set from the low number of pistillate flowers. C. maxima produced an average of 75.39% of staminate flowers, which varied across the fields; three fields consistently produced 100% pistillate flowers in all the 14 days of observations. The fruit set in fields with only pistillate flowers is likely to be affected by pollen limitation, rather than pollinator limitation. These fields may require supplementary manual pollination to enhance the fruit set. B. hispida produced more or less equal proportion of staminate and pistillate flowers across the fields and days studied. This kind of information may help the farmers to manage pollination services in their fields as well as to predict a realistic yield.

2 illus, 27 ref

018211   Anju;Ashok Kumar;Lalita (Botany Dep, C.C.S. University, Meerut-250 004) : Effect of rhizobium and heavy metals (iron and copper) on the growth of Vigna mungo (L.). Int J pharm Res Biosci 2015, 4(3), 248-60.

Application of iron and copper in combination with Rhizobium was studied with on the growth of Vigna mungo(L.). The Vigna mungo(L.) seeds were grown in different concentrations (0, 30, 60 and 90ppm) of iron and copper individually in natural conditions. This study has shown that copper and iron metal ions have stimulatory effects on plant growth at low concentration but it turns toxic at high concentrations. The present study concluded that copper and iron ion stress cause alteration in protein contents and nodulation which might have resulted in reduction in seed germination and growth.

5 illus, 5 tables, 34 ref

018210   Ajay Kumar J;Sreeramulu K R;Kushala G (Agricultural Microbiology Dep, University of Agricultural Sciences, G.K.V.K, Bengaluru, Karnataka) : Combined effect of microbial inoculants on the quality of beetroot. Int J Pl Prot 2015, 8(2), 364-7.

Highest total soluble solids (TSS) was observed in the tubers of plants provided with 75 per cent N, P plus 100 per cent K with microbial consortia of Azotobacter chroococcum, Glucanobacter diazotrophicus, Bacillus megaterium and Trichoderma harzianum (T₁₀). The lowest TSS was observed in the tubers of control plants. In general plants treated with combined microbial inoculation showed better plant nutrient uptake than untreated plants. Maximum total uptake of N and P was recorded in the plants provided with 75 per cent N, P plus full dose of K with combined inoculation of Azotobacter chroococcum, Glucanobacter diazotrophicus, Bacillus megaterium and Trichoderma harzianum

1 table, 5 ref

017267   Thakur S D;Kapoor K S;Samant S S (Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation Dep, Himalayan Forest Research Institute, Panthaghati, Shimla-171 009, Email: shalu2006@gmail.com) : Assessment of status and distribution pattern of native and endemic plant species in Trithan Wildlife Sancturay, district Kullu, Himacahal Pradesh. Res Envir Life Sci 2015, 8(3), 507-12.

Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) Inhabitants are largely dependent on the biodiversity, which is one of the major sources of livelihood. The relationship of the people with their immediate environment and natural resources has evolved over a long period based on necessities and experiences. The present study recorded 68.52% native species, 17.48% (27.07% of the natives) near endemics and 2.53% (3.93% of the natives) endemics from Tirthan Wildlife Sanctuary of the total sampled species. Maximum number of native, near endemic and endemic species i.e., 389 spp., 111 spp., and 16 spp., respectively, were recorded in the altitudinal zone 2801-3800m, whereas, maximum non-native species (236) were recorded in the altitudinal zone, 2100m-2800m above msl. In the sampled sites of forest zone, 66.82% species were natives, 17.54% near endemics and 2.40% endemics whereas in the alpine zone, 75.87% species were natives, 26.75% near endemics and 3.07% endemics.). In most of the areas, thepopulation of native and endemic species is decreasing fast due to high anthropogenicpressures. To assess the loss of such unique biodiversity elements, studies on the assessmentand distribution pattern of native and endemic species in general and at habitat andcommunity level in particular are essentially required. The present study has therefore, been conductedon these lines.

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