005406   Parihar P;Parihar L (Dep of Microbiol the Biotechnol, Dr. Tanveer Malawat Coll of Biosci, Bikaner-334 003, Email: pradeepparihar2002@yahoo.com) : Some pteridophytes of medicinal importance from Rajasthan. Nat Prod Radiance 2006, 5(4), 297-301.

Pteridophytes (fern and fern allies) by virtue of their possessing great variety and fascinating foliage have drawn the attention and admiration of horticulturists and plant lovers for centuries. They are represented by about 305 genera, comprising more than 10,000 species all over the world. About 191 genera and more than 1000 species are reported from India. Medicinal value of pteridophytes is known to man for more than 2000 years. In the article an attempt has been made to compile the pharmacological, clinical and medicinal uses of some common pteridophytes available in Rajasthan. This group of plants has least been exploited for the medicinal purpose, hence, this article may be useful for further exploration of ferns and fern allies found in this area.

1 illus, 22 ref

005405   Padmanabha B;Belagali S L (Dep of Stud in Envir Sci, Univ of Mysore, Mysore-570 006) : Comparative study on the length weight relationship and condition factor of fish Cirrhinus mrigala in the 2 lakes of Mysore. Indian J envir Prot 2006, 26(7), 634-6.

Total 60 specimens of Cirrhinus mrigala were studied during 3 seasons of a year 2004-2005 from 2 lakes in Mysore city. The length and weight relationship was estimated by using the cube law. The departure from cubic law has been tested. Correlation coefficient 'r' and condition factor (Kn value ) have been computed. The condition factor or Ponderal index is highest during monsoon and least during summer in the 2 lakes of Mysore. Karanji lake has higher Kn value than Kamana lake during monsoon, but during winter and summer, Kamana lake has higher Kn value than Karanji lake.

1 table, 12 ref

005404   Kurkure N V;Kolte S W;Bhandarkar A G;Kalorey D R (Dep of Path, Nagpur Vetrinary Coll Maharashtra Anim and Fishery Sci Univ, Nagpur-400 006, Email: nitinkurkure@rediffmail.com) : Evaluation of herbal coccidiostat 'Coxynil' in broiler. Indian J expl Biol 2006, 44(9), 740-4.

Anticoccidial efficacy of "Coxynil" a polyherbal preparation was tested against Eimeria tenella in broilers. Body weight of birds challenged with E. tenella in Coxynil treated groups was higher as compared to Coxynil untreated. Oocyst out put, lesion score, HI titres against New Castle disease virus were significantly higher in Coxynil supplemented groups in comparison to Coxynil un-supplemented groups. Examination of ceaca of the birds, revealed that the Coxynil interfered with life cycle of coccidia. The typical second generation schizonts were absent in ceacal section of Coxynil treated groups. The results indicate that Coxynil is effective herbal coccidiostat.

1 illus, 3 tables, 14 ref

005403   Kudari V A;Kanamadi R D;Kadadevaru G G (Dep of Zool, Karnatak Univ, Dharwad-580 003) : Limnological studies of Attiveri and Bachanki reservoirs of Uttar Kannada district, Karnataka, India. Ecol Envir Conserv 2006, 12(1), 87-92.

Limnological studies of Attiveri and Bachanki reservoirs were undertaken, a total of twenty-two of physico-chemical properties were investigated for a period of fourteen months from February 2003 -March 2004. Correlation between the physico-chemical parameters of both reservoirs was assessed statistically by using correlation matrix. There exists significant positive correlation between chlorides and fluoride (p<60>0.01), temperature and conductivity (p<60>0.01), conductivity and salinity (p<60>0.001), conductivity and total dissolved solids (p<60>0.001), transparency and ammonia nitrogen (p<60>0.01), and transparency and pH (p<60>0.001). Significant negative correlation was observed between fluoride and nitrate (p<60>0.01), fluoride and total dissolved solids (p<60>0.01), pH and nitrate (p<60>0.05), and water temperature and ammonia-nitrogen (p<60>0.05). A total of 33 zooplankton species were recorded i.e., 17 species of Rotifers, 11 species of Cladocerans Hand 5 species Copepods. Thirty two species were recorded in Bachanki reservoir whereas 23 species in Attiveri reservoir. It is suggested that Attiveri reservoir has to be protected from anthropogenic activities to conserve avifauna of this bird sanctuary.

5 tables, 17 ref

005402   Khan T I;Gupta R S;Agrawal D;Kachhawa J B S (Indian Gandhi Cent for Hum Ecology Enviromental and Popul Stud, Univ of Raj, Jaipur, Email: tithan_igc@yahoo.com) : Effect of sodium fluoride on sperm density and motility in male albino rats. J Cell Tissue Res 2006, 6(1), 707-9.

Fluoride pollution has become a world wide problem. Fluoride causes adverse effects on both the male and female fertility. In the study, an attempt has been made to find out the effects of sodium fluoride (NaF) on cauda epididymal sperm motility and density in male albino rats at the concentration of 2, 4 and 6 ppm ad libitum for six months. On the day 180th the rats were autopsied, testes and accessory reproductive organs were removed and weighed. Sperm motility and sperm density in cauda epididymides was also analyzed. The results revealed that fluoride caused significant decrease in weight of testes and epididymides. Cauda epididymal sperm motility was decreased significantly the reduction in cauda epididymal sperm density was also significant where, the reduction was 71.26%, 73.75% and 76.67% in 2.4 and 6 ppm respectively in comparison to control group. NaF adversely affects the sperm motility and density of male rats.

3 illus, 1 table, 15 ref

005401   Kasotiya S;Jain O P (Dep of Zool and Aquacult, Govt. P.G. Coll, Sehore (M.P.)) : Histological effect of dichlorvos on the cardiac stomach of Channa gachua. Asian J expl Sci 2006, 20(1), 189-94.

The wall of stomach of Channa gachua is differentiated into gastric epithelium, tunica propria, submucosa, muscularis and serosa. In the stomach of control fishes mucous layer is thrown into many thin prominent finger like sharp folds. Gastric cells oxyntic cells and peptic cells are found in columnar epithelium. The submucosa is provided with connective tissue and tunica propria. The muscularis is differentiated into an outer thin longitudinal muscle and an inner thick circular muscle layer. Serosa is a thin outer most layer. Three ppm dichlorvos treatment for 10 days does not show remarkable change in the layers of stomach except thickening in the mucosa. Tunica propria was formed of loosely arranged cell. After 20 days intoxication it showed the reduction in the thickness of submucosa and the tunica propria. Muscularis was well developed. With 5 ppm dichlorovos for 10 and 20 days no further change was observed in the mucosa but epithelial layer was found to be reduced. In the fishes exposed to 10 ppm dichlorvos for 10 days disintegration in the tissues was observed.

5 illus, 1 table, 10 ref

005400   Kalita P C;Kalita H C;Sarma K (NO, Cent Agric Univ, Selesih, Aizawal, Mizoram) : Anatomy of the skull of sloth bear (Melursus ursinus). Indian J Anim Sci 2006, 76(3), 225-7.

Gross anatomical study was carried out on the skull of an adult sloth bear. The frontal bone was much convex as compared to the parietal and nasal bones. However, the nasal bones were wider. The zygomatic process was much shorter. The frontal and the transverse palatine sutures were zigzag. The temporal fossa was shallow and the facial crest was absent. The external occipital protuberance was well developed. The paracondylar processes were very short and sharp. The bony orbits were incomplete and were directed more rostally towards the median plane. The supraorbital foramen was absent and infraorbital foramen was single. The basioccipital bone was comparatively shorter but wider.

4 illus, 12 ref

005399   Kaleem M;Kirmani D;Asif M;Ahmed Q;Bano B (Dep of Biochem Fac of Life Sci, Aligarh Univ, Aligarh-202 002, Email: bilqeesbano@rediffmail.com) : Biochemical effects of Nigella sativa L seeds in diabetic rats. Indian J expl Biol 2006, 44(9), 745-8.

Oral administration of ethanol extract of N. sativa seeds (300 mg/kg body weight/day) to streptozotocin induced diabetic rats for 30 days significantly reduced the elevated levels of blood glucose, lipids, plasma insulin and improved altered levels of lipid peroxidation products (TBARS and hydroperoxides) and antioxidant enzymes like catalase, superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione and glutathione peroxidase in liver and kidney. The results confirm the antidiabetic activity of N. sativa seeds extract and suggest that because of its antioxidant effects its administration may be useful in controlling the diabetic complications in experimental diabetic rats.

2 tables, 28 ref

005398   Jha B R;Herwig W;Sharma S;Straif M (NO, Kathmandu Univ, Dhulikhel, P.O. Box 6250, Kathmandu, Nepal, Email: jhabibhuti@gmail.com) : Fish species composition, number and abundance in different rivers and seasons in Nepal, and reevaluation of their threat category for effective conservation and management. Ecol Envir Conserv 2006, 12(1), 25-36.

Seasonal changes in the species composition, number and abundance of fish species in nine rivers in Nepal were studied in this work. Fish sampling was done using electrofishing gear by standard wading method in all four major seasons. There is much qualitative information regarding the fish species in the country but the quantitative information of fishes in Nepal is clearly wanting. The main aim of this work is to give the quantitative account of all the fishes present in these rivers in all the seasons and to reevaluate their present status. Altogether 27588 fishes of 47 species were recorded during this work with average abundance of 79.23 (CPUE). As high as 36 fish species among 47, which were recorded during this work, were found to have different threat categories than the existing ones and thus it is proposed to change their status or at least it is called for more vigorous studies.

1 illus, 4 tables, 17 ref

005397   Jat D;Kothari S (Sch of Stud in Zool, Vikram Univ, Ujjain-456 010) : Distribution of zinc in the gills of experimentally exposed cat fish: histological and histochemical study. Asian J expl Sci 2006, 20(1), 165-70.

Freshwater catfish Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) were experimentally exposed to 30 mg/l and 150 mg/l ZnSO₄ for 30 days to find out histochemical distribution of Zn, acid mucopolysaccharides (AMP), PAS positive substances (PAS) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) along with histological damage in gill tissues. Tips of gill filaments, central blood spaces and gill epithelium were main sites of Zn accumulation and its concentration increased with the increase of Zn in ambient water. Results suggest affinity of fish gills for Zn accumulation which resulted in structural damage and changes in the activity of ALP, AMP and carbohydrates. There exists a correlation between the sites of metal accumulation and sites of structural damage in the gills. Lifting of gill epithelium, reduction in lamellar height and occlusion of centrally located blood spaces were among the major histological alterations, which were intensified with the increased amount of toxicant.

10 illus, 25 ref

005396   Gupta Y C;Khandelwal B (Deptt. of Zool, B.S.A. Coll, Mathura (U.P.)) : Organs of distribution and elimination of Indian water scorpion, Laccotrephes maculatus Fabr.. Asian J expl Sci 2006, 20(1), 77-86.

Organs of distribution and elimination of Indian water scorpion, Laccotrephes maculatus Fabr. includes a median dorsal vessels, six pairs of alary muscles, dorsal diaphragm and six pairs of malpighian tubules.

4 illus, 12 ref

005395   Gupta U C;Jain G C (Dep of Zool, Seth G.B. Podar Coll, Nawalgarh, Dist. Jhunjhunu (Raj.)) : Hypolipidemic effect of Ginkgo biloba extract in hypercholesterolemic rats. Asian J expl Sci 2006, 20(1), 69-76.

Effect of Ginkgo biloba (fam. Ginkgoaceae) extract was assessed on serum lipid metabolism in cholesterol fed rats. Oral administration of cholesterol (500 mg/kg b.wt./day) suspended in coconut oil (0.5 ml/rat/day) for 90 days caused a significant (p<60>0.001) elevation in the level of total and LDL cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipid in serum of rats. Addition of Ginkgo biloba extract 25 and 50 mg/kg b.wt./day showed a significant reduction in concentration of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, phospholipid and triglycerides in serum. The HDL cholesterol/total cholesterol ratio was elevated in serum of Ginkgo biloba extract treated groups as compared to cholesterol alone fed control rats.

2 tables, 24 ref

005394   Gupta R S;Kanwar M;Rehwani H;Verma S K;Dobhal M P (Reproductive Physiol Sect Dep of Zool, Univ of Raj, Jaipur-302 004, Email: gupta_rs@hotmail.com) : Contraceptive efficacy of Strychnos potatorum seed extract in male albino rats. Asian J expl Sci 2006, 20(1), 181-8.

Evaluates the contraceptive efficacy of 70% methanolic extract of Strychnos potatorum seeds. The aqueous solution of extract (100 mg/rat/day) was administered orally to male rats of proven fertility for 60 days. Sperm motility, sperm density, serum testosterone level, biochemical analysis and testicular cell population dynamics were carried out to assess the contraceptive effect of S. potatorum. The treatment did not bring any body weight loss, whereas, the weights of testes, epididymides, seminal vesicle and ventral prostate were decreased significantly (P<60>0.01). Reduced sperm count and motility resulted in suppression of fertility by 91.81%. Significant reduction was noticed in protein and sialic acid contents in reproductive organs. Number of spermatogonia and Sertoli cells were decreased. The population of preleptotene, pachytene and secondary spermatocytes were decreased by 55.72%, 63.40% and 49.81%, respectively. The seminiferous tubular diameter and Leydig cell nuclear area were reduced significantly (P<60>0.01) as compared to the controls. Strychnos potatorum seed possesses suppressive effects on male fertility and could be useful in development of male contraceptive agent. However, further studies are needed.

4 tables, 24 ref

005393   Gupta R;Rathi B S;Thakurdesai P A;Bodhankar S L (Poona Coll of Pharm, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed Univ, Erandwane, Pune-411 038, Email: sbodh@yahoo.com) : Anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of methanolic extract of Entada Phaseoloides seeds. J Cell Tissue Res 2006, 6(1), 609-13.

Effect of methanolic extract of Entada phaseoloides seeds in animal models of inflammation was investigated. The LD₅₀ was found to be more than 5000 mg/kg in acute oral toxicity testing. Pretreatment with extract (400 mg/kg) reduced carrageenan induced rat paw edema at 3rd hour compared to control group of rats. Dose dependent (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) reduction in inhibition of granuloma formation of cotton pellet granuloma, exudate volume, and total leukocyte count was observed with extract. The extract inhibited acetic acid induced writhing dose (40, 80 and 120 mg/kg) dependently but was inactive in reducing the pain produced by thermal injury. C-reactive proteins were absent in extract treated group. The results indicated that extract possess weaker acute but strong sub-acute antiinflammatory activity and strong peripheral analgesic activity. The results also suggested that the extract may act on proliferative phase of inflammation.

5 tables, 18 ref

005392   Divya L;Vijayasree A S;Sreejith P;Beyo R S; Smita M;Oommen O V (Dep of Zool, Univ of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram-695 581) : Does melatonin have a time-dependent effect on brain and gill ionic metabolism in a teleost. Anabas testudineus (Bloch). Indian J expl Biol 2006, 44(8), 635-9.

Exogenous administration of 0.20. 0.40 and 0.60 μg/g body weight melalonin over a 24 hr cycle caused an inhibition of Na⁺, K⁺ ATPase activity in both brain and gills of A. testudineus, However, Ca²⁺ ATPase activity in the brain was significantly inhibited by the highest dose, and that in the gill at all the doses of melatonin. Evening injection of melatonin had an inhibitory effect on both brain and gill Na⁺ K⁺ and Ca²⁺ ATPase activity. Melatonin treatment in the morning for 12 hrs did not have an effect on brain Na⁺, K⁺ ATPase, while Ca²⁺ ATPase was inhibited. Similar treatment stimulated Na⁺, K⁺ and Ca²⁺ ATPase activity in the gills. Sodium, potassium and calcium ions in the gill were significantly reduced in the evening treated group while no change was observed in the morning melatonin injected group. The results suggest that melatonin elicits a time - dependent effect on the enzymes and ionic content in the brain and gills of A. testudineus.

2 illus, 31 ref

005391   Dhoolappa M;Pawar A;Prasad R V;Lakshmishree K T (NO, Univ of Agric Sci, Dharwad, Karnataka) : Gross morphology of liver in Indian donkey (Equus asinus). Indian J Anim Sci 2006, 76(1), 48-9.

Gross morphology of the Indian donkey was studied. The liver of the Indian donkey was located on the abdominal surface of the diaphragm on the right side of the Indian plain. Length, width and thickness of the liver were noted. Gall bladder was not observed in the study.

^ssc1 illus, 1 table, 7 ref

005390   Devashish kar;Nagarathna A V;Ramachandra T V; Dey S C (Life Sci Dep, Assam (Central) Univ, Silchar-788 011, Email: devashishkar@sify.com) : Fish diversity and conservation aspects in an aquatic ecosystem in Northeastern India. Zoos Print J 2006, 21(7), 2308-15.

Biodiversity and its conservation are regarded as one of the major issues of enabling sustainable use of natural resources. This contribution focuses ont he diversity of fish population and their conservation aspects in the biggest freshwater tectonic Lake Sone (3458.12ha) in Assam, India. The study revealed the occurrence of 69 species of fishes in the lake belonging to 49 genera, 24 families and 11 orders. Of these fishes, 84.2% belonged to the primary freshwater group (Cyprinids 35.39%), while the rest to the peripheral class. Attempts have been made to portray the fish diversity of the lake zoogeographically and emphasise the value of conserving biodiversity. Further, results of linear regression revealed significant correlations between fish yield and soil organic carbon, soil potassium, water pH, total alkalinity and conductivity, and aquatic macrophytic biomass.

2 tables, 89 ref

005389   Das J;Biswas J;Bhattacharjee P C;Mohnot S M (Primate Res Cent, , House No 4; Ananda Nagar, Bye lane No 3, P.O. Pandu, Guwahati-781 012, Email: gibbonconservation@yahoo.com) : First distribution records of the eastern hoolock gibbon Hoolock hoolock leuconedys from India. Zoos Print J 2006, 21(7), 2316-20.

Hoolock gibbon has two recognized subspecies: western subspecies is known as Hoolock hoolock hoolock and eastern subspecies as Hoolock hoolock leuconedys. Knowledge so far on the distribution of the western subspecies shows that they are distributed in India, Bangladesh and west of Chindwin river in Myanmar. On the other hand the eastern subspecies is distributed in China and east of Chindwin river in Myanmar. A recent survey confirms the eastern subspecies from Lohit district of Arunachal Pradesh for the first time.

1 illus, 2 tables, 28 ref

005388   Chukwu L O;Okeowo O H (Dep of Mar Sci Aqu Toxicol and Ecophysiology Lab, Univ of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Email: obinnalcunilag@yahoo.com) : Piscicidal properties of aqueous and ethanolic bark extracts of floating timber logs in tropical open lagoon. Ecol Envir Conserv 2006, 12(1), 37-41.

The acute toxicity of aqueous and ethanolic bark extracts of Khaya grandifoliola against Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings was investigated in laboratory bioassays. On the basis of the 96hrs LC₅₀ values the ethanolic extracts were more toxic than the aqueous extracts of K. grandifoliola. Computed toxicity factor (ratios of 96hr LC₅₀ values) revealed that the ethanolic extract was 251.8 times more toxic than the aqueous extract when tested against O. niloticus. The randomized analysis of variance (ANOVA) for toxicity of the bark extracts against O. niloticus showed that there were significant differences between all treatments (P<60>0.05). Student Neuman Keuls test showed the statistical differences between all the concentration pairings (P=0.05). The implications of these findings on the management of logging activities on the Lagos lagoon ecosystem are highlighted.

3 tables,18 ref

005387   Chukwu L O (Dep of Mar Sci Aqu Toxicol and Ecophysiology Lab, Univ of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos) : Short term toxicology and accumulation of heavy metals by African giant river prawn, Macrobrachium vollenhoevenii(HERKLOTS, 1857) on expose to treated industrial effluents. Ecol Envir Conserv 2006, 12(1), 1-7.

The acute toxic effects and accumulation of heavy metals in decapod crustacean, Macrobrachium vollenhoevenii (Herklots, 1857) following short-term exposure to treated industrial effluent was evaluated in laboratory bioassays. The effluent was found to be toxic to the prawns with 96hr LC₅₀ value of 54.31% effluent by volume. Analysis of prawn metal burden showed that the prawns bio concentrated trace metals 2-3 times above the levels existing in the exposure medium. The accumulation of metals in whole shrimps was in decreasing order, Pb, Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni and Cr. Metal uptake correlated positively (P<60>0.05) with concentration of effluent. The prawn body metal burden indicated that the gut recorded the highest concentration followed by cephalothorax and chela.

4 tables, 24 ref

005386   Choudhary A;Bharti M (Dep of Zool, Jai Narain Vyas Univ, Jodhpur-342 010) : Histopathogical changes due to red 6BX dye in liver, intestine and gill of a fresh water fish Saccobranchus fossilis (Bleeker). Asian J expl Sci 2006, 20(1), 133-41.

A fresh water cat fish Saccobranchus fossils was exposed to various concentrations of Red 6BX dye at different time intervals. Liver, intestine and gill were taken for histopathogical studies. After the treatment of dye Red 6BX, liver showed disturbed hepatic architecture and deshaping of cells with migration of their nuclei towards the periphery. Intestine showed breakage in mucosal folds and disorganization of muscularis mucosa and serosa and degeneration of villi. Gill showed degeration in the respiratory epithelial cells, increase in racker length. Gill damages were observed in all four groups.

15 illus, 1 table, 11 ref

005385   Chaugule B;Ghaskadbi S S;Patwardhan V; Ghaskabdi S (Anim Sci Div, Agharkar Res Inst, G.G. Agarkar Road, Pune-411 004, Email: smghaskabdi@aripune.org) : Cytochalasin B and taxol modulate cell surface ultrastructure in hydra. Curr Sci 2006, 90(4), 568-74.

Direct physical contacts between neighbouring cells in embryos, tissues and organs are often governed by changes in the cell surface architecture. Cytoskeleton is one of the cell organelles that regulate cell surface architecture. Studied the role of microfilaments and micro tubules in maintenance of cell surface architecture in diploblastic hydra by using drugs that specifically interact with individual cytoskeletal components. Adult hydra were exposed to 10 μM concentration of either the micro filament-disrupting agent cytochalasin B or the microtubule-stabilizing drug taxol for 1 h and cell surfaces were examined by scanning electron microscopy. It was found that changes in microfilaments and micro tubules alter the cell surface in hydra although the effects of the two are quite different. The present results suggest the possibility that functional interaction between cytoskeletal components and cell surface architecture evolved early in evolution.

5 illus, 21 ref

005384   Chatterjee M;Sil P C (Dep of Chem, Bose Inst, 93/1, Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road Kolkata-700 009, Email: parames@bosemain.boseinst.ac.in) : Hepatoprotective effect of aqueous extract of Phyllanthus niruri on nimesulide induced oxidative stress in vivo. Indian J Biochem Biophys 2006, 43(10), 299-305.

Nimesulide (NIM), an atypical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) is also used as analgesic. Evaluates its effect on the prooxidant-antioxidant system of liver and the hepatoprotective potential of aqueous extract of the herb Phyllanthus niruri (PN) on NIM-induced oxidative stress in vivo using a murine model, by determining the activities of hepatic anti-oxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation (expressed as malonaldialdehyde, MDA). Aqueous extract of PN at a dose of 50 or 100 mg/kg body wt was administered either intraperitoneally or orally for 7 days, before NIM administration at a dose of 8 mg/kg body wt twice daily for 7 days in mice. Animals were sacrificed 24 h after administration of final dose of NIM. In another set of experiments, both aqueous extract of PN (at a dose of 50 or 100 mg/kg body wt) and NIM (8 mg/kg body wt) were administered simultaneously for 7 days. Animals were sacrificed 24 h after administration of final dose of the extract and NIM. liver tissues were collected, and the activities of SOD and CAT and levels of GSM and lipid peroxidation end-product (as MDA), were determined from the livers of all the experimental animals. Appropriate NIM control was maintained for all sets of experiments. NIM administration (8 mg/kg body wt) for 7 days caused significant depletion of the levels of SOD. CAT and reduced GSH, along with the increased levels of lipid peroxidation. Intraperitoneal administration of the extract at a dose of 50 mg/kg body wt for 7 days, prior to NIM treatment, significantly restored most of the NIM-induced changes and the effect was comparable to that obtained by administering 100 mg/kg body wt of the extract orally. Thus, results suggested that intraperitoneal administration of the extract could protect liver from NIM-induced hepatic damage more effectively than oral administration. Antioxidant property of the aqueous extract of PN was also compared with that of a known potent antioxidant, vitamin E. The PN extract at a dose of 100 mg/kg body wt along with NIM was more effective in suppressing the oxidative damage than the PN extract at a dose of 50 mg/kg body wt. Results suggested that beneficial effect of the aqueous extract of PN, probably through its antioxidant property, might control the NIM-induced oxidative stress in the liver.

1 illus, 1 table, 55 ref

005383   Charjan R Y;Bhamburkar V R;Dalvi R S; Banubakode S B (NO, Nagpur Vet Coll, Nagpur, Maharashtra) : Radiographic anatomy of developing canine pectoral limb. Indian J Anim Sci 2006, 76(1), 52-4.

Age period for the appearance of the ossification centres that appear after birth in the limb bones of the dog were determined by radiography, at set intervals in 3 German Shepherd, Pomeranian and Non-descript. The ossification centres appeared in the same chronological order, but the ages at which they appear, showed variation.

^ssc6 illus, 3 ref

005382   Boskabady M H;Kiani S;Azizi H;Khatami T (Dep of Physiol Ghaem Med Cent, Mashhad Univ of Med Sci, Mashhad, Iran, Email: m-boskabady@mums.ac.ir) : Antitussive effect of Cyminum cyminum Linn. in guinea pigs. Nat Prod Radiance 2006, 5(4), 266-9.

Several therapeutic effects including the effect on asthma and dyspnoea have been described for the seeds of cumin, Cuminum cyminum Linn. Antitussive effect of this plant was evaluated. The antitussive effects of aerosols of two different concentrations of aqueous and macerated extracts, Codeine and saline were tested on guinea pigs by counting the number of coughs produced due to aerosol of citric acid 10 minutes after exposing animal to aerosols of different solutions (n = 5 for each solution). The results showed significant reduction of cough number in the presence of both concentrations of aqueous and macerated extracts and Codeine (P<60>0.01 to P<60>0.001). The cough number observed in the presence of higher concentrations of aqueous and macerated extracts were not significantly different than those of lower concentrations. In addition, there was no significant difference between cough numbers observed in the presence of both concentrations of extracts with that of Codeine. These results indicated an antitussive effect of cumin which was comparable to that of Codeine.

2 illus, 1 table, 24 ref

005381   Bhardwaj R L;Rajput R;Pathak V;Thakur K (NO, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur-176 062) : Comparative anatomy of the thyroid gland of small ruminants. Indian J Anim Sci 2006, 76(1), 46-7.

The topography and morphometry of the thyroid gland of Gaddi sheep and Gaddi goat was studied. The thyroid gland of Gaddi goat was larger and heavier than the Gaddi sheep, except length of the gland which was more in Gaddi sheep. The color was darker in Gaddi sheep. The gland was located on the dorsolateral aspect of the trachea posterior to the larynx. Posterior margin of the gland varied in Gaddi sheep and Gaddi goat. The gland was almond shaped in Gaddi sheep was more pointed and longer than that in Gaddi goats. In Gaddi goat isthmus connected the caudal poles of the two lobes of the thyroid gland, whereas in Gaddi sheep the isthmus connected the 2 lobes about half cm above their posterior ends.

2 illus, 1 table, 7 ref

005380   Bastawade D B (Zool Surv of India, , Western Regional Station, Rawet Road, akurdi, Pune-411 044, Email: zsipune.mah@nic.in) : Replacement name for Amaurobius Indicus Bastawade and its transfer to family corinnidae (Arachnida: Araneae). Zoos Print J 2006, 21(7), 2307.

^ssc7 ref

005379   Balogun S K (Dep of Psychology, Univ of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria) : Chronic intake of separate and combined alcohol and nicotine on body maintenance among albino rats. J hum Ecol 2006, 19(1), 21-4.

Using 20 male rats that were housed in four groups of five rats each, the separate and combined effects of alcohol and nicotine was experimentally tested on body maintenance behaviour of food and water intake of rats. It was observed that while alcohol reduced food intake, nicotine rather increased food intake. However, there was a great reduction of food intake with the combined administration of the two drugs. On the other hand, alcohol intake facilitated increase of water intake as a result of its dehydration effect, whereas nicotine reduced the level of water intake. The combined administration of the two drugs further reduced water intake. The health and policy implications of these findings were discussed.

3 tables, 17 ref

005378   Baishya A;Bordoloi S (Resour Mgmt and Envir Div, Inst of Advd Study in Sci and Technol, Vigyan Path, Paschim Boragaon, Guwahati-781 035, Email: sabitrybordoloi@rediffmail.com) : An albino (Anabas testudineus Bloch) in a wetland of Assam, India. Zoos Print J 2006, 21(7), 2332-3.

^ssc1 table, 2 ref

004467   Yadav S;Ali S A (Dep of Zool, Rajeev Gandhi Coll, Bhopal-462 001) : Role of vitamin A in the regulation of some aspects of cadmium toxicity in Clarias batrachus. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2005, 3(2), 371-4.

Studied the effects of cadmium chloride on certain parameters of Clarias batrachus such as body weight, serum cholesterol, behavioral activities, GSI and HSI have been investigated in order to find out the possible protective role of vitamin A in attenuating the heavy metal toxicity. It has been found that vitamin A clearly blocks the toxic effects of cadmium in Clarias batrachus. Discuses some aspects of vitamin A in counteracting the toxicological effects of cadmium.

2 tables, 9 ref

004466   Vasukidevi R;Jeyachandran R (Dep of Biotechnol, St. Joseph Coll, Tiruchirappalli-620 002) : Expression of chitinase gene in transgenic cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) Walp). Biochem Cell Archs 2006, 6(1), 117-21.

Cotyledon explants excised from 3-day old in vitro seedlings of Vigna unguiculata L. Walp were infected with Agrobacterium tumefaciens (LBA 4404) harboring chitinase (chill) and bar genes. Co-cultivated cotyledon explants were inoculated on MS medium containing B5 vitamins, 1.5 mg l^-1 BA, 0.1 mgl^-1 TDZ, 25 mgl^-1 L-glutamine, 10 mg l^-1 adenine sulphate, 4 mg l^-1 basta and 250 mg l^-1 cefotaxime. Shoots formed at the proximal end of cotyledons were transferred to MS medium containing B5 vitamins, 0.5 mg l^-1 GA₃ 4 mg l^-1 basta and 250 mg l^-1 cefotaxime for elongation. Elongated shoots rooted in hormone free half strength MS medium. Rooted plants were subsequently established in soil. Transformed plants were confirmed by herbicide resistance and PCR analysis.

2 illus, 1 table, 21 ref

004465   Varma A;Telang S;Saxena G;Basu C;Dixit S (Dep of Zool, Govertment Sci and Commerce Coll, Benazir, Bhopal-462 001) : Fish haematological study of dichlorovos induced Heteropneustes fossilis. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2005, 3(2), 393-4.

Pesticides influence various physiological and biochemical parameters of fishes (Mckim et al. 1970, Rajik et al 1983). In the study, certain observations on blood -haemoglobin percentage(Hb%), total erythrocyte count (TEC) and total leucocyte count (TLC) have been made. These parameters were observed in normal as well as dichlorovos (organophosphate pesticide) are treated Heteropneustes fossilis. It was noted that by increasing the dose of dichlorovos significant fall in TEC and Hb% values, while the values of TLC increased gradually compared with control.

1 table, 7 ref

004464   Tripathi G;Verma P;Jaiswal Y K (Dep of Zool, J.N.V. Univ, Jodhpur-342 001, Email: drgst@rediffmail.com) : Temperature-induced enzymatic alterations in Clarias batrachus. J appl Biosci 2006, 32(1), 81-6.

Thermal effects on enzymes, citrate synthase (CS), glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6-PDH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), DNA, RNA, RNA/DNA ratio and protein were studied in the freshwater, catfish, Clarias batrachus. Increase in surrounding temperature from 18 to 42°C gradually and significantly induced the activities of CS, G6-PDH and LDH in brain, liver and skeletal muscle of the fish. The maximum induction in these enzyme activities was 1.2 to 4.2-folds. Similarly, RNA, RNA/DNA ratio and protein contents also increased by 1.4 to 3.1-folds in all the three tissues. However, DNA content remained unchanged. The temperature-induced changes in enzymes and other macromolecules may be due to metabolic adjustments to ensure the compensatory responses in fish.

6 illus, 21 ref

004463   Tripathi G;Singh H;Shasmal J (Dep of Zool, J.N.V. Univ, Jodhpur-342 001) : Effect of cypermethrin of protein content of gill, heart and kidney of a catfish, Clarias batrachus. Biochem Cell Archs 2006, 6(1), 123-7.

The effects of a sublethal concentration of cypermethrin on protein content of gill, heart and kidney of a fresh water catfish Clarias batrachus were studied. Cypermethrin significantly increased protein content of these tissues. The maximum increase in protein content was in kidney. This increase in protein concentration may be to compensate the damages caused by the pesticide.

2 illus, 1 table, 13 ref

004462   Tilak K S;Vardhan K S;Suman Kumar B (Dep of Zool, Acharya Nagarjuna Univ, Nagarjunanagar-522 510) : Comparative toxicity levels of ammonia, nitrite and nitrate to the freshwater fish Ctenopharyngodon idella. J Ecotoxic envir Monit 2006, 16(3), 273-8.

Acute toxicity of unionized ammonia, nitrite and nitrate to the exotic carp Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes) was determined using static and continuous flow through systems for 24 h. The median lethal concentrations (LC₅₀) values for 24 h of ammonia (NH₃-N), nitrite (NO₂-N) and nitrate (NO₃-N) were 0.2092, 0.2323, 23.40, 21.05, 262.50 and 236.30 mg/l in static test and continuous flow through test, respectively. The toxicity is in the order of NH₃-N <62> NO₂-N<62> NO₃-N.

2 tables, 14 ref

004461   Thilaga R D;Sivakumar V (Dep of Zool, ST. Mary's Coll, Tuticorin-628 001) : Accumulation of heavy metals in the gastropod Bullia vittata at Gulf of Mannar. J Ecotoxic envir Monit 2006, 16(3), 221-6.

Accumulation of heavy metals (cadmium, mercury & lead) by marine gastropod Bullia vittata at Gulf of Manner has been investigated. It is observed that the concentration of cadmium in males varied from 0.60 to 7.89 ppm and in females 0.80 to 0.8 ppm. The concentration of lead in males varied from 0.075 to 0.72 ppm and in females from 0.10 to 0.83 ppm. The concentration of mercury was from 0.01 to 0.09 ppb in males and 0.03 to 0.10 ppb in females. Maximum concentration of all these metals was recorded during May 2002 (summer) and minimum during December 2002 (Monsoon) in both sexes.

3 illus, 19 ref

004460   Tahir M;Chishti M Z;Ganesh N;Iqbal M (Dep of Res, J N Cancer Hosp & Res Cent, Bhopal, M.P.) : Immune response by the production of antibodies against Aeromonas hydrophila by Cyprinus carpio (Linn.). Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2005, 3(2), 431-2.

4 ref

004459   Sinha R;D' Souza D (Dep of Zool, Patna Women's Coll, Patna-800 001) : Effects of sodium benzoate on haematological and biochemical parameters in swiss albino mice Mus musculus. Bull pure appl Sci-Sect A 2006, 25(1), 31-7.

Examined the effects of sodium benzoate toxicity on haematological and biochemical parameters freely behaving in Swiss albino mice, Mus musculus. Mice were orally administered with sodium benzoate at the rate of 155 mg/kg body weight daily in a single dose for 30, 60, 120 and 180 days and its effects on RBC count, Hb-, urea-, and protein contents were examined. The results suggest that mice treated with sodium benzoate as a group exhibited lower body weight but higher organ weight as compared to the control group (not treated with sodium benzoate) mice. Sodium benzoate treated mice also exhibited significantly (P<60>0.01) reduced RBC count and Hb content. Sodium benzoate treatment also lowered urea level (P<60>0.01) and elevated protein contents (P<60>0.05). These findings suggest that a consistent long-term use of sodium benzoate causes toxic effects on the haematological and biochemical parameters in mice.

4 tables, 30 ref

004458   Singh M;Sharma A K;Krebs E;Kaumanns W (Biopsychology Lab, Univ of Mysore, Mysore-570 006, Email: msingh@psychology.uni-mysore.ac.in) : Reproductive biology of lion tailed macaque (Macaca silenus): An important key to the conservation of an endangered species. Curr Sci 2006, 90(6), 804-11.

The lion-tailed macaque (Macaca silenus), endemic to rainforests of the Western Ghats in southern India, is an endangered species. Most of its population now lives in fragmented pockets of rainforests. Considerable research has been carried out on its reproductive biology both on wild and captive populations in North America and Europe. Review studies carried out on birth seasonality, life-history parameters, and reproductive physiology and behaviour. The captive populations differ considerably from wild populations on several parameters of reproductive biology. Because of a low population turnover in this species due to a delayed age at first birth and long inter-birth intervals, and further degradation of its natural habitats, rapid population replenishment or augmentation is unlikely. This article shows that the study of reproductive biology may provide an important key to the conservation of this species. It also indicates that several aspects of reproductive biology of lion-tailed macaque still remain to be addressed.

9 illus, 27 ref

004457   Singh L;Vats P;Rawat P;Pranjali (Dep of Bot, Meerut Coll, Meerut-250 001) : Aeromycoflora of a paper market in Meerut. Biochem Cell Archs 2006, 6(1), 95-100.

During a sampling period of one-year 25 genera of fungi belonging to 30 species were recorded from the outdoor and indoor environments of a paper market at Budhana Gate. Meerut. Of these, 16 species were trapped in indoors. Importance of these airborne fungi to traders and occupational workers have been discussed.

2 tables, 23 ref

004456   Singh G;Singh L;Vats P (Dep of Chem, Meerut Coll, Meerut-250 001) : Antifungal activity of hqsa, DHB, PIC, TAR, Alpha-CL-MAL, HA1, HA2 and ternary complexes of lanthanide with some ligands. Biochem Cell Archs 2006, 6(1), 183-7.

Antifungai activity of 8-hydroxy quinoline-5-sulphonic acid, 3:4-dihydroxy-benzaldehyde, 2-Picolinic acid, Tartaric acid, alpha-chloro malic acid, Salicylic acid 3-Formyl salicylic acid, Lanthanum nitrate and Lanthanides mixed ligand complexes system against Aspergillus niger, A. flavus and Penicillium citrinum which are already known to be common aerofungi in godowns and on proteinaceous substances like skin and hair (Singh et al, 2006), has been reported herein.

2 tables, 18 ref

004455   Shukla V;Dhankhar M;Sastry K V (Dep of Biosci, Maharshi Dayanand Univ, Rohtak-124 001) : Heavy metal toxicity on Labeo rohita. J Ecotoxic envir Monit 2006, 16(3), 247-50.

Toxicological impact of copper and zinc on Indian major carp Labeo rohita was evaluated in order to daetermine the survival range. LC₅₀ has been worked out and 96 hr LC₅₀ of copper was observed as 0.23 mg/l and for zinc, it was 10.91 mg/l. Comparison of LC₅₀ values indicates that copper is more toxic than zinc.

2 illus, 2 tables, 13 ref

004454   Sarna S;Bhola R K (Dep of Zool, Gauhati Univ, Guwahati-781 014) : Cell surface changes in Dalton's lymphoma cells after treatment with cisplatin in Vivo. Biochem Cell Archs 2006, 6(1), 79-87.

Scanning electron microscopical studies revealed that Dalton's lymphoma cells in ascites fluid are distributed as single cells in early stages and in groups of 2-3 or more cells connected to one another by cytoplasmic bridges at the later stages of tumor development. There is a uniform distribution of blebs-ruffles all over the surface of tumor cells which start migrating towards the periphery after treatment with cisplatin. Cisplatin also causes infiltration of leukocytes into the tumor mass. The intimate contact between the leukocytes and tumor cells causes the disintegration of plasma membrane resulting into lysis of tumor cells.

3 illus, 40 ref

004453   Sarkar S;Lakhotia S C (Dep of Zool Cytogenetics Lab, Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi-221 005, Email: lakhotia@bhu.ac.in) : The Hsp60C gene in the 25F cytogenetic region in Drosophila melanogaster is essential for tracheal development and fertility. J Genet 2005, 84(3), 265-81.

Earlier studies have shown that of the four genes (Hsp60A, Hsp60B, Hsp60C, Hsp60D genes) predicted to encode the conserved Hsp60 family chaperones in Drosophila melanogaster, the Hsp60A gene (at the 10A polytene region) is expressed in all cell types of the organism and is essential from early embryonic stages, while the Hsp60B gene (at 21D region) is expressed only in testis, being essential for sperm individualization. Characterized the Hsp60C gene (at 25F region), which shows high sequence homology with the other three Hsp60 genes of D. melanogaster. In situ hybridization of Hsp60C-specific riboprobe shows that expression of this gene begins in late embryonic stages (stage 14 onwards), particularly in the developing tracheal system and salivary glands; during larval and adult stages, it is widely expressed in many cell types but much more strongly in tracheae and in developing and differentiating germ cells. A P-insertion mutant (Hsp60C¹) allele with the P transposon inserted at -251 position of the Hsp60C gene promoter was generated. This early larval recessive lethal mutation significantly reduces levels of Hsp60C¹ transcripts in developing tracheae and this is associated with a variety of defects in the tracheal system, including lack of liquid clearance. About 10% of the homozygotes survive as weak, shortlived and completely sterile adults. Testes of the surviving mutant males are significantly smaller, with fewer spermatocytes, most of which do not develop beyond the round spermatid stage. In situ and Northern hybridizations show significantly reduced levels of the Hsp60C transcripts in Hsp60C¹ homozygous adult males. The absence of early meiotic stages in the Hsp60C1 homozygous testes contrasts with the effect of testis-specific Hsp60B (21D) gene, whose mutation affects individualization of sperm bundles later in spermiogenesis. In view of the specific effects in tracheal development and in early stages of spermatogenesis, it is likely that, besides its functions as a chaperone, Hsp60C may have signalling functions and may also be involved in cation transport across the developing tracheal epithelial cells.

9 illus, 2 tables, 58 ref

004452   Roy D;Gupta A K (Dep of Zool, S.M.M. Town P.G. Coll, Ballia-277 001) : Spermatogenesis in a freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium gangeticum (Crustacea : decapoda). J appl Biosci 2006, 32(1), 110-2.

The process of spermatogenesis in a freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium gangeticum was studied. The males of this species breed during March to August. The period from September/October to February is the resting period when they go to deeper layers owing to reduced water temperature. The seminiferous tubules were found to contain more than one type of germ cells together. The spermatozoa are crescent shaped structures with short tails.

6 illus, 1 table, 5 ref

004451   Ramesh Babu K R;Bhaskar M (Dep of Zool, S.V. Univ, Tirupati-517 502, Email: ramesh28k@rediffmail.com) : Effect of glucocorticoid on the growth and development of silkworm Bombyx mori (L.). Bull pure appl Sci-Sect A 2006, 25(1), 55-60.

The information pertaining to the effect of vertebrate hormones on invertebrates in general and silkworm in particular is very scanty. Investigation an attempt was made with synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone to find out the impact on the growth and development of silkworm larvae. Swarnandhra Silkworm variety, belongs to the hybrid of APM₁ x APS₁ (Multivoltine x Bivoltine) were treated (he IIIrd, IVth & Vth instar larvae with synthetic glucocorticoids like dexamethasone and studied the life cycle periods, larval weights and organ weights etc. A considerable elevation of whole larva weight, individual organ weights, tissue somatic indices and a significant reduction in larval instar period were observed in the experimental groups when compared to the control.

4 tables, 20 ref

004450   Ramalingam K;Shyamala D R;Ramarani S (Dep of Zool, Govt Arts Coll, Nandanam, Chennai-600 56) : The dynamics of phenoloxidase activity, haemocytes count and chitinase activity in the immune response of Penaeus monodon to the inoculation of Vibriop arahemolyticus (MTCC 451). Biochem Cell Archs 2006, 6(1), 53-64.

Immune response of Penaeus monodon after the inoculation of LD₅₀ dosage of Vibrio parahaemolyticus (10⁷) was studied by determining the phenoloxidase activity, haemocyte count and the chitinase activity in the tissues, muscle, hepatopancreas and haemolymph. The phenoloxidase activity significantly decreased at different time intervals of the study. Concurrently, the total haemocyte count also showed a parallel decrease. The above results are attributed to the growth of the bacterial colonies in the tissues and their consequent secretion of extra cellular enzymes and inhibiting factors that arrested the hemocytogenesis in both the hematopoietic tissues as well as the mitotic divisions of the free circulating hemocytes. Similarly, the decreased activity of chitinase enzyme is attributed to inhibition of the enzyme in the host tissues. The same enzyme activity increased after 72 hours. The above enhancement of chitinase activity is attributed to the synthesis of extracellular chitinase enzyme in the bacteria, which enabled the pathogens to penetrate the exoskeleton and the peritrophic membranes.

3 illus, 3 tables, 48 ref

004449   Rajasubramaniam V;Sasikumar K;Subhasini S (Dep of Zool, Erode Arts Coll, Erode-638 009) : Effects of monovalent and divalent mercury in the freshwater teleost Labeo rohita. J Ecotoxic envir Monit 2006, 16(3), 215-20.

Toleost fish Labeo rohita was exposed to heavy metal (mercury I chloride & mercury II chloride) and toxic effects were analysed. The LC50 96 hr values were 211.9 ppb of monovalent and 131.9 ppb of divalent mercury were estimated and various sub lethal concentrations like 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 ppb were selected. The depletion of muscle, liver glycogen and elevated blood glucose levels were observed in the sub lethal concentrations in 3, 6 and 9 hours exposure by both forms. The individuals treated both in the LC50 and sublethal concentrations and higher toxicity was noticed in mercury II than mercury I.

3 tables, 15 ref

004448   Pugazhendy K;Jayanthi C;Kanaga K (Dep of Zool, Annamalai Univ, Annamalainagar-608 002) : Effect of lead intoxication on plasma electrolytes of a fresh water fish Cyprinus carpio (Linn) fingerlings. Biochem Cell Archs 2006, 6(1), 165-8.

The effect of sub lethal concentration of lead acetate (0.52 mg/l) was examined on the plasma electrolyte levels (Na⁺ K⁺ and Cl^-) of a fresh water fish Cyprinus carpio fingerlings. The stress caused by lead led to significant decrease in plasma sodium and plasma chloride and increase in plasma potassium level was investigated. The role of electrolytes during lead intoxication is also discussed.

1 table, 24 ref

004447   Padmalatha C;Sheeba Rajakumari D V;Jeyapaul C;Ranjitsingh A J A (Dep of Zool, Rani Anna Govt Coll for Women, Tirunelveli-627 008) : Growth promoting effect of ferns on Bombyx mori L. Indian J Seric 2005, 44(2), 218-20.

^ssc 2 tables, 7 ref