004612   Hussein F H;Alkhateeb A N;Omran K D;Sarhan W M (Chem Dep, College of Science for Women, Babylon Univ, Iraq, Email: abohasan_hilla@yahoo.com) : X-ray absorption studies of the catholyte layer components in thermal batteries. Asian J Chem 2007, 19(1), 758-64.

Investigation of the X-ray diffraction values, for the catholyte components of the foreign cell and the linear spectrum for the diffraction values of these components, has been performed. Six obvious peaks appertaining to KG, CaCrO₄ and LiCl have been recorded demonstrating that these compounds are the main components of the DEB layer. No peak for the binder has been identified due to its very low concentration, which did not exceed 5%. In addition, a similar study was accomplished for the assembled ceil, before running the thermal cell, via the definition of the peaks appertaining to the catholyte components and the amplitudes d-values. The peaks for the compounds used in the preparation of the catholyte layer, that is, KC1, CaCrO₄ and LiCl have appeared. However, no peak was observed for the binder due to its low concentration. Furthermore, a comparison for the X-ray diffraction values and the linear spectrum for this diffraction for the catholyte layer of the assembled thermal cell, at different temperatures, namely, 400, 460 and 600°C; has been carried out. At 400°C the findings revealed that this layer contained the compounds KC1, CaCr0₄ and the alloy, CaLi₂. Nonetheless, at 460°C, the results demonstrated that the layer consisted of the compounds KG, CaCrO₄, CaG₂ and the oxides mixture, Cr₂O₃ 2CaO. However, the bands pertaining to CaLi₂ and LiCl obtained at 400°C have disappeared indicating the reaction between Ca and Li ions to form the mentioned alloy, followed by the breakdown of this alloy with the release of electrons. Finally, at 600°C, the results confirm the existence of CaCrO₄ and KG besides the disappearance of the peaks belonging to CaCl2. In addition, a peak has emerged for LiO₂, which was produced from the electrochemical reaction.

5 illus, 3 tables, 7 ref

004611   Hussein F H;Alkhateeb A N;Omran K D;Sarhan W M (Chem Dep, College of Science for Women, Babylon Univ, Iraq, Email: abohasan_hilla@yahoo.com) : Comparative x-ray investigation for the anode component in thermal batteries. Asian J Chem 2007, 19(1), 751-7.

In this investigation, a comparative X-ray study for the anode of the foreign thermal cell and that of the assembled one have been carried out. The results have been compared with those issued by the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM). A comparative investigation for the X-ray diffraction of the anode component of the foreign cell as well as the linear spectrum for the diffraction of this component revealed that this anode is a Ca electrode. The evidence came from the formation of Ca(OH)₂ accompanied by the liberation of H₂, as a result of the action of moisture on Ca. Six peaks of different intensities for Ca(OH)₂ were observed. A comparison for the X-ray diffraction values and the linear spectrum at 400°C, for the anode component of the assembled cell, has been carried out. After running the cell, the findings displayed that the electrode contained the compounds KC1, CaO, Li₂CrO₄, CaCrO₄, Ca(OH)₂ and CaCl₂, explaining the increment of the operation time for the cell, with a low voltage. The incomplete solubility of CaCrCO⁴ at 400°C gave rise to the slowdown of the thermo-chemical reactions, leading ultimately to the ascent of the operation period. A similar comparison was accomplished at 460°C; which is the temperature at which the cell was operating with maximum efficiency, to confirm that the anode mixture included Ca(OH)₂, CaO and LiCrO₂. Finally, a comparative study of the X-ray diffraction for the anode of the assembled thermal cell at 600°C, that was the temperature at which the complete consumption of the cell took place, disclosed throughout the amplitude d-values, that this electrode contained CaO, Ca(OH)₂ and the oxide mixture LiO2-Cr2O3. No change occurred upon the development of the compounds on the anode.

4 illus, 2 tables, 9 ref

004610   Hu Y D;Wang Y L (NO, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Ocean Univ, China, Qing Dao-266 003, Email: chem_ouc@yahoo.com.cn) : Molecular connectivity index based aqueous solubility prediction model. Asian J Chem 2007, 19(1), 407-16.

Correlations for estimation of the aqueous solubility (log Sw) of organic compounds are proposed. The MCI based models proposed are predictive and require only zeroth- and first-order connectivity indices in the calculations. The calculated results of the models for different data sets are comparable to those from the existing models. Because the new models do not require any experimental physico-chemical properties in the calculation, they can be used in cases where it is too dangerous, costly, time consuming or impossible to measure the physico-chemical properties. Furthermore, the obtained equations can be easily applied in computer-aided molecular design for its simplicity and linear formula.

4 illus, 3 tables, 31 ref

004609   Hema S;Thillai Arasu P (Chemistry Dep, Dr. Sivanthi Aditanar College of Engineering, Tiruchendur-628 215) : Assessment of physico-chemical characteristics of the river Tamiraparani in south India. Int J chem Sci 2006, 4(3), 495-02.

With a view to create awareness among the public about the quality of water in the Tamiraparani river, which is one of the important rivers of Southern India, this study has been undertaken. The samples of water have been collected at various points along the course of the Tamiraparani river and the physico-chemical analysis was carried on each sample. The results of these analyses point out that all the values of the physico-chemical parameters measured for the sixteen water samples are too low to reach the standard values and in many cases, they are far low, indicating clearly no pollution or less pollution status of the river water. The river water is safe for human consumption, of course with disinfection treatment process and is deserving for irrigation and industrial purposes in the stretch of investigation.

3 tables, 10 ref

004608   Hadjab H S;Thimus J F;Chabaat M (Civil Engineering and Environmental Dep, Universite catholique de Louvain, Batiment Vinci, Place du Levant 1, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, Email: hadjab@gce.ucl.ac.be) : Use of acoustic emission to investigate fracture process zone in notched concrete beams. Curr Sci 2007, 93(5), 648-53.

Acoustic emission (AE) has been used to investigate characteristics of the fracture process zone (length, width and macro crack propagation) in a concrete specimen subjected to four-point bending, using probability and statistical methods. To understand the process of crack growth and fracture, a technique based on AE has been developed. The results are treated according to the laws of probability and statistics. It is shown that these results agree more or less in comparison to those obtained using other techniques.

6 illus, 1 table, 24 ref

004607   Gajananda K;Dutta H N;Lagun V E (Environment Protection Div, Shriram Institute for Industrial Research,, Univ Road, Delhi-110 007, Email: gajkh@yahoo.com) : Episode of coastal advection fog over east antarctica. Curr Sci 2007, 93(5), 654-9.

Episode of fog during 8-9 January 1996 over the Schirmacher Oasis of East Antarctica was investigated. It revealed that the fog was formed due to ad-vection of southeasterly winds by high moisture-containing northwesterly winds, blowing from the ocean over the cold ice shelf, which leads to the condensation of moisture, thereby forming fog for a duration of about 24 h. A monostatic acoustic sodar recorded the episode, which revealed the thickness of fog layer up to an altitude of about 300 to 400 m. Supplementary meteorological and radiosonde data were utilized to understand the mechanisms of the formation and dissipation of advection fog in this region. Supporting literature illustrates that this type of fog is an important source of water for photosynthesis, growth, reproduction and other metabolic activities of the poikilohydric microbiotic crust inhabiting the cold, arid and dry ecosystem of the coastal East Antarctic oases.

4 illus, 36 ref

004606   Fateh Bahadur;Singh U (Chemistry Dep, K.N. Govt. P.G. College, Gyanpur, Sant Ravidas Nagar, Bhadohi, Uttar Pradesh) : Inhibition of brass corrosion by using thiosemicarbazide, phenylisothiocynate and 1-phenyl-2,5-dithiohydrazodicarbanamide in 1.5. Acta Cienc Indica-Chem 2007, 33(1), 79-83.

Mechanism of inhibition of Brass corrosion n 1.5% sodium chloride solution at 25°C, 35°C and 45°C has been studied by calculating % I.E. (Inhibition Efficiency) by weight loss method, containing 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 ppm concentration of inhibitors at 120 hours of exposure time. An attempt has been made to elucidate the mechanism of corrosion inhibition by containing the values of % I.E. and by taking into account the structures of inhibitors involved. Experiments have been performed to assess the inhibitive properties of thiosemicarbazide to words the corrosion inhibition of brass in aqueous chloride media. Attempts have been made to improve the inhibitive performance of the compound by preparing condensation products of thiosemicarbazide.

2 illus, 3 tables, 4 ref

004605   Dubey U C;Singh V V;Chaudhuri D;Dubey A K (NO, Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Nabi Bagh, Berasia Road, Bhopal-462 038) : Development of portable electronic weighing machine for animal. Indian J Dairy Sci 2007, 60(1), 55-9.

Accurate weight of animals is necessary for the precise study of draft-ability, fatigue, monitoring animal health and evaluating breeding performance for genetic selection. Empirical formula are also used for estimation of weight of animal at rural level by measuring physical dimensions of animals. There was wide variation in the weight of animals estimated by Shaffer's and Agrawala's formula, which ranged from 12kg to 50 kg. The mechanical weighing system has inherent difficulties of fixed and heavy installation, longer weighing time and less accurate. There is a need for a system that is easy to install and portable; has fast response and short settling time; permit remote location of read out module with digital out put so that it could be used in field studies. Therefore, a portable electronic weighing system, suitable for weighing of small and big size animal such as bullock, buffaloes, sheep, goat etc. along with a platform /pan size of 1800 mm x 1200 mm was developed, using load cells. Machine has a capacity of 1500 kg (least count of 200 g) with throughput capacity of 180 numbers of animals/h as compared to 25 and 28 animals/h by empirical formula and mechanical system, respectively. Portable electronic weighing system has 99.25 % accuracy.

4 illus, 3 tables, 3 ref

004604   Alkhateeb A N;Hussein F H;Sarhan W M;Omran K D (Chem Dep, College of Science for Women, Babylon Univ, Iraq, Email: abohasan_hilla@yahoo.com) : Characterization of the collecting electrode in thermal batteries by the X-ray technique. Asian J Chem 2007, 19(1), 775-80.

In this study, a comparison of the X-ray diffraction values for the collecting electrode of the foreign thermal cell and the linear spectrum for this diffraction, respectively, has been carried out. Two peaks belonging Ni were recognized. Additionally, a further comparison has been performed for the X-ray diffraction values of the collecting electrode component of the assembled cell and the linear spectrum for this diffraction at different temperatures. The findings demonstrate that after running the cell at 400°C the electrode embraced the compounds, NiO and KC1, beside the elemental Ni. Furthermore, a similar comparison for the collecting electrode of the assembled thermal cell at 460°C has been performed. The outcome revealed the development of two peaks for Ni as well as one peak for the emerged NiO. This indicated the incomplete oxidation of Ni, even at the maximum temperature. Finally, another comparable study for the collecting electrode belonging to the assembled thermal cell, has been brought about at 600°C. The developed peak demonstrated the formation of NiO as the final product.

4 illus, 2 tables, 15 ref

004131   Zhan T S;Wu S L;Tsai W Y (Electrical Engineering Dep, Kao Yuan University, Kaohsiung 821, Taiwan, ROC) : Spontaneous and highly accurate ultrasonic temperature measurement system for air conditioner in automobiles. J scient ind Res 2009, 68(1), 44-51.

Presents a microprocessor-based, ultrasonic air temperature sensor system whose output controls temperature adjustment of car air conditioner (AC). Perceived thermal comfort correlates better with temperature of bulk air than temperature measured by conventional in-car temperature sensor. It uses ultrasonic measurement of changes in sound speed in air to determine temperature of bulk air. Changes in sound speed are calculated from phase shift of multi-frequency continuous wave. A 89c51 single-chip microprocessor-based signal generator and phase detector was used to record and calculate phase shift and temperature. Advantages of proposed system are high accuracy, instant detection, wider range and low cost.

10 illus, 16 ref

004130   Yeshodha L;Rajakumara H N;Arunachalam S; Meenambal T (Adhiyamaan College of Engineering, , Hosur-635 109, Email: yesocivil123@yahoo.co.in) : Modelling of Ground water potential zones using premote sensing and GIS technique : a case study for hosur union, Krishnagiri district, Tamil Nadu, India. J Envir Res Dev 2010, 5(1), 76-84.

Water is most important resource for domestic, agriculture and industrial purposes. The main aim of this study is evaluation of ground water potential zones for Hosur Union, Krishanagri District, Tamilnadu. For evaluation, GIS and Remote Sensing Technology contributes on efficient and effective result oriented methods for studying the occurrence and movement of ground water resources. Integration of various thematic layers which influencing the ground water such as slope, geology, lineament density, soil, geomorphology, land use and drainage density have been used to classify the ground water potential zones. Based on this concept, weightage and ranking scores were assigned to each thematic layer with respect of influencing rate of water percolation. Finally weightage, multiplied by ranking and computed all the multiply values for quick assessment of occurrence and movement of ground water potential zones in the study area.

9 illus, 1 table, 12 ref

004129   Yakkundi V K;Mantha S S (LTCOE, Mumbai Univ, Mumbai, Email: vivekyakkundi_ltocoe@rediffmail.com) : Numerical simulation on flowfield around a car & aerodynamic analysis by fine tuning wind tunnel pressure distribution with CFD Results. J Coop Univ Res Ind Enterpr 2010, 3(2), 82-101.

CFD is becoming a popular tool nowadays for analyzing external aerodynamic characteristics of a car, owing to its capability of analyzing more number of design variants in shorter time (C.P. Van Dam, 1999). Also with CAE/CFD we can achieve required geometric/dynamic similarities in the mode (Saeyoung Han, V Sumantran, Clark Harris, Ted Kuzmanov, Mark Heubler, Thomas Zak, (1996) and Norihiko Watanabe, Shinya Miyamoto, Masayuki Kuba, Junichi Nakanichi, (2003). Measurement of aerodynamic characteristics like drag, lift, downforce yawing moment etc using scale models in wind tunnels & extrapolating these measurements to the full scale conditions have become a subject of debate as for accurate results corrections for boundary layer control, pressure gradients, blockages & real turbulence are required (Wolf Heinrich Hucho, 1998). Moreover CFD based analysis methods are superseding the conventional experimental/empirical methods. CFD results have been compared for their concurrence with wind tunnel data and are found to be comparable. (Accuracy -2.7% with a 95% confidence band of 13.1%) (Jack Williams, 1998). Therefore in the present work it is aimed to have a synergy of wind tunnel pressure distribution & CFD simulation which will yield more meaningful & accurate results rather than validation of CFD results with wind tunnel measurements. The primary goal of this work is to carry out pressure distribution on the 1:10 scale model of a car in a wind tunnel (2ft *2 ft*6 ft, low speed), compute pressure distribution coefficient & simulate the similar flow conditions/regime using Fluent-6.3 finite volume code (3D, Pressure based RANS solver) with SST, K - ω turbulence modefor aerodynamic analysis (Menter, 1993). Drag (Pressure + viscous) from CFD analysis and pressure coefficient from wind tunnel pressure distribution are analysed.

18 illus, 3 tables, 26 ref

004128   Vidivelli B;Mageswari M (Structural Engineering Dep, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar-600 002, Email: vidivellib@yahoo.com) : Study on flyash concrete using sem analysis. J Envir Res Dev 2010, 5(1), 46-52.

Increasing the performance of concrete with the partial replacement of mineral admixture using flyash along with chemical admixtures eliminates these drawbacks besides enhancing durability characteristics. This paper reports the .investigation carried out on concrete with partial replacement of cement by flyash. Concrete mixes, viz. conventional concrete mixes with varying percentages of flyash (10,20, 30.and 40%) as cement replacement material were .investigated The compressive strength, tensile strength of cubes and cylinders and flexural strength test were carried out on 4 concrete mixes at the ages of 28,45,60,90 and 180 days. The effect of flyash as cement replacement material on mechanical properties were analyzed and compared with conventional cement concrete. This paper briefly presents the compressive strength, tensile strength of cubes and cylinders and flexural strength of all the concrete mixes investigated at the age of 28,45,60,90 and 180 days. The SEM analysis of the flyash concrete is studied in detailed.

12 illus, 2 tables, 10 ref

004127   Verma R;Venkataraman R (NO, , No 43, RMV II stage 13th cross, Sanjay Nagar, Bangalore-560 094, Email: rinkuv@yahoo.com) : Growth and decay of water hyacinth in lakes-change in lake water quality and accumulation of organic matter. J Indian Wat Wks Ass 2009, 41(3), 195-8, 204-13.

Water hyacinth growing in the lakes absorbs the nutrients (phosphorous, nitrogen) being released to the lake water from untreated sewage discharged to the lake, for their growth and reduces the nutrient concentration in the lake water. After a period of time these plants sink to the bottom of lake bed and decay affecting water quality.

5 illus, 12 tables, 13 ref

004126   Venkatesh K R;Rajendran M;Murugappan A (Civil Engineering Dep, CAS in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai-608 502) : Correlation study on physico-chemical characteristics of domestic sewage. Nat Envir Pollut Technol 2009, 8(1), 141-5.

Urban environmental management is one of the most pressing issues as the urbanization trend continues globally. Among the challenges faced by urban planners is the need to ensure ongoing basic human services such as the provision of water and sanitation. The under-management of domestic sewage in many urban areas presents a major challenge. Prior to the selection of suitable treatment, the physico-chemical characteristics of domestic sewage have to be studied. From the city Chidambaram of Tamilnadu, domestic sewage samples were collected and analysed. Some of the parameters exceed the permissible limit for discharging in to surface waters prescribed by Central Pollution Control Board of India. A correlation analysis has been carried out among the parameters. The analysis is awfully realistic in wastewater management as well as safe disposal strategies.

4 tables, 10 ref

004125   Trivedi R;Chakraborty M K;Tewary B K (NO, Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research, Dhanbad, Email: ratneshtrivedi@yahoo.com) : Dust dispersion modeling using fugitive dust model at an opencast coal project of Western Coalfields Limited, India. J scient ind Res 2009, 68(1), 71-8.

Examines different sources of dust generation and quantifies dust emission rates from different point, area and line sources considering background dust concentration at one of the Opencast Coal Project (OCP) of Western Coalfields Limited. Air quality modeling using Fugitive Dust Model (FDM) reveals that dust generated due to mining activities does not contribute to ambient air quality significantly in surrounding areas beyond 500 m in normal meteorological conditions. Predicted values of total suspended particulate matter (TSPM) using FDM are 68-92% of observed values. A management strategy is formulated for effective control of air pollution at source and other mitigative measures including green belt design have also been recommended.

5 illus, 6 tables, 20 ref

004124   Thomas R M;Abraham B M (School of Engineering, Cochin University of Science & Technology, Cohin-682 022, Email: roymthomas@cusat.ac.in) : Introduction to roof water harvesting. J Indian Wat Wks Ass 2009, 41(3), 237-40.

Rainwater harvesting is a widely term covering all those techniques whereby rain is intercepted and used close to where it first reaches the earth. The term has been applied to arrangements to cause rainfall to percolate the ground rather than run off its surface, to forms of flood control, to the construction of small reservoirs to capture run-off water so that it can be used for cattle or microªirrigation and to the collection of run-off from roofs and other impermeable surfaces. Thus, roof water harvesting is a subset of rainwater harvesting, albeit an important one.

2 tables, 7 ref

004123   Syed Enayathali S (Civil Engineering Dep, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar-608 001) : Chemical parameters of grey water treated by modified rotating biological contactor (RBC). Nat Envir Pollut Technol 2009, 8(1), 133-6.

Fundamental concepts of grey water reclamation and reuse are developed that include categories of water reuse and technological innovations for the safe use of reclaimed grey water. In general, grey water contains lower levels of organic matter and nutrients compared to ordinary wastewater; since urine, faeces and toilet are not included. The pilot plant combines biological treatment (RBC) with physico-chemical treatment (filter media that is stone, coal). The treated effluent from RBC was allowed to pass through three columns of filter connected in series. The experiments were run for two different filter media namely, granite stone and coal separately. The experiment was conducted for different influent substrate concentrations and different speeds of rotating blades. Among the different speeds of rotational blades in treating grey water, the rotational speed of 3 rpm was found to yield better reduction of pH, hardness, total dissolved solids, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, dissolved phosphates, total phosphorus, sodium, and boron than the rotational speeds of 4.5 and 6 rpm.

2 illus, 3 tables, 5 ref

004122   Suribabu C R;Neelakantan T R; Ananthapadmanaban S (NO, School of Civil Engineering SASTRA University, Thanjavur) : Economics of continuous water supply system - an Indian perspective. J Indian Wat Wks Ass 2009, 41(2), 94-102.

Most of the water distribution networks in India are generally designed for continuous supply is performing intermittent water supply system. Rapid growth in population and urbanization, inadequacy of source, age old water distribution networks in detrimental condition are responsible for not meeting the growing demand. This posed a challenging problem to municipal engineers in taking decision on rehabilitation or revamping the existing network within the available fund. It is clear that building a new or rehabilitation of an existing water distribution network can put a significant financial burden on water supply authorities. While revamping the existing system or introducing the new water supply scheme by discarding the existing one needs complete study on feasibility of rehabilitation in scientific and cost effective method. The goal of this paper is to review the connotation associated with intermittent supply and continuous supply and illustrate the use of existing system to cater the increased demand through continuous supply against the present intermittent supply.

1 illus, 8 tables, 3 ref

004121   Srinivas P;Satish Kumar K;Bala Prasad S (Civil Engineering Dep, RVR and JC College of Engineering, Chowdavaram-522 019) : Estimation of water losses and savings at some organizations In Visakhapatnam using initial water balance studies. Nat Envir Pollut Technol 2009, 8(1), 161-70.

Water auditing is very useful to estimate water losses and savings. Water audit identifies water uses such as sanitation, irrigation, heating and cooling process and maintenance of the distribution system. Unaccountable losses are investigated and areas are identified in which water use efficiency can be improved using alternative technologies or practices. A comprehensive audit can give the utility and detailed profile of the distribution system and water users, allowing appropriate management of water resources and improved reliability. It is an important step towards water conservation and linked with a leak detection plan that can save the utility of a significant amount of fresh water and time. Therefore, water supply balance studies are an important part of water auditing. The water supply balance studies were carried out for industries like Visakha Steel Plant, Visakha Port Trust and Visakha Diary, which are situated in and around Visakhapatnam city. The savings with reference to water quantity and money were estimated for various organizations. It was found from initial water supply balance studies that in VSP, the water that can be saved without any additional investment is 87.372 million gallons per day. This saves an amount of Rs. 0.9783 crore per day. It was also found that the water could be reduced up to 80% by using recycled water.

1 table, 6 ref

004120   Srinivas P;Narayana Rao K;Sitarama Raju A V; Kalyan P A H (MVSR Engineering College, Nadergul, Hyderabad) : Performance investigation of refrigeration system using alternate refrigerants to R12. J Coop Univ Res Ind Enterpr 2010, 3(2), 44-58.

Theoretical investigation is carried out to fabricate a binary and a ternarm zeotropic mixture of refrigerants which is a drop in replacements for R12; a widely used CFC it domestic refrigerators. Our efforts involved specifying of a particular composition of both binary ani ternary mixtures and a study of their performance as compared to R12. As a binary mixture, various compositions of propane (R290) and butane (R600) were considered ani the retrofit to R12 using this mixture was found at 48.1% of propane and 51.9% of butane. In case of a ternary mixture, a wide variety of compositions of R134a, Isobutane (R600a) and Propylem (R1270) were considered and the retrofit to R12 using this mixture was found at 33% of R134a, 58.85% of Isobutane and 8.15% of propylene. The performance characteristics such as Refrigeration Effect, Compressor Specific Work, Coefficient of Performance (COP), Volumetric Cooling Capacity, Pressure ratio and mass flow rate per Ton of Refrigeration of the proposed mixtures were compared with those of the standard R12 refrigerant at a constant condenser temperature.

9 illus, 7 tables, 10 ref

004119   Sonaje N P;Waikar M L (NO, PVP Institute of Technology, Bavdhan (Kh), Pirangut Road, Nr. Chandani Chauk, Pune, Email: nitinsonaje@yalhoo.co.in) : Application of mathcad for hydrological analysis using natural resources conservation service method. J Indian Wat Wks Ass 2009, 41(2), 136-43.

Use of mathematical software packages provides a platform that supports iterative design and parametric analysis through a flexible, transparent interface combined with extensive computing power. This enables a user to develop analytical and design equations that are based on fundamental theories, rather than relying on the black box approach of most commercial design packages. Mathcad offers the hydrologist, computer software that can be customized to meet almost any mathematical need. In a Mathcad, files can be written for any type of design problem and resulting end product represents the typewritten equivalent of hand calculations. The array of mathematical features and capabilities is unrivaled by spreadsheet and formulae are on display, for all to see and check. A solution for analysis of Natural Resources Conservation Service equation with various possible permutation and combinations of parameters is presented. The ease of incorporating Mathcad for the intended application is evident and the paper put forth the fact that same is just like undertaking manual analysis using bookish formulae enhanced by technical capabilities of computation owing to customization and transparency attributes of Mathcad. This facilitates easier automation of analysis and design checking processes. The case-study of adoption of Mathcad discussed in this offers an affordable answer to practical problem of computer efficiency in hydrological analysis.

4 tables, 16 ref

004118   Shiva Reddy M S;Viswanadh G K (Civil Engng Dep, TRR College of Engng, Patancheru, Hyderabad-502 319, Email: ms_shivareddy39@yahoo.co.in) : Equation for a critical depth in a circular tunnel section. J Indian Wat Wks Ass 2009, 41(3), 165-9.

One is often required to determine critical depth in connection with analysis of non-uniform flow encountered in 'conduits/tunnels conveying water for various purposes. The occurrence of critical depth at the upstream end of a supercritical flow reach or at the downstream end of a sub-critical flow reach provides a control section for gradually varied flow profiles. This technical note presents an explicit equation based on curve fitting analysis for critical depth in a circular conduit/tunnel conveying water under free surface flow conditions.

3 illus, 2 tables, 9 ref

004117   Sharma S K;Kaushik A;Sharma A;Kaushik V K (Environmental Science and Engineering Dep, Gjus and T,, Hisar, Haryana, Email: sharma_skevs@yahoo.co.in) : Socio-economic aspects in relation to RHEP, Rampur, Himachal Pradesh, India. J Envir Res Dev 2010, 5(1), 204-14.

The paper describes detailed and comprehensive socio-economic study as a part of EIA to ascertain the overall socio-economic conditions of the population residing in the vicinity of the project area and also the population that is likely to be affected due to the proposed project. Further the study is carried out to access the impacts that are likely to occur as a result of construction and operation of RHEP and to suggest mitigation measures to ameliorate the potential negative impacts on socio-economic aspects including the preparation of EMP. The scope of socio-economic study includes assessment of pre-existing socio-economic status, identification of potential impacts due to activities during construction/operational phase and formulation of R and R plan IEMP. The study allow us to examine the impacts of RHEP project and focus on the effects on employment, infrastructure, rural economy and impacts on cultural, community health and gender aspects of life. By studying socio-economic aspects we can create development strategies for the local people residing near the project site and enhancing long tenn sustainability of hydropower projects.

5 illus, 6 tables, 11 ref

004116   Sexena S;Thakur T (Electrical Engineering Dep, U.I.T. Rajiv Gandhi Technical University, Bhopal, Email: seema9saxena@gmail.com) : Empirical analysis for management of Indian electricity distribution utilities. J Envir Res Dev 2010, 5(1), 68-75.

The study attempts to evolve a spreadsheet-based on scorecard that employs a number of indicators grouped together to evaluate the performance of Indian state owned electricity distribution utilities These results may be utilized by the decision makers and utility managers to identify the areas of shortcomings and flaws in the operation of the utilities and to convey the facts in a easy to understand manner to non-specialists in the relevant field and the user community. The methodology is simple and flexible enough to incorporate any number of indicators that may be representative of utility performance. The present study highlights the necessity of a rigorous and in-depth study of performance that may aid the future planners, policy makers and utility managers to ensure that the utilities demonstrate sustainable operational practice. Based on the scorecard analysis, appropriate incentive measures may also be designed to improve the performances of the state owned electricity distribution department.

2 illus, 1 table, 11 ref

004115   Sapas A;Ysun Boztepe Guney A (Geophysical Engineering Dep, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34390, Email: sapasa@itu.edu.tr) : Shear wave splitting in the Isparta Angle, southwestern Turkey: Anisotropic complexity in the mantle. J Earth Syst Sci 2009, 118(1), 71-80.

Study presents shear wave splitting analysis results observed at ISP (Isparta) broadband station in the Isparta Angle, southwestern Turkey. Authors selected 21 good quality seismic events out of nearly 357 earthquakes and calculated splitting parameters (polarization direction of fast wave, φ and delay time between fast and slow waves, δt) from mainly SKS and a few SKKS phases of the selected 21 seismic events. Compared calculated splitting parameters at ISP station (56 °≤ϕ ≤205 °;0 .37 s ≤δt ≤4 s)with those previously calculated at ANTO (Ankara) and ISK (Istanbul)stations (27 °≤φ ≤59 °;0 .6s ≤δt ≤2.4s and 26 °≤ϕ ≤54 °;0 .6s <131>

8 illus, 1 table, 24 ref

004114   Sahu D P;Dhanesh Singh;Mishra A K;Keshker G; Jangde A K (NO, Government P.G. College, Chhattisgarh) : Effects of flyash and plant hormones treated soil on increased oil content in seeds of Sesamum indicum. Nat Envir Pollut Technol 2009, 8(1), 193-6.

Sesamum is one of the most ancient cultivated crops in India. Sesamum (Family Pedaliaceae) is a genus of annual or perennial herb or occasionally shrub found in the warmer regions like Africa, Asia and Australia. About six species are recorded in India of which S. indicum is widely cultivated. In Chhattisgarh state there are many thermal power plants like NTPC, BCPP, CSEB, etc., which continue to discharge large quantities of flyash having alkaline nature. Soils of Chhattisgarh state are acidic (red, yellow). Soil acidity is responsible for Al³⁺ ion toxicity, which leads to reduced microorganism activity, and Mo and Zn deficiency. Al³⁺ ions affect plant growth in acidic soil inhibiting root length, uptake of nutrients and reducing crop yield. In plants, IAA and GA were used as growth hormones. Plant growth parameters were compared for plain and flyash and hormone treated soil.

6 tables, 11 ref

004113   Roy S;Sinha S (School of Ecology, Infrastructure and Human Settlement Management, Bengal Engineering an, Shibpur) : Risk analysis of mine closure. Indian Min Engng J 2009, 48(10), 17-22.

Mine closure planning ensures sustainable closure of a mine after extraction of mineral. The significant issues pertaining to mine closure are the environmental and socio-economic risks that are associated with mine closure. The environmental risks are loss of soil fertility, pollution of water source, land degradation, and the air pollution that may affect the human health. Loss of traditional livelihood, loss of habitation and employment, and loss of agricultural productivity, in the areas adjacent to mines, are some of the socio-economic risks. This paper aims to assess the main environmental and socio-economic risks associated with mine closure. A cumulative risk factor, that is, mine closure risk factor, associated with both the environmental and socio-economic risks, is evolved using a matrix-based approach Key Words: Mine closure, Environmental impact, Socio-Economic impact, Risk assessment, Risk Factor.

7 tables, 20 ref

004112   Ravindra Babu P;Siva Prasad T;Raju A V S; Jawahar Babu A (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Gudlavalleru Engineering College, Gudlavalleru-521 356) : Effect of internal roller burnishing on surface roughness and surface hardness of mild steel. J scient ind Res 2009, 68(1), 29-31.

Roller burnishing is a cold working surface treatment process to generate a uniform and work-hardened surface. The study presents two internal roller burnishing tools to perform roller burnishing process on mild steel under different speeds. Burnishing speed impact on surface roughness and surface hardness has been examined.

2 illus, 2 tables, 10 ref

004111   Ramesh S T;Jayanthi S;Gandhimathi R (Civil Engineering Dep, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli-620 015) : Pilot plant study on combined treatment of kitchen refuse and domestic sewage by Anaerobic digestion. Nat Envir Pollut Technol 2009, 8(1), 156-60.

Poor management of kitchen refuse and similar garbages represent the most serious urban environmental and public health problem. Poor waste management has dire environmental and public health consequences. Public health-wise, the presence of waste in residential areas, markets, roadsides, etc. poses grave health hazards to people, in general, and children in particular. The kitchen refuse from hotels, big hostels and residential colonies can be effectively disposed off by anaerobic digestion. Pilot scale model of 500-litre capacity anaerobic digester was operated using kitchen refuse from the students hostel as a feed stock material. Digester performance was monitored by measuring daily pH and gas production. When the steady state was obtained, it was loaded with 1.08 kg total solids with 18 litres of domestic sewage. On the 17th day the steady state was obtained and it was started with a loading rate of 2.3 kg VS/m³ of digester volume and the gas production was 0.40 m³/kg VS/day at an HRT of 25 days. The digester performance was 87% TS reduction, 95% VS reduction, 75% of COD reduction with percentage of methane gas as 75%. The probable volume of biogas would be 6.6 m³/day if it is completely disposed with 50 kg at the rate of 0.4 m³/kg VS. This gas could serve 38 persons per day at the rate of 0.227 m³/person/day.

3 illus, 4 tables, 15 ref

004110   Ramesh N;Meenambal T;Murugan K (Civil Engineering Dep, K.S. Rangasamy College of Technology, Tiruchengode-637 215) : Quantification, characterization and leachate analysis of the municipal solid waste from Erode Municipality, Tamil Nadu, India. Nat Envir Pollut Technol 2009, 8(1), 21-8.

Study deals with the sources, treatment and strategies for future management of municipal solid waste (MSW) in class I city Erode, Tamilnadu, India, which includes collection, segregation, transportation, treatment and disposal. The study also analysed and reported the existing waste treatment methods, which revealed the necessity for improvement and based on that suggested a suitable technology to improve the system thereby minimizing the associated environmental damage. Ground water samples were also collected in and around the solid waste dumping yard and analysed for their physico-chemical characteristics to ascertain the extent of groundwater pollution through leachate. The results revealed that concentration of most of the critical parameters (like hardness, BOD, COD, zinc, iron, etc.) exceeded the permissible limits, which requires the improvement of currently employed solid waste management system. The existing solid waste management practices such as open dumping and vermicomposting techniques are not only inefficient but also inadequate enough to manage huge amount of wastes generated daily. Hence, integrated solid waste management system comprising biomethanation, sanitary landfill, etc. is adopted.

5 tables, 21 ref

004109   Rajaji L;Kumar C (NO, Sathyabama Univ, Chennai, Tamil Nadu) : Doubly fed induction generator using neural network controller for wind turbine applications. Int J Comp Applic 2009, 4(1), 35-45.

Variable speed wind turbines play vital role in wind energy market globally. That too, pitch regulated wind turbines with doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) systems more popular and well proven technology across the world. This paper presents the simulation and analysis of stand-alone wind driven doubly fed induction generator using neural network controller. The machine shows the ability to generate constant voltage with constant frequency irrespective of the machine speed or load variations.

16 tables, 8 ref

004108   Raina A K (Central Institute of Mining & Fuel Research, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), 3rd Floor MECL Complex, Seminary Hills, Nagpur-440 006, Email: rainaji@gmail.com) : Fragmentation analysis in open cast blasting. Indian Min Engng J 2009, 48(12), 2-13.

Blasting is an intricate process with multitude of parameters determining its outcome. The requirements of a mine further add to its complexity. Blasting in itself can't be seen in isolation as it is a part of a system generally referred to as Mine-Mill Fragmentation system. This system takes into account all unit operations related to transformation of in-situ rock into the mill product. The process of breakage in blasting is loosely referred to as fragmentation. However, fragmentation can be defined as the distribution of size of fragments produced during blasting. The subject has been a subject of debate over several decades. The fragmentation is characterized by two major parameters viz. the mean (K50) or Median (M50) fragment size and the slope or curvature of fragment size distribution defined by the characteristic size (Xc - normally the 63.2% passing size) and the uniformity- denoted by Uniformity Index (n). There have been attempts to predict the fragmentation in blasting. These include direct empirical models based on actual field data and mathematical models that represent the distribution. In order to predict the fragmentation an appreciation of this distribution is essential. However, the distributions known as Rosin-Rammleror Weibull distributions have their own limitation. These tend to be biased towards the fines. So, a fines correction is always required to be carried over. Recent developments ofSwebrec function has tried to address the problems. In addition to the distribution function the measurement of fragmentation in itself is a difficult proposition. The conventional methods have notyielded any better results or these are quite cumbersome - like sieve analysis and are practically impossible. Digital Image Analysis Technique (DIAT) has been developed to assist in this procedure and there are several such software systems in vogue. However, this type of analysis has its own constraints owing to different aspects like imaging, 2D-3D unfolding model and sampling. Several attempts are being made to address these problems. This article attempts to summarize the concepts, developments and the future trends of the fragmentation analysis.

14 illus, 4 tables, 47 ref

004107   Radhakrishana T;Swaminathan S (SRC, SASTRA Univ, Tamil Nadu) : Hologram communication. Int J Comp Applic 2009, 4(1), 77-83.

Holography is a technique that allows the light scattered from an object to be recorded and later reconstructed so that it appears as it'the object is in the same position relative to the recording medium as it was when recorded. The image changes as the position and orientation of the viewing system changes in exactly the same way as if the object were still present, thus making the recorded image (hologram) appears three dimensional. Holograms can also be made using other types of waves. The technique of holography can also be used to optically store, retrieve, and process information. This article provides insight into the communication with the help of the hologram using the optical links and other wireless communication techniques.

1 illus, 10 ref

004106   Purwar A K (Civil Engineering Dep, P.S.A.T., Kanpur) : GIS based water quality mapping for Allahabad city, India. J Indian Wat Wks Ass 2009, 41(2), 116, 125-30.

The Prime factor of existence of life is water and as such the significance of drinking water in human life can be imagined without any special illustration. Of all kinds of pollution that are steadily degrading man S physical environment probably the least recognize is the hidden deterioration in the quality of water. GIS provides information on all geographicalvariables and has a vital role to play in the water related studies. A GIS is the computer based system which is designed to assist decision makers and typically includes spatial data relevant to the decision and analytic tool to process the data in ways meaningful for decision makers. Thus for monitoring the water quality in efficient way, mapping of water quality may be done with the use of GIS. In the present paper, a GIS based database consisting of various water quality parameters is prepared for their analysis in an efficient manner for Allahabad city. Further, water quality index models have been implemented and compared under GIS environment for assessing the quality of water. In particular, Bhargava Model, National Sanitation Foundation Model and Social Accounting System Model have been taken up for detail study. The comparative studies of water quality index of three different seasons (summer, monsoon and winter) have also been done. The results of present water quality mapping of Allahabad city shows that approximately 30% of sources are known potable due to physiochemical or bacteriological reasons or both in the case of tube wells. The mohatsimgarif and Karbala locality, in particular, consume low quality water. The water from different locations of hand pumps shows sign of bacteriological contamination. The water quality index models selected for mapping quality index cover all important parameters but all not sensitive to each parameters separately except Bhargava model. Other two models can be used effectively for river water quality mapping. The present work is expected to be useful for planners and decision makers of Allahabad city for monitoring and maintaining the quality of water.

11 illus, 2 tables, 4 ref

004105   Prakash S V (Mech. Dep, MSRIT, Bangalore-560 054, Email: yagprash@hotmail.com) : Renewable energy and sustainable development: an overview. J Coop Univ Res Ind Enterpr 2010, 3(2), 59-69.

The environmental problems that face today require long-term potential actions for sustainable development. In this regard, renewable energy resources appear to be the one of the most efficient and effective solutions to this problem. The anticipated patterns of future energy use and consequent environmental impacts are comprehensively discussed, along with the potential solutions to current environmental problems are identified along with renewable energy technologies. Issues relating to renewable energy, environment and sustainable development are examined from both current and future perspectives. The forest volume inventories are valuable source of data for estimating the above ground biomass density and the carbon stored in biomass and the C contained in biomass of Indian forests. As most of the biomass is concentrated in lower diameter classes of potentially large species, the low biomass estimates in Indian forests implies that there is a large potential to sequester carbon over several decades to continue if left undisturbed.

4 tables, 12 ref

004104   Prabhu S M;Mohaideen A (NO, Fomra Insitute of Technology, Chennai-603 103) : Thermal and mechanical modeling of fluid and heat flow in a porous metal using neural networks. J Coop Univ Res Ind Enterpr 2010, 3(2), 102-13.

In drilling, cutting, welding large amounts of heat is generated, The special application equipment like space vehicle bodies, ship bodies and high pressure vehicles, reactors, etc. are to be welded and worked at even higher temperature of the order 8800-880*c.. This paper contains novel model using feedback neural networks for a work piece temperature prediction. The heat and mass transfer in a porous metal work piece which is heated by a fire gun is studied. The heat flux distribution is determined by thermocouple connected to the work piece at definite distances. The gun work piece distance is also changed and the temperature distribution and heat flux are determined. The permeability in the range of 0.01-0.15 . The ANN model parameters of the result output are simulated using the ANN parameters The simulation is done using MATLAB 6.0 Neural Network Toolbox.

6 illus, 4 tables, 12 ref

004103   Parameswara Rao C V S;Sarcar M M M (NO, K L College of Engineering, Vaddeswram-522 502, Email: cprao66@yahoo.co.in ) : Evaluation of optimal parameters for machining brass with wire cut EDM. J scient ind Res 2009, 68(1), 32-5.

Wire-cut electric discharge machine (WEDM) has been applied for dimensional accuracy, surface finish, and geometric features of work pieces (electrodes, dies etc.) in metal cutting industry. The study evaluates optimal parameters (discharge current, voltage at rated wire speed and tension) for brass electrode (sizes, 5-80 mm). Influence of optimal parameters on cutting speed, surface roughness, spark gap (cutting off-set required) and material removal rate (MRR) is studied. Mathematical relations are obtained for cutting speed, spark gap and MRR. Effect of wire material on cutting criterion is also evaluated for work piece (5 mm thick) using 4 wires of different copper percentages. The study is useful in finding cutting time for any size of job and to set parameters for required surface finish with high accuracy of cutting.

8 illus, 1 table, 8 ref

004102   Oke H Y;Siddhaye V R (NO, College of Military Engineering, Pune) : Finite element analysis of intze tank. J Indian Wat Wks Ass 2009, 41(2), 111-15.

Finite element analysis of intze tank using semlioof shell element developed by Irons (1) and matching beam element developed by Albuquerque(2) is presented. The three Intze tank with different capacities and staging heights are analyzed. The results are compared with textbook solutions and they are in good agreement. Finally it is concluded that finite element analysis should be adopted for realistic analysis.

5 illus, 10 ref

004101   Nirmal Kumar J I;Kumar R N;Patel S (P.G. Environmental Science and Technology Dep, Institute of Science and Technology for Advanced Studies and Research, Vallabh Vidyanagar-388 120) : Toxicity of lead on biochemical changes of nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria, Aulosira fertilissima Ghose. Nat Envir Pollut Technol 2009, 8(1), 179-86.

Study was aimed to evaluate biochemical fate of Aulosira fertilissima when treated with different doses of PbNO₃ which is the one of the sources of heavy metal of lead. Moreover, cyanobacteria, a group of prokaryotes, symbiotic, N₂ fixing organism, ubiquitous in distribution and used as a biofertilizer in the paddy fields. The heavy metals not only destroy organisms but also kill the non-target cyanobacteria in paddy fields. Therefore, in the study an attempt has been made to study acute toxicity of PbNO₃ on biochemical changes like pigment contents, chlorophyll-a, b, total, phycobilins and carotenoids, metabolites- carbohydrates, proteins and phenols, and enzyme activity-protease and nitrate reductase of nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria Aulosira fertilissima Ghose when grown in BG11 media. Retardation of chlorophyll-a, b, total, phycobilin and carotenoids was observed in all the treatments of PbNO₃ when compared with control as the days progressed. On the other hand, metabolites like carbohydrates, proteins and phenols also showed decrease in their content after 96 hours treatment of different doses. However, the study revealed that there is a rise in protein content in 6 ppm, and phenol content in 12.0 ppm and 22.0 ppm. Besides, there was an inhibition in the nitrate reductase and protease activities with an increase in PbNO3 doses. Further, cyanobacterial species, Aulosira fertilissima could be considered for bioremediation processes due to their potentiality to tolerate up to 6.00 ppm of PbNO₃ dose without any adverse effect, but proper studies are necessary for their practical reuse and development of heavy metal resistant strains.

3 illus, 30 ref

004100   Nikam V S;Gupta K;Lalla K D (NO, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay-400 076, Email: kgupta@civil.iitb.ac.in) : Integrated approaches to urban drainage in Thane city. J Indian Wat Wks Ass 2009, 41(1), 59-64.

The Government of India has launched the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission. (JNNURM) to strengthen urban infrastructure in each of the 63 largest cities (including Thane) in India. Thane has prepared an integrated city development plan which integrates infrastructural development of the city with provision of planned roads, drinking water supplies, rainwater harvesting, sewage and storm drainage systems, recycling of wastewater and environmental awareness. This paper shows how water and wastewater management has been integrated within the overall city development plan for the year 2031 and describes the institutional, governance and environmental aspects. Integrated drainage development programme is expected to reduce water-logging problem in Thane city while implementation of sewerage scheme is aimed at reducing the pollution levels in Thane creek and Ulhas River Estuary to acceptable levels.

5 tables, 7 ref

004099   Naik U S;Gupta R (Civil Engg Dep, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur-440 010) : Optimal phasing of water transmission networks under fund constraint using genetic algorithm. J Indian Wat Wks Ass 2009, 41(2), 152-9.

Water transmission networks (WTNs) are used to convey water from source to various reservoirs located in different part of the cities in an Urban Waters Supply System. Design period for such networks are considered as 30 years from economical and operational point of view even though they have useful life more than 30 years. Usually, the cities of developing countries face the problem of adequate funds even to lay the infrastructure necessary for 30 years period resulting to implementation of scheme in phases. A situation is considered herein that the available funds are not sufficient for laying of optimal network necessary for ultimate stage, however, these are more than that required for laying of optimal network necessary for intermediate stage. With the available funds some of the pipe sizes required for intermediate stage can be changed to those necessary for ultimate stage. In this paper, an optimisation problem is formulated for optimal selection of pipes that can be upsized considering the constraints of complete utilisation of the available funds with the objective of minimising total cost of network implemented in first phase and its strengthening cost in second phase. The solution to optimisation problem is obtained through Genetic Algorithm (GA). The application of methodology is illustrated with hypothetical case.

1 illus, 5 tables, 16 ref

004098   Naik U S;Gupta R (NO, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, Email: ulhasnaik@gmail.com) : Optimal design of multi source water transmission system using genetic algorithm technique. J Indian Wat Wks Ass 2009, 41(1), 65-74.

In water stressed regions of the developing countries, the water allocation from the available sources are restricted and rationalised for different uses. Under such circumstances the water transmission systems are developed from various sources for respective fixed allocations considering the respective governing levels. The problem covers selection of optimal route, optimal allocation of available water from these sources to the demands of service reservoirs and optimal pipe sizing for the selected routes. In past attempts are made with linear programming (LP) methods. This paper describes the development of genetic algorithm (GA) applications for least cost design of multi-source water transmission system. The application of proposed methodology has been illustrated. Also, a problem from literature is considered for comparison of results obtained by LP and GA. The usefulness of proposed method for sustainable design for disaster mitigation has also been discussed

6 illus, 9 tables, 16 ref

004097   Murthy V M S R;Dey K (Mining Engg. Dep, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad-826 004) : Rock damage due to blasting and its control in underground drivages. Indian Min Engng J 2009, 48(12), 34-40.

Blast-induced rock damage (BIRD) in underground drivages and tunnels is an identified problem often stalling the progress and putting the economy of the entire project in jeopardy. Numerous models were developed by previous researchers for predicting and controlling the rock damage surrounding the excavations. However, and it is often found that the methods are not practised owing to extra drilling, careful explosive selection and charging apart from the caution to be exercised in delay allocation. This problem is more pronounced in drivages made in mining as overbreak is not given its due importance. It is now well understood that overbreak leads to extra volumes of rock to be handled, higher support requirement apart from increased ventilation resistance emphasizing the need to control the same. This paper discusses the rock damage as applicable to underground drivages, parameters affecting it and estimation and control techniques. A modified ground vibration based criteria is discussed for limiting the rock damage. Experiments with seismic imaging for predicting blast damage zone is presented based on the field trials. A methodology for rock damage control is also suggested to aid practicing rock excavation engineers.

6 illus, 3 tables, 4 ref

004096   Munnoli P M;Bhosle S (NO, Agnel Polytechnic, Verna, Goa-403 722, Email: prakashsunanda@rediffmail.com) : Effect of soil and cow dung proportion on vermi-composting by deep burrower and surface feeder species. J scient ind Res 2009, 68(1), 57-60.

Use of earthworm species to biodegrade various substrates (industrial wastes, agricultural residues, etc.) for composting has proven to be successful after initial stabilization of vermi beds. This study presents optimization of vermi beds (soil + cowdung) for culturing of earthworms (Eisenia fetida, Eudrilus eugeniae, and Megascolex megascolex.). Optimum proportion of soil + cowdung (1:3) for culturing of earthworms has shown highest number of earthworms hand sorted in all the three species. Among three species, E. eugeniae showed highest number of earthworms after 32 days. In compost preparation, earthworms reduced pH as follows: E. fetida, 6.7 to 6.1; E.eugeniae, 6.7 to 6.0; and M. megascolex, 6.7 to 6.4.

3 illus, 1 table, 31 ref

004095   Mulay M R;Bhalerao A R;Dahasahasra S V (NO, , Maharashtra Jeevan Pradhikaran, Thane) : Crisis management of water supply-sustaining lives of 17 millions. J Indian Wat Wks Ass 2009, 41(2), 85-93.

Water infrastructures are not only vulnerable to acts of nature but also due to man-made crisis. Recently Krishna River Tribunal allowed only annual flow of 42 thousand million cubic feet (TMC) in westward flowing rivers in Maharashtra. In order to restrict this flow Irrigation Department has imposed a water supply cut of 1 day in every week. This has badly hit water supply of most of the cities affecting 17 million people of the Mumbai Metropolitan Area (MMA) which comprises of 7 Municipal Corporations and 13 Municipalities. Every Friday, the pumps were switched off and the valves closed at 6 a.m. After restarting the pumps and opening of valves after 24 hours, water received by most of the cities after a long time lag of average 18 hours. Last node of the city at tail end received water only after long 30 hours of waiting. The hydraulics of the transmission network was disturbed due to this one day cut. There was hue and cry situation in the MMA as water supply of 17 million people was not sustained. All the engineers and the administrators at the helms of water supply system were helpless. In these awkward conditions, authors provided the solution by making a hydraulic model, simulating the pipe network of the entire MMA. Various scenarios of re-engineering of the system including valve operations were created and analyzed for solution. Objective of this paper, therefore, is to present a hydraulic model that describes simulation of behavior of systems in crisis and how it would help in restoring water supply whenever disaster strikes.

13 illus, 5 tables, 1 ref

004094   Mohan Lalit;Kachare N R (Mechanical Engineering Dep, BITS Pilani Goa Campus, Auari - Nagar, Goa-403 726) : Simulation of dynamic cornering fatigue test for wheel rims: a parametric force representation aproach. J Coop Univ Res Ind Enterpr 2010, 3(2), 114-23.

Wheel rims intended for normal use on passenger cars have to pass three tests before going into production: the dynamic cornering fatigue test, the dynamic radial fatigue test, and the impact test. The present paper aims to successfully simulate Dynamic cornering fatigue test for wheel rims. Earlier work in this regard has used a constant load at the periphery of the loading cylinder at 15 degree increments to simulate the process. The present work develops a parametric representation for the forces thus removing the need for successive loading. It is observed both analytically and through simulation that the force distribution successfully simulates the loading conditions as required by IS: 9436 for cars & 9438 for truck/bus wheel rims. Thus a new force model for simulation of dynamic cornering fatigue test has been developed. Using ANSYS 11.0 environment, an FEA analysis is performed and results are found to be in agreement with actual physical testing.

11 illus 5 tables, 11 ref

004093   Mohammed Irshad S (Economics Dep, University of Kerala, Kariavattom Campus Thirivananthapuram, Kerala-695 581) : High cost and limited access in drinking water: implications and policy challenges. J Indian Wat Wks Ass 2009, 41(3), 222-5.

Unlike before water distribution is becoming a crucial part of resource management. The debate is mainly revolving around high coast and limited quantity. Public, private and NGO initiatives are reeling under same critical problem. There is no model exist to ensure equal access to water. Hence, the general theorisation of distribution and equity is getting less importance in the present day water management model. High access cost with low quantity is impinges upon the drinking water sector.

1 table, 10 ref

004092   Mfune O;Boon E K (Geography Dep, Zambia Univ, P.O. Box-323 79, Lusaka, Zambia, Email: omfune@yahoo.com) : Promoting renewable energy technologies for rural development in Africa: experiences of Zambia. J hum Ecol 2008, 24(3), 175-89.

The need to meet the growing energy demand from Zambia's growing economy and the large number of un-electrified households has been the major driver towards the introduction of renewable energy technology in the country. This study is based on a review of planning and policy documents, a household questionnaire survey and interviews with energy institutions, planners and rural development organisations The paper examines Zambia's efforts to exploit renewable energy technology. The paper reveals a growing interest in renewable energy among policy makers and planners. Attempts have been made to integrate renewable energy technologies in development policy and plans. The study also shows that the use of renewable energy in rural Zambia is limited mainly to solar energy technologies with minimal exploitation of wind energy technology. However, household use of solar energy technologies in the form of solar home systems is limited to an elite group of rural population that is mostly in formal and/or government employment. The challenges of renewable energy use in Zambia include inadequate policy provision and implementation, lack of awareness among rural households about the benefits of renewable energy, the high cost of technology and the undeveloped nature of renewable energy markets.

7 illus, 7 tables, 27 ref

004091   Masoudi M;Asrari E (Desert Regions Management Dep, Agricultural College, Shiraz University, Iran) : Prediction model for soil salinity using its indicators: a case study in southern Iran. Nat Envir Pollut Technol 2009, 8(1), 13-19.

South of the Zagros belt, the entire land of Southern Iran faces problems arising out of various types of land degradation of which soil salinity forms a major type. The Mond river basin, located centrally to this zone, has been selected as a test area to develop a statistical model for predicting the salinity of soil using different indicators of soil salinity. The soil salinity data were taken at 49 different samples in the study area. The data as indicators of soil salinity have been gathered from the records and reports published by the different departments of the Ministries of Agriculture, Defence and Energy of Iran. The GIS analysis of various indicators and salinity of soil samples considered proved useful for understanding their relationship in a statistical software. In the study, the relations between the soil salinity and the indicators of soil salinity have been found statistically in the software of SPSS. To find a regression equation for soil salinity, max EC in 1 m depth of soil has been considered as dependent variable while the indicators of soil salinity including soil texture, water table, dry index, slope, index of efficacy of surface geology (ESG) and groundwater quality are considered as independent variables. For this purpose, the regression equations for two methods of `enter' and `stepwise' in software of SPSS have been established. The linear regression equations define the variations of the soil salinity depending on the indicators and also give an idea about the levels of relations. The results obtained show that the relations between the soil salinity and the indicators especially groundwater data do exist.

1 illus, 5 tables, 7 ref