012581   Agarwal A;Anadita;Chauhan S S (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Harcourt Butler Technological Institute, Kanpur-208 002, Email: ankur.agg.in@gmail.com) : Thermophilic adaptation of anaerobic sludge for electricity production. J Alternate Energy Sour Technol 2011, 2(2), 30-39.

Anaerobic digestion of biogas inside the digester occurs in a particular temperature range. Research shows that the production can be increased by 33% by switching over from mesophilic temperature range (3040 ° C) to thermophilic temperature range (5060 ° C). Even then, biogas plants generally work in mesophilic range because a large amount of energy is required to maintain the high digester temperature. This huge energy input is required round the clock which makes biogas practically impossible as a permanent, continuous and cheap source of energy. At present, the digester temperature is maintained by burning the biogas produced, which increases the biogas production per unit of biomass, but it is not a cost-effective method as in totality it results in lesser production of gas. Biogas used for electricity production has CNG generator which consumes biogas and produces electricity. The generator also produces high quantity of exhaust gases due to the burning of biogas (fuel). This huge energy content is used to partially maintain the digester temperature by converting the heat content of hot exhaust gases into hot water at about 90 ° C through a heat exchanger. Solar water heaters are installed to heat water to 90 ° C which works for a specific time of the day. A hybrid system is created in which hot water is taken from the generator and the solar panels and is stored in a tank from where it is distributed as the temperature of the digester falls below 50° C. The temperature in the digester is maintained by pouring fresh slurry at 60 ° C and heating it in the digester by circulating hot water inside heating coils, fitted inside the digester. To regulate temperature inside the digester, a temperature control system is developed which modulates the flow of hot water.

3 illus, 3 tables, 7 ref

014673   Tyagi M;Zulqarnain M;Yilmaz D (The Craft & Hwakins Petroleum Engineering Dep, Louisiana State Univ, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA, Email: mtyagi@lsu.edu) : Computational fluid dynamics simulations of horziontal wellbore cleaning and cement placement processes in drilling and completions engineering applications. J Petrol Engng Technol 2012, 2(2), 15-28.

Mathematical modeling and simulations of complex coupled processes require both robust and accurate physics-based techniques. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) have been used extensively in a wide range of fields such as aerospace, automotive, and chemical processing industries to name a few. Typically, processes during drilling and completion of wells involve modeling of complex rheology fluids, turbulence modeling, multiphase phenomena, and transfer. Each individual process could possibly result in a, sophisticated detailed model that might not have a wide range of applicability. In this research study, two representative engineering flow examples of wellbore cleaning during cuttings transport and non-Newtonian fluid displacement during primary cementing are simulated for highly deviated wells. Potential of CFD approach, is demonstrated through systematic verification and validation studies fallowed by simulation of complex coupled processes.

7 illus, 22 ref

014672   Thampi N V;Ojha K;Udayabham G (Applied Chemistry Dep, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad-826 004, Email: neethavt@yahoo.com) : Overview of recent advances in viscoelastic surfactant based fracturing fluid technology. J Petrol Engng Technol 2012, 2(2), 1-14.

High percentages of oil and gas wells are hydraulically fractured worldwide in order to make economically producible at an efficient production rate. Cross-linked polymer fluids are in use for decades to stimulate oil and gas wells. Even though these fluids: exhibit exceptional viscosity, thermal stability, proppant transportability and fluid leak-off control; extensive formation damage by polymer residues demanded a clean fracturing fluid technology. New generation of fracturing fluids based upon viscoelastic surfactants (VES) has recently been introduced which attempts to address this problem. Their gel rhealogy is caused by warm-like cylindrical micelles. The paper discusses about microstructure and rheology of model worm-like micelle forming systems, molecular- bulk properly relationships, and unique rheological functional treatments for efficient fracturing fluid design. Prospective application of viscoelastic synergy observed in mixed surfactant, mixed surfactant-polymer systems and its advantages over classical VES (c VES) technology is also discussed. The paper also deals with new adaptations in fracturing sector like foam fracturing, pseudo-cross linked VES technology, and its merits with respect to reservoir characteristics of different oil fields.

2 illus, 1 table, 66 ref

014671   Terada T (Pathology Dep, Shizuoka City Shimizu Hospital, Miyakami 1231, Shimizu-Ku Shizuoka, 424-8636, Japan, Email: piyo0111jp@yahoo.co.jp) : Verrucous carcinoma of the oral cavity: a histopathologic study of 10 Japanese cases. J maxillofacial oral Surg 2011, 10(2), 148-51.

Objective is to report ten Japanese surgical cases of verrucous carcinoma (VC) of the oral cavity. The author reviewed histopathology of 10 cases of oral VC. Ten cases of oral VC were found in our pathology department in the last 10 years. During the 10 years, a total of 187 cases of oral malignancy were recognized. Therefore, the frequency of VC was 5.3% of all oral malignancies. The patients consisted of six women and four men. The age ranged from 52 to 84 years with a median of 68 years. The locations of VC were buccal mucosa in two cases, gingiva in three cases, hard palate in one case, tongue in three cases, and soft palate in one case. The presenting symptoms were oral discomfort in two cases and tumors in eight cases. All cases underwent surgical resection. Frozen sections were performed in three cases for margin check. Grossly, all cases showed verrucous lesions. The size ranged from 0.8 to 3.2 cm with a median of 1.3 cm. Histologically, tumor cells proliferated with verrucous or papillary features. The tumor cells had acidophilic, ample cytoplasm, and nuclear atypia was minimal. Individual keratinization, koilocytosis, basal cell mild atypia, and squamous pearl formation were recognized in all cases. Three cases showed microinvasion. One case had focal ordinary squamous cell carcinoma within the VC. Epithelial dysplasia in the mucosa was recognized in the vicinity of VC in two cases. One case showed multiple tumors of VC; the number was five. Lymphocytic infiltration in the dermis was recognized in seven cases. Immunohistochemically, p53 protein was positive in all the ten cases. Its location was accentuated near the basal cells and microinvasive parts. Ki-67 positive cells were also seen mainly in the basal cells and in the microinvasive areas, and the KI-67 labeling index ranged from 12 to 21%. Two patients recurred, and additional operations were performed. None show metastatic lesions. One patient died of other disease, and nine patients are now alive without tumors. Clinicopathologic features of ten cases of oral VC were described.

2 illus, 11 ref

014670   Swain S K;Sen S (Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Dep, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela-769 008, Email: susanta_nit@rediffmail.com) : Microstructure of thick wall ductile iron castings. J Metall Mater Sci 2011, 53(2), 133-7.

Ductile Iron castings with section thickness 60mm, 70mm & 80mm were produced using manufacturing process in which the chemical composition was adjusted to guarantee the formation of spheroidal graphite during solidification. Simultaneously other parameters like carbon equivalent, tapping temperature, inoculation and magnesium residuals were monitored. Microstructure and its constituents of these thick wall castings were characterized using an image analyzer. Matrix structure and graphite forms were investigated as a function of section thickness. Pearlite content, nodule count and nodularity decreases with increasing section thickness whereas nodule size increases.

014669   Sujalakshmy V;Sivanandan K S (Electrical Engineering Dep, National Institute of Technology, Calicut, Kerala, Email: suja_lakshmy@yahoo.com) : New approach for modeling the dynamics of output variables of a spatially distributed system. J Pwr Elect Pwr Syst 2012, 2(2), 20-33.

Addresses the development of an average-value based model for the processing system having some peculiar physical constraints which prevent their process variables to have a steady and stable value. As a result, the maintenance of steady balance of the system will become tedious. The continuous observation of that process variable, fixation of its average value on real-time basis, and mathematical model development of above-average value as base factor are the basic steps of this method which subsequently lead to time-based dynamics. The validation of the method so developed is possible to achieve through experiments in appropriate processing systems.

8 ilus, 18 tables, 10 ref

014668   Sridhar V;Wali G G;Shyla H N (NO, Rural Dental College, Loni, Maharashtra, Email: docsvnaidoo@yahoo.co.in) : Evaluation of the perioperative use of 0.2% Chlorhexidine gluconate for the prevention of Alveolar osteitis after the extraction of impacted mandibular third molars. J maxillofacial oral Surg 2011, 10(2), 101-11.

Purpose is to clinically evaluate the perioperative use of 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate for the prevention of alveolar osteitis, to assess the patient compliance to chlorhexidine and to prepare a comprehensive treatment plan to prevent alveolar osteitis after removal of an impacted third molar extraction. A prospective study was done on 50 patients with bilaterally impacted lower third molars which were indicated for extraction. Extraction of impacted mandibular third molar on one side was done without using any mouthrinse. While extracting the third molar on the other side, patients were instructed to use chlorhexidine 0.2% mouth rinse for 8 days, 1 day preceding and 7 days following the surgery. They were instructed to use chlorhexidine 0.2% (Rexidine) mouth rinse for 30 s twice a day (before breakfast and after dinner) with 15 ml of the rinse with 1:1 dilution with clean water. All the patients were evaluated for pain, presence or absence of clot and condition of the alveolar bone for the diagnosis of dry socket. Incidence of dry sockets was 8%, when patients did not use 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate perioperatively which is statistically significant. It appeared that the incidence of dry socket can be reduced significantly by using 0.2% chlorhexidne gluconate mouth rinse perioperatively (twice daily) 1 day before and 7 days after surgical extraction.

10 illus, 11 tables, 22 ref

014667   Sircar J K;Mohanty A;Konar j;Garain P K; Dhonge S S (NO, CSIR-Natonal Metallurgical Lab, , Email: jks@nmlindia.org) : Stability constant determination revisited: a voltammetric method of study of lead-1, 10 phenanthroline complex. J Metall Mater Sci 2011, 53(1), 25-30.

Pb(II)-1,10 phenanthroline complex was studied by Differential Pulse Polarography(DPP) in 1.0M KNO₃ as supporting electrolyte at 25°C temperature. Cyclic voltammogramme revealed that Pb (II) - nitrate behaves quasi-reversibly with EC mechanism in the supporting electrolyte. Both stepwise formation constant as well as overall formation of the complex was followed using De Ford and Hume's procedure and overall stability constant ? value of the complex was determined as 5.1474 x 1012 with complexation number of 3.

014666   Singh R M (Civil Engineering Dep, MNNIT, Allahabad-211 004, Email: rajm@mnnit.ac.in) : WAVELET - ANN model for diffuse pollution prediction in streams. ISH J Hydraul Engng 2011, 17(Suppl 1), 1-11.

Use of herbicides, pesticides, and other chemicals in agricultural fields increases the concentration of chemicals in streams which severely affects the health of human and environment. The transport of chemical pollutants into river or streams is not straight forward but complex function of applied chemicals and land use patterns in a given river or stream basin which are difficult to quantify accurately. Development of models based on temporal observations may improve understanding the underlying the hydrological processes in such complex transports. Recently, artificial neural network (ANN) as a non-linear inter-extrapolator is extensively used by hydrologists. Work utilized temporal patterns extracted from temporal observations using wavelet theory. These patterns are then utilized by an artificial neural network (ANN). The wavelet-ANN conjunction model is then utilized to predict the monthly concentration of diffuse pollution in a stream. The application of the proposed methodology is illustrated with real data to estimate the diffuse pollution concentration in a stream system due to application of a typical herbicide, atrazine, in corn fields.

6 illus, 1 table, 37 ref

014665   Singh R K;Mamta Kumari (Physics Dep, RLSY College, Ranchi University, Ranchi, Jharkhand, Email: subrajon@yahoo.com) : First principle numerical approach to spin dependent transport. J Metall Mater Sci 2011, 53(3), 275-87.

Effects like magnetoresistance (MR) of a magnetic junction or efficiency of spin injection from ferromagnet (FM) into semiconductor (SC) are the manifestations of spin-dependent transport in complicated multilayered structures and arises due to the spin filtering at ferromagnetic and nonmagnetic metal layers (FM/NM) or ferromagnetic and nonmagnetic insulator (FM/I) or ferromagnet and semiconductor (FM/SC) interfaces. For accurate description of the electronic and structural properties of such interfaces as well as their bulk materials various numerical methods like Density Functional Theory (DFT), Tight Binding-Muffin Tin Orbitals (TB-MTO), Wave Function Matching (WFM), Landauer-Buttiker Approach (LBA) are in use. Reviews these numerical methods.

014664   Singh K;Patnaik P;Bhaisare D K;Jagannath; Krishnamurthy N;Suri A (NO, Bhaba Atomic Centre, Trombay, Mumbai-400 085, Email: singhkw@barc.gov.in) : Measurement of relative sticking coefficient of nitrogen on Al/Ti in a magnetron sputtering system. J Metall Mater Sci 2011, 53(3), 261-8.

Mathematical model was simulated to predict the composition of the metallic constituents of the coatings deposited by sputtering using two metals composite target in the presence of a reactive gas atmosphere. In the development of model, value of relative sticking coefficient of reactive gas on the metallic surfaces assumes significance. Very little literature is available on the sticking coefficient of reactive gases on the metallic surfaces. In the available literature the value of sticking coefficient of reactive gases on metallic surfaces in the plasma environment has most often been assumed to be unity. Experimental data is not available at all. Therefore, the relative sticking coefficient of nitrogen for the two metals - titanium and aluminium - has been generated experimentally. The samples were polished, chemically cleaned and mounted on to the target to replicate the actual sputtering condition. These were cleaned in-situ by ion cleaning too. The coupons were then treated in nitrogen and argon plasma. X-ray photo electron spectroscopy (XPS) was utilized to analyze the treated samples. The sticking coefficient values have been generated by treating the coupons for fixed duration at different partial pressures of nitrogen as well as for different duration at fixed partial pressure of nitrogen. The sticking coefficient was found to vary from 0.423 to 0.368 when the treatment time was varied from 1 min to 30 min. The value was found to vary from 0.374 to 0.420 when the N₂ flow in the plasma was increased from 5% to 40%.

014663   Simbarashe F;Li J;Qiao D H (NO, School of Material Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong Univers, Shanghai, 200240, China) : Purification of an industrial aluminum alloy by melt stirring during Ohno continuous casting process. J Metall Mater Sci 2011, 53(1), 55-65.

With the purpose of upgrading the purity of a dilute industrial aluminum alloy during Ohno Continuous Casting (OCC) process through the use of forced melt stirring; the critical stirring intensity required under a casting speed of 2mm/min was numerically determined. The determined critical stirring intensity induces convective velocity magnitudes into the melt which are effective in transporting solutes from the solute boundary layer into the bulk melt. It was found that, with adequate melt stirring, production of substantially long and high purity ingots during OCC is possible before their purity diminishes to lower than the initial alloy purity.

014662   Shukla S K;Deepa M;Tripathi B D (NO, , ) : Effect of Ni addition (in zinc bath) on the properties of galvanized/galvannealed sheet of IF steel. Steel India 2011, 34(1), 80-5.

In order to study the effect of Ni addition (in zinc bath) on the properties of galvanized and galuannealed sheens of IF steel, number of experiments were conducted in Hot Dip Process Simulator (HDPS) at RDCIS by varying Ni content (0.04-0.10%) in molten zinc bath and other galvanizing parameters like bath temperature and dipping time. It has been found that 0.10%Ni & 0.25%Al in the zinc bath along with bath temperature of 450-460°C and dipping time of <126>2 sec. results in best combination of properties in terms of corrosion resistance (20% more w.r.t conventional galvanized sheets), formabilify (at par with substrate material) and appearance (smooth & bright) in galvanized sheets of IF steels. Further, through concentration profile plots of galvanized/galvannealed sheets of IF steel, it has been found that distribution bahaviour of Ni in the coating is same as that of Al and Ni strongly interacts with Al at the interface between steel and coating. Ni addition helps in breakdown of the inhibition layer in the galvannealed sheets due to consumption of active Al as AINi intermetallics.

8 illus, 3 tables, 3 ref

014661   Shankar R;Singh D;Shaikh S;Singh G;Yadav A; Jain R (Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Dep, Sardar Patel Post Graduate Institute of Dental and Medical Sciences, C, , Email: drravitaurus@rediffmail.com) : Bone regeneration in osseous defects using hydroxyapatite graft and the extent of osification in osseous defects treated without grafts: a comparative evaluation. J maxillofacial oral Surg 2011, 10(2), 123-6.

Objective of the study is to evaluate the new bone formation in bony defects following insertion of hydroxyapatite graft and to compare the efficacy and regenerative potential of this bone graft material. The patients having osseous defects after surgery were selected. Preoperatively a brief history, examination, relevant blood investigation and radiographs were taken. Post operative observation period of 6 months was planned. Radiographic and bone scintigraphic (isotope study of bone activity) evaluation of bone specimens was completed in defined time. Radiographic evaluation indicated increased calcification surrounding the material, indicative of acceptance of the graft to the bone. Bone scintigraphic evaluation indicated area of increased bone metabolism and is evidenced as area of increased radiotracer uptake, namely `hot spots' (active bone formation). It can be concluded that the hydroxyapatite graft met the clinical requirement of a bone substitute material which is biocompatible and non-allergic. The use of this material is advantageous over other bone grafts because of simplicity of application, cost effectiveness and easy availability. Due to its microstructure, complete resorption and neo bone formation took place during the course of the study.

6 illus, 11 ref

014660   Sengupta P P;Thakur S K;Singh A P;Gupta D S; Avtar R (NO, RDCIS, SAIL, Ranchi-834 002) : Reduction of buckling in CRNO coils at Rourkela Steel Plant. Steel India 2011, 34(1), 76-9.

Buckling in Cold Rolled Non Oriented (CRNO) coils appeared during its cold reduction in Reversing Mill and its genesis was traced back to non-uniform roll cooling at the hot rolling stage. Corrective actions taken at both hot and cold rolling stages were instrumental in reduction of the defect by 46%.

6 illus, 1 table, 4 ref

014659   Sen S K;Bajpai A;Dhua S K;Sarkar P P;Pradhan S;Jain D K (NO, RDCIS, SAIL, Ranchi-834 002) : Wheel steels: processing and properties. Steel India 2011, 34(1), 67-75.

Loco and Coach Wheels are produced in SAIL Plants. The Steel-making mainly targets basic chemistry and cleanliness (including inclusions and total gas content) of the steels. As cast steel ingots are cut into three pieces before hot pressing and subsequently soaked at high temperatures for several hours before hot deformation into the shape of wheel, the wheels are soaked at 880 - 900 C before cooling by water-jet. Then the wheels are tempered at 520 - 530 C for 3.5 -4 hrs and air cooled. Test samples were collected from tread and fillet portions for both macro-structural and mechanical properties evaluation. The test results indicate that loco-wheels are having higher tensile properties and higher fatigue crack growth rate and lower impact and fracture toughness values ((43-68 mpa. m^1/2) compared to coach wheels. The main reasons of better toughness (68-108 mpa.m^1/2) of coach wheels are finer ferrite pearlite grains, better cleanliness of coach wheels compared to loco-wheels which are mostly full pearlitic with little amount of ferrite or cementite in certain portions of the wheel.

6 illus, 5 tables, 9 ref

014658   Saxena A;Thakur S K;Mishra P K;Dutta R;Jha B K (Research and Development Centre for Iron & Steel, Steel Authority of India Limited, Ranchi-834 002) : Effect of normalizing and aging parameters on microstructure and tensile properties of Nb-V microalloyed steel plates. Steel India 2011, 34(1), 60-6.

Industrial scale trials showed that normalizing of hot rolled plates with Nb-V microalloyed steel chemistry led to refinement of ferrite-pearlite banded structure. In rolled plates, microstructure consisted of ferrite and pearlite bands with band thickness of 7-8 μm and average ferrite grain size of 10-11μm while normalizing of hot rolled plates refined both ferrite-pearlite bands and ferrite grains to 5-6μ,m band thickness and 7-8μm average ferrite grain size respectively. This change in microstructure was accompanied by a drop in yield strength by -50 MPa and improvement in Charpy impact energy by around 90 Joules at 0°C after normalizing of plates. On the other hand, laboratory based studies showed that a microstructure comprising equiaxed ferrite and pearlite grains was formed when hot rolled plates were normalized in induction furnace. It was further observed from laboratory experiments that variation in normalizing temperature from 910 to 970°C had no significant influence on the microstructure and tensile properties of plates. Laboratory experiments further showed that aging treatment in the temperature range of 600-650°C did not have any remarkable influence on the microstructure and tensile properties in Nb-V microalloyed normalized steel plates.

9 illus, 5 tables, 9 ref

014657   Santosh Kumar;Jha B K;Mukhopadhyaya S;Saxena A;Mathur A S;Prakash A;Mallik S (RDCIS, SAIL, Ranchi-834 002) : Development of API X 70 grade HR coils at BSL. Steel India 2011, 34(1), 32-8.

For supply of API5L Grade X70 (PSL2) 1610mm wide hot rolled (HR) coils of 10.4,11.2 and 12.8 mm thickness, trial rolling was undertaken at Bokaro Steel Limited (BSL). Two heats were made and cast into 200 x 1630 mm section slabs with designed alloy chemistry. Rolling parameters of exit roughing (R5) temperature, finish rolling temperature (FRT), and coiling temperature (CT) were kept in the range of 1080 -1100C, 860 -890 C, and 600 - 630 C respectively. Coiling of high strength 10.4,11.2 and 12.8 mm thick coils of 1610 mm width at such low temperature was carried out for the first time in SAIL. Microstructure of hot rolled coils comprised ferrite and pearlite. Average grain size for ferrite varied between 6.3 - 9.2 micron. Microstructure of Centreline segregated zone of cast slab showed presence of primary carbides of microalloying elements. Optical micrograph clearly shows formation of coarse primary carbides at inter dendritic region. SEM and EDAX examinations confirmed presence of Nb and V in these coarse carbides. Genesis of these coarse primary carbides rich in Nb & V is attributed to segregation and subsequent slow cooling. To ensure complete dissolution of coarse primary carbides of Nb and V, a suitable time-temperature combine was adopted during reheating. Elimination of primary carbides in the rolled stock was testified through microstructural evaluation. High yield strength (- 540 MPa) could be achieved accordingly. Excellent YS / UTS ratio (<60> 0.85) has been achieved. Charpy impact properties of HR coils are <62> 100 J even at - 40 C. Lowering of FRT and CT led to a concurrent increase in strength and toughness. At ambient temperature, 100% shear area is observed after drop weight tear test (DWTT) whereas at 0 C, shear area is above 90%. API X-70 grade HR coils have been successfully produced at BSL meeting all the metallurgical requirements of the grade. The process technology has been established for commercial production.

9 illus, 5 tables, 8 ref

014656   Reddy A C;Kotiveerachari B (Mechanical Engineering Dep, JNTUH College of Engineering, Hyderabad-500 085, Email: dr_acreddy@yahoo.com) : Influence of microstructural changes caused by ageing on wear behaviour of Al6061/SiC composites. J Metall Mater Sci 2011, 53(1), 31-9.

Al-based metal matrix composites are being used to manufacture various parts of automobiles. The automobile components undergo sliding as well as abrasive type of wear against the counter surface during operation. In order to understand this phenomenon, wear tests of the as-cast and aged-composites were carried out at different loads. The removal of the particles from the matrix will play a major role in enhancing wear. With the increase in hardness of the composite due to aging as well as the formation of the hard precipitates, the aged composite is expected to provide resistance against microcutting. The reason for formation of precipitates near the interface can be attributed to the high density of dislocations near the interface.

014655   Ranganath L R;Krishna B (NO, Central Water and Power Research Station, Pune, Maharashtra, Email: praranga@yahoo.com) : Hydraulic investigations for post tsunami impact at Hut Bay. ISH J Hydraul Engng 2011, 17(Suppl 1), 61-71.

Hut Bay is situated in the Little Andaman between Andaman and Nicobar Islands and is about 110 km towards south of Port Blair. Hut Bay has a minor port which caters to the inter island vessels. The devastating earthquake and tsunami of 26th December, 2004 has caused severe damage to the rubble mound breakwater at Hut Bay and adjoining areas. Hydraulic investigations were carried out at CWPRS, Pune to assess the impact of the tsunami in the vicinity of Hut Bay Port to facilitate restoration of the damaged breakwater and for the future development. Numerical models MIKE-21 HD and MIKE-21 ST were used to simulate hydrodynamics and siltation respectively, in order to assess the post tsunami impact on the flow and siltation aspects in the bay. The environmental data used for the study includes waves, wind, tide, currents and sediment characteristics. The studies elucidated that there is no significant change in the flow field and siltation pattern/bed thickness after the devastating tsunami. Based on the studies it was suggested that further development of the harbour along with the ongoing restoration work may be continued.

7 illus, 4 tables, 16 ref

014654   Ramesh B;Kothyari U C;Murugesan K (Civil Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247 667, Email: ramesh.baskar@gmail.com) : Rolling motion of particles over transitionally-rough bed. ISH J Hydraul Engng 2011, 17(Suppl 1), 23-31.

Rolling motion of sediment particles and the near bed (wall region) turbulence of a transitionally-rough bed surface are studied experimentally using an acoustic Doppler velocimeter and a real time high speed imaging system. Path traced by the sediment particles and the corresponding velocity components were obtained from the high speed images captured using digital image processing technique. Sediments of different sizes were tested. The near bed turbulence characteristics were quantified by measuring the instantaneous velocity components and then retrieving the time averaged velocity components, turbulence intensity components and turbulence stresses. The competence of the two dimensionless parameters provided by Sekine and Kikkawa (1992) for saltation is tested with the results obtained on the rolling motion of the sediment particles over transitionally-rough beds.

8 illus, 3 tables, 24 ref

014653   Ram H;Sarkar J;Hemant Kumar;Konwar R;Bhatti M L;Mohammad S (Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Dep, Chhatrapati Shahuji Maharaj Medical University, Lucknow-226 001, Email: hariram81@yahoo.com) : Oral cancer: risk factors and molecular pathogenesis. J maxillofacial oral Surg 2011, 10(2), 132-7.

Oral cancer is one of the most common cancers and it constitutes a major health problem particularly in developing countries. It is one of the leading causes of death. Tobacco and alcohol consumption appears to be the major determinants of oral cancer. The literature search was carried out in NCBI Pubmed database using keywords "oral cancer", "risk factor", "epidemiology" and "patho*". Some basic information was also obtained from textbook and medical university websites. Several risk factors have been well characterized to be associated with oral cancer with substantial evidences. The development of oral cancer is a multistep process involving the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations in key regulatory genes. Experimental pathological studies of oral cancer in animal models and direct molecular genetic analysis of oral cancer subjects in recent times have revealed a substantial amount of knowledge on specific gene alterations or other genetic mechanisms involved in initiation and subsequent progression. Considering known risk factors, oral cancer appears to be to a certain extent, a preventable disease. Recent development of molecular picture of pathoprogression and molecular genetic tools opens the avenue for easier diagnosis, better prognostication and efficient therapeutic management.

1 illus, 46 ref

014652   Rai D (NO, , ) : Strain hardening characteristics of NI-CR-MO-V steel, during sliding wear, with respect to differnt microstructures. Steel India 2011, 34(1), 52-9.

Strain hardening characteristics during sliding wear of Ni-Cr-Mo-Vsteel (C = 0.35%, Mn = 0.68%, Si = 0.30%, Ni = 0.40%, Mo = 0.11%, V = 0.11% balanceFe) were studied fat constant load of 14 kg, sliding velocity of 0.54ms-l and test run of one hour), for its six different micro structural states viz. martensite, hardened and tempered martensite tempered at 225, 350, 450, 5500C and bainite. This was done through determining the micro-hardness-depth-profiling characteristics of worn-surfaces of six micro structural states of the abouementioned steel, during sliding wear. The sub-surface micro-hardness at different depths from top of worn surface, due to sliding wear, was determined in each case and thus, the rise in sub-surface micro-hardness due to strain hardening was evaluated. Depth of strain hardened zone was also estimated in each case. It was found that the depth of strain-hardened zone beneath the worn surface in dry-sliding wear was dependent upon the micro structural state. Martensite was found to be having the lowest depth of strain hardened zone, followed by hardened and tempered martensite tempered at 225, 350, 450, 5500C and bainitic microstructure in the increasing order. The fact that martensite was also having strain-hardened zone, though very less, points to the fact that it may have had retained austenite.

7 illus, 2 tables, 40 ref

014651   Pravin Deshpande P;Shashikant Vagge T; Mahendra More A;Sarika Kelkar A (Metallurgy and Materials Dep, Science College of Engineering, Pune-411 005, Email: pravinpd@hotmail.com ) : Galvano static deposition of conducting poly (o-toluidine -co-o-anisidine) coating on low carbon steel and its corrosion performance. J Metall Mater Sci 2011, 53(3), 269-74.

Conducting poly(o-toluidine -co-o-anisidine) coatings were synthesized on low carbon steel by electrochemical polymerization of o-toluidine and o- anisidine in aqueous oxalic acid by using galvano static method. The characterization of these coatings were carried out by using Scanning electron microscopy. The corrosion protection performance of these coatings were evaluated by using Potentiodynamic polarization technique. It was found that uniform and adherent conducting poly (o-toluidine -co-o-anisidine) coating can be obtained on low carbon steel using galvano static technique. The potentiodynamic polarization study reveals that the coating offers significant corrosion protection to low carbon steel in acidic medium.

014650   Pan S K;Chowdhury G M;Rai S;Mathur A S (NO, , ) : Recovery of valuable minerals from iron ore slime at SAIL mines in India. Steel India 2011, 34(1), 43-51.

Flow-sheet adopted in treating hematite iron ore in India through wet circuit generates not only 15-25% slime of Run-of-Mine (ROM), but also results in loss of very high qualify fine iron ore particles along with it. In the present study a novel technique has been implemented to classify the concentrate ore particles from the gangue mineral particles by processing through Fluidised Bed Classifier (FBC) system of Dalli Iron mines, SAIL. The classified iron mineral particles from FBC are further treated in a battery of hydro-cyclones followed by modified SSSC (Slow Speed Spiral Classifier) unit. Multiple feed entry system to the SSSC unit is unique and use of particular entry point depends on the desired quality of the product. Through slime beneficiation in FBC system, the valuable iron ore particles with 62.5% Fe has been recovered from the slime with 48.54% Fe at a material yield of 30%. This paper outlines some new approaches in iron ore slime beneficiation which are implemented at Dalli as well as at Meghahatuburu mines for maximum recovery of valuable minerals.

4 illus, 9 tables, 6 ref

014649   Pal S;Kundu T K (Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur-721 302, Email: snehaanshu.iitkgp.phd@gmail.com) : Theoretical prediction of maximum number of methane molecule accomodation in unit cages of S-I clathrate structure. J Petrol Engng Technol 2012, 2(2), 40-46.

Density Functional Theory (DFT) based simulations have been performed to determine maximum possible number of methane molecule accommodation in unit cages of methane hydrate structure-I S-I. Interaction energy, encapsulation energy and incremental encapsulation energy are calculated using B3LYP functional and 6-31+G(d) basis set. Nuclear magnetic resonance and Raman spectroscopy of one methane encapsulated are predicted at B3LJP/6-31G(d} level for 5¹²6² hydrate cage. Maximum one methane molecule accommodation both in 5¹² and 5¹²6² cage is possible as per B3LTP/6-31+G(d) calculations. Theoretically predicted maximum number of methane molecule accommodation, NMR and Raman spectra are in good agreement with experimental results.

5 illus, 2 tables, 21 ref

014648   Pal S;Kundu T K (Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur-721 302, Email: snehaanshu.iitgkp.phd@gmail.com) : Dodecahedron methane hydrate cage structure-an ab initio study. J Petrol Engng Technol 2012, 2(1), 22-35.

Comparative study of 5¹² clathrate hydrate cage having different numbers of methane guest molecules encapsulation is earned out by calculating interaction energy, encapsulation energy and thermo-chemical stability parameters using density functional theory-based calculation with B3LYP functional and 6-3IG(d) basis set. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), Infrared spectroscopy (IR spectroscopy) and Raman spectroscopy of empty and methane encapsulated 5¹² clathrate hydrate cages, change in Gibbs free energy and methane hydrate formation enthalpy are predicted at B3LYP/6-31/G++(d,p) level. It is concluded from this study that one methane molecule accommodation is most favorable process and theoretically maximum, two methane molecules accommodation is possible as per B3LYP/6-31G (d) calculation. The simulation results are in good agreement with experimental values of cage structural properties like cavity radius bond lenghts and angles, methane hydrate formation enthalpy, NMR. Raman and IR spectroscapy.

3 illus, 4 tables, 47 ref

014647   Pal S;Dalapati S;Biswas S;Ghosh S S;Das S (Electrical Engineering Dep, JIS College of Engineering, Kalyani, West Bengal, Email: snehasish_pal@yahoo.co.in) : Digital simulation of a statcom based on twelve pulse vsc for voltage control application in power system. Indian J scient Res 2012, 3(2), 135-44.

The Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) using GTOS and Square-wave Voltage Source Converter (VSC), is one of the recent FACTS device used for static shunt reactive power compensation in high power (Several hundreds of MVARs) application. Improving the system's reactive power handling capacity is a remedy to prevent voltage instability. The VSI is extremely fast in response to reactive power change. A state-space representation on a d-q framework is presented here and twelve-pulse VSC based STATCOM is simulated (for harmonic reduction on the AC side) here by MATLAB and the results are presented. It is found that these controllers can increase the loadability margin of power systems.

6 illus, 8 ref

014646   Pal R S;Harvinder Singh (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Chitkara University, Rajpura-140 401, Email: ravinderpal.singh@chitkara.edu.in) : Characterization and comparison of treated and untreated rich hush ash and fly ash for metal matrix composites. J Metall Mater Sci 2011, 53(2), 189-96.

Rice Husk ash and fly ash are agricultural and coal wastes respectively. These are produced in abundance globally and poses risk to health as well as environment. Thus their effective, conducive and eco- friendly utilization has always been a challenge for scientific community. The fly ash has been used as reinforcement for improved mechanical properties of composites. Rice husk ash can also be used for similar applications as its composition is almost similar to that of fly ash. Mainly deals with identification of characteristics of both the fly ash and rice husk ash using spectroscopic and microscopic analysis. SEM, XRD, XRF and FTIR spectroscopic methods were used for the characterization of treated and untreated ashes. The results were compared and it was observed that both ashes possesses nearly same chemical phases and other functional groups thus proposing the use of rice husk ash as reinforcement like fly ash in Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) specifically for wear resistance applications.

014645   Onwukwe S L;Obah B;Uwaezuoke N (Petroleum Engineering Dep, Federal Technology Univ, Owerri, Nigeria, Email: stanfuto1@yahoo.com) : Model approach of controlling coning in oil rim reservoir. J Petrol Engng Technol 2012, 2(1), 1-10.

Water and gas coning in oil rim reservoirs poses serious hindrance to optimizing oil production in the thin oil beds as unwanted fluids tend to replace oil in the production stream. This invariably limits the ultimate oil recovery. In this study, semi-analytical models of estimating, critical rate and optimum horizontal well placement were developed to control coning tendencies in oil rim reservoirs. The models were developed through semi-analytical analysis; of applying the principle of Nodal analysis to graphically combine gas-oil reservoir system and oil-water reservoir system respectively with a. view to controlling gas and water coning phenomena in gas-oil-water reservoir system. The result was compared with an existing correlation with field data obtained from the Niger-Delta oil field. The models are simple for fast calculations for reservoirs with thin oil 'zones sandwiched between gas cap and bottom water. It is concluded that the developed models can he used as a fool to make a first pass assessment in the development of oil rim reservoirs anticipated to experience water and/or gas coning during production.

3 illus, 7 tables, 12 ref

014644   Oghogho I (Electrical and Information Engineering Dep, Landmark Omu-Aran Univ, Kwara State, Nigeria, Email: oghogho.ikponmwosa@landmarkuniversity.edu.org) : Temperature control therapy system for treating heart attack patients. Indian J scient Res 2012, 3(2), 41-6.

Cardiac arrest with widespread cere-bral ischemia frequently leads to severe neurologic impairment. Recovery without residual neurologic damage after cardiac arrest with global cerebral ischemia is rare.Researchers have shown thattherapeutic hypothermia reduces brain damage and increases survivability in certain cases of cardiac arrest. Rapid infusion of cold intravenous fluid has been identified as the most effective means of inducing hypothermia. This work is targeted towards providing a device that is capable of inducing hypothermia on-spot and managing it automatically. An analogue to digital converter is used to monitor the output from a transducer depending on the patient's body temperature and give out digital outputs used to control when the thermoelectric module cools or heats the intravenous fluid and when it stays off. The system is designed to maintain the patient's temperature between 34°C and 36°C. A knob provided selects other temperature ranges. Different temperatures were generated to mimic body temperature being sensed by the transducer and the thermoelectric module's action was monitored. The intravenous fluid was heated when sensed temperature was greater than 34°C, cooled whenit was less than 16°C and neither heating nor cooling took place when it was between 34°C and 36°C. Although the system satisfied the fundamental operating principles, the rate of heat transfer to and from the intravenous fluid was poor. The intravenous tube also melted. These issues are being addressedin addition to making the system embedded. Biological life was not used for the test.

2 illus, 1 table, 12 ref

014643   Oghogho I (Electrical and Information Engineering Dep, Landmark Omu-Aran Univ, Kwara State, Nigeria, Email: oghogho.ikponmwosa@landmarkuniversity.edu.ng) : PC based temperature monitoring and alarm system. Indian J scient Res 2012, 3(2), 17-20.

PC based temperature monitoring and alarm system has been designed, constructed and tested. The system uses a linear and highly sensitive temperature transducer whose analog output is converted to digital format using an 8 bit analog to digital converter (ADC) before the digital signals are fed to the personal computer (PC) through the parallel port for display on the monitor. A program was written using Visual C++ which provides a user interface through which a predefined temperature limit can be set so that the threshold alarm is triggered when this limit is exceeded. A database to record the temperature readings for a certain period of time is also incorporated in the program. The device was tested within a temperature range of 25°C to 150°C while varying the threshold temperature. From the results obtained the alarm was triggered at ± 0.1°C of the selected threshold temperature. The system finds application in power plants, laboratories, workshops and domestic kitchens. The system can also be adopted for multiple zone temperature sensing such as the simultaneous temperature measurement of automobile radiators and engines and measurement of boiler temperatures in power plants.

2 illus, 1 table, 9 ref

014642   Nimbalkar V M;Rao B R K;Deshmukha V P;Shah A K;Marathe K V (NO, Naval Materials Research Lab, DRDO, Ambernath-421 506, Email: kv.marathe@ictmumbai.edu.in) : Development reaction synthesis process of novel Al-alloys -TiB₂ metal matrix composites by in-situ. J Metall Mater Sci 2011, 53(2), 197-203.

Among the numerous methods of production discontinuously reinforced metal -matrix composites, technologies allowing in-situ production of the reinforcing production of the reinforcing phase offer significant advantages from a technical and economic standpoint. There has been a constant drive for replacing commercial Al and monolithic aluminium alloys by aluminium based metal matrix composites (MMCs) in many industrial applications where high stiffness and high strength to weight ratio are required. Describes a cost effective route to produce Al and Al- alloy-10 wt % TiB₂ metal matrix composites by in-situ molten flux assisted reaction synthesis. The in-situ formation of a ceramic second phase provides greater control of size and level of reinforcement, yielding better tailorability of the composite properties. In-Situ Al and Al - Alloy -TiB₂ composite material prepared by reaction synthesis was cast into thick as well as thin section industrial components by gravity and pressure die casting route. Subsequent structure-property evaluation studies indicated sub-micron size reinforcement of in-situ formed TiB₂ particles with improved physical and mechanical properties as compared to conventional Al, Al-Alloys & its composites. From commercial point of view, the Al-Alloy-TiB₂ composite has an advantage of easy recycle ability over conventional Al-alloy composites.

014641   Nanjappa M;Natashekara M;Sendil Kumar C; Kumaraswamy S V;Keerthi R;Ashwin D P;Gopinath A L (Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Dep, VS Dental College and Hospital, K.R. Road, V.V. Puram, Bangalore, Karnataka, Email: nanjappamadan@yahoo.com) : Transport distraction osteogenesis for reconstruction of mandibular defects": our experience. J maxillofacial oral Surg 2011, 10(2), 93-100.

Mandibular defects usually involve a combination of osseous and soft tissue deficiency and are among the most challenging problems in maxillofacial surgery, many options are available for mandibular reconstruction. One of the options discussed in literature recently being distraction osteogenesis. The aims and objectives of the study were to evaluate clinically the technique of distraction osteogenesis to reconstruct mandibular defects, using indigenous transport distractors, and to evaluate the efficacy of Indigenous transport distraction osteogenesis device. A prospective, experimental study was designed to examine the use of transport distraction osteogenesis in the treatment of defects of the mandible. Four patients with defects of the mandible were subjected to distraction osteogenesis with indigenously manufactured distraction device. The regenerate was assessed clinically and radiographically. The results showed that the regenerate was clinically as hard as the adjacent unaffected mandible and radiologic evidence of bone regeneration was observed. The major advantage being regeneration of hard tissue and soft tissue components without the morbidity of donor site, so that functional rehabilitation of the patient is possible. Thus from the study it is shown that transport distraction osteogenesis using indigenous distractors is a reliable yet affordable option for reconstruction of mandibular defects.

8 illus, 1 table, 19 ref

014640   Nandini G D;Balakrishna R;Rao J (Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Dep, Sathyabama University Dental College and Hospital, OMR Road, Chennai-600 119, Email: ananya2000@rediffmail.com) : Self tapping screws v/s erich arch bar for inter maxillary fixation: a comparative clinical study in the treatment of mandibular fractures. J maxillofacial oral Surg 2011, 10(2), 127-31.

Numerous methods have been described for achievement of Intermaxillary fixation in the treatment of fractures of facial skeleton. Conventional methods like Erich arch bars and eyelet wires are currently most common methods for achieving intermaxillary fixation (IMF), but they have their own disadvantages. Since 1989, IMF using intraoral self tapping IMF screws has been introduced for treatment of mandibular fractures. The aim of thework was to compare the efficacy, advantages, disadvantages indications and potential complications associated with Erich archbar v/s self tapping IMF screws in the management of mandibular fractures. Twenty patients with mandibular fractures, reporting to Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Oxford Dental College, Bangalore were evaluated, to compare the efficacy of two techniques. The parameters considered were, time taken, perforations in the gloves, patient acceptance, oral hygiene, iatrogenic dental injuries, and needle stick injuries during IMF with Erich arch Bar and self tapping IMF screws. The mean time taken for IMF was 8.52 ± 2.7 min with screws as compared to 100 min with Erich arch bars. Mean number of perforations were significantly more in Group II. Oral hygiene status was good in 90% and fair in 10% of Group I and 100% fair in Group II patients. Use of self tapping IMF screws for intermaxillary fixation is a valid alternative to conventional Erich arch bars in the treatment of mandibular fractures. Iatrogenic injury to dental roots is the most important problem to this procedure, which can be minimized by careful radiographic evaluation and treatment planning.

2 illus, 4 tables, 15 ref

014639   Nanda R;Gupta S;Shukla H;Rohilla P;Patel K; Shukla A K N (School of Petroleum Technology, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum Univ, Gandhinagar, Email: ajitshukla@spt.pdpu.ac.in) : Development of intermittent gas lift optimum time module using automatic pneumatic system. J Petrol Engng Technol 2012, 2(1), 11-21.

Artificial lift technique is used to bring hydrocarbons to the surface when they cannot come to the surface on their own. Gas lift is an artificial lift technique which is classified into continuous and intermittent gas lifts. Continuous gas lift is used when the hydrocarbon jills into the wellbore continuously but is not able to come to the surface while intermittent gas lift is used when the fluid flow into the wellbore is not continuous and the operating valve is not always submerged. At the heart of the latter system lies the time interval for the liquid to submerge the operating valve which. in turn dictates the injection time module of the gas, This paper presents the studies done till date on gas lift techniques and specifically deals with the time control module of intermittent gas lift. The purpose of this paper is to present a robust system of time control that uses pneumatic test rig and develop automatic actuator using the pressure of the injected gas. The pressure, which is the only factor responsible for the opening and closing of the valve, controls the in/ection time interval and eliminates the monitoring of any other, parameter. The expected pattern of produced fluid with frequency of injection matches with the experimental data which concludes the veracity of this system as an effective time module controller.

9 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

014638   Mitra A;Roy A (Electrical Engineering Dep, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700 098) : High regulated low ripple DC power supply based on LC filter and IGBT. J Pwr Elect Pwr Syst 2012, 2(2), 1-10.

Filaments operating at a high temperature region would require ripple free current constant power source for their heating purposes. Introduction of ripple in the power supply would result in high power loss, aberrant, unpredictable temperature rise etc. High current ripple can also extenuate the life of electrolytic capacitors used in the circuit. Propose a scheme in which not only use simple, low cost, easily available electronic components but also reduce the value of ripple factor to <60> 0.1% and load regulation to 0.1%.

8 illus, 2 tables, 5 ref

014637   Mirajkar A B;Patel P L (Civil Engineering Dep, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat-395 007, Email: ashwinimirajkar@rediffmail.com) : Fuzzy based optimal irrigation planning for Kakrapar right bank canal command area, Gujarat, India. ISH J Hydraul Engng 2011, 17(Suppl 1), 43-50.

Availability of water in space and time in the command area may be imprecise and unpredictable due to uncertainty in the inflows into the reservoir due to rainfall. The impreciseness and uncertainty can be tackled effectively with the fuzzy logics. In the study, the multi-objective fuzzy linear programming (MOFLP) has been formulated for crop planning in the command area of Kakrapar right bank canal, under Ukai Irrigation Project, Gujarat, India. The objective of the study is to develop a Linear programming irrigation planning model and apply the same in MOFLP. The linear programming models have been developed for two objectives, net benefits and crop production with the set of constraints. The objectives have been formulated for optimal allocation of areas of different crops in the command area. The linear membership functions have been developed from the LP results and objectives were fuzzified over the tolerance range. The results of LP and MOFLP have been compared. Considering both the objectives together, a compromise solution has been arrived with a satisfaction level, λ=0.501.

3 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

014636   Menon S;Sinha R;Thapliyal G;Bandyopadhyay T (NO, Vydehi Institute of Dental Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, Email: psurmenon@gmail.com) : Management of zygomatic complex fractures in a tertiary hospital: a retrospective study. J maxillofacial oral Surg 2011, 10(2), 138-41.

Aim of the retrospective study was done to analyse the management of zygomatic complex fractures necessitating surgical intervention in a tertiary care hospital in a 8 year period in terms of incidence, cause, pattern and treatment. Two hundred and thirteen cases of zygomatic complex fractures treated during this period were analysed. One hundred and eighty three cases of zygomatic complex fractures were treated by a two point fixation while additional fixation was used in 25 cases and single point fixation in five cases. The main etiology in zygomatic complex fractures was Road traffic accidents (RTA) (83.56 %-178 cases) followed by sport injuries (10 cases-4.65%), accidental falls (19 cases-8.9%) and domestic violence (2.81%-6 cases). The average age at the time of injury was 34.36 years with the age range being 7 years to 75 years. The highest incidence of fractures was seen in the third decade of life (102 cases) (47.88%) followed by the second decade (44 cases) (20.65%), 41 cases (19.24 %) in the 4th decade, 8 cases each (3.75%) in the 5th and 6th decades, six cases (2.81%) in the 7th decade and four cases (1.87%) in the 8th decade. The protocol of two point fixation was found to be adequate in most cases of zygomatic complex fractures in terms of stability and restoration of contour and function.

^iia18 ref

014635   Manu;Subba Rao;Shirlal K G;Prashanth J; Balakrishna Rao K (Applied Mechanics and Hydraulics Dep, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal P.O., Srinivasnagar, Mangalore-575 025, Email: gr_manu@yahoo.com) : Physical model studies on stability of concrete armoured breakwaters. ISH J Hydraul Engng 2011, 17(Suppl 1), 51-60.

As the breakwater construction started moving in to deeper waters, the wave load on its armour increased resulting in usage of heavier armour units inviting environmental and logistical problems. With the advancement in the technology, concrete armour units have been extensively replacing the natural stones with benefits such as saving in the material and cost while reducing loads on the seabed and helping in construction of environment etc. Tandem breakwater and berm breakwater could be the alternative solutions for the above said case. Presents the two cases of physical model studies on the stability of concrete armoured structures, one with tandem breakwater and another on berm breakwater. Both the models are subjected to monochromatic waves with varying characteristics. From the study it was observed that in case of tandem breakwater the crest width of submerged reef and the distance between breakwater and reef are the defining parameter while in case of berm breakwater the height of the berm and its width are the characteristic factors in reducing the breakwater damage.

14 illus, 1 table, 16 ref

014634   Mannan M A;Basak R;Murata T;Tamura J (EEE Dep, American International University-Bangladesh, 82, Road 14, Block B, Kemal Atatuk Avenue, Banani, Dhaka-1213, Bangladesh, Email: mdmannan@aiub.edu) : Direct torque control based on discrete-time PI cntroller of an SVPWM inverter fed induction motor using energy model. J Pwr Elect Pwr Syst 2012, 2(2), 45-55.

Direct torque control (DTC) of an induction motor (IM) with constant switching frequency has been presented in this work which is performed using space-vector modulation (SVM). The developed DTC scheme is based on the discrete-time PI controller strategy and this has been used to achieve direct control of torque of IM. To design the discrete-time PI (DTPI) controller the energy model of induction motor is simplified at the beginning by means of indirect field-oriented control (IFOC) strategy. The overshoot of conventional continuous PI controller and DTPI controller cannot be eliminated. A little modification is done in a conventional DTPI controller to overcome the problem of overshoot. In order to achieve the stable operation of proposed controller, the gains of controller are chosen by using the pole placement technique. The main advantages of the proposed control, compared to the works published in this subject, are constant switching frequency, no need to use predefined switching table and voltage vector, and no necessity of inner current control loops. It is found that the proposed DTPI controller can provide excellent performance to track the desired torque and speed. In the control of speed, the DTPI controller is able to reject the disturbance of load. The proposed controller was tested in simulations using MATLAB/Simulink. Results have proved excellent performance and verify the validity of the proposed DTC scheme.

5 illus, 2 tables, 23 ref

014633   Maini P K;Karmakar D;Bhakat A K;Jha B K (NO, Research and Development Centre for Iron and Steel, Ranchi-834 002) : Future growth of steel in India: SAIL's perspective. Steel India 2011, 34(1), 39-42.

India will need over 200MT of steel by the year 2020. SAIL is carrying out many modernization and expansion programmes for enhancing its production capacities at various units apart from adding value added products to its basket. However, SAIL may need to take some other initiatives like enlarging its merchant products by adding few innovative sectional profiles and so on to fulfill the requirement of future infrastructure projects. Role of collaborations with other steel producers will also be vital for future challenges in steel production.

4 ref

014632   Lystianingrum V;Fachrurrozi I;Ashari M (Electrical Engineering Dep, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Institut Teknologi, Sepuluh Nopember Kampus, ITS Sukohlo, Surabaya-60111, Indonesia) : Computer-based monitoring and controlling system for PV-wind generator-battery system. J Pwr Elect Pwr Syst 2012, 2(2), 11-19.

Various types and configurations of renewable energy system (RES) have been covered lately in many researches, one of which is PV-wind generator-battery. For the sake of system evaluation, a data acquisition mechanism is needed, particularly for system monitoring and controlling. Describes about preliminary research on a PC-based monitoring and controlling system for PV-wind generator-battery configuration. Monitoring parameters are voltage and current of PV-wind generator, battery, and load. As for controlling, the battery charge-discharge state is managed in order to optimize battery lifetime. This PC-based system makes use of LabVIEW software, which is expected to be easily modified for further improvement.

11 illus, 2 tables, 10 ref

014631   Ladopoulos E G (Interpaper Research Organization, 8 Dimaki Str., Athens, GR-106 72, Email: eladopoulos@interpaper.org) : Non-linear singular integral equations for multiphase flows in petroleum reservoir engineering. J Petrol Engng Technol 2012, 2(2), 29-39.

Very important problem of petroleum reservoir engineering is investigated by the present research. Consequently, an innovative and groundbreaking mathematical approach is introduced for the determination of the properties of the earth subsurface, when oil reserves together with water are moving through porous media. So, the multiphase flaw problem of petroleum together with water is reduced to the solution of a non-linear singular integral equation, which is numerically solved by using the Singular Integral Operators Method (SIOM). The porous medium equation of the multiphase flows is defined as a Helmholtz differential equation and several properties are further analyzed and investigated far the above equation. Then by using the proposed new method the estimation of the future ail production from a reservoir can be determined. An application is finally proposed for a well testing to be checked when a heterogeneous oil reservoir together with water in a multiphase flow is moving through a porous medium in the earth's subsurface. Hence, by using the SIOM. then the pressure response from the well test conducted in the above heterogeneous oil and water reservoir, is numerically calculated and investigated.

2 illus, 1 table, 26 ref

014630   Kumar M A;Reddy G R;Reddy G H;Reddy N S;Reddy K H;Reddy Y V M (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Sri Krishnadevaraya University College of Engineering and Technology, Anantapur-515 055, Email: ashokkumarmala7@hotmail.com) : Mechanical properties of randomly oriented short Sansevieria trifasciata fibre/epoxy composites. J Metall Mater Sci 2011, 53(1), 85-95.

Tensile, flexural and impact properties of randomly oriented short Sansevieria trifasciata fiber/epoxy (STFE) composites were evaluated. Composites were fabricated using raw Sansevieria trifasciata fiber (STFs) with varying lengths (mm) and weight (%) percents of fibers viz. 10(30), 20(35), 30(40) and 40 (45). When the length of the STFs was increased, the tensile, flexural and impact strength properties of the composites were increased up to a 30mm fiber length, and then a curtailment in properties occurred when fiber length further increased. All the fibers were treated with alkali solution and composites were prepared by hand lay-up method. STFE composites showed a regular trend of an increase in properties with fiber weight percent until 40% and afterwards a decrease in properties of composites with greater fiber weight percent. Tensile tests revealed that the tensile strength was about 75.22 MPa, the Young's modulus was 1.05 GPA and the elongation at the break was 10.07%. The flexural strength and modulus were estimated around 82.33MPa, 3GPa, respectively. Impact tests exhibited strength of approximately 8.97J/cm². The analysis of the tensile, flexural and impact properties of short STFE composites displayed a critical fiber length and optimum fiber weight percent of 30mm and 40%, respectively. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) studies were carried out to evaluate the fiber/matrix interactions when fiber weight increased. FTIR studies indicated functional groups could engage in the covalent and hydrogen bonds formation. Chemical resistances of the STFE composites were significantly improved for all chemical except for Toluene. These results indicate that high performance all natural products composite materials can be developed from the resources that are readily available locally.

014629   Khande K;Saluja H;Mahindra U (NO, Sai Sansthan Hospital, Shirdi, Ahmednagar, Email: harry_saluja@yahoo.co.in) : Primary and secondary closure of the surgical wound after removal of impacted mandibular third molars. J maxillofacial oral Surg 2011, 10(2), 112-17.

Study attempted the evaluation of Primary and secondary closure techniques after removal of impacted third molars in terms of healing, post-operative pain and swelling. 60 patients with impacted mandibular third molars were randomly divided into two groups of 30. Panoramic radiographs were taken to assess degree of eruption and to asses 3rd molar angulations to the long axis of 2nd molar. Teeth were extracted, and in Group 1 the socket was closed by hermetically suturing the flap. In group II a 5-6 mm wedge of mucosa distal to the second molar was removed & the flap was repositioned. Interrupted sutures were given, so as to form a triangular opening distal to second molar measuring about 5 x 5 mm. Swelling and pain were evaluated for 7 days after surgery with the VAS scale. Study results showed that post operative Sequale were comparatively less in secondary closure group than the primary closure group. Pain showed statistically significant difference between two groups. Pain was less in secondary closure group from day 1 to day 7. Swelling & trismus was also significantly less in secondary closure group. Evaluation of the complications of these two techniques showed that delayed wound healing occurred in 66.6% of cases (20 cases out of 30) in secondary closure group where as dehiscence of suture line occurred in 33.33% of cases (10 out of 30) in primary closure group. The results obtained in the study enable us to conclude that, in cases of equal intra-operative difficulty, open healing of the surgical wound after removal of impacted third molars produces less post-operative swelling and pain than occurs with closed healing, by hermetically suturing the socket.

2 illus, 9 tables, 14 ref

014628   Karmakar D;Banerjee R K;Sengupta P P;Maini P K;Bhakat A K;Jha B K (RDCIS, , SAIL, Ranchi-834 002) : Development of high strength V bearing Z bar. Steel India 2011, 34(1), 27-31.

Z-bar is a special asymmetrical structural section used mainly in railway wagon manufacturing. There is substantial difference in leg thickness between short & long leg of this section. While rolling at heavy structural mill at ISP (IISCO Steel Plant), any imbalance in drafting between short leg and long leg in final pass twists the bar from short side and makes the rolling difficult leading to loss in productivity. Mill load experienced while maintaining finish rolling temperature at around 880°C in this old mil is considerably high due to increase in stiffness as precipitation takes place well above finish rolling temperature with Nb bearing steel, To overcome the problem while rolling Hiten (YS <62> 410 MPa) Z bar, chemistry of the alloy was redesigned by using V and maintaining finish rolling temperature around 900°C. Vanadium being a moderate grain refiner precipitation takes place below 900°C. This helped in reducing the mill load significantly and substantial improvement in productivity.

3 illus, 5 tables, 5 ref

014627   Kandu D (Applied Sciences Dep, M.M.M. Engineering College, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, Email: kandudevendra891@gmail.com) : Certain integrals involving G-function of two variables. Indian J scient Res 2012, 3(2), 183-6.

In this paper, the aim is to evaluate certain double integrals involving G-function of two variables.

4 ref

014626   Jha R K;Malik K K (Research and Development Centre for Iron and Steel, SAIL, Ranchi-834 002, Email: rkjha@sail-rdcis.com) : Meeting infrastructural needs of research laborartories for iron & steel. Steel India 2011, 34(1), 23-6.

With increasing sophistication of Laboratory facilities, the level of infrastructural requirements are also getting raised day by day. Modern laboratories require either or all of the facilities viz: uninterrupted power, clean water, pure gas, dry & oil free compressed air for continuous operation ensuring long equipment life. A centralized facility for meeting the above requirements is called for and is the need of the day. This paper deals with important aspects of all these factors which need to be taken into consideration while designing the infrastructural requirements. Incorporation of these systems will definitely lead to accurate results, reduced downtime and higher operational life of lab equipment.

5 tables, 3 ref

014625   Jain N;Maria A (Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Dep, Modern Dental College and Researach Centre, Indore, Email: nehawhite@rediffmail.com) : Randomized double blind comparative study on the efficacy of ibuprofen and aceclofenac in controlling post-operative sequelae after third molar surgery. J maxillofacial oral Surg 2011, 10(2), 118-22.

Objective is to compare the efficacy of Ibuprofen and Aceclofenac in controlling pain, swelling and trismus following removal of impacted mandibular third molar teeth. To assess the patient's acceptability of these drugs. The double blind study was conducted on 60 adult patients for the surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molars. Drugs administered were Ibuprofen and Aceclofenac. Both the drugs were packed separately and coded with equal in number. After removal of impacted mandibular third molars, following parameters were studied : analgesic activity, mximum mouth opening and swelling. The scores were recorded preoperatively and on 1st, 3rd, 5th and 7th postoperative day. Ibuprofen has a marginal edge over Aceclofenac. Both the drugs were well accepted by the patients with no reported adverse effects.

3 tables, 18 ref