002980   Sharma N M;Goyal T K (NO, Punjab Engineering College, Chandigarh) : Drainage problems in hill roads and their remedial measures. Indian Highw 2009, 37(12), 41-54.

Drainage system is an important component of a hill road. Entire serviceability and performance of hill roads depend upon the adequacy and efficiency of the system. About 25 percent of the total cost of construction of a highway project is spent on the provisions of the drainage structures (side drains, culverts and small bridges) so, in order to derive maximum benefits from this investment it is necessary to keep the system functional all the time. Howsoever efficient the system be, it requires continuous care and maintenance throughout its design life like other components of the highway Heavy rains and snowfalls in hill areas are very common, so the majority of the damages to the hill roads arc attributed to the improper drainage. Drainage related damages are recurring in nature and require huge investments on restoration operations every year. Timely small investment on maintenance of drainage system and strict control on highways can bring down the quantum of damages to the highway infrastructures. The present Paper is an attempt to highlight some of the causes identified during the course of study of NH-22 (some portion passing through hill areas), which adversely affect the functioning of drainage system and to suggest suitable remedial measures to overcome the drainage problems.

1 illus, 18 ref

002979   Sawant A A;Thakor N J;Sonawane S P;Gajakos A V (Agricultural Process Engineering Dep, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Dr. B.S. Konkan Kr, Dapoli, Ratnagiri, Maharastra) : Influence of drying temperature on preparation of kokum rind powder. Int J agric Engng 2009, 1(2), 49-51.

Garcinia indica is popularly known as kokum in Maharashtra or Indian butter tree belongs to family Guttiferae. It is slow growing slender tree of moderate size having a beautiful conical shape. It bears spherical fruit with arillate seeds. It is cardio tonic and useful for treatment of piles, dysentery, tumors, pains and heart complaints. Fruit has very short shelf life of 2-3 days after ripening and can not be consumed as fresh fruit hence processing is vital. Rind also has much commercial application such as color pigment, wine, concentrate and powder etc. Investigations were made to make powder from kokum rind. The kokum rind after extraction of juice by osmosis was used for preparation of powder. Rind was dried in tray dryer at three temperature levels (45, 55, and 65 °C) and in solar dryer to 5% moisture. Powder obtained of rind dried at 45 °C in tray dryer found to be having a good acceptable color, texture and taste.

3 illus, 2 tables, 3 ref

002978   Saha S (NO, BAS, CRRI, New Delhi-110 020) : Control of landslide hazards through slope stability analysis-case studies. Indian Highw 2009, 37(12), 23-31.

The hazard incorporating the damages to the structure besides loss of life due to landslide activity is a result of slope instability. In order to predict the landslide hazard of a hill area, a quantitative assessment of stability of slopes is vital and necessary precondition. Judgment and consequent decision on remedial measures is followed by the estimation of stability of slope. The estimation of degree of safety is given by a calculated factor of safety, which is conventionally defined as the ratio of average shear strength to the average shear stress developed along a potential failure surface due to gravity and other external forces. In this Paper a comparative study will be carried out for a bunch of natural and man-made slopes which were failed due to various reasons, for example (a) rainfall induced landslides-due to continuous heavy rainfall (b) earthquake effect (c) Gravity effect and high piezometric level. All these slopes were studied by CRRI at different times. To stabilize these slopes or to control natural hazards, a set of remedial measures were suggested. By studying all these slope failures and their remedial measures a general methodology for all these three categories of slopes will be adopted on the basis of slope geometry, soil parameters and other external factors, to control slope failures or these natural hazards.

8 illus, 7 tables, 5 ref

002977   Ratnam J V (NO, , ) : Bauxite mining create sever water crises in north Andhra. Indian Min Engng J 2009, 48(6), 43-4.

002976   Rao V V N;Swarup V K;Sudhakar K (Geology Dep, Andhra Univ, Visakhapatnam-530 003) : Environmental management in the bauxite, alumina, and aluminium industry. Indian Min Engng J 2009, 48(7), 93-7.

Briefly presents the Bauxite reserves of India, and the environmental problems related to ore mining and processing. Possible protection measures are suggested. Environmental impact study should be carried out much early to mine development for proper environmental planning of the area. This study stresses the establishment of regulatory and institutional mechanisms which enforce the operation of environmental regulations and sound technologies in the bauxite, alumina and aluminum sector. Environmental management and technical solutions resulting from legislation and pressure of different social sectors are discussed.

2 ref

002975   Ramakrishnan K;Suribabu C R;Neelakantan T R (Soil and Water Engineering, College of Technology and Engineering, MPUAT, Udipur) : Crop calendar adjustment of irrigated dry crop in Sathanur reservoir command area-a feasibility study. J Indian Wat Resour Soc 2010, 30(4), 1-8.

The starting of cultivation period plays a vital role in efficient functioning of any irrigation system. Before starling the cultivation of crop, the water storage either in the tank or in the reservoir should be adequate in quantity. However this is not considered as a mandatory requirement for all the system. The possibility of starting the cultivation of crop before having adequate storage in the system can he examined especially for irrigated dry (ID) crop (groundnut) which is a predominant crop of the system. One such water deficit-irrigation system is the Sathanur irrigation system in Tamilnadit, in which the crops are cultivated after the North-East monsoon season. The aim of this research work is to study the possibility and effect of advancing or postponing the starting of the cultivation of ID crop (groundnut) with respect to the present cultivation practice.

3 tables, 9 ref

002974   Praveen Kumar;Ranjeet Kumar (Civil Engg Dep, Indian Institue of Technology, Roorkee-247 667, Email: pkaerfce@iitr.ernet.in) : Software development for multipath route assignment technique. Indian Highw 2009, 37(12), 13-21.

The main objective of this Paper is to present an overview of the software development of multipath route assignment technique. Mainly there are four techniques for route assignment that is all-or-nothing assignment, capacity restraint technique, multipath route assignment technique, and diversion curves technique. The choice of routes in the development of transportation planning depends upon certain parameters like journey time, distance, cost, comfort, and safety. In all the above four techniques, Multipath route assignment technique conforms to the real-life traffic situation and also is accurate. Keeping these aspects in view, user-friendly software for route assignment using multipath route assignment technique has been developed. The source code of the software is written in visual basic. The software gives output in both text and graphical form. It gives result for both multipath route assignment and capacity restrained multipath route assignment technique. The outputs of the software are shortest path, distance, probability matrix, traffic volume, and pictorial view of output of traffic volume.

9 illus, 2 tables, 5 ref

002973   Patnaik S K (NO, , NALCO) : Bauxite mining and environment management at NALCO mines. Indian Min Engng J 2009, 48(6), 9-13.

3 tables

002972   Patil S B;Vyas A K;Gupta A B;Arora A N;Kalla P (Civil Engineering Dep, MNIT, Jaipur-302 017) : Influence of imperial smelting furnace slag aggregate on properties of bituminous mixes. Indian Highw 2009, 37(12), 33-9.

Imperial Smelting Furnace (ISF) slag is a by-product of pyrometallurgical process of zinc and lead extraction from mineral ore. Large production rates and problems associated with its stockpiling have led researchers to seek alternative uses for ISF slag, primarily as a construction material. This study investigated the feasibility of using this slag aggregate in bituminous binder course mixes. The Marshall method was used to design control bituminous mixes and evaluate the potential performance of these ISF slag aggregate-bituminous mixtures. The investigation of different bituminous mixes including Dense Bituminous Macadam (DBM) and Bituminous Concrete (BC) was done with replacement of natural aggregates by ISF slag from 5 to 25 percent, at different binder contents. The properties of these mixes such as bulk density, stability, void content, Voids in Mineral Aggregate (VMA) and Voids Filled with Bitumen (VFB) were determined. Leachate analysis was also done on bituminous mixes containing ISF slag. The results of the study indicate that ISF slag aggregate can be successfully employed in bituminous binder course mixes.

10 illus, 2 tables, 9 ref

002971   Patil D U;Nandgude S B;Mahale D;Jena S K; Ashwani Kumar (NO, Water Technology Centre for Eastern Region, Bhubaneswar-751 023) : Mitigation of critical dry Spells for higher yield in Kharland region of Maharashtra. J Indian Wat Resour Soc 2010, 30(4), 22-9.

In Kharland region (coastal land affected by sea water intrusion) the changes in salinity levels of soil and water are drastic during the dry spells. The top soil always needs to be saturated to suppress the excessive salinity below the root zone during dry spells. In this study, considering soil-crop-climate complex, criteria for critical dry spell (CDS) was considered with focus on control of salinity level in Kharland region. The rainfall data for 32 years (1975-2006) of Kharland research station located at Panvel centre was used for analysis. It was observed that in the 26'H and 27* Standard Meteorological Week (SMW) the number of CDSs were little higher due to the break after the start of the monsoon season. During the 28th to 34th SMW the probability of CDSs were observed to be very less (from 5% to 15%). There was upward trend in the probability of CDSs from 35th to 39th SMW. For studying the probability of sequences of dry and wet pentads the stochastic Morkov chain model was used. The probability of two and three consecutive dry pentads was very low during the 34th to 50th pentads (15th June to 2nd September) which indicated wettest period of the monsoon season. The crop planning was based on the analysis of rainfall data of pentads. The 33rd pentad (10-14 June) was most suitable for sowing operation of paddy by transplanting and awatani (local method). The 37th pentad (30th June - 4th July) was most favourable for transplanting operation after leaching out salts from top layer, by sufficient rainfall The critical stage of paddy crop (flowering and grain filling) mostly coincides with the period of high probability of critical dry spells. For sustainable and productive farming in Kharland region, the shallow and rectangular on-farm reservoirs are very essential for supplemental irrigation during critical dry spell and also for aquaculture.

3 illus, 2 tables, 7 ref

002970   Naidu D S;Satyanarayana P R;Tirupati P; Viswanath K (Geology Dep, Andhra Univ, Visakhapatnam-530 003) : Rare earth elements in the tailings from bauxite of Damanjodi, Orissa. Indian Min Engng J 2009, 48(7), 61-4.

The tailings at Damanjodi bauxite mines of NALCO are two types. The lithomarge encountered during the bauxite mining as boulders due to less weathering and leaching is normally positioned over the khondalites. This lithomarge is also called as partially weathered khondalite. This lithomarge is white or buff in colour and contain lot of clay and kaolinite besides quartz. This waste is to be remove during bauxite mining and is over 5 million tons per annum. This sample is taken for studying the rare earth elements as part of characterization and utilization. The other tailing is the red mud which comes as waste after bayer's treatment of bauxite with sodium hydroxide solution. Aluminum hydroxide is dissolved in the solution leaving the ferric material and unaltered and unweathred minerals into the tailings. This chemical tailing of red mud formed the second sample for rare earth analysis. The analysis was done with inductively coupled mass spectrometry instrument. The date is given and interpreted.

3 tables, 3 ref

002969   Mohanty J;Das S K (Civil Engineering Dep, College of Engineering & Technolgy, Bhubaneswar-751 003, Email: sarat@nitrkl.ac.in) : High volume fly ash concrete for concrete pavements of rural roads. Indian Highw 2009, 37(12), 43-8.

Presents the results of laboratory experiment carried out on high volume fly ash concrete, with 30 percent, 40 percent and 50 percent of cement replacement with fly ash, using natural river sand and crushed graded coarse aggregate. The laboratory program included workability, compressive strength of cylinder and cube samples, flexural strength, elastic modulus and density of fly ash concrete. The findings of the results are discussed in the context of construction of rural roads. The results showed that concrete upto 40 percent cement replacement can be used for concrete pavements of rural roads with 10 percent saving in cost.

6 illus, 6 tables, 12 ref

002968   Mittal N (NO, Cemtral Road Research Institute, New Delhi-110 020) : Road traffic accident recording and analysis procedures in India. Indian Highw 2009, 37(12), 13-26.

This Paper examines the road traffic accident recording and analysis procedures in India where although 10 percent of the World fatalities occur yet the accident database continues to be poor. The existing data recording and analysis procedures at National, State and City level are examined and the shortfalls in the system are identified. The road traffic accident database is quite poor. Accident recording and analysis work is considered to be a very low priority area. The awareness regarding utility of having proper and scientific accident database amongst policy makers, planners, engineers, enforcement agencies, insurance companies, vehicle manufacturers etc. is awfully lacking. There is wide discrepancy in the accident statistics reported by MOSRT&H, National Crime Bureau and different city Traffic Police organizations. The existing accident recording form is too lengthy and cumbersome to fill. Lack of unified accident recording form, trained personnel and scientific investigation of accidents. Accident data dissemination is not done scientifically. For scientific road safety countermeasures, it is essential to create awareness amongst different stakeholders on the utility of proper accident database, have national accident databank by adopting single accident recording form, creating accident investigation units in each state, accident recording to be with traffic police not with general police, trained manpower and proper dissemination of data.

1 illus, 4 tables, 22 ref

002967   Mishra P S;Tirpathy B;Satpathy R N (NO, North Orissa Univ, Mayurbhanj, Orissa) : Some studies of geological and geographical applications in Indian mines for Fuzzy logic. Indian Min Engng J 2009, 48(5), 23-7.

The formal application of Fuzzy Logic to reveal the mathematics behind this linguistic terminology did not occur until the mid-1980s with the seminal paper by that described a fuzzy approach to the control of crushing plants. Since that time, use of Fuzzy Control and Fuzzy Set theory has expanded rapidly into virtually all areas of the industry including geology, mining, metallurgy, and control of environmental pollution. This paper represents the major applications in geological and geographical systems relate to the generation of maps. These include mapping landslides, soil characteristics uncertainty in GIS. An excellent comparison of the use of crisp classification versus Fuzzy classification is given by Shalan.

9 illus, 11 ref

002966   Mane M S;Singh D K;Bhattacharya A K;Singh A K (NO, AICRP on Water Managenment, Dr. B.S. Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, Ratnagiri, Maharastra) : Assessment of groundwater potential for irrigation. Int J agric Engng 2009, 1(2), 74-80.

For optimal utilization of water resources in an irrigation command, assessment of surface a groundwater resources is essential activity. Canal water is the main source of water in an irrigal command. Methodology for assessment canal water availability is comparatively simpler and tested. Assessment of groundwater potential requires careful consideration of the recharge and withdrawal components. Major source of recharge in canal command is rainfall, seepage from the canal and return flow from the irrigation. Assessment of groundwater potential inclucdes determination of total groundwater recharge, prevailing groundwater pumping, subsurface inflow/ outflow and groundwater balance for future utilization. To estimate the recharge from rainfall, two approaches namely, rainfall infiltration method and water table fluctuation method are adopted by Central Groundwater Board. It assumes total subsurface inflow into a region to be equal to the subsurface out flow from the region on an annual basis, which may lead to erroneous results when adopted for short-term (within the year) groundwater assessment. In the present study, a regional groundwater balance model was used for assessment of groundwater resources of an irrigation command located in Western Uttar Pradesh. Results revealed that in the study considered, the sub surface inflow or outflow were substantial. The procedure adopted by the Central Ground Water Board for groundwater assessment assumes the inflow-outflow component to balance each other on an annual basis. Consideration of the actual inflow-outflow as done in the present case gives a more realistic assessment of groundwater potential of an irrigation command.

1 illus, 2 tables, 12 ref

002965   Maiti S K (Biological Environment, Centre of Mining Environment, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad-826 004) : Bioreclamation of coal mine OB dumps with fruit and timber tree species: a case study of IB valley coalfields, MCL. Indian Min Engng J 2009, 48(5), 16-22.

Reclamation of coalmine overburden dumps by afforestation with fruit trees and other timber yielding trees are conventional practices in India. A field study was carried out in the reclaimed OB dumps in the IB-valley coalfields of MCL (Mahanandi Coalfields Limited) to assess the benefits of application of topsoil with respect to tree growth, changes in physico-chemical and nutritional properties, availability of metals and their bioaccumulation in natural vegetation and planted trees. The study revealed that the OB dump where limited amount of topsoil has been applied, pH was found acidic with low soil fractions, organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus. Accumulation patterns of heavy metals in five fruit trees and five non-fruit trees were studied and bioaccumulation factors for each metal were determined. The author infers that the higher bioavailability of toxic metals in OB dumps is not only because of acidic pH but also due to severe deficiency in organic matter. An important revelation is that Gravellia pteridifolia and Accacia mangium grows very well in acidic dumps without addition of topsoil, and end-use of reclaimed land like, fruit orchards and eco-park could be designed if sufficient quantity of topsoil is applied as cover materials.

2 illus, 5 tables, 12 ref

002964   Khuntia G S (NO, Mine planning & Technical Co-ordination, SAIL, Bokaro Steel Plant, Bokaro) : Development of malangtoli iron ore deposits. Indian Min Engng J 2009, 48(2), 55-7.

The Malangtoli Iron Ore deposit is situated in Keonjhar-Sundergarh District of Orissa State and the most well known horseshoe synclinorium of Bonai range over an area of about 30 KMs (sq.). These deposits are at a distance of about 35 KMs fron Joda Town. The nearest railway station is Bonspani which is 30 KMs from deposits while Paradip Port is situated at a distance of 300 KMs by rail link. Once the Banspani -Jakhpura rail link which is under construction is established the nearest railway station will be Nayagarh at a distance of about 10 KM from Malangtoii deposits.

3 ref

002963   Kasipathi;Ravi C;Misra C;Rao M S (Mineral Exploration Div, Geology Dep, Andhra Univ, Visakhapatnam-530 003) : Ore petrological studies on kodingamali bauxite deposit, Koraput district, Orissa. Indian Min Engng J 2009, 48(7), 71-6.

The core samples were studied for a clear understanding of the process of lateritisation through ore petrological investigations. The transformation of the parent rock 'khondalite' to bauxite has been well presented through a number of photomicrographs, which illustrates the nature of alteration, obliteration due physico-chemical conditions, detritals, voids in the altered mass and concentration of gibbsite. The alteration behaviour of garnet till its final produce is also illustrated.

1 table, 5 ref

002962   Kasipathi;Ravi C;Bharani A;Venkata R S; Arjunudu K (Geology Dep, Sir C.R.R. College, Eluru, W.G. District, Andhra Pradesh) : Mineralogical and geochemical studies on the bauxite weathering profiles of Richughutu area, Ranchi District, Jharkhand state, India. Indian Min Engng J 2009, 48(7), 77-85.

Two bauxite rich plateaus, namely the Pakhar Pat and the Mandua Pat of Richughutu region, Ranchi District Bihar are chosen for detailed studies on the mineralogical and geochemical studies. Samples were collecte from different weathering profiles of variable thicknesses and the samples were studied for their mineralogic and geochemical assessment, using megascopic, microscopic, wet analytical and instrumental techniques viz. XRD, AAS, and DTA. The studies indicated the abundant presence of gibbsite and accessory association of halloysite, goethite, kaolinite, clay and hematite. Gibbsite indicated primary and secondary enrichments. Gibbsite along with halloysite shows pockety, oolitic, zoned and layered textures. Geochemically, Ca, Mg, Na and K were found leached out due to the action of water simultaneously with the enrichment of Al. A correlative study between the sesquioxides with other oxides of H20, SiO2 and TiO2 show variable sympathetic and antipathetic relations. All the details are presented.

6 tables, 25 ref

002961   Juneja P K;Ray A K;Mitra R (Paper Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur-247 001) : Model predictive control of lime kiln; a cost effective strategy. IPPTA Jl 2009, 21(3), 139-41.

The rotary lime re-buming kiln has been the primary method of lime re-burning in the pulp and paper industry for many years. Its popularity has continued unimpaired not only because of the monetary savings that it promotes, but also because of its simplicity of operation, low maintenance costs and reliability. Lime kiln is used in various process industries viz. Paper, sugar, cement, glass and ceramics, leather, etc. The limekiln process is inherently difficult to operate efficiently because of complex dynamics and multi-variable process with non-linear reaction kinetics, and long time delays. It becomes hazardous and explosive in nature if it is operated beyond the set points. Model predictive controllers can provide more stable operations of the lime kiln, along with lower fuel costs and better capabilities for meeting residual carbonate production goals. The causticizing processe can cause significant issues when upsets occur, and is characterized by long process dead times and interaction between process variables that make control difficult. In the present paper, a multivariable, non linear, time delayed model of an industrial lime kiln process is simulated and Interaction analysis between the two loops is examined using Relative gain array of the system and Neiderlinski index and analyzed for the input and output constraints handling using Preceding Horizon characteristics of Model Predictive Control strategy.

8 illu, 5 ref

002960   Joshi P (NO, Tata Power, Mumbai) : Open access regulation a renewable critique. Energy Fuel Users J 2010, 59(4), 16-8.

002959   Jagannadha Rao M;Satyanaryana C N;Ramana; Venkata J;Raju U P N (Geology Dep, Andhra Univ, Visakhapatnam) : Gibbsitisation and kaolinization in eastern ghats as a function of Gibbs free energy. Indian Min Engng J 2009, 48(7), 47-54.

The mineral reactions involved in the gibbsitisation or kaolinization in Eastern Ghats have been studied as a function of Gibb's free energy. For this purpose the balanced reactions of bauxitisation and kaolinization and the enthalpy (?H) and entropy (?S) values of individual minerals involved in gibbsitisation and kaolinization reactions were taken from literature and were subjected to Free energy calculations using standard methodology. The results clearly indicate that the gibbsite formation from different minerals as per the free energy indicate that K-feldspar is more favorable for gibbsitisation followed by garnet, kaolinite and sillimanite has least spontaneity for gibbsitisation. Similarly in kaolinization from different minerals as per the free energy indicate that K-feldspars are more favorable for kaolinization followed by Sillimanite and Garnet has shown least spontaneity for kaolinization. The influence of temperature which determines the spontaneity of the initiation of gibbsitisation or kaolinization has been established. This explains extensive kaolinization and selective gibbsitisation in Eastern Ghats. The controls of gibbsitisation and kaolinization as the function of Gibb's free energy are discussed.

2 illus, 3 tables, 16 ref

002958   Jadhav H T;Patil S T (NO, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Dapoli, Ratnagiri, Maharastra) : Development and performance testing of multi-reflector box type low cost solar cooker. Int J agric Engng 2009, 1(2), 113-14.

The higher cost incurred in box type solar cooker is one of the main barrier in efficient utilization of abundantly available solar energy. In order to reduce the cost of box type solar cooker a low cost multi reflector box type solar cooker was developed at College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Dr. B. S. Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli. The multi reflector (Four) solar cooker was developed by using 10 mm and 4 mm plywood sheets having overall dimensions of 38 x 38 x 13 cm. The insulations of 12 and 15 mm thickness were provided using glass wool along the sides and at the bottom, respectively. The Aluminium foil on 4 mm thick smooth plywood or acrylic sheet was used as the reflectors. The reflectors were hinged to the sides of box cooker and their relative position with respect to direction of sunrays was adjusted with the help of well crew strips / sticky strips arrangement. The cooker was tested for stagnation temperature and in terms of cooking test in the month of October at Dapoli (latitude 17°45'N, longitude 73°26'E and at an altitude of 250 m from MSL) in a Konkan region of Maharashtra. The average time required to cook 200 gm rice (with 465 ml water) and 100 gm lantin dal (with 320 ml water) were 3 hr and 3 hr and 10 minutes, respectively. The water heated to 96°C in 2 hr and 35 minutes. The quality of cooked rice and dal were found acceptable for human consumption.

1 illus, 1 table, 1 ref

002957   Guven A (Civil Engineering Dep, Gaziantep Univ, Gaziantep, Turkey-273 10, Email: agvven@gantep.edu.tr) : Linear genetic programming for time-series modelling of daily flow rate. J Earth Syst Sci 2009, 118(2), 137-46.

In this study linear genetic programming (LGP), which is a variant of Genetic Programming, and two versions of Neural Networks (NNs) are used in predicting time-series of daily How rates at a stutinn on Schuylkill River at Berne. PA. USA. Daily now rate at present is being predicted based on different time-series scenarios. For this purpose, various LGP and NN models are calibrated with training sets and validated by testing sets. Additionally, the robustness of the proposed LGP and NN models are evaluated by application data, which are used neither in training nor at testing stage. The results showed that both techniques predicted the flow rate data in quite good agreement with the observed ones, and the predictions of LGP and NN are challenging. The performance of LGP, which was moderately better than NN. is very promising and hence supports the use of LGP in predicting of river flow data.

5 illus, 5 tables, 47 ref

002956   Gupta A K (NO, Executive Director, NMDC Ltd, Bailadila Iron Ore Mine, Kirandul) : Environment management practices in Bailadila Iron Ore Mine, Kirandul complex. Indian Min Engng J 2009, 48(2), 39-44.

4 tables

002955   Gauthaman K (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Velammal Engineering College, Chenni-66) : Watt of sweat. Energy Fuel Users J 2010, 59(4), 13-15.

002954   Deshmukh S J;Bhuyar L B (NO, , 7-D, Gangotri Colony, Near tapowan Gate, Camp, Amravati-444 602, Email: aaryasamir@rediffmail.com) : Transesterified Balanites aegyptiaaca Del L. (Balanites) oil as a biodiesel fuel and process parameter variation to obtain maximum ester yield. Ecol Envir Conserv 2009, 15(1), 175-9.

Efforts are under way in many countries, to search for suitable alternative diesel fuels that are environment friendly. The need to search for these fuels arises mainly from the standpoint of preserving the global environment and the concern about long-term supplies of conventional hydrocarbon-based diesel fuels. Among the different possible sources, diesel fuels derived from vegetable oils and its esters(biodiesel) present a promising alternative to substitute diesel fuels. Keeping in view the Indian scenario where biodiesel is mainly prepared form non-edible oils, an unutilized and easily available oil source in rural India is tested for biodiesel production. The kernel of balanites fruit contains 45-50% of oil on weight basis. The crude oil obtained after oil extraction, allowed undergoing a transesterification process with methanol, potassium hydroxide used as a catalyst. During the stud}', it was found that the transesterification reaction of methanol with balanites oil in the molar ratio of 8:1 with KOH 1.25% by weight of oil as a catalyst gives maximum ester yield of 95% for the reaction time of 60 minutes. The biodiesel thus obtained is characterized for its physical properties. The viscosity of biodiesel was reduced by 89% after transesterification where as the calorific value is 95% less than that of diesel. The properties of balanites oil methyl esters are quiet comparable with diesel.

3 illus, 3 tables, 10 ref

002953   Chauhan S;Shrivastava R K (Civil Engineering and Applied Mechanics Dep, S.G.S.I.T.S., Indore, Madhya Pradesh-452 003) : Inflow generation models for the reservoirs in MRP complex - a case study. J Indian Wat Resour Soc 2010, 30(4), 9-21.

Seasonal series generally have periodic mean, standard deviation, skewness and dependence structure. The dependence structure of seasonal series may be represented by autoregressive (AR) or autoregressive-moving average (ARMA) models with constant or periodic parameters. In this study low-order periodic autoregressive models with periodic and constant parameters were developed for modelling of inflow into the four reservoirs of Mahanadi Reservoir Project (MRP), namely Ravishankar, Dudhawa and Murumsilli in Mahanadi basin and Sondur in Pairi basin, in Raipur (Chhattisgarh). The performances of these models were assessed based on minimum mean square error and the most appropriate models for modelling of inflow into the four reservoirs were arrived.

7 illus, 8 tables, 34 ref

002952   Bontha;Suryanarayana;Padhi;Tripathy B R K; Soubhagya K (Geology Dep, Andhra Univ, Visakhapatnam) : Bauxite mining in Maliparbat, Orissa-a retrospect & prospect. Indian Min Engng J 2009, 48(7), 55-60.

South west of Orissa which includes the Koraput, Raygada, Balangir & Kalahandi is recognized as Bauxite belt & containing more than 50% of the Deposit of the country. More than 95 % of the Bauxite deposit of Orissa is lying at Koraput & Rayagada district only. Subsequently the 80 % is the contribution of Andhra Pradesh & Orissa combined, in our country. Though Orissa is rich in mineral exploitation is still not commensurate with the full potential. Enhanced rates of utilization of different mineral resources will not improve the financial position of the state but also it will become helpful towards the generation of direct & indirect employment opportunity. Bauxite ore has occupied an idiosyncratic role amongst all economic resources. This is a very proverbial attachment with the life of the human being & an indispensable item for its survival.

5 illus, ref

002951   Bhosekar V V;Jothiprakash V;Deolalikar P B (NO, CWPRS, Pune) : Aerators on spillways of indian dams. J Indian Wat Resour Soc 2010, 30(4), 38-44.

Spllways of high head dams are susceptible to cavitation damage due to surface deformities and high velocity. Aeration is the most effective method for mitigating cavitation damage. Design of aerators is complex. Hence, recourse is always taken to refer the existing designs while designing an aeration system for a dam. This paper highlights the details of aerators for five major projects in India viz. Sardar Sarovar, Tehri, Indirasagar, Karjan and Chamera Stage I. This data would be of immense use to the designers.

13 illus, 2 ref

002950   Bhadra A;Bandyopadhyay A (Agricultural Engineering Dep, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli (Itanagar), Arunachal Pradesh-791 109) : Development of an Ann model for runoff prediction. J Indian Wat Resour Soc 2010, 30(4), 47-53.

Worldwide several hydrological models ranging from empirical relationships to physically based models have been developed for runoff prediction. The complexity and non-linearity involved in rainfall-runoff process and routing of runoff downstream through a channel make it attractive to try the artificial neural network approach, which is inherently suited to problems that are mathematically difficult to describe. Majority of studies have proved that ANNs are capable of performing quite satisfactorily in rainfall-runoff modelling. Due to acceptable performance in rainfall-runoff modelling, ANN remains a topic of continuing interest. This paper demonstrates development of an ANN model using both the training algorithms - steepest decent and Levenberg-Marquardt optimization. Results indicated that the neural networks trained with Levenberg-Marquardt Back Propagation (LMBP) converged very fast in comparison to the simple steepest decent back propagation. It was also observed that the prediction performance of ANN was improved when the length of training data was increased. Further the ANN models convergence performance improved with increase in number of hidden neurons as well as with increase in number of hidden layers up to a certain point (best network architecture), after which the performance deteriorated.

12 illus, 4 tables, 22 ref

002949   Behera J (HR Div, Sailendra Narayan Engineering Research Insitute, Burla-768 017, Email: jyotirmayabehera@rediffmail.com) : Formation of cracks in dense bitumen macadam: an overview of rectivication and prevention. Indian Highw 2009, 37(12), 33-41.

Describes the background for formation of cracks in DBM layer and some findings of investigation of crack areas including its rectification and prevention are reported. It is concluded that significant differences in the volumetric properties of laboratory designed and plant produced hot mix asphalt mix generally exists. Cracks are attributed due to marginally high density, less bitumen contents, high air voids. For rectification of cracks milling of existing layer was done in cracks stretches and same is replaced with bitumen rubber asphalt which not only prevents surface cracks but also supports the additional structural capacity. Laboratory compaction mix and field compaction needs further studies. Besides, the climatic effect which is largely ignored in the process of mix selection and selection of design sophistication requires encouraged research into the mechanical and physical laws involved in DBM performance.

4 illus, 11 tables, 12 ref

002948   Aware V V;Powar A G (College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, , Dr. B.S. Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth) : Mathematical modeling of anthropometric data of agricultural workers. Int J agric Engng 2009, 1(2), 52-64.

An anthropometric survey of agricultural workers from Konkan region was carried out during 2004-2006 in order to investigate suitability of farm equipments with human body. Seventy-nine body dimensions and sixteen strength parameters were measured from 649 male and 377 female workers within the age group of 18 to 60 years. The pertinent anthropometric dimensions were identified and were grouped based on the relation between each other. The mathematical modeling was performed between the base parameter and sub-parameter from same group using 'Table Curve 1.0' package. The highest r₂ valued relationships were selected and finally reduced to the normal form. It was found that five base parameter can be utilized to predict thirteen sub-parameter. Hence, around 16% of drudgery involved in measuring of anthropometric parameters is reduced by developed model.

4 tables, 5 ref

002947   Anil Babu C;Satyanarayana G;Santosh G E G; Viswanath K (Geology Dep, Andhra Univ, Visakhapatnam) : Lithomarge and red mud from Damanjodi bauxite orissa with special reference to their engineering properties. Indian Min Engng J 2009, 48(7), 87-91.

During mining of bauxite at Damanjodi, huge quantaties of lithomarge (Partially altered Khondalite) comes as waste and its disposal became a problem. Red mud is a reject after the bayer's extraction of alumina from bauxite at Damanjodi. Over 6 million tons of lithomarge is mined during the operations and red mud production is expected to touch 2 million tons. The whitish clay type lithomarge and fluidal and reddish mud (red mud) are studied to understand these waste products and the paper deals with physical characterization of these tailings. The paper deals with various engineering properties that include physical and chemical parameters, index parameters, compaction and permeability characteristics besides strength and swell properties. The data may be useful for further research in the utilization of these waste material into useful resources. The industry may also get an idea of furthering its usefulness.

9 tables, 4 ref

003613   Veerabuthiran S;Dudeja J P (NO, Laser Science and Technology Centre, Delhi-110 054) : Parametric study of differential absorption Lidar system for monitoring toxic agents in the atmosphere. Def Sci J 2007, 57(5), 755-64.

Differential absorption lidar (DIAL) techniques are advantageously used these days for detecting and monitoring traces of toxic agents located at several kilometer in the atmosphere. A theoretical study has been carried out to simulate the performance of a multiwavelength DIAL system. Clouds of hydrazine, unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH), and monomethylhydrazine (MMH), located at various ranges up to 5 km in the atmosphere, have been taken as examples of the toxic agents. It has been shown that a given lidar system cannot detect any of these agents with a specific cloud thickness if the concentration of that agent is below a certain value (N_min). It has also been shown that if the concentration level of a given agent is above a certain value (N_max) at a particular distance, this value cannot be quantified for a given lidar system although the identity as well as the location of that agent can still be determined. Further, for some typical parametric conditions, the required energy levels of the laser to detect specific concentrations of these agents at different distances have been computed. Power levels of the return signals and the SNR values from different ranges have also been calculated for each of these toxic agents for a given value of the laser transmitter energy.

4 illus, 2 tables, 10 ref

003612   Vamsi Krishna B;Venugopal P;Prasad Rao K (Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technogy Madras, Chennai-600 036, Email: vamsi23@yahoo.com) : Simultaneous plastic deformation and joining of dissimilar sintered P/M preforms by cold extrusion. Trans Indian Inst Metals 2006, 59(2), 155-65.

Describes the results obtained during investigation on a method to produce sound bimetallic tubes and transition joints between dissimilar metals by controlling the initial materials characteristics through powder metalIurgy (P/M) and cold extrusion route. Simultaneous compression tests were carried out to obtain preliminary understanding on the simultaneous deformation of dissimilar sintered P/M preforms and also to generate plastic flow properties. These observations and data were used to optimize the process parameters for sound transition joining of dissimilar sintered P/M preform tubes and for co-extrusion of bimetallic tubes (steel-Cu and Cu-Al). Optimal post-joining heat treatment cycle was identified to enhance the weld strength of transition joints and bimetallic tubes. Significant information regarding the simultaneous deformation characteristics of dissimilar P/M preforms was inferred during compression and extrusion studies. Cold extrusion studies evinced the manufacturing flexibility and economy of current processing route.

14 illus, 2 tables, 16 ref

003611   Suresh Babu et al (NO, Nuclear Science Centre, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi-110 067) : Liquid nitrogen distribution network for the LINAC at NSC, New Delhi. Indian J Cryogenics 2005, 30(1), 38-41.

Cryogenic system is connected to the LINAC through the distribution network including valve boxes to control the liquid nitrogen flow for the purpose of cooling various cryostats and operation of helium liquefier and helium gas purifier. The whole network has been installed and commissioned after conducting various online and offline performance tests. Explains in detail the entire network of distribution of LN₂ from the source to all interconnecting application points.

6 illus, 4 ref

003610   Sumanjeet Singh (Commerce Dep, , Rohtak-124 001, Email: sumanjeetsingh@yahoo.com) : Telecommunication infrastructure in India: an uphill journey. Sci Soc 2007, 5(2), 195-204.

Telecom services have been recognized the world-over as an important tool for socio-economic development of a nation. Telecommunication is one of the prime support services needed for rapid growth and modernization of various sectors of the economy. It has become especially important, in recent years, because of enormous growth of information technology and its significant potential for the impact on the rest of the economy. Therefore, making the development of an adequate telecommunication infrastructure has become one of the major goals of policy makers. The 'adequate' level of telecommunication infrastructure in a country is necessary both from a policy and a business point of view. Government of India has already taken number of initiatives in this direction. As a result telecommunication infrastructure has registered a remarkable growth in India. This paper mainly aims to study the present status of telecommunication infrastructure in India. Provides an overview of the uphill journey of Indian Telecom sector.

12 ref

003609   Srivastava H;Limbu Y B;Saran R;Ashok Kumar (NO, Instruments Research and Development Establishment, Dehradun-248 008) : Airborne infrared search and track systems. Def Sci J 2007, 57(5), 739-53.

Infrared search and track (IRST) systems are required for fighter aircraft to enable them to passively search, detect, track, classify, and prioritise multiple airborne targets under all aspects, look-up, look-down, and co-altitude conditions and engage them at as long ranges as possible. While the IRST systems have been proven in performance for ground-based and naval-based platforms, it is still facing some technical problems for airborne applications. These problems arise from uncertainty in target signature, atmospheric effects, background clutter (especially dense and varying clouds), signal and data processing algorithms to detect potential targets at long ranges and some hardware limitations such as large memory requirement to store and process wide field of view data. An overview of airborne IRST as a system has been presented with detailed comparative simulation results of different detection/tracking algorithms and the present status of airborne IRSTs.

^iia6 illus, 2 tables, 21 ref

003608   Singla M L;Pandey V S (NO, Central Scientific Instruments Organisation, Chandigarh-160 030) : Fabrication of continuous fire wire detection sensor using negataive temperature coefficient material. Def Sci J 2007, 57(3), 255-9.

Manganese-based spinel semiconducting ceramic was mixed with lanthanum oxide powder and the mixture was characterised for the reproducible negative temperature coefficient (NTC) of resistance behaviour. The same mixture was used for the fabrication of 15 m long continuous thermal detector. The addition of La₂O₃ leads to decrease in thermistor constant and activation energy values, thus giving freedom to fabricate thermal sensors for various temperature applications. A 3 m long continuous thermal detector for application in the temperature range 275 - 350°C was fabricated and later coupled to form a continuous unit of 15 m length.

9 illus, 10 ref

003607   Singh V;Kumar H H;Kharat D K;Kulkarni M P (NO, Armament Research and Development Establishment, Pune-411 021) : Effect of heating rate on electromechanical properties of PNN-PZT solid solution. Def Sci J 2007, 57(1), 51-4.

Lead nickel niobate-lead zirconate titanate (Pb(Ni_1/3Nb_2/2)_0.5 -Pb(Zr_0.15O₃), (PNN-PZT)) solid solution was synthesised by columbite process. Samples sintered at various heating rates for 4 h Kolding and their effect on electromechanical properties have been studied. When heating rate was 8°C/min from room temperature to 900°C and holding for 4 h at 1280 °C, highest relative permittivity and piezoelectric charge constant were observed, whereas heating rate of 3.5°C/ min and holding for 4 h at 1280°C have shown inferior electromechanical properties and grain coarsening. The piezoelectric charge constant (d₃₃) <126> 612 pC/N and dielectric constant (e) <126> 5950 observed in fast heating rate specimen as against to d₃₃ <126> 137 pC/N and e<126>294. XRD result shows the formation of pyrochlore-free perovskite phase. Fine grains were observed for fast heating rate specimens.

^ssc4 illus, 1 table, 11 ref

003606   Singh J B;Pant G C (NO, Defence Institute of Advanced Technology, Pune-411 025) : Experimental investigation and mathematical modelling to study the premixed laminar flame propagation. Def Sci J 2007, 57(5), 661-8.

Experiments are conducted on a newly designed flame propagation test unit using burners of different geometries (L/D ratio) at different air-fuel ratios to calculate the flame speed. From the experimental data obtained, design plots are drawn to study the flame stability zone under different conditions. Using the above test results and standard mathematical curve fitting techniques for a function of two variables, an equation has been derived which can be utilised by the designers to design an optimum burner for premixed flames which provides stable flame with maximum flame speed for the best burner geometry.

6 illus, 1 table, 10 ref

003605   Singh D;Verma P C;Vashisth P;Rawat R K S; Gupta S K (NO, Instruments Research and Development Establishment, Dehradun-248 008) : Laser proximity sensor for fuel-air explosive bomb. Def Sci J 2007, 57(3), 167-72.

Deals with design and development aspects of a diode laser proximity sensor based on principle of optical triangulation. This sensor incorporates a laser transmitter and an optical receiver. The beam divergence of laser transmitter and look angle of receiver are oriented in such a way that they intersect at a predetermined measuring segment. The sensor can be set to give signal output at predetermined distance from the target. Theoretical studies have been carried out to determine the minimum power required for transmitter with a trade-off between SIN ratio, aperture of receiver optics, reflectivity of target and range requirement. The scattered laser radiation from the target in this segment is utilised in deriving a signal output to detonate the bomb at a predetermined distance from the target. The laser proximity sensor has been developed for 3 ± 0.5 m operational range and has qualified various environmental tests and live fuel-air explosive bomb trials.

6 illus, 2 tables, 3 ref

003604   Singh A K (NO, Defence Institute of Advanced Technology, Pune-411 025) : Piezoelectric gyro sensor technology. Def Sci J 2007, 57(1), 95-103.

Gives an insight into the piezoelectric gyro sensor technology including the principle of operation, performance-limiting phenomenon, etc. With a brief account of conventional gyro sensor technologies, a detailed discussion on piezoelectric vibrating structure gyro sensor technology has been given. The performance of various forms of vibrating structure piezoelectric gyros, including future trends, has been highlighted.

^iia4 illus, 32 ref

003603   Sarkar J;Khan C G;Basumallick A (Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Dep, Bengal Engineering and Science Univ, Howrah-711 103, Email: abasumallick@metal.becs.ac.in) : Nanowires: properties, applications and synthesis via porous anodic aluminium oxide template. Bull Mater Sci 2007, 30(3), 271-90.

Quasi one-dimensional nanowires possess unique electrical, electronic, thermoelectrical, optical, inagnetic and chemical properties, which are different from that of their parent counterpart. The physical properties of nanowires are influenced by the morphology of the nanowires, diameter dependent band gap, carrier density of states etc. Nanowires hold lot of promises for different applications. Basic electronic devices like junction diodes, transistors, FETs and logic gates can be fabricated by using semiconductor and superlattice nanowires. Thermoelectric cooling system can be fabricated by using metallic nanowires. Semiconductor nanowire junctions can be used for different opto-electronic applications. Moreover, periodic arrays of magnetic nanowires hold high potential for recording media application. Nanowires are also potential candidates for sensor and bio-medical applications. In the present article, the physical and chemical properties of nanovvires along with their probable applications in different fields have been reviewed in detail. The review also includes highlights of the synthesis of nanowires via porous anodic aluminium oxide template since the technique is simple, cost-effective and a low temperature technique.

23 illus, 178 ref

003602   Rastogi S C et al (Thermal Systems Group, ISRO Satellite Centre, Bangalore-560 017) : Qualification testing of cryogenic electrical process of INSAT-2 VHRR radiant cooler. Indian J Cryogenics 2005, 30(1), 34-7.

INSAT-2 VHRR Radiant Cooler is used to cool the thermal infrared (HgCdTe) detector to cryogenic temperature in the range of 105K to 115K. Electrical processes for mounting and connecting the devices like infrared detectors, PRT sensors, thermal heaters and processes like wrapping of lead wires on FRP supports, connector wiring, hook joints, routing and anchoring were developed and a qualification test program was evolved. Devices i.e., PRT, heaters, detector-mounting PCB were tested for full life in space. The end to end wiring and instrumentation was implemented on electrical model of cooler and system level space qualification tests like electrical tests, vibration tests, electrostatic discharge (ESD) tests, thermovacuum thermal cycling tests were conducted on cooler assembly. Suitability of the materials/processes for a long mission of about 15 years life was established and also demonstrated in space application.

4 illus, 2 tables, 2 ref

003601   Raghavan R;Basu J;Nishiyama N;Ranganathan S; Ramamurty U (Metallurgy Dep, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560 012) : Structural relaxation in a Pd₄₀ Cu₃₀ Ni₁₀ P₂₀ metallic glass. Trans Indian Inst Metals 2006, 59(2), 295-302.

Struructural relaxation occurring in a Pd₄₀Cu₃₀Ni₁₀P₂₀ metallic glass on annealing at temperatures that are both above and below its glass transition temperature (T_g) is investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Bulk (slowly cooled) as well as ribbon (rapidly quenched) forms of the alloy were examined, in order to assess the connection between the cooling rate and subsequent relaxation behavior. An `excess' enthalpy peak at T_g in the DSC scans, which appears irrespective of the annealing temperature (T_a), is considered as a characteristic signature of relaxation. At a given T_a, the recovery increases rapidly with the annealing time (t_a) before saturating. The rate of increase of the recovery is higher in the ribbon, but with a lower saturation value vis-a-vis that in the bulk, implying that the latter is more resistant to relaxation at low T_a. This is probably due to entirely different relaxation mechanisms in these two materials; free-volume annihilation in the ribbon and short-range ordering in the bulk. The enthalpy peak is a manifestation of the destruction of the short-range order that is induced on annealing. The short-range order may be compositionally different from crystallization nuclei, leading to improvement of the thermal stability of the glass. The activation energy calculations reveal that the annealed ribbons transcend the glass transition more easily than the melt-spun ribbon, while the annealed bulk samples undergo the transition with more difficulty than the as-cast bulk sample. Furthermore, the ribbon is more susceptible to crystallization as compared to the bulk on annealing at the same temperatures.

1 table, 25 ref

003600   Praveenkumar B;Kumar H H;Kharat D K (NO, Armament Research and Development Establishment, Pune-411 021) : Processing of lead zirconate titanate-graphite 3-3 piezocomposites. Def Sci J 2007, 57(1), 47-50.

Lead zirconate titanate (PZT)-graphite piezocomposites have potential for higher piezoelectric sensitivity, lower acoustic impedance, higher piezoelectric voltage constants, higher electromechanical coupling coefficient, and higher hydrostatic coefficients as compared to dense PZT materials. In addition, the properties of piezocomposites can be tailored for various weight percentage of graphite powder. To study the phenomena, PZT-graphite 3-3 composites were prepared by mixing calcined PZT and commercially available graphite powder. The mixed powder was compacted, sintered, and poled by corona poling technique. Scanning electron microstructures were recorded to study the effect of graphite on processing of 3-3 piezocomposites. The polarizing behaviour, piezoelectric and dielectric properties of PZT-graphite composites were studied.

^ssc4 illus, 11 ref

003599   Pohanka M;Skladal P;Korea M (Centre of Biological Defence, Central Military Institute of Health, Techonin, Czech Republic) : Biosensors for biological warfare agent detection. Def Sci J 2007, 57(3), 185-93.

Biological warfare agents (BWA) such as Bacillus anthracis, Francisella tularensis, Yersinia pestis or butulotoxin represent one of possibilities exploitable by military or terrorists. Rapid detection of BWA is one of the most important presumptions prerequisities for successful defence against them. The detection devices-biosensors-can be divided according to their physicochemical transducers to electrochemical, optical, and piezoelectric groups. A comparison of classical detection methods with biosensors is also given.

^iia3 illus, 50 ref

003598   Pattanayak S C (Cryogenic Engineering Centre, IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur-721 302) : Cryofreezers for food. Indian J Cryogenics 2005, 30(1), 8-15.

Cryogenic freezing is a suitable technique for long term preservation of high value commodities like mushrooms, meat products, marine foods, fish and prawn. Freezing and preservation by cryogenic fluid like LN₂ has already been adopted in developed countries. India, which has a considerable investment in food freezing by mechanical means, is yet to pick up the culture by adopting superior technology like cryofreezing. Reviews various aspects of cryofreezing and various types of cryofreezers available in the market and their relative advantages and disadvantages have been discussed. It has been pointed out that cryogenic freezing systems minimise the need for mechanical freezers resulting in greater process efficiency.

8 illus, 19 ref