016536   Parekh D N;Modhera C D (Applied Mechanics Dep, Sir BPTI, Bhavnagar, Email: divyaparekh@yahoo.com) : Effect of silica fume on recycled aggregate concrete. J Constr Engng Technol Mgmt 2012, 2(2), 17-28.

Use of recycled aggregate (RA) in concrete can be useful for environmental protection and in economical terms. Recycled aggregates are the materials for the future. It is a well-known fact that it gives a little lower strength than natural aggregate concrete. Though, if used up to 20% of replacement, it can give almost similar strength as that of natural aggregate concrete. Hence, it is necessary to improve strength of recycled aggregate concrete for higher recycled aggregate content. Silica fume is a very popular material used for strength improvement. Hence, popular mix of 1:1.5:3 was checked with different percentage of silica fume combination; 5%, 7% and 10% of silica fume was replaced with cement and 30%, 50% and 100% of recycled aggregates were replaced with natural aggregate and results were analyzed. Thus a total of nine trials were analyzed and conclusions were derived in detail.

9 illus, 13 tables, 25 ref

016535   Kang X;Guozhi F;Li Y (State Key Laboratory of Offshore Oil Exploitation, CNOOC Research Institute, China, Email: yongwei.li1976@gmail.com) : Experience from polymer-EOR on offshore heavy oil field in Bohai Bay, China. J Petrol Engng Technol 2013, 3(1), 14-9.

Review work based on the polymer flood for offshore heavy oil reservoir is presented. In recent years, the CNOOC has launched quite a few chemical EOR projects at offshore oilfields in the Bohai Bay, China. With the useful life of platform and the present production state, polymer flooding is considered and already proved as an important technology for the strategic development of offshore heavy oil fields in the Bohai Bay. Up to 2010, there were three polymer-EOR projects on heavy oil field with the water cut between 10 and 80%. And about 20,000 tons polymer powder was used in 27 wells in the past 5 years. It has been seen that the water cut declined while the oil production increased. The application result shown is feasible. The procedure of polymer injection is presented.

^iia5 illus, 1 table, 7 ref

016534   Kam K J;Hilmy A;Hamid A (School of Housing, Building and Planning, Sains Malaysia Univ, Malaysia) : Relationship between motives and benefits on adopting QLASSIC-CIS 7:2006 in Malayisa construction industry. J Constr Engng Technol Mgmt 2012, 2(2), 29-40.

Paper reviews on the building contractors motivating factors on adopting the newly imposed quality assurance initiative in Malaysia's construction industry. The quality assurance initiative named Quality Assessment System in Construction (QLASSIC) - The Construction Industry Standard (CIS) - CIS 7:2006. It is introduced by the Construction Industry Development Board of Malaysia (CIDB). This QLASSIC system consists of a building construction standard where all the contractors must follow the specifications, if adopting this system in their construction project. The literature commonly categorizes motivation factors into two types -internal and external. Both types of motivation factors, related to the benefits on adopting the QLASSIC system, are put into this study. Further analysis will be done to determine the motives and benefits relationship behind the adoption of the QLASSIC system in the construction projects.

10 tables, 36 ref

016533   Gupta S C (Aeronautical Engineering Dep, MVJ College of Engineering, Bangalore, Email: satish_chander_gupta@yahoo.co.in) : Transonic flow past conically cambered wings. J Aerospace Engng Technol 2013, 3(1), 29-36.

Flow is analysed over conically cambered wings for transonic flaw conditions. Wing Planform is conically cambered for supersonic flow for minimum induced drag. The circulation to determine the forces is developed using panel methods. Objective function for drag minima is formed using Lagrange multipliers. The transonic flow computations are progressed through computational fluid dynamics. In case of a subsonic leading edge in supersonic flow there is no shock wave that appears over the wing, whether the wing is non-optimal or optimally cambered. This is advantageous towards optimization. The tip region is seen to have appreciable difference in nature of pressure distribution for these two cases over the entire chord length.

2 illus, 1 table, 8 ref

016532   Gupta N K;Venkatesh (RWTH Aachen Univ, Institut fur Leichtbau, Aachen, Germany, Email: narinder_gupta@yahoo.com) : Collapse behaviour of thin walled spherical shells under central impact. Proc Indian Natn Sci Acad 2012, 78(2), 125-39.

Experimental and numerical studies were performed to study the collapse mechanism of aluminium spherical shells of different radius to mean thickness (R/T) ratios, subjected to quasi-static and impact loading between a platen and a hemispherical nosed indenter. Typical stages of their collapse, collapse modes, meridian thickness variations and load-compression behaviour, are presented and influence thereon of the shell geometry and the rate of loading are discussed. These shells were numerically simulated under both quasi-static and dynamic loading, using the finite element code FORGE2. The material in the simulation was taken to be rigid-viscoplastic. The results thus obtained from experimental and numerical modelling compared well. The variations of equivalent strain, equivalent strain rate, different stress components and velocity distribution at some stages of collapse have also been computed and typical results are presented. A comparison of collapse modes and mean collapse loads in quasi-static and impact loading has been presented and their salient features discussed.

13 illus, 4 tables, 8 ref

016531   Goswami B;Mahato K;Sharma V (NO, R.V.S. College of Engineering & Technology, Jamshedpur-831 102) : Traditional insight of strategies in steel philosophies. J Metall Mater Sci 2012, 54(1), 1-29.

Steel is an alloy of carbon in iron. In its different specific application this alloy is modified from assistance of different alloying elements. The traditional insight attendance has been a description to reproduce the contemporary strategies behind steel philosophies. As a versatile strength bearing materials it has both strategic and non-strategic compositions. The review consisted basic physical metallurgy aspects, cryogenic applications, corrosion applications, architectural aspects from ancient civilization, industrial requirements, thermodynamics of solid phase transformation studies, marine and mining application of steel and related properties etc. Stain less steel occupies an important position in steel philosophies from cryogenics, hygienic and corrosion resistance properties in b.c.c., f.c.c. and b.c.t. forms of crystollagraphy. Steel in its various alloyed forms has considered mostly describing these crystallographic transitions under temperature and stress states. The attendance of nomenclature has been the primary study materials for international trade fair. Wear resistance applications for mine exploration and retrieval consumes a major portion of steel. In this case, wear property improvement has been the fundamental evaluation to increase life of equipments. 'Give yourself permission to be human' the sociological aspect has rendered strategy to be optimized from viewpoints of international strategy, national strategy, political strategy, strategies of new technology and thereby individual strategies on steel.

7 ref

016530   Goswami B;Kumar S B;Ray A K (NO, R.V.S. College of Engineering & technology, Jamshedpur-831 102, Email: asokroy@nmlindia.org) : Perspectives of recent developments in nickel base superalloys. J Metall Mater Sci 2012, 54(1), 31-52.

Developments of nickel base superalloys in this review is to study the latest trend of improvement with reference to high temperature performance and performances in aggressive media. The utilization of these alloys as candidate have well documented for thermal plants, atomic reactors, airways sectors and chemical plants. Castability attributes to in service ordered precipitation at high temperature described to understand the contemporary scenario. The effects of additional elements have always attempted to alloy without affecting the primary property requirements. Similarly welding have appeared to be improved by adopting inertia friction welding, transient liquid phase bonding or directly fabricating complex designed components by suitable hot isostatic pressing technique. However in case of joining methods the heat affected zone has always attempted to occupy thinner section zone. In oxidation, the developments have emphasized on oxygen scavenging elemental additions those induced dispersion of oxides in matrix and thin film formation for surface protection with out spallation of oxidized surface layers. The states of protection have also explained in response to applied stress associated so as to enhance crack formation. Hydrogenations of nickel base superalloys have referred to be highly accumulation oriented that enhanced embrittlement. Minimizations of grain boundaries have referred to improve the embrittling properties to approach to the single crystals.

6 illus, 2 tables, 33 ref

016529   Feng Y;Zhang Y;Gao P (Sinopec E&P Institute, Beijing, China, Email: yuliangfeng@yahoo.com) : New description of multi-phase flow behavior at boundary layers of low-permeability porous media. J Petrol Engng Technol 2013, 3(1), 1-7.

The recovery factor of low permeability oilfield in China is only about 20%, which is enormously lower than the recovery factor index of 60% by using water-chemical flooding in medium and high permeability layer. There are a lot of causes that resulted in low recovery factor, among them that the complex pore structure, tiny throat, large pore throat ratio and non-Darcy flow in low-permeability oil layer are the main causes that restrict the low-permeability oil layer to enhance the recovery factor. Based on the research results about micro-fluid flow and non-Darcy flow, microflow of water drive and micro-acting force in the porous media are researched in this paper, establishing the expression of fluid viscosity factor, 2D flowing control equation and the relevant boundary condition under the conditions of liquid/solid interaction in the micro-pore media, all that gain the flowing rules of fluid under these two conditions of considering L/S interaction or not considering that. Numerical calculation shows that under the condition of L/S interaction, the radial velocity distribution near the solid wall changes obviously, and the curve form changes from convex to concave. The tinier the capillary radius, the stronger the L/S interaction is. The larger n value is, more obvious the flowing velocity decrease in the boundary layer. The results will help people dealing with improving recovery factor of low permeability reservoir, and understanding the fluid behavior in vessel.

4 illus, 11 ref

016528   El-Amoush A S (Al-Balqa Applied Univ, College of Engineering, Materials and Metallurgical Eng, Al-Salt 19117, P.O. Box 7181, Jordan) : Effect of hydrogen charging conditions on the hardness of tin brass heat exchanger tube. J Metall Mater Sci 2012, 54(1), 53-62.

Tin brass heat exchanger tube was hydrogen charged under different cathodic charging conditions. The introduction of charged hydrogen into tin brass tube was found to induce hardening on its surface. The severity and the depth of the hardened region was observed to increase with either cathodic current density or charging time. Ageing after charging results in either complete or partial recovery of hardness, depending on the charging conditions applied to heat exchanger tube.

11 illus, 1 table, 17 ref

016527   Ebrahimifar H;Zandrahimi M (NO, Islamic Azad Univ, Kerman, Iran) : Evaluation of electrical conductivity activation energy of manganese coated Fe-17. J Metall Mater Sci 2012, 54(1), 87-92.

From an electrical conductivity perspective, only chromia forming alloys can be considered as candidates for interconnect application in solid oxide fuel cell. In this research, AISI430 ferritic stainless steel was coated in a Mn-base pack mixture by pack cementation method. Electrical conductivity of the coated coupons was measured as a function of temperature by oxidizing the samples from room temperature to 800°C. Also the electrical conductivity has been studied as a function of oxidation time during isothermal oxidation at 800°C. Results showed the increase of temperature caused to the decrease of electrical conductivity and also, the coating layer transformed to manganese spinels during isothermal oxidation. The spinel compositions ameliorated the electrical conductivity activation energy of coated coupons (0.029 eV) compared to uncoated ones (0.031 eV).

5 illus, 23 ref

016526   Das B B;Rout S K (NO, National Institute of Construction Management Research Goa, Ponda, Goa-403 401, Email: bibhutibhusan@gmail.com) : Assessment of compressivve strength of OPC and PPC-based concretes combined by ultrasonic pulse velocity and rebound hammer. J Constr Engng Technol Mgmt 2012, 2(2), 1-16.

In this study, non-destructive tests were performed on ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and Portland pozzolana cement (PPC) based concrete specimens, namely the ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) and rebound hammer (RN). A relationship is thus established between the NDT values and the compressive strength. A statistical regression analysis was performed between the compressive strength with UPV and RN values to obtain a best-fit relationship and correlation coefficients. To take into account the possibility that the relationship thus obtained may result in a lesser fitted curve, adjusted correlation coefficients were taken into account. It was found that UPV results in more efficient prediction of compressive strength of concrete when the type of concrete is considered, while RN results in much better results when the type of concrete is ignored. However, combined UPV and RN values provided an improvement in the prediction of concrete strength and proved to be efficient and reliable closer to the actual measured strength. Further, the relationships obtained for PPC had higher correlation coefficients compared to OPC-based concrete specimens. The relationships established were also compared with other relationships from previous researchers and were found to be more consistent.

11 illus, 6 tables, 21 ref

016525   Chaphalkar N B;Sandbhor S S (Civil Engineering Dep, College of Engineering, Pune-411 005, Email: its_sayali@yahoo.com) : Comparison of provision for escalation in various Indian construction contract forms. J Constr Engng Technol Mgmt 2012, 2(1), 1-13.

Contracts provide technical assistance for implementation of works. Disputes occur between the parties involved in the contract due to number of factors. Interpretation of escalation clause is one of the reasons for disputes which necessitate proper drafting of contract terms and conditions and its extensive study. There are various construction contract formats prevalent in India which differs from one another in their provisions. Uncertainty in the cost of works executed arises due to fluctuations in the costs of labor and materials which prevail due to changing economy. Therefore budgeting for cost escalation in the planning phase of projects is very important. This paper studies contracts, claims and disputes with special reference to escalation and compares the provisions for escalation in various construction contract forms. Legal cases of escalation related disputes and their respective awards given by the arbitrators have been studied. An attempt has been made to suggest policies in existing structure of clauses to improve the price escalation system and minimize occurrence of escalation disputes at the contract drafting phase in a construction contract.

1 table, 14 ref

016524   Chakraborty A;Pradhan S N (ECE Dep, NIT, Agartala, Email: ans_22@rediffmail.com) : New high speed low power 1 bit full adder. J VLSI Des Tool Technol 2013, 3(1), 8-13.

This paper proposes a low power, low area and high speed 1-bit full adder compared to earlier 1 bit full adder designs. The adder comprises of eight transistors with some modifications over the other existing design, so that it can invariably be used in the device with least nano device dimensions. The proposed design exhibits lower threshold loss and works faithfully in sub-threshold regime with appreciable voltage swing at lower power supply of 0.5 V. The simulation has been carried out using Cadence Virtuoso Spectre at 45 nm technology.

13 illus, 4 tables, 8 ref

016523   Baskar K;Anandapadmanabhan R;Anand M; Dwarakesh V (Civil Engineering Dep, NIT, Trichy-620 015, Email: kbaskar@nitt.edu) : Tensile capacity of corroded steel section strengthened using fiber composite wrap. J Constr Engng Technol Mgmt 2012, 2(1), 14-25.

Strengthening and rehabilitation of structures is a major concern for researchers in the civil engineering community in recent years due to the aging of structures and the need for effective methods of strengthening. Many researches are being carried out on strengthening of reinforced concrete structures using fiber composite materials. A very few researches are being reported on strengthening of corroded steel members using fiber composite materials. Since corrosion is an inevitable problem related to steel structures, especially in offshore oil and gas industry, it is very much essential to investigate the suitability of composite materials on structural steel section. In this present study, an experimental investigation is being carried out with 26 numbers of corroded steel coupon specimens with two different fibers - Carbon Fiber (CF) and Glass Fiber (GF). Strengthening was achieved by single and double layer wrapping of FRP to the steel plates and the tests were conducted. The test results show that FRP strengthening is capable of enhancing the tensile strength sufficiently provided adequate bonding is achieved.

10 illus, 5 tables, 6 ref

016522   Balaji B S (Electronics and Communication Engineering Dep, B.G.S. Institute of Technology, B.G. Nagar, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District, Karnataka, Email: b.s.balaji22@gmail.com) : Reconfiguring CMOS driver and receiver pair as pesudo NMOS for low-swing signaling on-chip interconnects. J VLSI Des Tool Technol 2013, 3(1), 20-7.

Low power bus architecture [9, 12, 13] consists of Driver, Receiver and Interconnects in between them inside the Chip. The Low power bus architecture [1] models are classified in to Symmetric and Asymmetric [7, 11, 14, 15] based on low voltage scaling technique and very simple design principles were utilized to construct driver, receiver and interconnects. The low power bus driver has the ability to switch from a low swing to high swing mode. The receiver can be a simple inverter. The bus architecture consists of a driver which has an input the nominal voltage value level and decreases the voltage swing on the bus line (or the output load); and a receiver which regenerates the proper voltage levels in order to ensure the compatibility with the attached circuits. These bus architectures are designed in conventional CMOS technology and Pseudo NMOS technology. These bus architectures were implemented on 2.0 V 0.25urn CMOS technology using T-Spice (Monte Carlo Simulation), for signal transmission along a wire-length of 3, 6, and 10 mm and the extra fan-out load of 0.12 pF (on the wire). The performance of each of the presented circuits is thoroughly examined using simulation on a test benchmark interconnect circuit (i) RC-π (N) type (where N = 1, 2, 3), (ii) RC-L type. Comparisons of the proposed architecture with conventional CMOS architecture are presented as well, indicating a significant saving in power due to low voltage scaling. The advantages of the proposed architectures are that they require only one power supply and threshold voltage as well as less area, hence significantly reducing the design complexity.

12 illus, 3 tables, 35 ref

016521   Atashi H;Sarkari M;Fazlollahi F;Jamshidi M; Afzalipour Groh M (Chemical Engineering Dep, Faculty of Engineering, Sistan and Baluchestan Univ, P.O. Box 98164-161, Zahedan, Iran, Email: ho.atashi.usb@gmail.com) : Improving the recovery of miduk copper complex coarse copper ore particles during flotation process. Proc Indian Natn Sci Acad 2012, 78(2), 197-208.

In flotation such parameters as particle size, type and dosages of frother as well as collector as reagent and hydrodynamic parameters play a significant role. Changing them can vary the separation performance. In this study, for a more efficient flotation of copper ore coarse particles, changes in reagents distribution strategy in a mechanical column of rougher flotation circuit from Iranian Miduk Copper Complex have been investigated. For this aim laboratory and an industrial experiments were carried out. The results have demonstrated that modifying the distribution strategy did not affect the optimum particle size recovery but recovery of coarse particles is improved. Also the copper recovery/grade curve and statistical analysis disclose that with the confidence level of 90% the average separation efficiency with modified reagent distribution is increased by 0.76% but the grade of concentrate does not change.

14 illsu, 3 tables, 26 ref

015579   Wen L L;Li S D;Hu Z;Dong J J (NO, College of Science, Guangdong Oceen University, Zhanjiang 524088, P.R.China, Email: lisidong2210491@yahoo.com.cn) : Study on the thermal degradation of gracilaria. J Polym Mater 2011, 28(4), 599-607.

The thermal degradation of gracilaria in nitrogen was studied by thermogravimetry analysis (TG). The results indicate that the degradation of gra cila ria in nitrogen is one-step reaction, and the degradation temperatures increase with heating rates (B). Experimentally, the initial degradation temperature (To) is 0.928B+211.1, the temperature at the maximum degradation rate (Tp) is 0.958B+271.8 and the final degradation temperature (Tf) is O.693B+360.8. Cp and C1, the degradation rates at Tp and T1, are not affected by B, and their average values are (30.27±3.65)% and (52.0 ± 3.67)%, respectively The peak height on a differential thermogravimetry (DTG) curve (Rp), increases with B, Rp =0.440B-0. 520. The peak width on DTG curve (Tf- To) decreases with B, Tf- To = -0.235B+149.7. The reaction activation energy (E) and frequency factor (A) vary with the increasing of degree of decomposition. The values of E and A increase obviously during the initial stage of the reaction, then keep relatively steady, and decrease during the last stage. The velocity constants (k) of the thermal degradation increase with the reaction temperature.

7 illus, 1 table, 31 ref

015578   Vinay Kumar;Hosmani S S (Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Dep, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, Mangalore-575 025, Email: santosh.hosa@gmail.com) : Effect of temperature and cooling-rate on pack-carburized iron. J Metall Mater Sci 2011, 53(4), 393-404.

Pack-carburizing of pure iron was studied for various temperatures in the range of 600 - 950°C and for various cooling conditions after carburizing. It is observed that at temperatures in the range of 850-950°C, carburized layer is composed of three zones, while the surface microstructure of the specimens carburized at or below 800°C is similar to that of uncarburized iron, and no detectable carburized layer-thickness is observed. In case of carburized-and-quenched specimens, the carburized layer contains martensite of two different morphologies. Among the investigated specimens, the surface hardness is highest (1150 HV0.3) for the specimen `step-cooled' after carburizing. More carbon uptake in the quenched iron-foils (which were through thickness carburized before cooling) than the furnace cooled foils has indicated the possibility of decarburizing during furnace cooling.

015577   Veerappadevaru G;Ish M;Gangadharaiah T; (Civil Engineering Dep, Siddaganga Institute of Tchnology, Tumkur, Karnataka, Email: gv_devaru@yahoo.com) : Grip length for bridge piers. ISH J Hydraul Engng 2011, 17(2), 62-76.

Proper estimation of grip length (foundation depth of pier below maximum scour level) is very important for safety of bridge piers, Lacey's recommendations are used for the design of grip length for bridges in India. Validity of Lacey's recommendation has been investigated by both experimental and analytical approaches. Experiments are conducted to find the stability of pier for three shapes of piers and for two types of median size sediments. Experiments indicate minimum value of grip length <60>0.2(h+hs), where (h+hs) indicates depth measured below free surface up to maximum scour level. Stability analysis of forces acting on caisson pier for three different cases is carried out. Lacey's recommendation for railway bridge design is in stable zone for the cases considered. However, the Lacey's recommendation for road bridge pier is in stable zone for few cases and for remaining they are in unstable zone. Effect of earthquake forces on stability of caisson piers are not considered in this analysis.

11 illus, 3 tables, 20 ref

015576   Totewar A A;Chatur P N (Computer Science and Engineering Dep, Government College of Engineering, Amravati-444 604, Email: Akannsha.Totewar@gmail.com) : Enabling semantics on location based services using ontology based reasoning. J Comput Technol Applic 2011, 2(2), 31-6.

Main motive of current study is to review and determine the most commonly used Location Based Services (LBS) and enabling semantics using ontology reasoning. The Location based services using ontology determines how semantics can be applied to make user context based reasoning framework. The objective is to develop framework (using ontology) which enables user based reasoning. Basically depending on the users context (date, time, longitude and latitude) the framework will infer overall useful information by considering contextual of user and inferring new knowledge on it. Even with knowledge of observed user locations, can recognize mobility modes that are useful for several application domains.

3 illus, 9 ref

015575   Timbadiya P V;Patel P L;Porey P D (Civil Engineering Dep, S.V. National Institute of Technology, Surat-395 007, Email: pvtimbadiya@ced.svnit.ac.in) : HEC-RAS based hydrodynamic model in prediction of stages of lower Tapi river. ISH J Hydraul Engng 2011, 17(2), 110-17.

Hydrodynamic model of the lower Tapi river from Ukai dam to Surat city has been developed using well known unsteady open channel flow code HEC-RAS using field surveyed geometric data of the stream with appropriate upstream and downstream boundary conditions. The flood flows of years 1998, 2003 and 2006 have been simulated in the said model. The observed and simulated flood and stage hydrographs are compared at different stations on the river. The performance statistics reveal that simulated flood flows are in close agreement with observed flows. The model can be used for the flood forecasting in lower Tapi river downstream of Ukai dam.

7 illus, 3 tables, 8 ref

015574   Swamee P K;Prabhata S;Bagani N (NO, , C-5 Staff Quarters, National Institute of Technology Jalandhar, Email: swameefce@yahoo.com) : Practical singular open-channel sections. ISH J Hydraul Engng 2011, 17(2), 14-20.

For a given discharge and channel geometry critical flow and uniform flow occur at unique depths known as the critical, and the normal depths, respectively. For some sections the governing equations for these depths (critical flow equation and resistance equation, respectively), are satisfied for all the depths. As the governing equations do not yield a unique solution, these sections are singular. Reported herein are the equations of the singular section shapes for critical and uniform flows. It will be interesting to observe flow phenomenon in this channel, as it does not sustain gradually varied flow.

2 illus, 3 ref

015573   Sharma P K;Joshi N;Ojha C S P (Civil Engineering Dep, Indian Insitute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee) : Reactive transport through porous media using finite difference and finite volume methods. ISH J Hydraul Engng 2011, 17(2), 77-86.

Finite volume method (FVM) and implicit finite difference method (FDM) have been used to solve multi-process non-equilibrium (MPNE) transport equation for reactive solute transport through porous media. A review of literature reveals that an analysis of MPNE transport model has not been carried out to study its performance for advection and dispersion dominant cases. The main objective of the study is to asses the performance of both FDM and FVM in presence of high value of Peclet number (Pe) for reactive transport through porous media. It is shown that, in case of advection dominant transport (i.e. at high value of Pe), FDM numerical model remains stable and oscillation free, when the values of mass transfer and sorption rate coefficients are high. Further, FVM model is capable of simulating advection dominant transport irrespective of the values of mass transfer and sorption rate coefficient. This is established through simulation of the experimental data of Strontium.

10 illus, 2 tables, 18 ref

015572   Shaligram V M (NO, Central Water and Power Research Station, Pune, Maharashtra, Email: suvijay45@hotmail.com) : Hybrid mathematical model for surge analysis. ISH J Hydraul Engng 2011, 17(2), 21-9.

Over the past few decades mathematical modeling technique is in vogue. A large number of water hammer cases have been analyzed using this technique, not only for simple systems but also for those with rather complex situations. The analysis for a water conductor system having intermediate boundary condition such as pump behavior needed a hybrid mathematical model. The results of analyzing such system and comparing them with those obtained from the hydraulic scale model give more confidence in adoption of the mathematical technique.

9 illus, 4 tables, 7 ref

015571   Sen C S;Bhattacharjee S (NO, CSIR National Metallurgical Lab, Jamshedpur-831 007, Email: samsen_03@yahoo.co.in) : Application of an aqueous nanometric aluminum oxide suspension for fluoride remediation. J Metall Mater Sci 2011, 53(4), 355-67.

Nanometric aluminum oxide suspension synthesized from AlCl3 (solution) has been discussed for its potential application as a low cost fluoride remediation system. The phase synthesized was identified as AlO (JCPDS card no: 75-0278) and ε-Al2O3 (JCPDS card no: 35-0121). The isoelectric point of the suspension was at pH 7.61. Optimum remediation pH was determined to lie in between 6.5 to 7.0. The maximum loading capacity was predicted to be 110 mg/g from Langmuir isotherm and 127 mg/g from Freundlich isotherm. Presence of interfering ions in a simulated real water matrix does not appreciably alter the remediation capacity. Eight real water samples were found to be effectively remediated with triplicate % r.s.d falling in between 0.1 to 1.3.

015570   Ramakrishnan B (Civil Enginering Dep, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, Email: rbalaji@civil.iitb.ac.in) : Characteristics of wave oscillations between two porous barriers. ISH J Hydraul Engng 2011, 17(2), 50-61.

Reflection and transmission characteristics of double porous barriers (DPB) have been studied through a numerical wave tank investigation. The numerical wave tank is modelled using a finite difference method based numerical scheme, BOUSS-2D. In the study, the emphasis is given to the wave oscillations between the porous barriers (chamber) and its effect on the hydrodynamic performance. The wave oscillations measured inside the chamber were analysed qualitatively through phase portraits and quantitatively through spectral transformations. The analysis showed interesting features of the wave oscillations for different chamber to wavelength ratio, B/L. A sub-harmonic resonance is observed inside the chamber when B/L<62><62>0.2, which leads to reduction in the reflection coefficients, K for the DPB models. In addition, the effects of combination of porosity on the reflection and transmission characteristics of DPB are compared to that of a single porous barrier (SPB) of respective porosity. The comparison of numerical wave tank test results with that derived from a theoretical model based on the eigen-function expansion theory is found to be good. An experimental verification is also carried out to understand the effect of B/L on the wave oscillations inside the chamber. The details of the numerical scheme and analysis of results are presented and discussed.

14 illus, 1 table, 19 ref

015569   Raji K;Alfred Cecil Raj S (Physics Dep, St. Joseph's College, BARD University, Trichy, Email: singhkw@barc.gov.in) : Micro to nano size distribution of powder particles of Al -Cu and its influence on strength properties. J Metall Mater Sci 2011, 53(4), 369-74.

Unique aspect of Nanotechnology is the vast increased ratio of surface area to volume present. This effect is more dominant when the macro and micro particles reduced to nano dimensions. In addition it is also known that a number of physical properties can be re-incorporated and are also nothing but the specific applications of nanotechnology. This dynamic reciprocation of ideas and concepts contribute to the modern understanding of the field and very well utilized. Broadly speaking, nanotechnology is synthesis and application of ideas from science and engineering towards the understanding and production of novel materials and devices. These products generally make copious use of physical properties associated with small scale. Nano particles or nano materials made of metals, semiconductors or oxides are of interest due to their electrical, optical, chemical, physical and mechanical properties. So the preparation of the materials depends on the composition, structure and processing of the materials being studied. Summarizes the direct methods of examining and indirect methods of testing which are possible on certain relationship existing between the structure and properties of materials. There are diverged methods to test the science of materials to get the reliable and useful information on the properties of materials.

015568   Preetam Singh;Mahadevaiah N;Parida S K;Hegde M S (Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560 012, Email: mshegde@sscu.iisc.ernet.in) : Ru<. J chem Sci 2011, 123(5), 577-92.

Hydrogen is a clean energy carrier and highest energy density fuel. Water gas shift (WGS) reacªtion is an important reaction to generate hydrogen from steam reforming of CO. A new WGS catalyst, Cel-xRuxO2-δ (O ≤ x ≤ 0.1) was prepared by hydrothermal method using melamine as a complexing agent. The Catalyst does not require any pre-treatment. Among the several compositions prepared and tested, Ce0.95Ru0.05 O2-δ (5% Ru<^>4+ ion substituted in CeO2) showed very high WGS activity in terms of high conversion rate (20.5 μLmol.g<^>-I .S<^>-I at 275°C) and low activation energy (12.1 kcal/mol). Over 99% conversion of CO to CO2 by H2O is observed with 100% H2 selectivity at ≥275°C. In presence of externally fed CO2 and H2 also, complete conversion of CO to CO2 was observed with 100% H2 selectivity in the temperature range of 305-385°C. Catalyst does not deactivate in long duration on/off WGS reaction cycle due to absence of surface carbon and carbonate formation and sintering of Ru. Due to highly acidic nature of Ru4+ ion, surface carbonate formation is also inhibited. Sintering of noble metal (Ru) is avoided in this catalyst because Ru remains in Ru<^>4+ ionic state in the Cel-xRuxO2-δ catalyst.