004446   Mohana D;Jayanthi C;Dhanavel D (Dep of Educ, Annamalai Univ, Annamalainagar-608 002) : Cytotaxonomical studies in South Indian apocynaceae. Biochem Cell Archs 2006, 6(1), 89-94.

Cytotaxonomical studies have been made in 9 species coming under 9 genera of Apocynaceae from Tamil Nadu. Deviant record of chromosome number has been made in 1 species namely Rauwolfia canescens as against earlier reports. The primary basic chromosome number may be n = 9 and other basic numbers should have come about by the addition of one or few basic chromosome numbers. The karyotype analyses show that each and every genus and species of a particular genus has a particular combination of different types of chromosomes. Therefore, karyotype alternation of chromosome play important role in speciation along aneuploidy, euploidy and higher polyploidy.

2 illus, 2 tables, 7 ref

004445   Mastitsky S E;Makarevich O A (Gen Ecology Dep Biol Fac, Belarussian St Univ, 4 F, Skoryna Avenue, Minsk, 220050, BELARUS, Email: sergmast@tut.by) : Distribution and abundance of Bithynia tentaculata (Gastropoda, Bithyniidae) in lake Naroh (Republic of Belarus). Res J Chem Envir 2006, 10(2), 76-80.

The largest waterbody in the Republic of Belarus, Lake Naroch, is actively used for recreational purposes. In recent years medical services of the region are confronted with problems of cercarial dermatitis in swimmers ("swimmers itch") caused by larvae of avian shistosomes. Among several possible intermediate hosts for shistosomes Lake Naroch, important one is gastropod mollusc Bithynia tentaculata. Found disproporttonate bathymetric distribution of this snail within the lake, with maximal values of density, biomass and occurrence pointed out at 2 m depth. At the same time, degree of snails' spatial aggregation at depth of 2 m was the least (estimated via standardized Morisita index of dispersion). Since B, tentaculata is "highly phytophilous hydrobiont, its distribution in Lake Naroch is discussed in relation to that of submerged macrophytes and epiphyton growing on their surface.

4 illus, 26 ref

004444   Mastan S A;Qureshi T A;Krishna Prasad J (Dep of Appl Aquacult Aqu Anim Dis Lab, Barkatullah Univ, Bhopal-462 026) : Incidences of bacterial haemorrhagic septicaemia in fishes of lower lake, Bhopal, India. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2005, 3(2), 351-6.

Incidences of Bacterial Heamorrhagic Septicaemia were recorded during the months of February, March, April and May, 2004 from Lower lake, Bhopal, India. A total of 1,283 fishes were screened. Only two species namely Cyprinus carpio and Ompok bimaculatus were found infected with BHS. The infected fishes exhibited the symptoms such as reddening and haemorrhages in skin, erection of scales, swollen vent, distended abdomen and frayed fins. The intestine was filled with thin yellowish fluid and its inner lining was beset with numerous small whitish blisters. Bacteriological examination revealed the occurrence of four types of bacteria from skin lesions/haemorrhages and internal organs viz., liver, kidney, spleen and gills. The bacteria isolated were identified as Aeromonas hydrophila, A. sobria, A. caviae and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Out of four bacteria, A. hydrophila was found to be highly pathogenic while A. sobria is moderate pathogenic and A. caviae and P. fluorescens are observed to be less pathogenic in nature.

2 illus, 2 tables, 17 ref

004443   Makpo J K (Dep of Biol Sci, Nasarawa St Univ, Keffi, Nigeria) : The food and feeding habit of the African clawed toad, (Xenopus laevis) in rockwater fish farm, Jos Plateau State Nigeria. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2005, 3(2), 285-90.

The food and feeding habitat of the African Clawed Toad, Xenopus laevis collected from Rockwater fish farm Rayfield, Jos Plateau state were investigated over a ten month period. The range of food consumed does not differ significantly within the month of the study period (P<62>0.05). The relative abundance of a given prey population altered the diet composition of X. laevis. There was no significant change in mean condition factor with age. Computed values of correlation coefficients of length against weight indicates a highly significant correlation in females (r=0.897) and some level of significance in males (r= 0.105).

1 illus, 7 tables, 20 ref

004442   Makpo J K (Dep of Biol Sci, Nasarawa St Univ, Keffi, Nigeria) : The fecundity and preferred breeding period of the African clawed toad Xenopus laevis from rockwater fish farm, Jos Plateau state. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2005, 3(2), 229-36.

The preferred breeding period and fecundity of Xenopus laevis sampled from rockwater fish farm were studied within ten months. The analysis of gonadosomatic index (GSI) showed peak gonadal activity in August for males (1.51) and November for females (15.0). The number of eggs produced per female organism increases with body mass. Large individuals produced as much as 6,000 eggs. The length-weight correlation coefficients of males (r = 0.105) and females (r= 0.089) were not significantly different (P<62> 0.05). The influences of temperature and rainfall on the reproductive cycle are also discussed as well as the effect of water depth.

3 illus, 4 tables, 22 ref

004441   Khurana D;Vrati S;Singh L;Vats P (Dep of Bot, Meerut Univ, Meerut-250 001) : Cloning and expression of fusion protein of LTB with envelope protein of Japanese encephalitis virus. Biochem Cell Archs 2006, 6(1), 141-5.

Attempt to produce effective vaccine against JaoAr strain of JEV cloning was performed to fuse LTB, the subunits of enterotoxigenic E. coli with envelope protein E into pVex expression vector. The secretory form of E-protein was able to induced neutralizing antibodies and LTB is immune regulatory and potent adjuvant in its function. Construction and expression of a fused Gene for a B-subunit of the Heat-labile and a truncated form of the Heat-stable enterotoxins in E. coli indicated the low expression of both toxin moieties and the expressed protein was not toxic.

1 table, 14 ref

004440   Karnatak A K;Thorat P V (Dep of Ent, Coll of Agric G.B. Pant Univ of Agric and Technol, Pantnagar-263 145) : Effect of insecticidal micro environment on the honey bee, Apis mellifera in Brassica napus. J appl Biosci 2006, 32(1), 93-4.

The indiscriminate use of insecticides kills beneficial insects including honeybees, resulting in poor crop pollination and honey production. Investigation was carried out to monitor the effect of some common insecticides, viz. endosulfan quinalphos, monocrotophos, oxydemeton-methyl, chlorpyriphos and imidacloprid on Apis mellifera in a test at apiary of the Department. The results revealed that chlorpyriphos was most toxic with 96.66% mortality 36 hours post exposure. The order of toxicity was chlorpiryphos <62> monocrotophos <62> imidacloprid <62> quinalphos <62> oxydemeton-methyl <62> endosulfan. It can be concluded that endosulfan was least toxic while chlorpyriphos, monocrotophos and imidacloprid were more toxic to A, mellifera foraging on Brassica napus in a micro-environment.

1 table, 4 ref

004439   Karabhantanal S S;Awaknavar J S (Dep of Agric Ent, Univ of Agric Sci, Dharwad-580 005) : Impact of fertilizers on growth and development of earthworm, Eudrillus eugineae under in situ vermiculture. J Ecotoxic envir Monit 2006, 16(3), 267-71.

Field experiment was conducted at the Department of Agricultural Entomology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during 2000-01 to know the effects of fertilizers viz., Urea 15:15:15, DAP, MOP, SSP on earthworms, Eudrillus eugineae. Among different fertilizers, 'N' source fertilizers particularly urea recorded significantly highest worm length (17.20cm), weight (73:35 mg) and survivality (90.7%) at 45 days after release (DAR) and highest reproduction at 90 DAR. It was closely followed by complex fertilizers viz., 15:15:15 and DAP, whereas potassium and phosphorus fertilizers were least influenced the earthworm biomass and reproduction.

2 tables, 7 ref

004438   Gupta R S;Kanwar M;Rehwani H;Kachhawa J B S (NO, Univ of Raj, Jaipur-302 004, Email: gupta_rs@hotmail.com) : Effect of Murraya paniculata (Linn) stem extract on testicular cell population dynamics and histology of testes in albino rats. Bull pure appl Sci-Sect A 2006, 25(1), 39-47.

Investigation was an attempt to determine the effect of Murraya paniculata stem fraction CHCl₃:CH₃OH (50:50) for its contraceptive efficiency at the dose level 50mg/rat/day for 60 days. Treated rats showed significant decline of sperm motility by 84.98% in cauda epididymides and sperm density in testes by 90.36% and in cauda epdidymides by 91.16%. Number of spermatogonia primary and secondary spermatocytes were reduced significantly (P<60>0.001). However, the number of abnormal seminiferous tubules and degenerating Leydig cells increased significantly (P<60>0.01). Number of round spermatids decreased by 64.03%. Histology of testes showed shrunken seminiferous tubules with increased interstitium. The process of spermatogenesis arrested at primary spermatocyte stage and lumen is devoid of spermatozoa. From above results it is concluded that M. paniculata stem fraction 50:50 CHCl₃:CH₃OH causes inhibition of spermatogenesis and brought about total infertility state in male rats.

4 illus, 3 tables, 20 ref

004437   Fayaz F A;Qureshi T A;Angchook T;Borana K (Dep of Appl Aquacult, Barkatullah Univ, Bhopal-462 026) : Entomofaunal diversity of Bishleri stream of Banihal, district Doda (Jammu & Kashmir State) India. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2005, 3(2), 417-19.

The main drainage of the District Doda is the river Chenab formed by the confluence of Chandra and Bhaga streams. The other tributaries of the river Chenab are Neeru stream, Kalnei streams, Chatroo stream, Bishleri stream with a number of their tributaries. The study was carried on Bishleri stream by dividing the stream into different stations; for a period of one year from January, 2003 to December, 2003. The study on Bishleri stream has brought on record the occurrence of 31 genera of Entomofauna, either in the form of their larvae, nymphs or adult stages; out of which 7 to Diptera, 6 belong to Ephemeroptera, 5 to Odonata, 4 each to Trichoptera, Plecoptera and Coleoptera and 1 to Hemiptera.

16 ref

004436   Chennaiah K (Dep of Zool, S.V. Univ, Tirupati-517 502, Email: chennaiah.k@rediffmail.com) : Effect of nicotine on superoxide dismutage, xanthine oxidase and catalase activities in the skeletal muscle fibers of albino rat. Bull pure appl Sci-Sect A 2006, 25(1), 49-54.

Nicotine, a pharamacologically active substance in cigarette smoke, has been identified as a major risk factor in humans. Nicotine has been reported to induce oxidative stress both in vivo and in vitro. To examine the effects of nicotine on the antioxidant defense systems in the skeletal muscle fibres types (Type I, Type II) of albino rats. The animals were divided into three groups of six animals each, control, Exptl.1 and 2 animals received subcutaneous injection of nicotine at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg (Exptl. 1), 1 mg/kg (Exptl. 2)/kg body weight (5 days a week, for 8 weeks). The animals were sacrificed at 20 hrs after the last treatment, and soleus (Type I), red vastus, white vastus (Type II) muscle fibers were isolated and analyzed. Nicotine has significantly depleted the rat muscle fibres such as SOD, XOD and CAT contents indicating that this agent induced oxidative injury in the muscle fibers of rat.

3 tables, 15 ref

004435   Borah S (Dep of Zool, Lakhimpur girls' Collge, Lakhimpur-787 031) : Hematological and respiratory anomalies in the freshwater fish Heteropneustes fossilis exposed to crude oil. J Ecotoxic envir Monit 2006, 16(3), 285-9.

Freshwater fish Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) exposed to sublethal Concentration (1 ml/litre) or Assam petroleum crude oil showed significant (p<60>0.05) decrease in total RBC count (between 21% & 40%) haemoglobin (Hb%) content (between 22% & 48%) (between p<60>0.005 & p<60>0.001) and haematocrit value (14% & 42%) (p<60>0.02 & p<60>0.001) along with oxygen (O₂) content (between 13% & 57%) (p<62>0.001 & p<60>0.001), whereas the total WBC count increased significantly (26% and 45%) (p<60>0.02 & p <60>0.001). No significant (between p<62>0.05 & p<62>0.001) alterations in MCV, MCH and MCHC were observed in the exposed H. fossilis in all the respective durations.

1 table, 15 ref

004434   Bhosale S H;Rode M S;Basagare S S;Gawai A A; Bhosale M S;Mahadik K R;Kadam S S (Dep of Chem, Poona Coll of Pharm Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed Univ, Pune-411 038) : Synthesis and antipsychotic activity of new coumarinoacetamides. Indian J Heterocyclic Chem 2006, 15(3), 267-70.

A new series of coumarinoacetamides 3a-j have been synthesized by refluxing various chloroacetamides 2a-j with 7-hydroxy-4-methylchromene-2-one in toluene and triethylamine. The chloroacetamides on the other hand have been prepared from the reaction of chloroacetyl chloride with various amines. The synthesized compounds have been characterized with the help of spectral and analytical data. The title compounds were screened for their antipsychotic activity in terms of their ability to inhibit apomorphine induced climbing behavior in albino mice. All the compounds showed significant variable activity.

2 tables, 11 ref

004433   Baby Ratna Kumari (Dep of Zool, Andhra Univ, Visakhapatnam-530 003) : Seasonal dynamics in abundance and pattern of infection of the lecithodendriid trematode Mehraorchis ranarum (Srivastava, 1934) in the skipper frog, Rana Cyanophlyctis schneider. Bull pure appl Sci-Sect A 2006, 25(1), 61-9.

Seasonal dynamics in abundance and pattern of infection of lecithodendriid trematode, Mehraorchis ranarum was investigated based on data obtained from a study of 667 R. cyanophlyctis collected as monthly samples during the period June, 2000 to May 2002, from sampling area as in Visakhapatnam. Information on the seasonal cycles of prevalence, relative density and maturation cycle and the frequency distribution of flukes in the host population has been collected. Infection with the fluke in the host population occurred throughout the year with peak during post monsoon and minimum during summer months. Recruitment of the flukes into the host population occurred throughout the year. The frequency distribution of the parasites in the population is over dispersed and conformed to negative binomial model at different times of the year.

3 illus, 2 tables, 18 ref

004432   Aslam M;Arif M;Pandey K L;Singh N K;Narendra Kumar;Das S C (Def Agric Res Lab, Haldwani, Nainital-263 139) : Studies on in vitro regeneration in pea (Pisum sativum L.) Var. arkel. Biochem Cell Archs 2006, 6(1), 111-6.

Standardization of protocol for in vitro regeneration of pea (Pisum sativum L.) from the embryonic explants for genetic transformation. Various treatments have been tried for callusing and the response observed was moderate to very good for callusing. Media containing BAP 0.75 mg/L and NAA 225 mg/L was found to be optimum for early and healthy callusing. Embryonic explant produced maximum number of shoots in media supplemented with zeatin (125 mg/L) + BAP (0.75 mg/L) and it was observed to be best among all other treatments. Rhizogenesis was observed to be better in plantlets in which combination of NAA and IBA was used as rooting hormone.

8 illus, 3 tables, 16 ref

004431   Arun Kumar J (NO, , 5/574, Annai Illam, Kamarajar Street, Dharmapuri-636 705) : Effect of water quality of egg hatching of gold fish (Carassius auratus). J Ecotoxic envir Monit 2006, 16(3), 243-6.

Hatching of egg of goldfish (Carassius auratus) was carried out in three different water samples namely well, river, and public water tap. Among the treatments, the best egg hatch out rate of C. auratus (74%) was observed in river water and egg hatch out was not observed throughout the experimental period in public water tap.

2 tables, 13 ref

004430   Ameyaw Y;Akotoye H K;Pappoe A N M;Dampare S B;Adomako D;Opoku Boahen Y;Owusu-Ansah E (Cent for Scientific Res into Pl Med, , P.O. Box 73, Mampong-Akuapem, Ghana) : Determination of the alkaloidal leaves in Cryptolepis sanguinolenta (Lindl.) Schtr. Asian J Chem 2006, 18(2), 1007-12.

Importance of the enrichment index of the soils on the alkaloidal levels of the plant organs of Cryptolepis sanguinolenta, a medicinal plant in two districts in the Eastern Region of Ghana has been focussed. The extraction method was used to quantify the alkaloid in the organs while the irradiation method was also used to quantify the soil elements needed for the computation of the enrichment index of the soils. Results gathered show the enrichment of the soils to be less than 1. Therefore the soils of the locations are considered to be non-toxic. Pepease had an enrichment index of 0.22; Mamfe, 0.13 and Abonse, 0.14. The nature of the enrichment index of the soils fluctuated concurrently as the alkaloidal contents of the plant organs.

3 illus, 1 table, 10 ref

004429   Ahmadizadeh M;Jalali M R (Dep of Toxicol, Ahwaz Jondi Shapur Univ of Med Sci, Ahwaz, Iran) : Effect of scorpion venom on the level of some biochemical parameters in rats. Biochem Cell Archs 2006, 6(1), 147-55.

Effect of scorpion venom derived from Hemiscopius lepturus on experimental animals may be useful for better understanding of the clinical pictures. To evaluate the effect of HL venom on some biochemical parameters in rat, blood was processed for determinations of AST, ALT, ALP, LDH, CPK, BUN, creatinine, blood glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides. The level of biochemical parameters increased in dose dependant manner. The level of all biochemical parameters (except triglycerides) significantly increased after 24h or 48 h injection of HL venom when compared to those in control rats (p<60>0.05). However, the value of biochemical parameters in 1 week after administrations of the venom were similar to those in control groups.

10 illus, 20 ref

004428   Ahmadizadeh M;Jalali M R (Dep of Toxicol, Ahwaz Judi Shapur Univ of Med Sci, Ahwaz, Iran, Email: dr_m_admadizadeh@yahoo.com) : Effect of vitamin c on morphine induced liver and respiratory epithelial cells damage in rats. Biochem Cell Archs 2006, 6(1), 29-36.

The effect of morphine on respiratory system and liver (as positive control) was examined. Role of vitamin C on M produced cell damage was also determined. Biochemical and histopathological observations indicated that M produced injury in the liver, lung and tracheal epithelial cells. Vitamin C reduced M-induced toxicity (p<60>0.05).

10 illus, 18 ref

004427   Ahmadizadeh M (Dep of Toxicol, Ahwaz Jondi Shapur Med Sci Univ, Ahwaz, Iran) : Cytochemical evidence on the presence of cytochrome P 450 in rat hepatic and extrahepatic tissues. Biochem Cell Archs 2006, 6(1), 169-75.

Cellular localization of NADPH-dependent monooxygense enzyme system in rat's liver, kidney, lung and trachea was determined by histochemistry. Tissues from adult male rats, were excised, frozen and sectioned by cryostat for incubation in media containing NADPH, nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), for 10 min. Tissue sections were mounted and were assessed by light microscopy. NADPH-dependent cytochemical activity was more intense in hepatocyte cytoplasm in centrilobular zone when compared to periportal hepatocyte zone. Cytochemical activity was noted in cytoplasm of proximal convoluted tubular epithelial cells, but not in renal glomerulus, distal convoluted tubular cells or collecting duct. In lung, positive cytochemical reactivity was noted in cytoplasm of intrapulmonary respiratory airway epithelium and in the cytoplasm of alveolar type II cells. In trachea, positive reactivity was found in cytoplasm of trachea respiratory epithelial cells. This study suggested that the distribution of NADPH-dependent cytochemical staining may be relevant to the site of biotransformation of toxic chemicals or carcinogens that require metabolic activation by NADPH-dependent monooxygenase enzyme system.

7 illus, 33 ref

004426   Ahmadizadeh M (Dep of Toxicol, Ahawaz Med Sci Univ, Ahwaz, Iran) : Effect of N-acetylcystein on cigarette smoke induced toxicity in rat nasal respiratory epithelial cells. Biochem Cell Archs 2006, 6(1), 43-52.

The study was designed to assess effects of N-acetylcystein (NAC) on cigarette smoke (CS) induced nasal respiratory epithelial cells damage. Adult male rats were treated with 250 mg/kg NAC. Control animals received vehicle (normal saline) only. Thirty min later, all animals were exposed to 0,1,2,3 or 4 CS daily for 7 consecutive days. 24h after last exposure, all rats were killed with over dose of sodium pentobarbital. The nasal cavity were collected, fixed, decalcified and processed for histopathological studies. Histopathology of the respiratory epithelium was evaluated by using Toluidine blue staining technique. Glycoprotein containing cells were estimated cytochemically by using Alcian Blue/Periodic Acid Schiff (AB-PAS) at pH 2.6 staining methods. CS produced injury in both ciliated and nonciliated respiratory epithelial cells. However, the number of damaged cells significantly increased after exposure of animals to 1, 2, 3 or 4 CS. Modifications of glycoprotein containing cells were also noted in CS exposure rats. The number of glycoprotein-containirig cells were significantly elevated in rats exposed to 1, 2 or 3 CS, but markedly decreased in 4 CS exposure rats when compared to those in control animals. NAC caused no alteration in nasal respiratory epithelial cells. However, CS-induced toxicity significantly decreased in animals pretreated with this chemical.

6 illus, 41 ref

004425   Achyutha Devi J;Piska R S (Dep of Zool, Univ Coll of Sci Osmania Univ, Hyderabad-500 007) : Effect of fluoride on aspertate and alanine amino transferase activities in the fresh water fish Clarias batrachus Linn. Bull pure appl Sci-Sect A 2006, 25(1), 19-24.

Deals with toxic effect of fluoride on aspertate and alanine amino transferase activities in the fresh water cat fish, Clarius batrachus. The fishes of uniform size were exposed to 1, 10, 20 and 30ppm concentrations of fluoride. Exposed fishes were sacrificed at the predetermined exposure spans on 1, 30 and 60 days for the analysis of amino transferase activity in different tissues like liver, muscle, kidney, gill and brain. The control fishes were sacrificed simultaneously and made analysis of amino transferase activity. The activity of Aspertate Amino Transferase (AAT) and Alanine Amino Transferase (ALAT) were enhanced over controls in all the tissues in all concentrations at all the exposure spans. Liver showed maximum elevation of AAT activity, followed by muscle, kidney, brain and gill. Maximum activity of ALAT was observed in kidney, followed by muscle, liver, brain and gill. The elevation of transferases is due to altered liver function due to fluoride toxicity and utilization of amino acids.

2 tables, 21 ref

003379   Umamaheswari R;Sivakumar M;Subramanian S (Department of Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-641 003, Email: uma_nem@yahoo.co.in) : Survival and infectivity of entomopathogenic nematodes in alginate gel formulations against rice meal moth larva, Corcyra cephlonica stainton. Nat Prod Radiance 2006, 5(2), 95-8.

Entomopathogenic nematodes, viz. Steinernema glaseri, S. siamkayai and Heterorhabditis indica were formulated in alginate gel capsules and tested in vitro at two temperatures (5°C and 25°C) for their storage and infectivity against rite meal moth larva, Corcyra cephalonica Stainton. The nernatode S. glaseri survived longer up to 24 weeks and 100 per cent survival was observed up to 4 weeks at 5°C. However, their infectivity was 100 per cent up to 4 weeks at 5°C. It was followed by S. siamkayai which survived up to 22 weeks at 5°C and 14 weeks at 25°C. H. indica revealed 100 per cent infectivity up to 2 weeks at 5°C and 25°C.

4 illus, 2 tables, 7 ref

003378   Tilak K S;Veeraiah K;Lakshmi J (Zoology Dep, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Nagarjunanagar-522 510) : Effects of ammonia, nitrate and nitrite on toxicity and haematological changes in the carps. J Ecotoxic envir Monit 2006, 16(1), 9-12.

Toxicity tests to the freshwater fish Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala of fry and fingerling stages were conducted NH₃-N, NO₂-N and NO₃-N as toxicants of static and continuous flow through systems for a period of 24, 48 and 96 h. The fry were more sensitive to the toxicants and were twice as toxic as to fingerlings. The fish are affected due to the conversion of 10-20% of blood Haemoglobin to methemoglobin and are subjected to stress.

2 tables, 14 ref

003377   Suresh N;Ranganathan L S (Zoology Dep, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar-608 002) : Enumeration of intraepithelial lecuocytes (IEL) in the gut associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) of Indian major carp, Catla catla (Hamilton). Geobios 2006, 33(2-3), 217-18.

^ssc14 ref

003376   Srivastava R K;Krishna A (Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221 005, Email: akrishna_ak@yahoo.co.in) : Pathophysiology of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): lessons from animal studies. Proc Indian Natn Sci Acad-Pt B 2005, 71(3-4), 191-205.

Polycystic ovary syndrome is a complex and heterogeneous disorder mainly associated with increased circulating level of androgen. Morphological, endocrine, metabolic and clinical features are well deined. Genetic basis are curently under intense investigation. Genes related to the steroidogenic enzymes, trolin secretion and action and adiposity are currently under intense investigation. To understand the pathogenesis of PCOS, two recently developed models (Rhesus monkey and Bats) are studied in more detail. Studies on these animal models suggest that excess androgen level during parental or peri-pubertal period may be responsible for development of PCOS-like characteristics in adults. Animal studies further showed that excess androgen production during development might be responsible for abnormal pituitary function and enhanced visceral fat distribution, which in turn causes insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia and abnormal folicular develpment. Additional animal studies are needed to establish the primary pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying this disorder.

6 illus, 4 tables, 23 ref

003375   Solavan A;Paulmurugan R;Wilsanand V (Zoology Dep, PMT College, Melaneelithanallur, Thirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, Email: wilsanand@yahoo.com) : Effect of the subterranean termite used in the South Indian folk medicine. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2006, 5(3), 376-9.

Investigation reports the effect of the termite, Odontotermes formosanus Shiraki, most commonly used by the South Indian tribes as food for enhancing lactation in women, on growth and reproduction in Swiss albino mice. Mus musculus Linn. Dietary supplementation with termite to Swiss albino mice significantly increased the percentage growth rate and number of litters delivered, when compared to the control groups fed with normal rodent pellets. The percentage growth rate of experimental male and female mice fed on Odontotermes formosanus Shiraki showed a significant increase (P<60>0.01), when compared to the respective control groups. Results on litter production revealed a 22% increase in the experimental groups supplemented with termite, when compared to the control group. Termite can be used as a viable protein rich feed has been suggested. Termite culture on a commercial scale and its use, as an alternative protein rich feed for poultry would probably go a long way.

3 illus, 28 ref

003374   Singh S;Chandrasekaran V S;Singh U P (College of Fishery Sciences, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar-263 145) : Effect of endosulfan and 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid on the growth and gonadal development of freshwater prawn Macrobrachium lamarrei. Fish Technol 2006, 43(1), 73-8.

Freshwater prawn Macrobrachium lamarrei was subjected to acute (96 hr) static bioassay toxicity test with the pesticide endosulfan and the herbicide, 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid and the LC₅₀ values were 0.009 ppm and 0.5 ppm respectively. When prawns were exposed for 30 days, under static condition, to five sub-lethal concentrations, viz., 0.008, 0.007, 0.006, 0.005 and 0.004 ppm of endosulfan and 0.4, 0.3, 0.2, 0.1 and 0.05 ppm of 2,4-diclorophenoxy acetic acid, the growth and the gonado-somatic index (GSI) were found to decrease in direct relation to increase in the concentration of the toxicants. However, there was an increase in growth at lower concentrations of endosulfan and acceleration in gonadal development at low concentration of 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid.

2 tables, 27 ref

003373   Sharma V;Arora R (Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith (Deemed University), Banasthali-304 022) : Effect of Aloe vera on biochemical parameters in swiss female albino mice (Mus musculus). Biosci Res Bull 2005, 21(2), 149-52.

The history of Aloe vera dates back to second century B.C. Realising the role of Aloe vera as a medicinal plant, the work was undertaken to find out the effect of Aloe vera gel on various biochemical parameters, i.e., protein, cholesterol, liver, muscle glycogen, SGOT and SGPT in female swiss albino mice. Data indicates that Aloe vera results in increase in the level of protein, liver, muscle glycogen and SGPT and decrease in cholesterol level following short term exposure for 40 days. Following these changes Aloe vera could rightly be called a medicinal plant.

4 tables, 17 ref

003372   Senthilkumar N;Trivedi S;Khatri P K;Barthakur N D;Borah N J (NO, Rain Forest Research Institute, Jorhat-785 001) : Butterflies of Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary, Assam : a preliminary survey. Ann For 2006, 14(1), 86-91.

Deals with 37 species of butterflies belonging to 21 genera were recorded in the Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary, Assam. Of the ten families of butterflies known to occur in India seven families viz., Danaidae, Nymphlidae, Papilionidae, Satyridae, Lycaenidae, Pieridae, and Amathasiidae were recorded. Families Nymphlidae and Papilionidae had the largest number of species (11 each) while Satyridae, Lycaenidae, and Amathasiidae were represented by only one species each. None of the species found in the study area are known to be threatened under any category of IUCN, 2003.

1 illus, 3 tables, 12 ref

003371   Sati J P (Zoological Survey of India, , 218-Kaulagarh Road, Dehra Dun-248 195) : Observations on feeding behaviour of rhesus monkey and defensive beahviour of house crow in urban habitat. Ann For 2006, 14(1), 95-6.

4 ref

003370   Sadanandan M A (P.G. & Research Department of Zoology, Malabar Christian College, Calicut-673 001) : A new species of predatory mite of the genus Amblyseius (Acarina:Phytoseiidae) from Kerala, India. Geobios 2006, 33(2-3), 188-90.

New species of predatory mite of the family Phytoseiidae viz., Amblyseius (Paraphytoseius) arjunae sp. nov. has been described and illustrated.

5 illus, 6 ref

003369   Ruchi ;Bhandari R S (NO, , 2-A, Gasta Flats, B-3, Paschim Vihar, New Delhi-110 063) : Studies on some insects (Diptera : Calliphoridae) of forensic importance with reference to their role in estimating post mortem interval (PMI) on different flesh samples. Ann For 2006, 14(1), 74-82.

Deals with studies on the life cycle of some species of Calliphorid insects, completed on the carcass/flesh of dead and decaying animals (chicken intestinal viscera, chicken feathers and fish intestinal viscera) in capativity. Variations in the stages of the cycles and succession of species on these dycaying/decomposing animals have been recorded. The studies also include observations on the effect of change in viscosity of the body fluid of the carcass on the rate of growth of Calliphorids and its effect on the estimation of Post Mortem Interval (PMI). Study emphasizes on the determination of life cycles of same species of insects on flesh samples of different dead and decaying animals, record the variations if any and relate it to the existence of species specificity for feeding among the Calliphorid species. This study also considers the effect of change in viscosity on the rate of growth of Calliphordis and its further effect on estimation of PMI (Post Mortem Interval).

5 illus, 3 tables, 6 ref

003368   Roots O;Zitko V;Schramm K W;Henkelmann B;Simm M (Estonian Environmental Research Centre, , Marja 4D, Email: Ott.Roots@klab.ee) : Polychlorinated bibenzo p dioxins, Dibenzofurans and dioxin like polychlorinated biphenyls concentrations dependency on the age of the baltic herring and baltic sprat. Res J Chem Envir 2006, 10(1), 42-4.

Baltic Herring and Sprat are important for fish processing industry of Estonia. Age of the fish is a major factor. The concentration of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans needs monitoring because Baltic sea is highly contaminated with polychlorine organic compounds. Results show that age of fish is more important than the year of capture.

2 illus, 1 table, 6 ref

003367   Rizvi A N (Zoological Survey of India, Northern Regional Station, 218, Kaulagarh Road, Dehra Dun-248 195) : First record of insect oxyurid nematodes from Dehradun (Uttaranchal). Ann For 2006, 14(1), 65-73.

Six species of insect oxyurid nematodes namely, Hammerschmidtiella diesingi, Leidynema appendiculatum, L. periplaneti, Binema mirzaia, Mirzaiella haroldi and M. alii recorded for the first from Dehradun, Uttaranchal have been described and illustrated.

6 illus, 16 ref

003366   Ravi V (Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai-608 502) : Report in the rare distribution of leopard whipray, Himantura undulata Bleeker, 1852) from Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu coast. Geobios 2006, 33(2-3), 219-20.

^ssc1 illus, 1 table, 4 ref

003365   Ramanathan V;Radha B (Zoology Dep, Pachaiyappa's College, Chennai-600 030) : Effects of synthetic Salmon calcitonin on the histomorphology of the corpuscles of stannius in the bagrid catfish, Mystus gulio (Ham.). Geobios 2006, 33(2-3), 183-7.

Histomorphological and cyto-karyometric observations were made on the corpuscles of Stannius (CS) of synthetic salmon calcitonin (CST) treated (0.2 ml, 0.4 ml and 0.6 ml/fish/day for 5 days) female Mystus gulio assess the direct or indirect response of these glands to exogenous hormone.

4 illus, 1 table, 18 ref

003364   Ram Singh;Misri B (NO, Central Avian Research Institute, IVRI Campus, Izatnagar-243 122) : Traditional goat health management practices in Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2006, 5(3), 373-5.

Animals are reared under two systems, viz. the sedentary and the migratory/ transhumant in Chamba district. The fodder needs of the animals are met through traditional feed resources, but the migratory system of animal rearing is totally dependent on grazing in natural grasslands. The grasslands have been infested with numerous poisonous plants, causing poisoning to animals due to heavy grazing. Some of these poisonous plants are quite fatal and are major causes of livestock mortality and morbidity as veterinary services are not adequately available to provide health cover to all the animals. The farmers have to travel long distances to get their animals treated in the veterinary dispensaries. The farmers have devised their own traditional methods of treating the animals. They possess some knowledge based ethnoveterinary practices and able to distinguish the poisonous and medicinal plants to cure diseases. The communication aims at presenting the traditional animal health management practices used by the farmers with special reference to goat health in Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh.

6 ref

003363   Pramanik P B;Manna B (Zoology Dep, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Calcutta-700 019) : Nybelinia dighai N.sp. (Cestoda: Tentacularidae) from Carcharias walbeehmi Bleekar, 1878 from Bay of Bengal at Digha coast, India. Geobios 2006, 33(2-3), 178-82.

A new species, Nybelinia dighai is described from the spiral intestine of Carcharias walbeehmi, captured at coastal water of Digha, Bay of Bengal. It differs from N. lingualis Cuvier, 1817, N. elongata Shah and Bilquees, 1979. N. anthicosum Heinz and Daily, 1974, N. queensiandensis Jones and Beveridge, 1998, N. basimegacantha Carvajal et al., 1976, Nybelinia sp. Subharpradha, 1955, in the position of bulbs and position of velum in scolex and number of hooks per row in tentacle.

2 illus, 1 table, 8 ref

003362   Mishra A K;Gupta R K;Prasad B B (Zoology Dep, P.U.P. College, Motihari-845 401) : Benthic invertebrates of Sikrahna river. Geobios 2006, 33(2-3), 169-72.

Qualitative and quantitative abundance of benthic fauna of river Sikrahna has been presented. Qualitatively it is comprised of oligochaets (5 sp.), insect (7 sp.), ostracoda (3 sp.), pelecypoda (5 sp.), gastropoda (5 sp.) branchiopoda (2 sp.) leeches (2 sp.). Quantitatively oligochaets, gastropoda, insect and branchiopoda, pelecypoda, mainly constituted the total fauna besides scanty presence of ostracoda, leeches and others.

1 illus, 1 table, 13 ref

003361   Mathew P;Nair K G R (Department of Zoology, S H College, Thevara, Cochin-682 013) : Ensilation of shrimp waste by Lactobacillus fermentum. Fish Technol 2006, 43(1), 59-64.

Ensilation of shrimp waste was carried out with Lactobacilus fermentum at room temperature (30±1°C). Formic acid (0.4%) was used to adjust the pH to 5.8 at the start of the experiment. The pH of the medium fell sharply from 5.8 at the beginning to around 4.5 by 2nd day and was more or less stable during the remaining part of ensilation. The protein content of the residue showed a decrease with a proportional increase in chitin content. The ash and crude fat content registered a decrease. The data on biochemical composition of the slurry revealed that the protein content, a amino nitrogen and NPN increased substantially during fermentation. The TVBN value remained constant at about 0.07% on dry weight basis during the period of observation. Protein solubilization of the order of 60% obtained during the study was independent of initial bacterial density and is within the range of acceptability indicating that L. fermentum is an ideal candidate for use in biofermentation of shrimp waste.

3 tables, 21 ref

003360   Mahira Parveen;Shrivastava V K;Qureshi M S (Biosciences Dep, Faculty of Life Sciences, Barkatullah University, Bhopal-462 026) : Effect of sevin on enzymes of mice, Mus musculus and retrieval effect of garlic. J Ecotoxic envir Monit 2006, 16(1), 31-5.

Sevin was administered intraperitoneally to Mus musculus for the period of 30 days and the enzymatic changes in liver were studied. Glutamate pyruvate transaminase, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and alkaline phosphatase enzyme activities in silver of mice were determined as 127,24 and 47 KA. When M. musculus were exposed to sevin (2.5 mg/kg) for 30 days, GPT became 34, GOT became 3 and ALP became 12 KA. Other group of M. musculus was exposed to sevin (2.5 mg/kg, i.p) and garlic (664 mg/kg, orally) in combination for 30 days. Due to garlic treatment the sevin induced toxicity was reduced and GPT, GOT and ALP enzymes increased to 43, 9.5 and 22 KA, respectively. Garlic showed protective effect towards the chronic toxicity of sevin in mice. These enzymes were significantly increased due to garlic treatment. Results indicated that garlic plays an important role in retrieval of enzymes depleted by sevin toxicity.

1 illus, 19 ref

003359   Lalitha K V;Surendran P K (NO, Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Cochin-682 029) : Isolation and characterization of Shewanella putrefaciens from farm reared freshwater prawn and farm environment. Fish Technol 2006, 43(1), 85-92.

Farmed Macrabrachium rosenbergii, farm water and mud were analysed for hydrogen sulphide producing bacteria including Sluivanella putrefaciens. The biochemical characteristics and spoilage potential of S. putrefariens strains isolated from M. rosenbergii were investigated and compared to marine and brackishwater strains isolated from fish (Rastrelliger kanagurta) and black clam( Villorita cyprinoides) respectively. The H₂S producing bacteria including S. putrefaciens constituted a low proportion (<60>2%) of the total aerobic flora of pond water and mud and 12% of the total aerobic population on fresh prawn. On icing, there was a lag or slight decrease in the counts of H₂S producing bacteria including S. putrefaciens in the muscle of M. rosenbergii. The proliferation started on 16th day of iced storage and the count of sulphide producers reached ca. 6.25 log₁₀ cfu g^-1 in prawn muscle at the time of rejection after 3 weeks. Gram-negative, non-fermentative, motile rods constituted 16-25% of the hydrogen sulphide producing bacteria on prawn muscle and intestine and they were identified as Shewanella putrefaciens. The results indicate that S. putrefaciens is an important spoiler of freshwater prawn. All the S. putrefaciens isolates from M. rosenbergii were able to produce H₂S and reduce TMAO and exhibited high spoilage potential. The study suggests that counts of H₂S producing bacteria can be a useful indicator of quality deterioration of farm reared M. rosenbergii.

2 illus, 3 tables, 39 ref

003358   Jadhav S S;Surve P R;Ambore N E (Department of Zoology, (P.G.), Shivaji Mahavidyalaya, Udgir, M.S) : Effect of mercuric chloride on glycogen in the fresh water crab, Barytelphusa guerini. Biosci Res Bull 2005, 21(2), 91-3.

The sublethal effect of mercuric chloride on the muscle glycogen, blood glucose were estimated in the fresh water crab, Barytelphusa guerini. Crabs were exposed to the sublethal concentration of mercuric chloride. Fluctuation observed in the metabolites of glycogen indicates the possible arrival of anaerobic condition of the exposed crabs.

1 table, 12 ref

003357   Jadhav S S;Surve P R (Department of Zoology (P.G.), Shivaji Mahavidyalaya, Udgir, M.S) : Effect of lead nitrate on the oxygen consumption of fresh water crab, Barytelphusa guerini. Biosci Res Bull 2005, 21(2), 153-5.

The rate of oxygen consumption of the crab, Barytelphusa guerini is increased initially when exposed to lethal concentration of lead nitrate. However, prolongation of the exposure period with sublethal concentration decreased their metabolic rate and exposed animal were also in hypoactive condition.

1 table, 12 ref

003356   Jadhav S S;Surve P R (Department of Zoology, Shivaji Mahavidyalaya, Udgir, M.S) : Impact of lead nitrate on protein in the fresh water crab Barytelphusa guerini. Biosci Res Bull 2005, 21(2), 117-18.

The lethal effect of lead nitrate on the total protein in blood, muscles, gills and hepatopancreas were estimated in the fresh water crab, Barytelphusa guerini. Crabs were exposed to the lethal concentration of lead nitrate. Fluctuation observed in the metabolites of protein.

1 table, 8 ref

003355   Hari B;Madhusoodana Kurup B (Zoology Dep, Post Graduate Sree Narayana College, Nattika, Thrissur-680 566, Email: madhukurup@hotmail.com) : The effect of dietary lipid levels on the nutrition and growth of juveniles of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man). Fish Technol 2006, 43(1), 65-72.

Effect of dietary lipid levels on the nutrition and biochemical composition of the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) was studied by incorporating graded levels of cod liver oil in semi-purified diets to provide 2,4,6,8,10,12, and 15% lipid level. A diet devoid of lipid content was used as control diet. Prawns with 63±10 mg initial body weight were used for the study. Maximum weight gain, better feed conversion and higher protein efficiency ratio were recorded in M. rosenbergii juveniles fed with diet containing 6 and 8% dietary lipid level. After 42 days, significantly higher (p<60>0.05) weight gain was recorded in 4 to 10% dietary levels of lipid than control and 2% lipid diet. However, there exist no statistically significant difference in weight gain, specific growth rate, FCR and protein efficiency ratio among 4 to 10% dietary treatments. The broken line model suggests a requirement of 4.4% lipid level in the diets of M. rosenbergii juveniles. Moreover, the results of the study bring out the negative impact of the over supplementation of lipid (12 and 15%) in the diets of M. rosenbergii. The dietary lipid did not affect the survival of prawns and it ranged from 66.11 to 91.11%, however, an addition of 4% dietary lipid increased the survival of prawn to 82.22%. The RNA, DNA and nucleic acid ratios of the muscle tissue of prawns fed with 6 and 8% dietary lipid level were significantly (p<60>0.05) higher than that of control diet, 2 and 4% dietary lipid levels. A positive correlation was recorded between the dietary and carcass lipid level, however an inverse relationship was noticed between carcass lipid and moisture content. The results of study revealed that dietary lipid had an important role on the nutrition and biochemical composition of juveniles of M.rosenbergii.

4 tables, 17 ref

003354   Chrisolite B;Sugumar G (Department of Fish Processing Technology, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and An, Thoothukudi-628 008, Email: sugumar_mg@yahoo.com) : Antibiotic resistance patterns of Escherichia coli and Salmonella from environmental samples of Thoothukudi coast. Fish Technol 2006, 43(1), 93-8.

The incidence and antibiotic resistance pattern of E. coli and Salmonella from water, beach sand and fish collected from four fish landing centres of Thoothukudi were studied. Presence of E. coli was confirmed in 90%, 92% and 79% of water, beach sand and fish samples respectively, while Salmonella was detected in 25% of water and sand samples and 17% of fish samples. The isolates were tested against fifteen antibiotics by disc diffusion method. While all the E. coli isolates were resistant to bacitracin, erythromycin and rifampicin, none of the isolates was resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol and sulphafurazole. Among Salmonella isolates, all were resistant to bacitracin and most were resistant to ampicillin, colistin, erythromycin and rifampicin. None of the Salmonella isolates was resistant to chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin. Multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index was higher than 0.2 in all strains of E. coli and Salmonella revealing that they might have originated from high-risk sources of contamination such as humans.

4 tables, 20 ref

003353   Chakraborty D;Naaz S;Dasgupta S;Mukhopadhyay S K (Post Graduate Department of Zoology, Maulana Azad College, Govt. of West Bengal, 8, Rafi Ahmed Kidwai Road, Kolkata-700 013, Email: msubhro@vsnl.net) : Preliminary study on scat density to comment on the wildlife activities using an easier field method at Gorumara National Park, West Bengal. Geobios 2006, 33(2-3), 137-40.

Presence of wildlife fauna and their activities were ascertained with the density of the scat, dung and other markings of droppings of the wildlife abode therein. Attempt was made to find out spatial differences in the activities of the wildlife populations and to comment on the abundance of different preys and predators within open riparian grasslands and high forests at the foothills of the Himalayas. An indirect sampling method, Transect Count Method, was employed to count dung/pellet group/scat and other markings in that area. Elephants were active both in grasslands and inside the high forests, while the Rhinoceros were active in the open riparian grasslands. Abundance of smaller prey animals and larger herbivores were noted in the grasslands together with higher activities of the leopards.

2 tables, 9 ref

003352   Cankaya S;Kayaalp G T;Sangun L;Tahtali Y;Akar M (Department of Animal Science, Cukurova University, 01330, Adana, Turkey) : A comparative study of estimation methods for parameters in multiple linear regression model. J appl Anim Res 2006, 29(1), 43-7.

Investigated least squares method, non-parametric method and robust regression methods to predict the parameters of multiple regression models. To evaluate these methods, measurements of body weight, total length and fork length of fishes collected from Serranus cabrilla were used. In these regression models, body weight was dependent variable whereas total length and fork length were independent variables. The results show that non-parametric regression method, general additive model, has minimum R² value and least median squares has maximum R² value, 0.334 and 0.855, respectively.

3 tables, 9 ref