014624   Jadwani S;Bansod S (NO, Government Dental College and Hospital, Ayurvedic College Campus, G.E. Road, Raipur-492 001, Email: dr_sanjayjadwani@yahoo.co.in) : Lag screw fixation of fracture of the anterior mandible: a new minimal access technique. J maxillofacial oral Surg 2011, 10(2), 176-80.

Purpose of the study is to introduce a new minimal access technique for management of anterior mandible fracture with several advantages over conventional methods. Four cases of undisplaced anterior mandibular fracture were selected. Tension band was achieved either by arch bar fixation to mandible or placement of interdental wire followed by intermaxillary fixation. With a 1 cm vertical incision was placed adjacent to fractured line. Fractured segment was immobilized with lag screw with minimal stripping. All patients were followed for 6 months. All four cases shown good stable segment after 6 months of post operative follow up. OPG revealed well placed lag screw and there were no surgical complications, for example parasthesia, scarring and odema. Fixation of anterior mandible fracture using this technique can achieve good stability and appropriate compression. The technique is simple and easily performed, reducing the surgical time, reduce the chances of infection due to less exposure and promote the healing process by producing stress in the fracture lines.

9 illus, 6 ref

014623   Jadayil A;Wilson M (Industrial Engineering Dep, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan, 13135, Email: wisam@hu.edu.jo) : Solidification time effects on surface and subsurface aluminum casting defects. J Metall Mater Sci 2011, 53(1), 41-54.

Effects of aluminum casting solidification time on the intensity and distribution of surface and subsurface defects were reported nine samples of Al castings were used with different solidification time ranged from 5 to 30 minutes. Two nondestructive testing were used to study surface and subsurface defects, the penetrant testing and the ultrasonic testing. It was found that as the solidification time was increasing for the Al casting samples, the surface defects were not significantly decreased in number but they were getting smaller in size. Longer solidification time means the sample external surfaces got solidified before the sample was removed from the casting mould. While taking the sample out of the mould before getting completely solidified results in rapid shrinkage of surfaces and defects formed. On the other hand as the solidification time was increasing as the subsurface defects were getting less in number and they become closer to the surface of the sample. Longer solidification time gaves the sample the chance to build its microstructure with less voids and defects, and longer solidification time permits for the internal gases to escape and not forming internal voids.

014622   Hussain A;Ahmad Z;Asawa G L (Civil Engineering Dep, IIT Roorkee, Roorkee-247 667, Email: ajmalamin.iitr@gmail.com) : Flow through side square orifices in open channels. ISH J Hydraul Engng 2011, 17(Suppl 1), 12-22.

Side orifice is a flow diversion structure which is widely used in irrigation works for diverting the flow from any main channel to its secondary channel. Analytical and experimental studies for flow through side square orifices in open channels are presented. Existing discharge equations for the side orifices are checked for their accuracy using the experimental data collected in the study. The computed diverted discharges by the existing discharge equations were found to be inconsistent with the corresponding observed ones. Therefore, a new discharge equation is proposed in the study. The coefficient of discharge for the side orifice is dependent on the Froude number of the approach flow in the main channel and the ratio of width of the orifice to the width of the main channel. The computed discharges using the proposed equation were within ±5% of the observed ones.

9 illus, 1 table, 15 ref

014621   Haxhiaj A;Rama M;Krasniqi N;Haxhiaj E (Faculty of Mining Metallurgy, University of Prishtina, Kosovo) : Management of the melting process of electrical furnaces in Drenas. J Metall Mater Sci 2011, 53(3), 253-60.

Contains the theoretical and experimental analysis of the increase in quality and quantity of production in Ferronickel. Simultaneously, keeping the cost constant of the production process in electrical furnaces in Drenas's smelter. Also has the experimental analyses that modify some parameters of the production which are the reduction of quantity of limestone in the load and the increase of quantity of quartz used in the load which is loaded in the rotational furnace for frying. Emphasizes the possibility of mixing the ore from Kosova with the lateritic ore from Albania with the aim of reducing the acidity of weight which is loaded in the electrical furnace. Examines the quality and quantity of commodities of electrical furnace which depend on the quality of load. The optimization of the above-mentioned parameters enhances the production process and provides better practical results. Moreover, it improves the economic and environmental sustainability of melting process in electrical furnace in Drenas.

014620   Hassan M Y;Suharto M N;Abdullah M P;Majid M S;Hussin F (Centre of Electrical Energy Systems, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Baharu, Malaysia, Email: yusrih@fke.utm.my) : Determination of the optimal generation location using particle swarm optimization. J Pwr Elect Pwr Syst 2012, 2(2), 34-44.

Presents an optimization approach to determine the optimal location for installing a new generator in which the technical, economic and environmental aspects are all taken into consideration. The location that yields the minimum fuel costs, emission and system loss is considered as the optimal generation location. The formulated objective function and its constraints compose an optimization problem, which is solved using particle swarm optimization (PSO). The proposed PSO-based optimization approach is tested on IEEE 14-bus system and IEEE 30-bus system to illustrate the potential of the new approach. The simulation results have shown that the proposed approach is indeed capable of determining the optimal generation location that can save much overall fuel cost as well as reduce the total emissions of generators and losses in the network.

6 illus, 4 tables, 12 ref

014619   Hadi E;Morteza Z (Material Science and Engineering Dep, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, P.O. Box No.76135-133, Kerman, Iran, Email: hadi20ebrahimifar@yahoo.com) : Electrical resistance activation energy in presence of cobalt spinels. J Metall Mater Sci 2011, 53(3), 319-24.

Formation of oxide layer on the surface of used interconnects in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), decrease the electrical conductivity and therefore energy losses can be occurred. The electrical conductivity of ferritic stainless steels can be improved by applying a protective/conductive layer. In the study pack cementation method was employed to coat the AISI 430 ferritic stainless steel. Isothermal oxidation was applied at 700°C for 200 h to evaluate the area specific resistance (ASR) values. Electrical resistance activation energy was evaluated by use of previous consequences. The formation of MnCo₂O₄, CoCr₂O₄, CoFe₂O₄ and Co₃O₄ spinels during oxidation improved oxidation resistance and electrical conductivity. Results showed that the activation energy decreased when the temperature decreased and the coated samples electrical resistance activation energy (0.026eV) was lower than uncoated ones (0.033eV).

014618   Hadi E;Morteza Z (Material Science and Engineering Dep, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, P.O. Box. No. 76135-133, Email: hadi20ebrahimifar@yahoo.com) : Influence of Mn spinel coatings on electrical conductivity of Fe-17%Cr alloy. J Metall Mater Sci 2011, 53(3), 311-17.

Chromium containing alloys are among the best candidates for solid oxide fuel cell interconnects. However, reduce of electrical conductivity during high temperature oxidation should be solved. In this study, AISI 430 ferritic stainless steel was coated in a Mn-base pack mixture by pack cementation method. As-coated specimens were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Electrical conductivity of the coated coupons was tested as a function of temperature by oxidizing the samples from room temperature to 700°C. Also electrical conductivity has been evaluated as a function of oxidation time during isothermal oxidation at 700°C. Results showed the increase of temperature caused to the decrease of electrical conductivity and also, the coating layer transformed to manganese spinels during isothermal oxidation. Spinels ameliorated the electrical conductivity of coated coupons (69 S.cm^-1) compared to uncoated ones (32 S.cm^-1) after 200 h oxidation at 700°C.

014617   Hadi E;Morteza Z (Material Science and Engineering Dep, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, P.O. Box No. 76135-133, Kerman, Iran, Email: hadi20ebrahimifar@yahoo.com) : Investigation on parabolic rate constant in presence of MnCo₂O₄, CoCr₂O₄, CoFe₂O₄ and Co₃O₄ coatings at 700°C. J Metall Mater Sci 2011, 53(3), 305-9.

Oxidation resistance of solid oxide fuel cells interconnects can be ameliorated by use of a protective, effective, relatively dense and well adherent spinel coating. In this study the pack cementation method was employed to coat AISI 430 ferritic stainless steel. Isothermal oxidation and cyclic oxidation were applied at 700°C to evaluate the parabolic rate constant (kp). The formation of MnCo₂O₄, CoCr₂O₄, CoFe₂O₄ and Co₃O₄ Spinels during oxidation improved oxidation resistance. The coated samples demonstrated lower kp in each test and it indicate that the coating layer has acted as a mass barrier against the outward diffusion of cations specially Cr.

014616   Hadi E;Morteza Z (Material Science and Engineering Dep, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, P.O. Box No. 76135-133, Kerman, Iran, Email: hadi20ebrahimifar@yahoo.com) : Decreased chromia growth during isothermal and cyclic oxidation tests at 700°C. J Metall Mater Sci 2011, 53(2), 211-215.

Improving the accomplishment of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) is one of the problems in this field. Resent researches have enabled to decrease the operating temperature of SOFC from 1000 to 650-800°C. Chromia forming alloys are the best candidates for interconnects. However, low oxidation resistance of these materials required to be solved to improve interconnect performance. The goal of this study was to coat AISI 430 ferritic stainless steel in a manganese-base pack mixture by pack cementation method. Isothermal oxidation and cyclic oxidation were applied to evaluate the oxide layer thickness. Results showed Spinels forming (Mn₃O₄ and MnFe₂O₄) during oxidation improved oxidation resistance. The increase of oxidation time and cycle number increased the oxide thickness. Also the coated substrates oxide layer thickness was remarkably lower compared with uncoated ones in all tests.

014615   Hadi E;Morteza Z (Materials Science and Engineering Dep, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, P.O. Box No.76135-133, Kerman, Iran, Email: hadi20ebrahimifar@yahoo.com) : Influence of MnCo₂O₄, CoCr₂O₄, CoFe₂O₄ and Co₃O₄ spinels on the thickness of chromia scale during two types of oxidation tests. J Metall Mater Sci 2011, 53(2), 205-9.

Most current research has concentrated on solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) to resolve the contact resistance and cathode-chromium-poisoning problems associated with application of ferritic stainless steels as interconnects. In the study AISI 430 ferritic stainless Steel was coated in a cobalt-base pack mixture by pack cementation method. Isothermal oxidation and cyclic oxidation were applied to evaluate the oxide layer thickness which was created during these tests. Results showed the formation of MnCo₂O₄, CoCr₂O₄, CoFe₂O₄ and Co₃O₄ spinels during oxidation improved oxidation resistance. The increase of oxidation time and cycle number enhanced the oxide thickness. Also the coated substrate oxide thickness was remarkably lower compared with uncoated ones in all tests.

014614   Hadi E;Morteza Z (NO, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran, Email: hadi20ebrahimifar@yahoo.com) : Reduced electrical resistance of interconnects at presence of Mn₃O₄ and MnFe₂O₄. J Metall Mater Sci 2011, 53(1), 103-8.

Aim of the study was to investigate the electrical behavior of AISI 430 ferritic stainless steel which was coated in a Mn-base pack mixture by pack cementation method. Area-specific resistance (ASR) of the coated substrates was tested as a function of temperature by annealing the samples from room temperature to 700°C. Also ASR has been investigated as a function of oxidation time during isothermal oxidation at 700°C. Results showed the increase of temperature redounded to the higher values of ASR and also, the coating layer transformed to Mn₃O₄ and MnFe₂O₄ spinels during annealing in isothermal oxidation. These spinels caused to decrease the ASR values for coated substrates (14.38 mΩcm2) compared to uncoated substrates (31.25 mΩcm2) after 200 h isothermal oxidation.

014613   Hadi E;Morteza Z (Materials Science and Engineering Dep, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, P.O. Box No. 76135-133, Kerman, Iran, Email: hadi20ebrahimifar@yahoo.com) : Improved oxidation resistance of coated interconnects at 700°C. J Metall Mater Sci 2011, 53(1), 97-102.

Ferritic stainless steels are being considered as potential interconnect materials for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), in part because of their low cost relative to alternatives. These materials are, however, susceptible to degradation over time. A primary source of degradation is spallation or cracking and weight change, which is due to the repeated thermal cyclic oxidation. In this work, AISI 430 ferritic stainless steel was coated with manganese by pack cementation method to investigate the oxidation behavior at operating conditions of SOFCs. The oxidation behavior of coated substrates was studied as a function of time. Cyclic oxidation has been also tested at 700°C for 50 cycles. Coated substrates oxidation behavior as a function of time showed that the spinels forming (Mn₃O₄, MnFe₂O₄) during annealing in isothermal oxidation improved oxidation resistance by limiting the outward diffusion of Cr cation and the inward diffusion of oxygen onion. The weight gain obtained 1.894 mg.cm^-2 for uncoated substrates and 0.832 mg.cm^-2 for coated substrates after 200 h annealing at 700°C. Results of cyclic oxidation exhibited that coated substrates demonstrate an excellent resistance against the spallation and cracking.

014612   Goswami B;Ray A K (NO, R.V.S. College of Engineering and Technology, Jamshedpur-831 012, Email: asokroy@nmlindia.org) : Emerging trends of alloy and composite formation in Al-Li-X alloys. J Metall Mater Sci 2011, 53(2), 109-131.

Weight reduction possibility of Al-Li alloys used in air frame structure have studied to describe the effects of various micro-additions towards improvement of traded off property deterioration e.g. toughness, ductility etc. Strengthening to ultra high strengthening have always favored non-shearable precipitation within margins of ductility or toughness in relation to grain formers. Of various micro-additions, La, Cu, Ag, Zn, Ce, V, Li, Zn, Al, Y, (Be+V), (B+Mg), (Ag+Cu) and (Ag+Zr+Mg) have considered in this review. Influence of compositing precipitates those have indigenously developed or dispersoids have studied to report the alloy element activity as the next step towards slip line dispersion and grain boundary pinning to reduce coarsening tendencies. In exogenous particulate addition the composite processing is studied based on SiC, carbon fiber etc. for high temperature application. Metal matrix composites have reported to understand the dual benefits of metal and ceramic properties from a similar system. Interface adhesion, segregation of micro-constituents at interface to reduce strength and respective remedies by reactive element effects have illustrated in interface bond engineering. Metal matrix composite (MMC) of both poly ply and particulates have been indicative to establish strong support towards manufacture of fins and fuselages of aero-sector aluminum engineering.

014611   Goswami B;Ray A K (NO, R.V.S. College of Engineering and Technology, Jamshedpur-831 012, Email: asokroy@nmlindia.org) : Emerging trends in plasticity and precipitation of Al-Li-X alloys. J Metall Mater Sci 2011, 53(1), 1-23.

Increasing interests of aerospace engineering for slender designs have accepted Al-Li-X alloys as a light weight, high modulus and superplastic alloy. The plasticity to superplasticity has defined from typical elongation data from 10's order to 100's order percentiles. The trends of development have elaborated to encourage dynamic recrystallization for grain refining during superplastic deformation. 8090 alloys have strategically described where arrests of fine precipitation to grain coarsening have included additive plasticity effects. Cavitations at precipitate interfaces or large angle grain boundaries have directed interests to model alloys from studies of intergranular orientation. Grain boundaries sliding have been primary mode in this respect, which has enhanced by intergranular rotation than misorientation. Studies of orientation imaging microscopy (OIM) have found to be successful for correct delineation. Equal channel angular extrusion have appeared to produce ultra fine submicron grained (SMG) microstructure free of precipitate free zones without requirement of preage stretch for aerospace cryogenic applications. In precipitation mechanism description have included evaluation and controversies among α, θ, T₁, T_B, R and Ω-phases, and GP-I and II zones for δ phase formation respectively.

014610   Goswami B;Kumar S B;Ray A K (NO, R.V.S. College of Engineering and Technology, Jamshedpur-830 012, Email: asokroy@nmlindia.org) : Perspectives of developments in nickel based allied systems. J Metall Mater Sci 2011, 53(3), 233-52.

Versatility of nickel base applications have discussed in this review to study nickel in the form of depositions, coatings, foils, films, sheets and powder forms. The industrial requirements covered have been mostly electronics industries, encasement purposes in high temperature industries, solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) industries, corrosion protection industries etc. As a high temperature resistant element the most usages have discussed on consequences based on high temperature in any of the stated possibilities. Namely such components have been sometimes polymeric conductive adhesives for high temperature, electrical contacts at high temperature, electrical contacts in ceramic porous constructions for fuel supply, fuel cell construction exposed at high temperature for long time, sandwich wire oven thin sheet construction for cooling purposes encasements, rechargeable batteries, etc. Preparations of thin sections like films and depositions have done by physical or chemical vapor deposition or powder metallurgy route. Non vacuum routes have appeared to be very popular like electroless plating, sol-gel techniques etc. Pulsed laser deposition and rapid solidification have been attractive routes for amorphous, quasicrystalline and crystalline film formation. Fibers in free standing and substrate supported have utilized in different purposes by variation in heat treatments. Composite compacts have used nickel as binder element to produce metal matrix composites.

014609   Ghosh S;Dutta S (Civil Engineering Dep, IIT-Guwahati, Guwahati-781 039, Email: shyamal@iitg.ac.in) : Impact of climate and land use changes on the flood characterisitcs of the Brahmaputra basin. ISH J Hydraul Engng 2011, 17(Suppl 1), 32-42.

Macro-scale distributed hydrological model (DHM) has been used to assess the possible future changes in the flood characteristics of the Brahmaputra basin, India. Future projected meteorological scenario from a regional climate model (RCM) simulation and the `Best Guess' land use change scenarios were used to obtain the spatio-temporal changes in flood generation and its propagation through the Brahmaputra river and its tributaries. The study reveals that the projected climate change would affect the flood characteristics more significantly than the land use/land cover changes. Alteration of paddy agriculture fields would significantly change the flood characteristics in the valley. Hydrological impacts of changing land use/land cover have been found to be more dominating in the drier years compared to the wet years.

6 illus, 3 tables, 22 ref

014608   Ghorpade V G (Civil Engineering Dep, J.N.T.U. College of Engineering, Anantapur-515 002) : Effect of wood waste ash on the strength characteristics of concrete. Nat Envir Pollut Technol 2012, 11(1), 121-4.

Describes the effect of addition of wood waste ash (0-30%) in concrete. Wood ash is an admixture: a pozzolana. Wood ash is generated as a by-product of combustion in wood-fired power plants, paper mills, and other wood burning industries. Wood ash has been added to the concrete in varying percentages ranging from 0 to 30%. The compressive strength and tensile strengths of wood ash concrete was evaluated by conducting laboratory experimentation. The results obtained were compared with reference to M30 grade concrete. The paper presents the various details of experimentation and analysis of results to come up with useful conclusion about the utilization of wood waste ash as an admixture in the concrete.

2 illus, 3 tables, 7 ref

014607   Ghasemi H R (Civil Engineering Dep, Tabriz Univ, Iran, Email: hamidrezaghasemi@gmx.com) : Approximate analysis of strength of Tehran's tall buildings reinforced with spandrel frame against lateral forces. Indian J scient Res 2012, 3(2), 25-32.

Spandrel frame system is one of the most applicable resistant systems against lateral forces in tall buildings of Tehran. Usual analysis of these frames is often costly and time-consuming due to involving numerous degrees of freedom. In this paper a method for investigation of shear lag and estimation of stress in constitutive elements of spandrel frame is presented. In this method, with consideration of deformation functions for flange and web frame and then writing stress-deformation function and using the principle of least energy, functions are presented for lateral and vertical displacement of structure. Proposed relations of this study are capable to consider shear lag phenomenon for both flange and web frame. Through consideration of variation of shear lag with elevations, factors are presented as functions of elevation through numerical solution of several structures.

4 illus, 3 tables, 9 ref

014606   Garai S K;Chintaiah P;Kujur M K;Ghosh N K; Roychoudhury P K (NO, RDCIS, SAIL, Ranchi-834 002) : Effect of operating parameters and quality of refractory on performance of secondary steel ladle. Steel India 2011, 34(1), 14-22.

1 illus, 6 tables, 3 ref

014605   Elmaryami Abdlmanam S A;Omar B (Mechanical Engineering Dep, University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malasia, Email: damer604@yahoo.com) : Developing 1-D mm of axisymmetric transient quenched molybdenum steel AISI-SAE 4037H to determine lowest hardness point. J Metall Mater Sci 2011, 53(3), 289-303.

Modelling of an axisymmetric industrial quenched Molybdenum steel bar AISI-SAE 4037H based on finite element method has been produced to investigate the impact of process history on metallurgical and material properties. Mathematical modelling of 1-Dimensional line (radius) element axisymmetric model has been adopted to predict temperature history and consequently the hardness of the quenched steel bar at any point (node). The lowest hardness point (LHP) is determined. Hardness in specimen points was calculated by the conversion of calculated characteristic cooling time for phase transformation t8/5 to hardness. The model can be employed as a guideline to design cooling approach to achieve desired microstructure and mechanical properties such as hardness. The developed mathematical model converted to a computer program. This program can be used independently or incorporated into a temperature history calculator to continuously calculate and display temperature history of the industrial quenched steel bar and thereby calculate LHP. The developed program from the mathematical model has been verified and validated by comparing its hardness results with commercial finite element software results.

014604   Datta A K;Mandal D;Sahoo K L (NO, CSIR-National Metallurigcal Lab, Jamshedpur-831 007, Email: akd@nmlindia.org) : Measuring uncertainties of metal working processes in computational simulations. J Metall Mater Sci 2011, 53(2), 183-7.

Effective procedure of modeling uncertainties has been envisaged in metallurgical processes of elastic-plastic solids with reference to the reliability assessment. A metallurgical process may be defined as a collection of one or more related objects. These objects are physical entities with specific characteristics or attributes. The objects can be either non-interacting or interacting. The attributes of an object are described in terms of parameters and variables. Parameters are attributed intrinsic to the object. Variables are needed to describe interaction between objects. Finite element based process simulation can offer valuable guidelines on how the current process parameters should be modified to meet the requirements on the process and the product. The work represents a continued effort towards developing a sound methodology for modeling uncertainties in the metal working with reference to the reliability assessment. The objective of the work is to use probabilistic methods to represent sources of uncertainty and then sampling methods to propagate sources through a deterministic model.

014603   Daroonparvara M R;Atabaki M M;Vakilipour A (Metallury and Materials Engineering Dep, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, Iran, Email: m.mazaratabaki@yahoo.co.uk) : Corrosion behavior of heat treated nickel-aluminium bronze alloy in artificial seawater. J Metall Mater Sci 2011, 53(1), 67-84.

Effect of microstructure of nickel-aluminum bronze alloy (NAB) on the corrosion behavior in artificial seawater is studied using linear polarization, impedance and electrochemical noise tests. The alloy was heat treated in different heating cycles including quenching, normalizing and annealing. Microstructure of the specimens was characterized before and after heat treatment by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Results showed that the value of pearlite phase in the normalized alloy is much more than other specimens, leading to higher corrosion resistance. Polarization test showed that starting point of passivation in the polarization of the normalized alloy is lower than other specimens. The dissolution of Mn and Fe rich phases increased the Mn and Fe contents in solid solution, and this enhanced the passivation power of the surface of the alloy. The effect of the alloying elements was seen by a lower corrosion potential and an inflexion at around 280 mV (SCE) in the polarization curve, indicating the preferential dissolution of some elements beyond that potential. The polarization curve showed that the anodic polarization behavior of the alloy in the solution was essentially controlled by the intermetallic phases, mainly containing Cu. Two types of corrosion, pitting and selective corrosion, were observed in the specimens after being exposed to artificial seawater.

014602   Choubey M;Zamindar D;Jojo M;Haque M F; Banerjee R K;Rai S;Mathur A S (NO, RDCIS, SAIL, Ranchi-834 002) : Effect of differntial gaseous fuel flow on thermal efficiency of solid hearth furnace at ISP, Burnpur. Steel India 2011, 34(1), 8-13.

6 illus, 1 table, 4 ref

014601   Calla O P N;Singh R I (NO, International Centre for Radio Science, Om-Niwas, A-23, Shastri Nagar, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, Email: opncalla@yahoo.co.in) : Complex dielectric constant measurement of glass epoxy and zinc oxide at temperature ranging from -196°C to +200°C at microwave frequencies. J Metall Mater Sci 2011, 53(2), 161-73.

Complex Dielectric Constant of Glass Epoxy and Zinc Oxide at temperature varying from -196°C to +200°C has been measured at microwave frequencies 1.7GHz, 2.5GHz, 6.6GHz and 31.6GHz using Wave Guide Cell Method. For accurate measurement, the measurement was repeated number of times at temperatures ranging from -196°C to 200°C and the average value of complex dielectric constant have been reported. The materials for this observation have been selected because they are the most commonly used in the electronics industries due to its low cost and wide availability. Zinc oxide is an inorganic compound. Structures like nano-wires, nano-belts and nano-rings are of great interest in photonics research, optoelectronics, nanotechnology, and biomedicine also used in variety of application like thin film transistor and LED. Glass epoxy is widely used in fabrication of printed circuit board. FR-4/glass epoxy is a popular and versatile high pressure thermoset plastic laminate grade with good strength to weight ratios. With near zero water absorption FR-4 is most commonly used as an electrical insulator possessing considerable mechanical strength. The material is known to retain its high mechanical values and electrical insulating qualities in both dry and humid conditions.

014600   Bhaskar U;Saha S K;Bhowmik B;Mitra S;Praveen Kumar;Prasad B K;Prasad A;PiyushKumar;Roy S K;Deshmukh P R (NO, RDCIS, SAIL, Ranchi-834 002) : Oven identification in coke oven batteries: techniques in vogue, their comparisons, performances & safeguards in Indian coke ovens. Steel India 2011, 34(1), 1-7.

Unless the ovens are identified with reference to charging, pushing, coking periods, coke mass temperatures, pushing amperages, control vertical temperatures, cross wall temperatures, raw gas temperature build up abinitio etc.; the battery operation is unfathomable with respect to process logistics resulting in jeopardy of the operational efficiency. Also the oven health status with respect to burners, refractories etc. can not be probed into. Additionally, for the running of any coking control models, be it Scheduling or Heating model, the oven identification system is mandatory. The above facts underscore the indispensability of Oven Identification Systems (OIS) and as a result now it is becoming mandatory in all new batteries. Though oven identification is required in all the four cars, namely Pusher Car, Guide Car, Quenching Car and Charging car; however its maximum requirement is in the Pusher car. To prevent any untoward incident due to any wrong pushing, nowadays a cross battery interlocking is recommended. The latter ensures that power to the pusher ram is given only and only if all the three cars i.e. pusher, guide and quenching are positioned together at the same scheduled oven. Some of the advanced uses are auto positioning of cars, synchronizing the pusher ram with the quenching car and tracking of the moving cars. Since late eighties in India, different techniques for oven identification were tried out. Among them the Infra red transmitters and receivers were widely used. However, with the advent of wireless communication systems techniques such as bar coded plates, 8421 coded plates and Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) tags also evolved. This paper aims at bringing out the merits and demerits in each of these techniques viz. a viz. the robust requirements of Coke ovens in Indian Steel Plants. Also it evaluates the performances hitherto of different systems at different plants. Also dwelt in this paper are some of the futuristic uses of OIS mainly for equipment and operational tracking.

3 illus, 6 ref

014599   Azarkasb S O (Artificial Intelligence MSc, Faculty of Computer Engineering, Qazvin Branch Islamic Azad Univ, Tehran, Iran, Email: azarkasb@ymail.com) : Optimization of cultural algorithms structure based on pareto ranking. Indian J scient Res 2012, 3(2), 33-9.

The progress of generation of human being cannot be completely dependent upon genetics changes. Human interactions, social behavior and other factors have important role in optimization process. As social interactions allow rapid adjustment and progress compared to genetics, an optimization algorithm can be including social factors in convergence speed. These attributes can be transferred from one generation to another as genetic code later. Such attributes by the culture and algorithms being used are called cultural algorithms. One of the shortcomings of the algorithms is forming a culture and following all the people of the culture involving the local optimum during the evolution period. To remove this problem in this paper, a method called Pareto ranking was used to select the leaders and increasing the variety in the generations of this algorithm. The results referred to the increase of convergence speed of new combination method to its standard type.

6 illus, 1 table, 12 ref

014598   Aireddy H;Mishra S C (Metallurgical and Materials Dep, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Email: harinathaireddy364@gmail.com) : Tribological behavior and mechanical properties of Bio-waste reinforced polymer matrix composites. J Metall Mater Sci 2011, 53(2), 139-52.

Experimental study was conducted to investigate the erosive and abrasive wear behavior of coir dust filled epoxy resin matrix composites. The effect of coir dust concentration, different impingement angles (30°, 45°, 60°, 75°, and 90°), and various impact velocities (34,48,60,78,and 92m/sec) on the erosion rate of composite has been analyzed. The erodent used here is dry silica sand having the size range 200-600μm. However, it is found that the composite shows brittle type failure and maximum erosion rate is observed at 90° impingement angle. Erosion wear rate is decreased with increasing the coir dust amount. The abrasive wear property of the composite is examined on a pin-on-disc machine against 400μm grit size abrasive paper with test speed of 0.540 m/sec and at normal loads 5,10,15,20, and 25N. The effect of coir dust concentration and sliding distance on the weight loss of composites has been analyzed. Abrasive wear resistance decreases with increase in normal load and increases with increasing fiber content. Further, the erodent and abrasive worn surface morphology is examined by using scanning electron microscope (SEM), and possible wear mechanisms are discussed. The hardness and flexural strength of the composite also evaluated.

011517   Zhang J;Gao R;Zhao Z;Han W (NO, Hebei Engineering Univ, Handan, China-056 038, Email: ruizhenemail@163.com) : Fuzzy logic controller based genetic algorithm for semi-active suspension. J scient ind Res 2012, 71(8), 521-7.

This study proposed a novel control scheme for multi-body semi-active suspension system (SASS), composed of a multi-body model of SASS and a fuzzy logic controller based genetic algorithm (FLC-GA). ADAMS software was utilized to complete multi-body model of a full car SASS. Simulations with random road profile at two different speeds (25 m/s & 35 m/s) demonstrated that developed FLC-GA enhances performance of full car suspension system significantly and was more effective than passive suspension response.

10 illus, 4 tables, 14 ref

011516   Ward J E (NO, Corrotherm International Limited, Southampton, UK) : High performance alloys. Process Pl Engng 2012, 24(4), 81-3.

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011515   Verma A K;Anilkumar S;Thakur V M;Jain A;Babu D A R;Sharma D N (Radiation Safety Systems Div, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085, Email: amitv@barc.gov.in) : Optimisation of collimator thickness and aperture for hot spot identification system using Monte Carlo technique. Indian J pure appl Phys 2012, 50(11), 874-5.

The optimum collimator design in terms of aperture and thickness for accomplishing improved performance for wide energy radiation field has been investigated. A 2"x2" Nal(Tl) detector was used as sensor in proposed Hot Spot Identification system. The spectral response of the detector with various collimator apertures and thickness was developed using Monte Carlo methods for optimizing the collimator design. The optimum size of collimator aperture is found to be 2 mm and thickness of 5 cm. Studies were also carried out to optimize lead shield thickness around the detector.

3 illus, 1 table, 3 ref

011514   Varaprasad B K S V L;Parameswaran K (Control Systems Group, ISRO Satellite Centre, Bangalore-560 017) : ASIC development in ISAC. J Spacecraft Technol 2011, 21(1), 79-84.

As part of miniaturization i.e., reduction of weight, volume, size and power of electronic circuits and systems; significant growth has been witnessed in ASIC development activity of lSAC and usage of ASICs in spacecraft. At present, ASICs are being developed using advanced technology nodes viz., 0.25 um, 0.13 um. Choosing an appropriate development methodology results a right ASIC product by ensuring stringent development schedules, protecting IP, and savings in NKE. In this context, a brief overview of ASIC development scenarios and their applicability in ISAC are discussed in this paper. A step-by-step process for ASIC design using EDA tools is also illustrated in this paper as a background.

1 illus, 1 ref

011513   Umesh S B;Krishnam Prasad B;Vijaya Y; Shashikala T H;Nagendra Rao G (Computers and Star Sensor Group, Laboratory for Electro-optics Systems, ISRO, Peenya, Bangalore-560 058) : Development of high speed space wire data link for multi-head star tracker. J Spacecraft Technol 2011, 21(1), 67-78.

An embedded core for high-speed Space Wire data communication link, based on European Space Agency standard ECSS-E-50-12A, is designed and developed in hardware description language VHDL. The core is tested and validated for its application in multi-head star tracker system. Such star tracker has a single centralized attitude processing unit interfaced to multiple camera head units through SpaceWire data links. Commanded by attitude processing unit, the camera head units that have either a Charge Coupled Device or an Active Pixel Sensor as its imaging device, captures the full frame in acquisition mode or predicted window image of stars in track mode and transfers the image data to attitude processing unit via the high speed SpaceWire link. The attitude processing unit then performs the computation of star centroids, star identification with on-board catalogue, attitude quaternion computation and transmission of attitude data to spacecraft attitude and orbit control system via MIL-STD-1553B interface. The SpaceWire link is interfaced to a 32-bit embedded processor LEON3 using Advanced Microbus Architecture and the full core is implemented in 1330 micro-cells on a single chip Xilinx XQVR600 FPGA. The developed SpW link is tested and validated up to 12 Megabits/s using STAR-Dundee SpaceWire protocol validation tool.

14 illus, 1 table, 7 ref

011512   Shivakumar S K;Ananth A G;Mahesh H M; Pitchaimani M (NO, Indian Space Research Organisation, Bangalore) : Strategies for extending operational life of the remote sensing spacecrafts encountered with power system anomalies. J Spacecraft Technol 2013, 23(1), 39-52.

Satellite is a complex system consisting of various subsystems. These subsystems perform specific tasks such as Telecommand, Telemetry, Controlling, Data Transmission, Data Reception, Optical sensing, communicating, Powering etc. Mother of all these Systems is the Power System which has all the complexities and challenges. Keeping this in view, in this paper, an attempt has been made to study Anomalies and mitigation strategies adopted for Power Supply Systems of Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) spacecrafts. In spite of utmost care taken in the designing, testing and maintaining the Power Supply Systems and providing protection features against known sources of failures, several cases of anomalies in the power system has been observed. At times anomalies are noted in Solar Array Drive Assembly (SADA) mechanism behavior, a case of power problem due to unfavorable Sun geometry, a case of cause due to Cell degradation and finally in a case due to string of string failures in solar panels are presented. The mitigating strategies employed are varied and depend on the nature of the anomalies and mainly aim at useful life extension of the satellites and maximizing gains from the Satellite. Cases related to satellites viz. IRS-1C, IRS-P3, IRS-P4 and TES are compiled and strategies adopted as and when the situations changed are explained. The successfully employed strategies adopted in extending the life time of the satellites is presented.

15 illus, 11 ref

011511   Sharma S;Parikh K H;Naveen Kumar (Chemistry Dep, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat Univ, Patan-384 265, Gujarat, Email: smridhee2000@yahoo.co.in) : Study on corrosion of tin coated steel in 0.5M monochloroacetic acid in presence of carbonate and bicarbonate inhibitors by potential measurement method. J Ultra Chem 2011, 7(2), 213-8.

Corrosion behavior of Tin coated steel in 0.5M monochloroacetic acid and its inhibition by carbonates and bicarbonates were studied by using change in corrosion potential with time and shift of potential at 35 ± 0.1 °C. All the data reveal that carbonates and bicarbonates act as an inhibitor in the acid environment. This study may help in screening and in selection of inhibitors.

5 illus, 1 table, 10 ref

011510   Senthil Kumar G;Balamurugan K;Vinu S; Radhakrishnan M;Senthilprabhu G (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathy-638 401, Email: senthil_3142@yahoo.co.in) : Tribological and emission studies in two stroke petrol engine lubricated with sunflower methyl ester. J scient ind Res 2012, 71(8), 562-5.

This study presents testing of sunflower methyl ester (SFME) and manufacturer's recommended oil (MAK 2T oil) mixed in definite proportions as two stroke crankcase lubricants. ASTM four ball wear tests conducted with SFME and with nano copper particle additives resulted in less wear scar in balls, ensuring less wear in engine with SFME + 1.5% nano copper. Emission analysis for smoke, conducted on definite proportion of SFME along with MAK 2T oil [ 1.5% blend (98.5% MAK 2T oil + 1.5% SFME with additives)] using an exhaust gas analyser, resulted in reduction of HC and CO.

1 illus, 14 ref

011509   Saxena S K;MacDonald M (NO, , ) : System inerting/purging operation. Process Pl Engng 2012, 24(4), 84,88-91.

3 illus, 2 tables, 2 ref

011508   Rahim A H M A;Al-Baiyat S A (Electrical Engineering Dep, King Fahd Petroleum & Minerals Univ, Dhahran-31261, Email: ahrahim@kfupm.edu.sa) : Dynamic integration and control of fixed-speed wind generation system with multimachine system. J Pwr Elect Pwr Syst 2011, 1(2), 12-26.

Since the average life of a wind generator is about 20 years, many of the wind systems will be employing conventional fixed-speed cage generators in spite of the superiority of the variable-speed devices As the extent of wind integration continues to grow, the wind parks may need to be integrated with AC power grids. The integration to grids., particularly to weak ones, may give use to transient conditions detrimental to both the asynchronous as well as synchronous systems. This article presents an integrated dynamic model of the fixed-speed wind system with a multimachine AC power system. Simulation studies of a 4-machine 12-bus system indicate that under some contingencies a small steady slip may continue to pump transients harmful for both the systems A frequency controller in the electro-mechanical loop of the wind system has been shown to mitigate the problem effectively.

12 illus, 3 tables, 21 ref

011507   Raghu Meetei M;Sudhakar M;Sankaran M;Agarwal A;Ekkundi R S (Power Systems Group, ISRO Satellite Centre, Bangalore-560 017, Email: nraghu@isac.gov.in) : Rover operations and dynamics of dust- an analytical approach using Lambert W-function. J Spacecraft Technol 2013, 23(1), 1-12.

Proposition wherein the dynamics of dust during mini-rover operations on lunar surface taking into account of probable resistance offered by an equilibrium local concentration of gases of near-surface lunar atmosphere can be best described by considering a weak linear drag force in the equations of motion is presented. The equations of motion vis-a-vis the one considering a vacuum near-surface lunar atmosphere are transcendental in nature whose exact closed-form solutions can be obtained using Lambert W-function only. An analysis is made giving specific consideration of Chandrayaan-2 Rover and results are presented.

4 illus, 7 tables, 18 ref

011506   Pramod V B;Gomes J A;Hariharan V K;Rajan G V C;Govinda K V (GEOSAT Integration Div, SIG, ICA, ISRO Satellite Centre, Bangalore, Email: pramod@isac.gov.in) : 3-D modeling for spacecraft harness realization. J Spacecraft Technol 2013, 23(1), 53-60.

Spacecraft harness 3 D modeling for harness realisation depicts the mechanical aspects of Spacecraft electrical harnesses, including the volume and footprint requirements, individual cables for interface connections confirming to Electrical Interface Definition (EID) database, physical constraints, mass and physical properties estimation, assembly and dis-assembly requirements. The Spacecraft harness is a complex entity involving 30,000 - 40,000 interface connections, extending over various structural members, including equipment panels, decks and shear webs. The design of electrical harness demands usage of variety of wire gauges, based on the signal strength; wire types, to meet EMI/EMC requirements and protection techniques. To model the above mentioned harness interface connections, including various combinations of design parameters, manually becomes a herculean task and is error prone. Hence 3D modeling software has been developed for the first time, on UGS NX5 platform to automate the entire 3D modeling process. The major aim is to replace the 3D physical model with an electronic 3D model and to build in better features than the former, e.g. optimum routing path, EMI/EMC analysis etc. It accepts entire spacecraft electrical interface data, interprets the spacecraft layout & individual subsystem assembly ACAD drawings and with minimum user prompts, in critical areas, models the Spacecraft panel, extruding the subsystem packages and generates the 3D modeling of Spacecraft harness. Apart from reducing the human errors, the development time has been reduced from couple of months to few hours. Further, the software can be upgraded to evaluate electromagnetic coupling among cables, and conduct other related studies.

9 illus, 8 ref

011505   Prabhakar S;Annamalai K;Lalvani I J R (Automobile Engineering Dep, MIT Campus, Anna Univ, Chennai, Email: ruggers955@yahoo.co.in) : Experimental study of using hybrid vegetable oil blends in diesel engine. J scient ind Res 2012, 71(9), 612-15.

This study presents utilizing hybrid vegetable oil from Pongamia pinnata and Madhuca indica as an alternative diesel fuel. Raw pongamia oil and mahua oil were mixed (50:50) for preparing hybrid vegetable oil (HVO). A 20% blend of methyl ester of pongamia oil (MEOP), 20% blend of methyl ester of mahua oil (MEOM) and 20% blend of methyl ester of hybrid vegetable oil (MEHVO) with 80% of neat diesel were used as a fuel in diesel engine. A 20% blend of MEHVO with 80% of diesel gave competitive performance nearing diesel. In MEHVO blend, HC, CO is reduced, however CO₂ and NOx emission is slightly increased when compared to pure diesel.

3 illus, 27 ref

011504   Neetha T;Kartik A;Ratnakar S C;Ganeshan A S (Space Navigation Group, ISRO Satellite Centre, Bangalore, Bangalore-560 017) : The IRNSS navigation message. J Spacecraft Technol 2011, 21(1), 41-51.

The Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) is planned to be a constellation of 7 satellites - 3 in GEO and 4 in GSO orbit. This constellation is expected to provide position accuracies similar to GPS in a region centered on India with a coverage extending up to 1500 km around India. The IRNSS users continuously receive navigation information from the IRNSS satellites in the form of data bits modulated on the navigation signals. This information is computed and controlled by the IRNSS Navigation Center (INC), includes the satellite's time, its clock correction and ephemeris parameters, almanacs and health for all other IRNSS satellites in the constellation, ionospheric delay parameters and text messages. From this information, the users compute the satellite's precise position and clock offset and less precise positions and clock offsets of other satellites in the constellation. The IRNSS navigation message design process included numerous trade-off studies which weighed various representations and algorithms against variables such as message size, accuracy, update frequency and user computational requirements. Other factors such as parameters similar to GPS legacy, graceful degradation and future user requirements were also considered. A new format called IRNSS Broadcast Data Structure (Hybrid Data Structure) is designed that is a blend of fixed format of Sub frame structure for accuracy related parameters (time, ephemeris and clock) and flexible format of messages for value added services like: ionospheric grid parameters, text messages, and differential corrections etc. Finally, upon selecting the appropriate design structure, the design was fine tuned to its final form and user algorithm implementation trade-offs were performed. The representation algorithms and user algorithms were jointly tested using a simulated satellite ephemeris trajectory and satellite clock model. The results of these tests demonstrate that the user models represent the simulated ephemeris to within 0.07 m with precise parameters, and to within O.1 m with truncated parameters.

2 illus, 6 tables, 13 ref

011503   Nambaraja K;Ali W K W;Krishnan S (Aeronautical Engineering Dep, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technology Malaysia Univ, Malaysia, Email: keev86@gmail.com) : Preparation of rocket grade hydrogen peroxide and catalyst pock for monopropellant rocket thruster. J Aerospace Engng Technol 2012, 2(2), 1-8.

Preparation of rocket grade hydrogen peroxide and silver catalyst pack has been realized. The concentration of rocket grade hydrogen peroxide has to be above 85% and free from any kind of stabilizers. Two types of commercially available hydrogen peroxide were purchased for this research. For the preparation of racket grade hydrogen peroxide, there are two methods: (i) atmospheric pressure boiling and (ii) below atmospheric pressure boiling. The results show that only below atmospheric pressure boiling method can produce high quality rocket grade hydrogen peroxide. Characterization of the sample has been done using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. For catalyst pack 40-mesh silver screens with 99.9% purity were used to react with the. hydrogen peroxide. Nitric acid and samarium nitrate were used in preparing silver catalyst Dark to enhance the deccunposihon fate. The silver screens were compacted in the thruster body using hydraulic press before it is ready for hot test.

6 illus, 1 table, 11 ref

011502   Misra N;Sinha M;Banik R M (School of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi-221 005, Email: nira1953@yahoo.co.in) : Microbial transformation of functionality of polymer latex by Ustilago maydis. J Polym Mater 2011, 28(1), 1-3.

There are various kinds of microbes found which are susceptible to one particular type of bond, e.g. Ustilago maydis breaks the S-C bond specifically. The sulfoxidation reaction implies the enzymatic conversion of a divalent sulfur compound to a sulfoxide, and occasionally to sulfone. Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) obtained by the ferric-thiourea initiation contains thiouronium groups at the end of polymer chain. These groups being hydrophilic lie on the surface of polymer particles in miceller phase and when treated with Ustilago maydis the S-C bond was specifically broken removing basic amino group from the polymer latex. Polymer isolated after microbial treatment gave the negative dye-partition test with disulfine blue dye.

13 ref

011501   Mikkili Suresh;Panda A K;Suresh Y (Electrical Engineering Dep, N.I.T., Rourkela, Email: msuresh.ee@gmail.com ) : RTDS hardware implementation and simulation of 3-ph-4-wire SHAF for mitigation of current harmonics using p-q control strategy with fuzzy controller. J Pwr Elect Pwr Syst 2011, 1(1), 13-23.

The main objective of this paper is to develop Fuzzy controller to analyse the 4 performance of instantaneous real active and leactive power (p-q.) control strategy for-, extracting reference currents of shunt active filters under balanced, mi-balanced and balanced non-sinusoidal conditions. When the supply voltages are balanced and sinusoidal, the all control strategies are converge to the same compensation characteristics. However, the supply voltages are distorted and/or un-balanced sinusoidal, these control strategies result in different degrees of compensation in harmonics. With PI controller the p-q control strategy unable to yield an adequate solution when source voltages are not ideal Extensive simulations are carried out with Fuzzy controller for p-q control strategy under different main voltages The 3-ph 4-wire SHAF system is also implemented on a Real Time Digital Simulator (RT DS Hardware to further verify its effectiveness The detailed summation and RT DS Hardware results are included.

12 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

011500   Mehta B K;Deshpande S;Mukherjee S; Puthanveettil1 S E (ITER-India, Institute of Plasma Research, Plot No. A-29, G.I.D.C. Electronic Estate, Sector-25, Gandhinagar-382 025) : Differential charging calculation of a spherical geometry in space plasma condition. J Spacecraft Technol 2011, 21(1), 7-19.

This article presents the theory of spacecraft charging in Geosynchronous Earth Orbit (GEO), which requires detailed knowledge about plasma environment, charging process and spacecraft geometry. Floating potential and equilibrium potential by current calculation for various materials for spherical geometry in normal Maxwellian plasma and worst case Maxwellian plasma environment has been studied using POS (Patch on Sphere) model. The results have been validated with well established charging model and extrapolation to experiments related to arcing.

8 illus, 5 tables, 9 ref

011499   Masih S A;Devasahayam M;Zimik M (Centre for Transgenic Studies, Jacob School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sam Higginbottom Ins, Naini, Allahabad-211 007, Email: mercy@shiats.edu.in) : Optimization of power generation in a dual chambered aerated membrane microbial fuel cell with E. coli as biocatalyst. J scient ind Res 2012, 71(9), 621-6.

This study presents power generation optimization in a dual chambered aerated membrane microbial fuel cell (MFC) with E. coli as biocatalyst at different culture densities (0.5 & 1.0 OD) using sodium acetate as substrate. Optimum parameters were found as follows: voltage, 783 mV; power density, 222.84 mW/cm²; and coulombic efficiency (CE), 86.56%. CE with sodium acetate as substrate was higher than with fermentable substrate. High CE indicates improved design of dual chambered mediator less aerated membrane MFC for electrical conductance with an application in water remediation.

3 illus, 1 table, 32 ref

011498   Manieniyan V;Sivaprakasam S (Mecanical Engineering Dep, Directorate of Distance Education, Annamalai Univ, Annamalai Nagar-608 002, Email: manieniyan_au@yaoo.co.in) : Comparative performance, combustion and emission evaluated di- diesel engine using methyl ester of jatropha oil and animal fat oil (pork fat oil). Scient Trans Envir Technov 2011, 5(2), 73-6.

Interest in use of biodiesel fuels derived from vegetable oils or animal fats as alternative fuels for petroleum-based diesels has increased due to biodiesels having similar properties of those of diesels and characteristics of renewability, biodegradability and potential beneficial effects on exhaust emissions. Reductions of particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO), and total hydrocarbon emissions (THC) can be achieved with biodiesel use. Based on life-cycle analysis, the use of biodiesel produces real reductions in petroleum product consumption and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. This experimental work was conducted to evaluate the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a diesel engine and compare the use of biodiesel (Jatropha oil MEOJ, Animal fat oil AFO) at blend ratio B20, B40, B60, B80 and B100 in single cylinder four strokes DI diesel engine. In each test fuel consumption, break thermal efficiency, nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide, cylinder pressure and heat release rate were measured. The experimental results showed that the engine brake thermal efficiency and fuel consumption were comparable to diesel when fueled with two different biodiesels and their blends. The emission of nitrogen oxides (NOx) from biodiesels and their blends were lower than that of diesel fuel.

8 illus, 5 ref

011497   Lakshman D;Kannan M V (Programme Planning and Evaluation Group, ISRO Satellite Centre, Bangalore-560 017) : Lean thinking in satellite manufacturing. J Spacecraft Technol 2013, 23(1), 29-37.

Demand for Communication satellites is growing rapidly for Satellite TV Services, Broadband Internet Access, Distant Telephony, Direct Radio, Mobile & VSAT Services etc. Satellite application has ushered in a new era globally in television broadcasting with the huge popularity of High-Definition Television (HDTV), Direct-To-Home (DTH) etc. To meet the ever growing needs of satellite based services, satellite manufacturer are compelled to improve their throughput capacity and accelerate the 'time to market'. The drive towards the timely completion of satellite project, made it strategically imperative for manufacturer to deliver satellite faster by optimizing the schedule without comprising quality and reliability aspects. Delivering the right quality at the right time is the underlining principle of lean thinking. The concept of Lean thinking has gained widespread popularity in product oriented manufacturing; however it is equally viable in satellite manufacturing. The time needed to realize a satellite can be reduced by adding the flavor of lean thinking in satellite manufacturing. Today, satellite builders especially who are responsible for both nation's civilian space program and commercial application, are adhered to the traditional approach of custom built satellites. However to enable the rapid production of satellite projects, satellite manufacturers has to rethink the way they deals with satellite production process and use the lean manufacturing approach to speed the 'time to market'. This paper provides an overview on lean thinking and discusses the concept of lean thinking in the context of satellite manufacturing. The paper propose the adaptation of lean approach like modular concept in Satellite Design, standardization in Satellite Design, knowledge management, use of commercial-off-the-shelf components in small satellite mission etc to address the wider concerns of satellite productivity.

7 illus, 5 ref

011496   Krishnamoorthy S;Dinesh B;Shila K V;Bhasker Raju S;Lohar K A (Sensor Development Area, Laboratory for Electro-Optics Systems, ISRO, Bangalore) : Improved high accuracy digital sun sensor in oceansat-2. J Spacecraft Technol 2011, 21(1), 61-6.

High Accuracy Digital Sun Sensors (HDSS) are flown on many Indian remote sensing satellites as attitude sensors to measure spacecraft yaw error and give update to gyro over the poles. These sensors are equipped with neutral density filters (NDF) to attenuate Sun's intensity on board. In Oceansat-2 satellite, the HDSS is reengineered without neutral density filter by successfully incorporating electronic gain switching. In Oceansat-2, two HDSS were flown, one with NDF and another with built-in in electronic gain switching. The performance of both sensors onboard is extremely satisfactory. This paper describes the electronic gain switching scheme, the tests conducted in ground to verify the scheme and the onboard performance of both sensors.

9 illus, 5 tables, 4 ref

011495   Koteshwar Rao C;Ramjee S;Mathur P;Jain R; Badagandi R R;Thyagaraj M R;Govinda K V (NO, ISRO Satellite Center, Bangalore-560 017) : Real time measurement and resolver calibration of ocean color monitor oceansat-2 spacecraft using close range photogrammetry. J Spacecraft Technol 2011, 21(1), 31-9.

Color monitor is flown to orbit with Oceansat-2 spacecraft. During in-orbit operations provision is made to tilt the Electro-optics about the Pitch axis by ± 20° with reference to nadir to avoid the sun glint from sea surface. An on-board angular resolver is used to read the angular rotation of Ocean Color Monitor (OCM) for the given pulses through telemetry command. This study is carried out to calibrate the resolver during ground level measurements, which involves real time measurement of the system to derive 3D rotations and translations of the system in response to pulse through telemetry command. Close Range Photogrammetry (CRP) is used to measure the rotation of OCM in response to a given telemetry pulse. In the integrated level there is no physical feature accessible to define either OCM or spacecraft axis. CRP is used to measure the 3D-coordinates of retro reflective targets fixed on OCM and Spacecraft. A total of 14 sets of independent measurements were carried out using CRP. Mathematical transformation and best-fit analysis is carried out on 3D measured data to derive the axis of rotation for OCM. Further computation is made to find the stability of OCM about Roll and Yaw axis during the rotation. Auto-collimation measurement data is used as reference to compare the accuracy of CRP and resolver. Comparison between Auto-collimation and CRP shows accuracy lie within 0.002° and the difference between CRP and resolver angle (commanded angle through telemetry) lie within 0.01 °. This paper describes the measurements and mathematical computation carried out using CRP, resolver and auto-collimation. The paper further claims advantages of CRP over other methods of measurement like time and effort saving, real time measurement capability, measurement of critical geometries in inaccessible orientations and development of methodology to derive axis of a rotating members without the use of physical features as references.

7 illus, 2 tables, 8 ref