002346   Jadhavar P B;Papdiwal P B (Botany Dep, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada Univ, Aurangabad-431 004) : Some filamentous algae from Nathsagar water reservoir, Paithan Maharashtra. Bioinfolet 2013, 10(3B), 1010-13.

Filamentous algae from Jayakwadi Bird Sanctuary (Nathsagar water reservoir), Paithan, were investigated from the years 2008 to 2011. Algal samples were collected from 4 locations on southern side of the water body. Thirteen species of filamentous algae belonging to 5 genera viz. Oedogonium,Zygnema,Mougeotia, Zygnemopsis and Debarya have been reported, belonging to families Oedogoniaceae and Zygnemataceae.

1 illus, 11 ref

002345   Hussain M A (Botany Dep, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati Univ, Amravati, Maharashtra-444 602) : In vitro micro-propagation of Anisomeles indica (L) kuntz. Bioinfolet 2013, 10(3B), 1056-9.

Plant regeneration protocol was developed for Anisomeles indica using shoot tip, leaf and nodal explants. Maximum callogenic response for shoot tip, leaf and nodal explants was achieved with the treatment of Kinetin 1.5 mg/l, 2,4-D 1 mg/l, and BAP 1 mg/l + NAA 0.5 mg/l respectively. Maximum shooting response (75.33±0.84) was observed with shoot tip explants at 1.5 mg/l BAP+0.5 mg/l 2,4-D. Maximum rooting response (74.83+0.46) was observed at NAA0.5mg/lit.

1 illus, 3 tables, 5 ref

002344   Haider M R;Khair A;Rahman M M;Alam M K (NO, Bangladesh Forest Research Institute, P.O. Box No-273, Chittagong 4000, Bangladesh, Email: haider_bfri@yahoo.com) : Indigenous management practices of betel-leaf (Piper betle L.) cultivation by the Khasia community in Bangladesh. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2013, 12(2), 231-9.

Khasia community, living within reserve forests of Sylhet division mostly in Moulvibazar district. Traditionally they grow betel-leaf on trees which is different from plain land betel-leaf cultivation. Tree based betel-leaf cultivation is a productive and sustainable agroforestry system. Average farm size is about 1.21 hectares per family. The study recorded 86 support tree species in the farm land. Stocking density in the farm land is 1452 trees per hectare excluding seedlings and saplings, with a wide variety of diameter classes. Artocarpus chama and Areca catechu are the most suitable support tree species for betel-leaf farming. Farmers propagates betel vine through stem cutting. June-August is the optimum time for planting betel vine. Support tree pruning and mulching are essential management practices for betel-leaf farming. Leaf rot and stem rot are two common diseases occur in betel-leaf farm. Male members conduct farm activity and harvesting of betel-leaf and the female members operate betle leaf processing and marketing. The state of the art of betel-leaf cultivation as a viable and sustainable farm, lie in its management practices, a skill of the Khasia community. To extend this farming practice one is to understand its cultivation and management practices.

2 illus, 1 table, 24 ref

002343   Gargya G R (NO, The Energy and Resources Institute, Lodhi Raod, New Delhi-110 003) : Conservation strategies for some lesser known medicinal plants of Uttarakhand. Cheetal 2012, 50(1), 22-9.

Medicinal plants playa significant role in curing various ailments from times immemorial. Many medicinal plants despite their medicinal potential remain inconspicuous. Hindus worship plants in the form of various gods, goddesses and minor deities as part of their religion including some widely used plants. The indigenous knowledge of herbal medicine is gradually disappearing due to lack of written documents and maintenance of proper literatures. Over the past few years, however, the medicinal plants have regained a wide recognition and majority of people in developing countries, and to some extent in developed countries, are using plants for medicinal purposes and this tendency is on the increase especially in the industrialized countries because of either emerging concept of over medication/side effects or ever increasing cost of health care delivering systems.

2 ref

002342   Erdogan E A;Everest A;Kaplan E (Biology Dep, Science and Art Faculty Mersin Univ, Mersin 33343, Email: eliferdogan81@gmail.com) : Antimicrobial activities of aqueous extracts and essential oils of two endemic species from Turkey. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2013, 12(2), 221-4.

Salvia and Ballota species of Lamiaceae have been used in the traditional medicine. Salvia heldreichiana Boiss. Ex Bentham, Ballota saxatilis subsp. brachyodonta Boiss. P. H. Davis & Doroszenko. are endemics, found in Mersin-Hatay-Adana region and to our knowledge their antimicrobial activities never been researched before. Antimicrobial activities of the aqueous extracts (herbal extract) (AE) and essential oils (EO) of two endemic plants were screened again nine human pathogenic bacteria and yeast. Aqueous extracts (AE) and essential oils (EO) of these plants were investigated against four Gram-positive bacteria, three Gram-negative bacteria and two yeast species. Antimicrobial activity were determined by using macrodilution method. The aqueous extracts of the plants showed rather low antimicrobial activity against the studied microorganisms than their essential oils. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values have been changed in the range of 0.78-50 μg/ml. The aqueous extracts and essential oils of Ballota saxatilis subsp. brachyodonta and Salvia heldreichiana possess compounds with antimicrobial effect against pathogen microorganisms. Further studies should be carried out in order to reveal their potential.

2 tables, 21 ref

002341   Desale M K;Bhamare P B;Sawant P S;Patil S R; Kamble S Y (NO, Bharati Vidyapeeth Univ, Pune-30, Email: shyamrao.kamble@bharatividyapeeth.edu) : Medicinal plants used by the rural people of Taluka Purandhar, district Pune, Maharashtra. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2013, 12(2), 334-8.

An ethnobotanical survey of taluka Purandhar was undertaken during 2008-2010. During field visits BhagatlMukhia and other herbal healers were contacted, interviewed and information on 42 plants used as traditional medicine was collected. Further analysis showed that the Vaidu / Bhagat used six species for scabies; four species for diarrhoea; three species each for stomach ache, urinary trouble, teethache, kidney stone, constipation, two species each for skin disease, leucorrhoea, cough & colds, and one species each for arthritis, asthama, fever, etc. It is interesting to note that, for controlling skin diseases, the mode of preparation and administration of drug from plants like Cassia tora, C. fistula, Martynia annua, Amorphophalus commutatus, Calotrupis gigantea, Pongamia pinnata were found to be varying from other reports. The practice of herbalists also showed that efficacy of Ashwagandha and Shatavari is increased by adding Tinospora and Bryonia. Main objective of the study is to collect scattered information on the medicinal plants used by the traditional herbalists in the rural and remote areas of Purandar taluka and analyze whether it is new or varying from earlier reports.

1 illus, 1 table, 12 ref

002340   Deepak (Botany Dep, Rajasthan Univ, Jaipur-382 004, Rajasthan, Email: deepak_bijarniya@rediffmail.com) : Importance of Cuminum cyminum L. and Carum carvi L. in traditional medicaments. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2013, 12(2), 300-7.

Number of Indian spices are used as rejuvenators as well as for treating various disease conditions. They may be tonics, antipyretics, aphrodisiacs, expectorants, hepatoprotectives, antirheumatics, diuretics, etc. Cuminum cyminum and Carum carvi are the sources of cumin and caraway seeds respectively, which have been used since antiquity for the treatment of various indications in traditional healing systems in wide geographical areas. Cumin and caraway seeds are rich sources of essential oils and have been actively researched for their chemical composition and biological activities. However, proper methodologies for the research and development are the need of the day for tapping the full therapeutic potentials of Indian spices. This review highlights the significance of cumin and caraway as potential source of diverse natural products and their medicinal applications.

^iia51 ref

002339   Chettri A;Barik S K (Centre for Advanced Studies in Botany, North-Eastern Hill Univ, Shillong-793 022, Email: sarojkbarik@yahoo.com) : Assessing ethnobotanical value and threat status of Tetrastigma rumicispermum (Lawson) planch, a lesser known liana species of Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve, Sikkim. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2013, 12(2), 339-41.

Paper presents taxonomy, habitat, distribution, threat status and usage pattern of T. rumicispermum (Lawson) Planch., a lesser known liana species. The study was conducted in Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve (KBR). The traditional technique of constructing bamboo bridges using this liana has been reported. The fruit of liana is an important human and wildlife food supplement, and has the potential to feed local people during famine and other natural disasters. The traditional knowledge associated with the use of species can help the local people in better adapting to the natural disasters at local level.

3 illus, 1 table, 4 ref

002338   Chalak S U;Kulkarni S S;Patil S P (NO, National Agricultural Research Project (PZ), Ganeshkhind, Pune-7, Email: sunilchalak@rediffmail.com) : Effect of pruning levels in some red wine grape varieties for yield and quality parameters under Western Maharashtra conditions. Ecol Envir Conserv 2011, 17(1), 61-7.

The effect of five different pruning treatments (4, 6, 8,10 and 12 buds/cane) was studied on six red wine grape cultivars (Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Pinot Noir, Pinot Meunier, Syrah and Grenache). The response of each variety for yield and quality parameters viz., yield/vine, yield/ ha, juice yield/ha and Brix yield was different for different pruning treatments. The acidity was positively correlated with bud number per vine and vise a vise. The TSS, TSS; acid ratio and berry colour were found in desirable treat in severely pruned treatments. However, interaction effect on juice recovery, TSS and pH were non significant.

11 tables, 21 ref

002337   Aher A R;Gadakh S R (Scheme for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Botany Dep, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri-413 722) : Effect of varying levels of nitrogen on qualitative and quantitative traits of Java citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt.) var. bio-13. Bioinfolet 2013, 10(3A), 858-61.

Application of 150 kg N/ha at third cutting (i.e. 12 months after planting) gave highest numerical values for all quantitative traits. However, its application increased geraniol and geranyl acetate while decreased citronellal and citronellal contents.

3 tables, 10 ref

001390   Zarchini M;Hashemabadi D;Negahdar N;Zarchini S (Young Researchers Club, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad Univ, Rasht, Iran) : Improvement seed germination of wild service tree (Sorbus aucoparia L.) by Gibberellic acid. Ann Biol Res 2013, 4(1), 72-4.

In order to evaluation of the effect different levels of gibberellic acid (0, 1000, 2000 and 3000 mg l^-1) on seed germination of Sorbus aucoparia L. a randomized completely design experiment was carried out. In this research germination rate, germination value and germination percentage was recorded. Analysis of variance showed that effect of gibberellic acid on traits was significant (p≤0.05). Results showed that 1000 mg l^-1 gibberellic acid has highest germination rate (15.75 days), germination percentage (50.42%) and germination value (2.45).

14 ref

001389   Wabale A S;Kharde M N;Salunke K J;Gholap D N (Post-graduate Botany Dep, Padmashri Vikhe Patil College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Pravaranagar-413 713, Tal. Rahata, Distt. Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, Email: dranilwabale@rediffmail.com) : Cytological effects of fungicide carbendazm 50% WP. (bavistin) on root meristem of onion (Allium cepa L.). J phytol Res 2012, 25(1), 99-101.

Treatment of onion roots with Bavistin resulted decrease in root growth rate followed by a decrease in accumulation of fresh and dry weight. Roots of control onion bulbs grew well and showed a good length, whereas bulbs treated with Bavistin were shorter than control. The effect of Bavistin on root length was dose dependent. The 2, 3,4 and 5% concentration treatments of Bavistin showed various chromosomal abnormalities in root meristem cells of Allium cepa. The abnormalities increased with increase in concentrations.

1 illus, 10 ref

001388   Vikhe A;Reddy P G (NO, Research Centre in Botany, Padmashri Vikhe Patil College, Pravaranagar-Loni, Dist. Ahmednagar, Maharashtra-413 713) : In virtro efficacy of leaf extracts on the growth and development of Alternaria solani (Ell. Mart.) Jones and Grout. J phytol Res 2012, 25(1), 119-21.

Effect of 25, 50, 75 and 100% concentration of leaf extracts of Polyalthia longifolia, Vitex negundo and Withania samnifera on the growth of Alternaria solani was evaluated in vitro. All the extracts significantly inhibited the growth of the test organism. The extract of W. somnifera showed highest fungistatic activity while that of V. negundo showed the lowest activity. The percent inhibition was directly proportional to the concentration of the extract.

1 table, 27 ref

001387   Verma K S;Jar S;Dey M (Aeroallergens Immunology and Angisperm's Diversity Laboratory Post-Gra, R.D. Univ, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, Email: karunaverma@gmail.com) : Comparative analysis of house dust Mycoflora and Aeromycoflora in relation to human health. J phytol Res 2012, 25(1), 61-4.

The aim of the present study was to assess the comparative analysis of dust mycoflora and aeromycoflora at home and at workplace in Jabalpur (M.P.)- The trapped airspora was studied using Anderson two stage sampler and to screen dustmycoflora, serial dilution method was employed and PDA (potato dextrose agar) media used for isolation and preservation of fungal flora. As a result of this investigation altogether 24 types of fungal cultures were isolated using Anderson two stage sampler, which belongs to 12 different fungal genera. Out of these 12 genera, 10 genera belong to Deuteromycotina and 2 to Zygomycotina and Total 18 fungal isolates were recorded belonging to different genera. Out of 18, three species belong to Zygomycotina and remaining 14 belong to Deuteromycotina per gram dust in 10^-2 dilution. Aspergillus niger was most dominant in all fungal forms and occurred with 363.59 CFU/m³, followed by Penicillium nigricans 310.64 CFU/m³, Altemeria alternata 289.46 CFU/m³ and Penicillium sp. 229.45 CFU/m³. and the most common genera isolated from the dust of home/occupational area are Aspergillus and Penicillium respectively. Aspergillus clavatus and Penicillium chrysogenum found in dust, was not present in air.

2 tables, 18 ref

001386   Swapna T S;Nair A G;Pradeesh S (Botany Dep, College Univ, Thiruvananthapuram-695 034, Email: swapnats@yahoo.com) : Nutritional and antioxidant potential of green leafy vegetable. J phytol Res 2012, 25(1), 23-30.

Leafy green vegetables are potentially valuble and being rich in nutrients and dietary fiber, intake of these leafy vegetables should be ensured Hence, nutritional and anttoxidant potential of green leafy vegetables has been reviewed in this communication.

^iia84 ref

001385   Singh V J;Sharma S D;Pramod Kumar;Bhardwaj S K (Fruit Science Dep, Dr Y S Parmar Horticulture & Forestry Univ, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh-173 230, Email: pk43sharma@yahoo.co.in) : Effect of bio-organic nutrient sources to improve leaf nutrient status in apricot. Indian J Hort 2012, 69(1), 45-9.

Present study was carried out on 20-year-old 'New Castle' apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) trees grown in Shiwalik hill range of north-western Himalayan region of India. The conjoint efficacy of bio-organics used along with chemical fertilizers for improving leaf nutrient content. Bio-organic nutrient sources namely, vermi-compost (VC), bio-fertilizer (BF), cow urine (CU) and two levels of NPK fertilizers, i.e. 75 and 50% of recommended dose were evaluated in 13 different treatment combinations. The conjoint treatment application of bio-fertilizer- 60 g tree^-1, vermi-compost- 30 kg tree^-1, cow urine -12.5% as foliar application and 50% NPK significantly improved total N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn contents of leaf and was significantly increased by 30.4,109.5, 31.6, 33.5, 65.7, 34.6, 71.9, 47.5 and 31.3%, respectively over control (traditional orchard practice). The study inferred a saving of 50% of NPK fertilizers over the traditional orchard practice being followed in the region.

2 tables, 6 ref

001384   Singh S;Tyagi S;Prasad D (Botany Dep, M.M.H. College, Ghaziabad-201 001, Email: ss.sunaina@rediffmail.com) : Nematode-fungal disease complex involving Rotylenchulus reniformis and Macrophomina phaseolina on Helianthus annuus. Ann Pl Prot Sci 2012, 20(2), 434-6.

Maximum reduction in plant growth characters was observed when nematode inoculated one week before the fungus. The intensity of charcoal rot increased considerably when nematode occurred simultaneously with the fungi (89.8%) or the nematode was inoculated one week prior to fungus (93.7%). Nematode population was found maximum when inoculated together or one week prior to fungus because of earlier establishment of nematode before fungus could cause appreciable damage. In general, fungi caused considerable reduction in nematode population.

1 illus, 1 table, 8 ref

001383   Singh A V;Chanu A S;Soibam H (Botany Dep, Rajiv Gandhi Univ, Rono Hills, Itanagar-791 112, Email: helen_soibamuhf@yahoo.co.in) : Ancient art of alcoholic fermentation, its importance at present and future prospects. J phytol Res 2012, 25(1), 15-22.

Alcohol fermentation technology is an ancient art discovered accidentally and later continued in knowing more of the technology and eventually of its importance in many ways as a beverage, in medicine etc. It becomes a part of human culture an indispensable component of many of the ceremonies, rituals, rites and festivities. The knowledge have been descended through generations among the communities in their respective ways and become a part of their civilization. Finding of the alternative raw materials such as rice, cane, beet, apple, guava, and palm etc. other than grape in making of wine, reduces the possible post-harvest loss. It is becoming a good source of revenue at household, state and national levels. Ethanol production and using as bio-fuel is the only promising solutions at present, until a better and permanent solution is innovated. '

^iia63 ref

001382   Shitole D M;Jite P K (Botany Dep, Pune Univ, Pune-411 007) : Testing of efficacy of different fungicides as a solo and tank mix application for the management of early blight of tomato. Pestology 2012, 36(3), 45-9.

Efficacy of different fungicides belonging to various groups such as new generation Strobilurins (Kresoxim methyl 44.3% SC, Azoxystrobin 23% SC), Triazoles (Hexaconazole 5% SC, Difenoconazole 25% EC), Dithiocarbamates (Mancozeb 75% WP), Heterocyclic ring compound (Captan 50% WP) and Chloronitile (Chlorothalonil 75% WP) was evaluated for the management of early blight of tomato at Wadgaon Gehnand, Pune during Kharif 2008 season. The results indicated that tank mix application of Kresoxim methyl + Chlorothalonil, Kresoxim methyl + Captan, Azoxystrobin + Chlorothalonil and Azoxystrobin + Captan at 0.075+0.2%, solo application of Kresoxim methyl (Ergon) and Hexaconazole + Captan at 0.1% were noticed to be the most effective and at par treatments in minimizing the early blight incidence and intensity. Also all these fungicide treatments were observed superior to standard checks. Thus, the present investigation revealed that these fungicides can be effectively used for the management of early blight of tomato.

1 table, 12 ref

001381   Shashi Kant;Yadav S (Botany Dep, Government Post-Graduate College Obra Sonebhadra, Uttar Pradesh) : Medicinal plants used by Gond tribe of Jaunpur district, Uttar Pradesh, India. J phytol Res 2012, 25(1), 109-11.

Extensive survey was made in Jaunpur district of Uttar Pradesh, India, for the medicinal flora used by Gond tribe. The medicinal uses of 32 important plant species by these tribal people based on the field survey have been reported with a view to demonstrate the richness of floral diversity of the area and also the indigenous knowledge of the people of that area.

13 ref

001380   Sharma S K (NO, Dr YS Parmar Horticulture and Forestry Univ, Regional Horticultural an, Bhota/Neri, P.O. Khagal, Hamirpur-177 001, Email: shashi_uhf@yahoo.com) : Visualizing frost/freeze damage in subtropical fruit species. Indian J Hort 2012, 69(1), 27-32.

Frost is devastating, especially in the northern Sub-Himalayas and adjoining plains. Extent of damage usually comes into knowledge of the growers when winters are over. Early damage assessing techniques are rare and costly. Regional Horticultural and Forestry Research Station, Bhota/Neri, Himachal Pradesh has conducted studies for standardization of technique for visualization of frost or freeze damage through a cheap and reliable method. It has been observed that drying and rehydration method for visualizing the frost induced damage to the leaves has given excellent visual clarity and reproducibility. The method was compared to the relative ion leakage method (REL) and thereby its acceptance was confirmed. The relative susceptibility of different subtropical species worked out on the basis of this new method has been presented and was found in the close proximity with susceptibility level of these species observed under natural frost conditions.

2 tables, 17 ref

001379   Sharma K;Singh T (Botany Dep, Rajasthan Univ, Jaipur-302 004, Rajasthan) : Survey and detection of seed borne mycoflora of green gram in Rajasthan. J phytol Res 2012, 25(1), 117-8.

118 moong seed samples collected from Rajasthan revealed asymptomatic and symptomatic seeds. Symptomatic seeds showed various disorders and were classified into different categories. On incubation these seeds yielded a number of pathogenic as well as saprophytic fungi. A particular discoloration appeared to be caused by particular pathogen/fungi. Seeds with microsclerotia and white crust carried infection of Rhizoctania bataticola and Fusarium oxysporum, respectively. Brown and black discolored seeds revealed Alternaria species. Aspergillus species was obtained from mouldy seeds.

1 table, 6 ref

001378   Sattar M H A;Ibrahim A R Y;Aulaqi W A (Plant Protection Section, El Kod Agricultural Research Station (AREA), Abyan Governorate, Republic of Yemen, Email: ghassanms007@yahoo.com) : Occurrence of false smut on date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) in the Southern coastal plains of Yemen. J appl Hort 2012, 14(2), 144-5.

Twelve date palm cultivars were evaluated for field resistance to Graphiola leaf spot caused by Graphiola phaenicis (Moug) Poit. The disease incidence and number of sori were compared on both surface of leaf, pinnae position on leaves and plant age. Cultivars, Gizaz, Tha'al and Khodari showed negligable infection and fewer number of sori on the leaf surface and rachis. Symptom of disease was absent on leaves and rachis in cultivar Sagaee. These cultivars differed significantly from susceptible cultivars viz., Shahree, Soqotree and Khalas (P- 0.01). Abundant distribution of sori caused a drastic reduction of the leaf area covered by the fungus. Adaxial leaf surface trapped more number of sporidia and significant differences were detected among test cultivars (P=0.05). The temperature ranging between 32-38° C in summer and humidity accompanied by heavy dew in the night and early morning favored the development of infection. Correlation of age of cultivar "Shahree" and disease incidence revealed that older trees are more susceptible to disease.

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001377   Saravanan L;Chaudhary V (NO, Directorate of Oil Palm Research, Pedavegi-534 450, Email: laxmansaravan@rediffmail.com) : Biology and seasonal activity of semilooper, Dichromia orosia (Cramer) (lepidoptera:noctuidae) on anthmool, Tylophora asthmatica Wight and Arn.. J appl Hort 2012, 14(2), 134-43.

Dichromia orosia (Cramer), a near monophagus pest was observed to cause severe defoliation to its host plant, anthmool (Tylophora asthmatica Wight and Arn.), an important medicinal plant used in Ayurvedic formulations to treat asthma world over. Biology and seasonal activity of the pest was studied during 2009-10 at Anand, Gujarat. Though incidence was observed throughout the year, however, the pest activity was more during July, August, December, January and February months. The pest completed its life cycle in 24.53±0.40 days (Eggs 3-4, larvae 10-14 and pupae 6-7 days). The longevity of the male and female was 15.70±0.68 and 19.70±0.42 days, respectively. Each female laid an average of 178.5± 17.66 eggs, mostly on the under surface of the leaves in 12.20±0.49 days of oviposition period. The larvae developed through five instars in 12.9±0.35 days and pupal period lasted for about 6.8±0.11 days. Correlation of peak pest population periods with corresponding and previous Standard Meteorological Weeks (SMW) revealed that prevalence of maximum temperature (27.5-30.2°C) mean temperature 29.31 "C, high RH and low rainfall recorded in increase of larval population.

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001376   Saberi M;Davari A;Tarnian F;Shahreki M; Shahreki E (NO, Faculty of Natural Resources Zabol Univ, Iran) : Allelopathic effects of Eucalyptus camaldulensis on seed germination and initial growth of four range species. Ann Biol Res 2013, 4(1), 152-9.

This research was carried out to study allelopathic effect of aerial and underground part of Eucalyptus camaldulensis on germination and early growth seedling of Vicia villosa, Onobrychis sativa, Festuca arundinacea and Trifolium rigidom. The extraction was provided from aerial and underground part of Eucalyptus camaldulensis. Different concentrations of this species (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) was provided by adding distilled water. Then completely randomized design with five treatments and four replications was used to analyze the data. Results indicated that there were significant differences among all traits (germination percentage, germination speed, root length, shoot length, plant length and seed vigor index) except for germination percentage in Vicia villosa (P<60>0.01). Means Comparison indicated germination percentage and speed and primary growth indices decreased by increasing of extract concentration. The highest germination percentage and speed, length of radical and plumule and seed vigority were belonged to control treatment and the lowest length belonged to 100% extraction. Germination and early seedling growth of 4 species were reduced significantly by increase of extract concentration so that Onobrychis sativa and Trifolium rigidom indicated more sensitive to allelopathic effect of Eucalyptus camaldulensis.

26 ref

001375   Quamar M F;Chauhan M S (NO, Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow-226 007, Email: quamar_bot@yahoo.co.in ) : Pollen analysis of spider webs from Khedla village, Betul district, Madhya Pradesh. Curr Sci 2012, 101(12), 1586-92.

Pollen analysis of spider-web samples collected from the open mixed tropical teak (Tectona grandis)-dominating deciduous forests and the nearby areas of Khedla village, Betul District, Madhya Pradesh throws light on the interplay between the extant vegetation and pollen rain. The study revealed the dominance of pollen of trees and herbs, whereas shrubs, fern spores and algal remains are meagre. Amongst the trees, Madhuca indica, Holoptelea, Lannea coro-mandelica, Emblica officinalis and Aegle mermelos are dominating with fair presence of Schleichera oleosa, Syzygium, Grewia, Sapotaceae, Flacourtia, Anacardi-aceae and Acacia. However, the rest of the forest constituents are not represented in good frequencies despite their frequent presence in the floristics, which could be attributed to their low pollen productivity as well as poor and differential pollen preservation. On the other hand, the ground vegetation is represented by the good number of Tubuliflorae, Poaceae, Cheno/Am, Caryophyllaceae, Xanthium, Capsicum frutescens and Brassicaceae. However, exceptional high frequencies of Lamiaceae cf. Pogostemon and Hyptis, and Asteraceae (Tubuliflorae cf. Blumea and Eclipta) in almost all the samples have been noticed, except SW-4. Ferns which occur abundantly along the adjoining stream banks, are marked by the sporadic retrieval of trilete spores that could be ascribed to the prevailing damp condition around the sampling provenance. The study could also be helpful in evaluating the aller-genicity of different pollen grains/spores in the area of investigation, causing asthma, hay fever, dermatitis and other disorders.

5 illus, 13 ref

001374   Preetpal Kaur;Bains N S (Plant Tissue and Biotechnology Lab, P.G. Botany Dep, Govt. Dungar College, Bikaner, Rajasthan, Email: preet_22march@yahoo.co.in) : Endogenous level of ascorbic acid in plant parts and callus tissues at maximum growth index of some halophytes of Western Rajasthan. J phytol Res 2012, 25(1), 71-4.

Vitamin C or ascorbic acid is a water soluble vitamin found virtually in every living tissue of plants and animals. Tissue cultures of Haloxylon salicomicum, Haloxylon recurvum and Salsola baryosma were established from mature plants and maintained on MS medium supplemented with various concentrations and combinations of plant growth regulators for 12-18 months by frequent sub-culturing after 4-6 weeks. The tissues were harvested at 2,4,6, 8 and 10 weeks and growth indices (GI) were calculated. The maximum growth index (GI) was observed at 8 week stage. A comparative study on endogenous ascorbic acid content of plants parts and their callus cultures was conducted through a spectrophotometric method. The result revealed appreciable differences among the different plants H. recurvum, H. salicomicum and 5. baryosma. The callus tissues showed higher amount of ascorbic acid as compared to their respective plant parts except H. recurvum which had maximum ascorbic acid in its shoot (97.63 mg/g.d.w.).

5 illus, 2 tables, 20 ref

001373   Pawar B T;Papdiwal P B (Botany Dep, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada Univ, Aurangabad-431 004) : Antibacterial activity of some stem extracts against Xanthomonas campestris PV. Mangifera eindicae. J phytol Res 2012, 25(1), 75-6.

Mango bacterial canker disease (MBCD) caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae (Xcmi) is one of the important diseases of mango affecting a number of commercial cultivars. The pathogen affects different plant parts like leaf, stem and fruit. Favorable environmental conditions cause severe loss to the crop. The in vitro studies have been performed by using cup-plate method to examine the antibacterial activity of some stem extracts. Stem extracts of 5 plants were screened against 11 strains of Xcmi. Out of 5 stern extracts, 3 stem extracts showed antibacterial activity. The stem extract of Terminalia muelleri showed maximum activity; while Azadirachta indica showed minimum antibacterial activity against the Xcmi strains under investigation.

3 illus, 1 table, 37 ref

001372   Naik M;Indira P (Zoology Dep, Acharya Nagarjuna Univ, Guntur-522 510, Email: jagadish100naik@gmail.com) : Enzyme activity in silkworm, Bombyx mori L. fed with thrips (Pseudodendrothrips mori) NIWA infested mulberry leaves. Uttar Pradesh J Zool 2012, 32(1), 9-15.

In mulberry, thrips is a dominant pest and causing a lot of damage to the mulberry. The effect of pest infected mulberry leaf feeding with Silkworm and role of enzyme activity in Silk worm have been studied. For the study, good healthy leaf without thrips infestation batch and infested with thrips leaves were fed to cross breed Silkworm (CSR2 Bivoltine hybrid). SDH, LDH and GDH activities were estimated in haemolymph and fat bodies of the silkworm. The SDH and LDH activity gradually increased, this increase however was significant (P<62>0.05). The GDH activity decreased in both the tissues from day 4 to day 6 when fed with infested mulberry to silkworm. The results indicate that thrips infected mulberry feed has adverse effect on silkworm rearing and Moreover, overall improvement was not noticed in thrips infected leaves fed batch. This can sturdily suggest that thrips infested mulberry leaves cannot be effectively utilized for the silkworm rearing in acute shortage of healthy mulberry leaves.

3 tables, 24 ref

001371   Nadukeri S;Kolakar S;Nandani T A (NO, College of Horticulture, Mudigere, Chikkamagaluru Dist., Karnataka-577 132) : Ginseng "king of herbs". Indian J Arecanut Spices med Pl 2012, 14(2), 8-13.

3 illus, 9 ref

001370   Muthu Kumar S;Ponnuswami V;Padmadevi K;Priya R (NO, Horticultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural, Periyakulam-625 604) : Healing power of garlic. Indian J Arecanut Spices med Pl 2012, 14(1), 9-11.

2 illus

001369   Mishra N;Prakash A;Patil P;Singh R (Biotechnology Dep, Barkatullah Univ, Bhopal, Email: mishra.nagendra@gmail.com) : Ethnoveterinary medicine of Betul district Madhya Pradesh. Int J agric biol Res 2012, 28(2), 166-70.

Ethno veterinary medicine in the form of plant based, were obtained and maintained from Betul district of M.P.. India. These, are useful as a folk-lure for animals.

1 table, 6 ref

001368   Mathew G;Mathew S;Skaria B P;Joseph A (NO, Aromatic and Medicinal Plants Research Station, Kerala Agriculture Un, Odakkali, Asamannoor Post-683 549, Perumbavoor, Ernakulam District, Kerala) : Tips for yield and quality improvement of medicinal leadwort (Plumbago indica Linn.), the Agni plant. Indian J Arecanut Spices med Pl 2012, 14(2), 27-32.

6 illus, 3 tables, 6 ref

001367   Mahesh Babu;Khan N B (NO, Govt. (P.G.) College, Bisalpur, Pilibhit) : Effect of rhizosphere fungi on the nodule number, shoot and root length of Vicia faba Linn.. J phytol Res 2012, 25(1), 115-6.

Effect of rhizosphere fungi on the nodule number, shoot and root length was studied. Almost all the tested fungi reduced the number of nodule, shoot and root length.

1 table, 11 ref

001366   Madani M;Akhiani A;Damadzadeh M;Kheiri A (Soil Science Dep, Manitoba Univ, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, Email: madanims@cc.umanitoba.ca) : Resistance evaluation of the pistachio rootstocks to Meloidogyne species in Iran. J appl Hort 2012, 14(2), 134-8.

Pistachio (Pistacia vera) is a edible nut native to Iran, the country that ranks first in worldwide pistachio production. Root-knot nematodes (RKN), Meloidogyne species, are among the most important pathogens that restrict the cultivation of pistachio in Iran. The objective of this study was to evaluate resistance of native pistachio rootstocks for resistance to isolates of M. incognita. Greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine the reaction of eleven cultivars of P. vera and six accessions of wild pistachio viz P. mutica, P. khinjuk, P. terebintus, P. atlantica, P. atlantica sub sp mutica and P. atlantica sub sp cabilica, against five selected populations of RKN. Meloidogyne incognita and M.javanica were identified based on the morphological characters, and esterase isozyme phenotype. Resistance was characterized based on root gall and egg mass indices and nematode reproduction. Resistance to M. incognita was detected among the cultivars and wild accessions of pistachio. There was a significant interaction among nematode populations and host genotypes, suggesting the presence of virulent pathotypes among the M. incognita isolates. These data suggest that it will be possible to development cultivars with resistance as a means of suppressing damage to pistachio that is caused by RKN.

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001365   Lubaina A S;Murugan K (Plant Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory Botany Dep, College Univ, Thiruvananthapuram-695 034) : Cell wall changes and H<. J phytol Res 2012, 25(1), 39-45.

Alternaria leaf spot disease of sesame caused by Altenaria sesami, which appear mainly on leaf blades as small, brown, round to irregular spots leads to loss of yield of Sesamum indicum L. in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The aim of this study was to investigate the cell wall changes and H⁺ATPase activity of sesame against the invading pathogen A. sesami. The inter and intra cellularly spreading hyphae and its colonization results in marked alterations in the host tissues, including disorganization of cytoplasm, cell organelles and disintegration of cell walls and collapse of host cells. The degradation of cell wall components suggests that the pathogen may secrete cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs) such as cellulases, xylanases and pectinases during infection and subsequently its spreading in the sesame leaf tissues. Fungal infection affects decreased growth rate, membrane stability and also the photosynthetic pigments in the host. The K⁺ efflux was stimulated with infection. Correspondingly, the infection produced a reduction in the content of pectin and cellulose fraction of leaves. On the other hand, the hemicellulose and lignin contents were stimulated. H⁺ ATPase activity showed a decline in the infected cells suggesting the impairment of transportation of nutrients in the affected cells. Further studies are warranted to trace the oxidative burst and hypersensitive reaction in the host cells due to the sesame fungal interaction.

9 illus, 2 tables, 29 ref

001364   Liu W;Yang M;Liang H (College of Life Sciences, Zhongkai Agriculture and Engineering Univ, Guangzhou, China, Email: lhofice@yahoo.com.cn) : Observations on leaf morphology of male and female Actinidia chinensis plants. J appl Hort 2012, 14(1), 25-8.

Differences of leaf morphology between male and female plants of Actinidia chinensis were observed by means of microscopic and scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations. The experimental results showed that ratios of guard cell length to width were significantly different between male and female plants, which were greater than 3 in male plants and lower than 3 in female plants. Leaf shapes and petiole appearance were slightly different among different cultivars, however, the special parameter related to gender could not be found. Male seedlings and female seedlings germinated from seeds in the same fruit could be identified according to ratio of guard cell length to width. It is suggested that ratio of guard cell length to width may be used as a good marker to distinguish male plants from female plants in A. chinensis.

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001363   Kwape T E;Chaturvedi P (Biological Sciences Dep, Faculty of Science, Botswana Univ, Botswana, Email: kwapet@mopipi.ub.bw) : Hepatoprotective effects of water decoction of root of Ziziphus mucronata against dimethoate induced hepatotoxicity. J appl Zool Res 2011, 22(1), 71-8.

Hepatoprotective effect of Ziziphus mucronata root water decoction (ZMRW) was tested in mate albino rats that developed hepatic damage due to administration of dimethoate (6mg/kg,bw) for 30 days. Rats were divided in to experimental groups (E1.E2) administered mixture of 3.5 ml/kg.bw + 6 mg/kg.bw dimethoate and 7 ml/kg.bw + 6mg/kg.bw respectively. Controls (Normal control (NC) administered distilled water, (Dimethoate control (DC) administered 6 mg/kg.bw dimethoate and EO group administered 7 ml/kg.bw of ZMRW only. At the end of the experiment rats were bled to assay thiobabarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), reduced glutathione (RG), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). The Ziziphus mucronata water decoction reduced the levels of TBARS, SGOT, and SGPT indicating possible recovery of the liver. The ZMRW may have possibly taken over and scavenged free radical by itself as depicted by the suppression and decline in SOD, CAT and GSH activities. Administration of 7ml/kg.bw ZMRW only resulted in no apparent changes in the levels of the assays when compared to normal control, suggesting no toxic effects on the liver by the extract.

6 illus, 15 ref

001362   Kumawat D A;Patil J (Research Centre, Botany Dep, Dhanaji Nana Mahavidyalaya, Faizapur-425 503, Email: drkumawatbot2011@gmail.com) : Some chlorococcalean algae from Tapi river of Jalgaon district, Maharashtra, India. J phytol Res 2012, 25(1), 31-7.

Tapi is one of the main and perennial river in Jalgaon district. The river flows for about 307 km in Maharashtra State, of which approximately 140 km length is in Jalgaon district. Twenty three taxa of Chlorococcales were collected during Sept. 2007-Dec. 2010. Of these 21 taxa belonging to genus CharaciumA. Braunex. Kuets. (Characium acuminatum, C. ambiguum, C. anophelesi, C. angustum, C. apiculatum, C. braunii, C. bulbosum, C. cucurbitinum, C. cylindricum, C. debaryanum, C. end forme, C. gracilipes, C. hookeri, C. indicum, C. lanceolatum, C. nasutum, C. obtusum, C. orissicum, C. pringsheimii, C. rostratum, F. minor f. nova and C. sieboldii,), one taxon belonging to genus Characiosiphon lyengar (Characiosiphon rivularis var. obtusum var. nova) and one taxon is to genus Rhopalosolen Fott (Rhopalosolen saccatus). Out of 23 taxa Characium bulbosum, C. cucurbitinum, C. lanceolatum, C. pringsheimii C. sieboldii, and Rhopalosolen saccatus are new to India. Two new taxa such as Characium rostratum f. minor forma nova and Characiosiphon rivularis var. obtusum variety novo are proposed. An illustrated detailed account has been given for the new species and new records for India and rest of the taxa only brief taxonomic notes are given.

3 illus, 33 ref

001361   Kennedy R R (NO, Floriculture Research Station, Thovalai, kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu) : Recent trends in clove production. Indian J Arecanut Spices med Pl 2012, 14(2), 14-26.

2 illus, 1 table, ref

001360   Kanherkar S H (Botany Dep, Y.C. Arts & Science Mahavidyalaya, Mangrulpir, Dist. Washim-444 403) : Evaluation of biocontrol agents against Colletotrichum gossypii causing an anthracnose of Cotton. J phytol Res 2012, 25(1), 83-4.

Total of five isolates of antagonistic fungi viz. Aspergillus niger, A.flavus, Trichoderma viride, T.harzianum and Penicllium oxalicum were tested for antagonism against Colletotrichum gossypii causing anthracnose of cotton by dual culture method. Isolates varied in growth rate and efficacy to inhibit the growth of the pathogen. There was little difference among the isolates in causing inhibition of the pathogen after 3rd day of incubation in dual culture, but significant difference appeared on 5* day of incubation. Fast growing isolates were better than slow growing isolates inhibiting the growth of the pathogen in dual culture. Among the isolates Trichoderma viride and T. harzianum found to be most promising antagonist inhibiting mycelial growth of the pathogen since 3rd day of incubation.

1 table, 7 ref

001359   Kamble V R;Mulani R M (Botany Dep, Bhavan's College, Andheri (West), Mumbai, Maharashtra) : Assessment of some coastal psammophytes for AM fungal association. Ann Biol Res 2013, 4(1), 7-11.

Deals with assessment of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) Fungal association in some psammophytes from a sandy beach at Murud Dapoli in Maharashtra which is under great pressure of anthropogenic activities like tourism and is accelerating sand erosion effect vigorously. Results obtained suggest that Fabaceae members (Crotalaria retusa L, Crotalaria vericosa L. and Derris trifoliata Lour.) were found as dominated AM Fungi associating psamophytes. While Pandanus fascicularis Lam. along the beach areas was encountered with highest percentage colonization.

36 ref

001358   Joymati Devi L;Christina Devi K;Ronibala Devi K (Zoology Dep, Nematology Laboratory D.M. College of Science, Meghalaya-795 001, Email: drjoymatidevi@gmail.com) : Effect of oil extracts of medicinal plants against root knot nematodes. Ann Pl Prot Sci 2012, 20(2), 452-5.

Among 31 essential oils, Xylosma longifolia oil extract was found to have the most inhibitory effect, egg hatching and larval mortality on followed by Acorus calamus and Vitex negundo extracts within 12 hrs of exposing period in X. longifolia at 10%. Egg hatching rate was found inversely proportional with concentration and directly with the exposure periods. Whereas mortality rate was directly proportional with concentration of extracts as well as exposure periods.

1 table, 6 ref

001357   Joymati Devi L;Christina Devi K;Ronibala Devi K (Zoology Dep, Nematology Laboratory, D.M. College of Science, Imphal-795 001, Email: drjoymatidevi@gmail.com) : Effect of essential oil extract of medicinal plants against root knot nematode on kidney bean. Ann Pl Prot Sci 2012, 20(2), 441-3.

Oil extracts of Vitex negundo, Solarium xanthocarpum, Adhatoda vasica, Centella asiatica and Jatropha curcas were tested as seed soaking on Kidney bean against root knot nematode. The seeds were soaked in 100 ppm concentration for 24 hours and plants treated with essential oil extract of Adhatoda vasica showed improvement in plant growth and reduction in diseases incidence when compared with other treated plants. Essential oil extracts of Solarium xanthocarpum was found least effective.

3 illus, 2 tables, 9 ref

001356   Jabeen N;Afroza B;Khan S H;Makhdoomi M I (Vegetable Science Div, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar-191 121, Jammu & Kashmir) : Kashmiri Chilli- a gold mine. Indian J Arecanut Spices med Pl 2012, 14(2), 33-6.

5 illus, 3 ref

001355   Hegde K;Satyanarayana D;Joshi A B (Pharmacology Dep, Srinivas College of Pharmacy, Valachil, Post- Parangepete, Mangalore-574 143) : Phytochemical investigation of root extract of the plant Carissa spinarum. RGUHS J pharm Sci 2012, 2(1), 55-9.

From the petroleum ether extract of the roots of Carissa spinarum Linn. (Apocynaceae), six compounds namely stigmasterol, ursolic acid, lupeol, campesterol, 17-hydroxy-11-oxo-nor-p-amyrone and urs-12-ene-3β, 22β-diol-17-carboxylic acid have been isolated by column chromatography. Their structures were characterized by m.p., IR, ¹HNMR, ¹³CNMR and mass spectral data. However, the compounds stigmasterol, campesterol, 17-hydroxy-11 -oxo-nor-β-amyrone and urs-12-ene-3β, 22β-diol-17-carboxylic acid were reported for the first time from the root of this plant.

1 illus, 20 ref

001354   Harane S S;Papdiwal P B (Botany Dep, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada Univ, Aurangabad-431 004, Email: pbpapdiwal@yahoo.co.in) : Physiology of storage fungi of some medicinal seeds: IV-production of amylase. J phytol Res 2012, 25(1), 69-70.

Production of amylase by storage fungi of 9 medicinal seeds was investigated. These fungi were Aspergillus carbonarius, A. flaws, A. niger, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium corylophilum, Pythium indigoferae and Rhizopus oryzae. The 8 storage fungi were cultivated in glucose nitrate and starch nitrate liquid medium and the culture filtrates exhibited the macerating enzyme activity; indicating thereby that the enzyme production was adaptive in nature.

1 table, 11 ref

001353   Hamideh J;Hejazi S M H;Babayev M S (Genetic Dep, Baku State Univ, Azerbaijan) : Comparison of karyotypic triats of Thymus species in Iran. Ann Biol Res 2013, 4(1), 199-208.

Twelve accessions of thyme medicinal plant belonging to Iranian species of thymus pubescens, T. carmanicus, T. fallax, T. kotschyanus and T. daenensis were studied in aspect of cytogenetical marker. Root tips were examined for karyological studies. Two ploidy levels (diploid and tetraploid) and two chromosome numbers (30, 60) were recognized. Type of chromosomes in all of populations were metacentric (m), and located in 1A except for T. kotschyanus-2(Qom-Karamjegan) with 6sm+24m karyotype formula and 2B stebbins classes. The size of mitotic chromosomes was very small and the mean length of total chromosome varied 0.849 μm in T daenensis-3(Isfahan) to 1.626 μm in T. kotschyanus-2(Qom-Karamjegan). In addition, T. kotschyanus-2 with the highest of A₁ and A₂ (interachromosomal and interchromosal asymmetry index) had karyotype heterogeneity. The results of principal components analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (Ward) separated all of populations based on ploidy levels and karyotypic traits.

38 ref

001352   Gill J;Dhillon W S;Gill P P S;Navprem Singh (Fruit and Environmental Sciences Dep, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Florida Univ, Gainesville) : Fruit set and quality improvement studies on semi-soft pear cv. Punjab beauty. Indian J Hort 2012, 69(1), 39-44.

To improve fruit set in pear cv. Punjab Beauty, some chemicals like GA₃ (10, 20 and 30 ppm), sucrose (5, 10 arid 15%) and boric acid (100,200 and 300 ppm) were sprayed at two stages; full bloom and petal fall. Fruit set was significantly improved by 4.16% with sucrose (15%) and 3.43% with GA₃ (20 ppm) as compared to control. It was higher when these chemicals were sprayed at full bloom stage. However, fruit retention at fruit harvest stage was better with GA₃ 20 ppm followed by sugar 15 per cent. The same treatments also improved fruit yield significantly by 55.15 and 48.58%, respectively over control. Application of GA₃ at 20 ppm reduced the seed number in fruits by 61 per cent over control. All the treatments improved fruit quality in terms of higher TSS and reduced acidity over control. Treatments GA₃ 20 ppm and sucrose 15 per cent applied at given at full bloom stage proved efficient in improving fruit set and increasing fruit yield.

4 tables, 15 ref

001351   Gehlot P (Botany Dep, Maharshi Dayanand Saraswati Univ, Ajmer-305 001) : Biological effect of sodium azide on Prosopis cineraria L. druce in vivo and in vitro. J phytol Res 2012, 25(1), 95-8.

Biological effect of sodium azide, a chemical mutagen on intact plants and unorganized cultures of Prosopis cineraria L. Druce was studied. The effect of these treatments were evaluated by considering various aspect of growth index (GI) primary and secondary metabolic contents. Unorganised cultures were initiated from hypocotyl and maintained on MS medium supplemented with different hormones. Plants and callus treated with sodum azide caused diminutive effect on primary and secondary metabolite production, however some positive implications were also noticed during the investigation.

2 tables, 15 ref