004090   Manikumar R;Sivasundhararaja D;Anand kumar R (NO, , 257, East Marret Street, Madurai-625 001, Email: mani2k72006@yahoo.co.in) : Model of automobile emission checking by wireless technology. J envir Sci Engng 2010, 52(3), 217-20.

Air contains a lot of pollutants and most of these pollutants are toxic. Carbon monoxide (CO) is one of the five primary pollutants, which together contributes more than 90% of global atmospheric pollution. Therefore, CO has been chosen for this analytical study. The main source of CO is the exhaust from automobiles only. In the present situation, the usage of motor vehicles rapidly expanded. The number of vehicles cannot be reduced but their emission (which is a cause for pollution) can be effectively controlled. In this direction, a model has been developed in this study to sense the level of carbon monoxide emitted from the automobiles. When the exhaust reaches a harmful level it sends the data about the vehicle number and the concentration of CO to the emission-testing centre (PC). As a result the government can take necessary action to seize the particular vehicle emitting more carbon monoxide than the permitted level.

8 illus, 1 table, 6 ref

004089   Lin C S;Lay Y L;Shei H J;Kuo S Y;Hwang J L (Automatic Control Engineering Dep, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan, Email: lincs@fcu.edu.tw) : Automatic calibration of a HUD with a mechanical and photonic integrated system. J scient ind Res 2009, 68(1), 18-22.

Presents automatic calibration of a head-up display (HUD) with a dual-plain combiner. Basic inspection and adjustment methods include regulation of light source, troubleshooting in lens alignment, holder design for relay lens and light source. Theory of ray-transfer matrix was used in automatic measurement. Computer calculated curvature profile of optical device. Number of tests had been successfully performed to improve optic performance of a mechanical and photonic integrated system.

5 illus, 1 table, 6 ref

004088   Lanjewar A M;Bhagoria J L;Sarviya R M (Mechanical Engineering Dep, M.A.N.I.T., Bhopal-462 007, Email: lajewar_atul@yahoo.com) : Enhancement of heat transfer ratio in a solar air duct with w-shaped roughened absorber plate. J Envir Res Dev 2010, 5(1), 53-9.

Solar collectors (air heaters) have low thermal efficiency because of low convective heat transfer coefficient between the air and absorber plate, which leads to higher temperature of the absorber plate causing maximum thermal losses to environment. It is therefore necessary to enhance convective heat transfer coefficient for improving the performance of solar air heaters. Artificial roughness has been successfully used for enhancing heat transfer in solar ail' heaters. Roughness and flow parameters such as relative roughness height (e/D_h), relative roughness pitch (pie), angle of attack (α) and Reynolds number (Re) have a combined effect on heat transfer enhancement. A term heat transfer enhancement ratio has been defined by the equation Nu_t/Nu_s. Experimental investigation has been carried out to study heat transfer enhancement by using W -shape ribs on absorber plate of solar air heater, the roughened wall being heated while the remaining three walls insulated. The roughened wall has relative roughness height (e/D_h) 0.018, relative roughness pitch (pie) 10, rib height 0.8 mm, angle of attack in the range of 30° - 60° and duct aspect ratio of 8. The air flow rate corresponds to Reynolds number between 2300 - 14,000. The heat transfer results have been compared with those for smooth ducts under similar flow conditions to determine heat transfer enhancement in solar air heater.

5 illus, 13 ref

004087   Krishna B M;Murthy U N;Kumar B M;Lokesh K S (Civil Engineering Dep, UVCE, Bangalore University, JB Campus, Bangalore, Email: bmkrishna_71@yahoo.com) : Study of the electrochemical process for distillery wastewater treatment. J Envir Res Dev 2010, 5(1), 134-40.

In this work the electrochemical (EC) process is used as a pretreatment step for the treatment of distillery wastewater using iron plates as electrodes in a batch EC reactor. The maximum COD removal of 56% was achieved at a current density of 0.10 A cm^-2 with 140 min of electrolysis time at wastewater pH of 3. The BOD to COD ratio increased from 0.15 to 0.52 indicating improvement in wastewater biodegradability. The maximum anodic efficiency observed was 2.68 kg COD h^-1A^-1m^-2 with a corresponding energy consumption of 0.71 kWh kg^-1 COD.

6 illus, 13 ref

004086   Katpatal K B;Mane R S (Civil Engineering Dep, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology (VNIT), Nagpur-440 011, Email: ybkatpatal@rediffmail.com) : Optimizing errors in regional pipe network alignments using DGPS. J Indian Wat Wks Ass 2009, 41(1), 51-8.

The digital mode of data collection and data representation for regional networks has been recently adopted in the Indian scenario. In a mapping exercise, the most important aspect is the accuracy of the data, where as the accuracy of a surveying exercise depends on two aspects; the technique of surveying and the computation method. The accuracy is attained only when appropriate method for processing of the data is utilized. This is more crucial when the area of interest is spread in longer linear direction as in case of regional network schemes. Hence, a systematic approach using all the available combinations of the parameters giving the highest accuracy for the data is required, especially when the survey involves terrain cutting across regions and states having heterogeneities in terrain. The situation is eventually evident in inter-basin water transfer scenario. An attempt has been made in the present study, in which a cross-country fluid pipe-line of length 460 km was surveyed using the Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) and the data was collected in UTM projection system with WGS84 datum. The data was post-processed using various zone parameters of UTM projection system with WGS84 datum and also in the Oblique Mercator Projection system A comparative analysis is carried out based on the UTM zone sizes and the spatial distribution of The data, to get the output data with utmost accuracy. The paper develops a protocol for minimizing the distortions in the spatial representation of linear networks for various combinations of UTM and Oblique Mercator projection system.

9 illus, 3 tables, 14 ref

004085   Kambale J B;Tripathi V K (Agricultural Engineering Div, IARI, New Delhi-110 012, Email: janardhaniari@gmail.com ) : Biotic and abiotic processes as a carbon sequestration strategy. J Envir Res Dev 2010, 5(1), 240-51.

Globally major concern is increasing concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere as its dominating impact on climate change. Globally 49 GtCO_2-eq. per year emission is occurring, in which carbon dioxide is the major contributor. In India, total amount of GHGs emitted is 2.0 billion tonnes per annum, which account for only 4 per cent of the total global emissions. Majority of CO emission is due to fuel combustion in the energy and industrial processes like cement and steel production and road transport. Disposing of the carbon dioxide (CO₂) into long-lived pools (terrestrial biosphere, underground, or ocean) and storing it securely so it is not immediately reemitted is referred as carbon sequestration. Biotic C sequestration involves capture of atmospheric C through photosynthesis and storage in biota, soil and wetlands. Land use, vegetation and soil management have a strong impact on the biotic processes of C sequestration. In geological formations, sequestration of CO₂ is possible in oil and coal gas reservoirs for storage and enhancing the recovery but maximum possibility of storage is in deep saline aquifers. Ocean is the largest potential sink for CO₂, ocean fertilization and deeper injections is more efficient than shallower ones. Mineral sequestration is the safest way of carbon sequestration with the limitation that process is very slow and takes thousands of years. Understanding the C sequestration process in view of cost would help in better agricultural land use and management practices.

3 tables, 9 ref

004084   Joshi V A;Vaidya S D;Lanjewar K Y;Kelkar P S (Geo-Environment Management Div, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nehru Marg, Nagpur-440 020) : Water quality problems in ground water sources of Yavatmal district, Maharashtra, India. J Indian Wat Wks Ass 2009, 41(2), 144-51.

Assessment of drinking water quality is done on basis of some important physico-chemical parameter to know the potability of water. Some chemical contaminants are known to cause the health effects if present beyond desirable limit. Fluoride, iron and nitrate are the contaminants that affect the water quality of ground water as well as surface water. In this case study, water quality assessment has been carried out for significant health parameters of 9389 groundwater sources from 1840 villages and hamlets in 16 talukas of Yavatmal district.

10 illus, 5 ref

004083   Jethwa J L (NO, CMRI, VNIT, Nagpur) : Blast induced rock mass damage in tunnels. Indian Min Engng J 2009, 48(12), 29-33.

Convergence caused damage (EDZ) and blast induced damage (BDZ) are explained with field data to show that BDZ is much smaller than the EDZ. Both EDZ and BDZ need to be minimized to preserve rock mass strength for improving tunnel face stability, and minimizing tunnel supports. Results of FLAG 2D are used to show that BDZ increases with tunnel depth. Smooth blasting is suggested to mitigate blast induced damage. The need to consider tunnel blasting as a part of the rock mechanics discipline, and to improve the state- of- art on tunnel blasting are suggested for the benefit of both the rock blasting and the tunneling community.

6 illus, 1 table, 5 ref

004082   Jayaraman M;Sivasubramanian R;Balasubramanian V;Lakshminarayanan A K (Mechatronics Engineering Dep, Kongu Engineering College, Perundurai, Erode-638 052, Email: jayaram1967@gmail.com) : Optimization of process parameters for friction stir welding of cast aluminium alloy A319 by Taguchi method. J scient ind Res 2009, 68(1), 36-43.

In order to improve strength of welded joints in fusion welding of cast Al alloys, friction stir welding (FSW) technique may be employed to eliminate porosity, micro-fissuring, hot cracking etc. Discusses use of taguchi experimental design technique for maximizing tensile strength of friction stir welded cast aluminium alloy A319. Using ANOVA and signal to noise ratio of robust design, effect on tensile strength of FSW process parameters (tool rotation speed, welding speed and axial force) is evaluated and optimum welding condition for maximizing tensile strength is determined. In order to correlate process parameters and measured tensile strength, a mathematical model has been developed by nonlinear regression analysis.

7 illus, 4 tables, 22 ref

004081   Jayanthu S (Mining Engg. Dep, NIT, Rourkela) : Slope mass rating for design of jointed rock slopes in opencast mines. Indian Min Engng J 2009, 48(10), 12-6.

The Slope Mass Rating (SMR) system is an extension of the RMR approach, for specific application to rock slopes. This paper presents the application of SMR to ten Indian limestone, manganese, coal and copper mines to verify its suitability. As part a of Science and Technology project sponsored by Ministry of Coal & Mines, Govt. of India the results were critically examined keeping in view the actual field conditions. It was found that SMR predictions are not in consequence with field conditions at the mines studied. This calls for modification to the SMR system. Therefore a modified slope mass rating (MSMR) system based on studies in ten mines was developed. From application of MSMR in the above mines it was established that MSMR of 50 and above indicates stable slopes, and the value below 40 indicates instability. When the MSMR was used for the actual cases, the designed bench slope angles were coming within 10% variation as compared to the results of numerical/limit equilibrium analyses.

3 tables, 10 ref

004080   Harish Kumar R;Antony A J (Mech. Engg. Dep, Sri Siddharth Insitute of Technology, Tumkur-572 105) : New empirical correlation to predict the specific output of SI engines and its validation using case studies. J Coop Univ Res Ind Enterpr 2010, 3(2), 70-81.

Internal Combustion Engines have retained its status as the dominant prime mover technology due to its relatively low cost, favorable power to weight ratio, high efficiency and relatively simple and robust operating characteristics. Simulation plays a significant role during the design stage and consequently there is a need for developing accurate models for simulation of the progressive combustion phenomena in SI Engines as well as reliable models to predict their performance characteristics. A generic equation for indicated power (IP) and Specific Output Power (SOP) of a naturally aspirated SI Engine relating its total cylinder volume, compression ratio, operating speed, volumetric efficiency, presence/absence of intake generated swirl etc., has been developed from the experimental investigation carried out on the fully computerized, variable compression ratio, variable spark advance SI Engine Test Rig. For validation purpose, numerous case studies have been taken, and it has been noticed that the above equation can reliably predict the performance characteristics of any naturally aspirated, carbureted, SI Engine. The conclusions drawn from this research work in conjunction with the use of the C-program for simulation of SI engine combustion, might be very useful for promoting Industry-Twfitita Interaction for any meaningful research findings in this area.

2 illus, 4 tables, 8 ref

004079   Godihal J;Gupta K (Civil Engineering Dep, IIT Bombay, Mumbai-400 076, Email: jhgsaat@gmail.com) : Application of fuzzy logic control for improved operation of urban drainage systems. J Indian Wat Wks Ass 2009, 41(3), 181-94.

Rapid urbanisation and increase in imperviousness has resulted in increased runoff in excess of the capacity of the existing storm water drains and there by causing flooding. Conventionally, various structural flood control measures such as source controls, collection system controls and treatment controls were employed. However, implementing the structural control measures is restricted due to the space constraints in densely populated urban cities. In this context, a cost effective solution would be to utilise the existing sewerage systems capacity by providing control structures such as control gates at suitable locations in the sewerage system, which is controlled and operated using suitable control strategy. This paper presents the development of a fuzzy rule based model for effectively reducing the surface flooding in the affected areas through improved operation of an urban drainage system. The model operates on an 'if-then' principle, where 'if' is a vector of fuzzy premises and 'then 'is a vector of fuzzy consequences. The steps involved in the development of the model are: (1) construction of membership functions for water level on the streets, change in water level on the streets and the control gate opening for sanitary sewers, (2) formulation of fuzzy rules, (3) implication and (4) defuzzification. The performance of the proposed method has been demonstrated using a case study of a catchment in Mumbai, India. The overall objective is to minimise the surface flooding in the respective catchment.

13 illus, 4 tables, 11 ref

004078   Giridhar M V S S;Viswanadh G K (Centre for Watr Resources, Institute of Science and Technology, J N T U, Hyderabad) : Runoff estimation in an ungauged watershed using RS and GIS. J Indian Wat Wks Ass 2009, 41(1), 32-4, 47-9.

The rainfall-runoff process in a catchment is a complex and complicated phenomenon governed by large number of known and unknown physiographic factors that vary both in space and time. Runoff estimation in ungauged catchment is further a serious challenge for the hydrologist especially in developing countries where most of the watersheds are ungauged. Geographical Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) technology can augment the conventional methods to a great extent in rairifall runoff studies especially for the ungauged watershed which lacks in data. In the present study an attempt has been made to investigate the importance of spatial variability of different parameters involved in runoff estimation using SCS-CN method. This method includes several important properties of the watershed namely soils permeability, land use/land cover and antecedent moisture condition which are taken into consideration. The data on land use/land cover has been prepared from IRS LISS-III imageries for Palleru sub basin (K-ll). ERDAS 8.7 and Arc GIS9.1 software were used for data generation, storage, manipulation and integration to estimate the daily runoff for the years 2000 and 2002. Rainfall received in the years 2000 and 2002 for the basin is 919.80mm and 555.80 mm respectively, runoff estimated for the years 2000 and 2002 as 452.50 mm and 187.20 mm respectively using SCS-CN approach. Percentage of runoff estimated using SCS-CN for the years 2000 and 2002 is 49.2% and 33.6% respectively.

4 illus, 4 tables, 7 ref

004077   Garwau S D;Saygaonkar K S;Garway D G;Pandya G H (Research and Development Div, Anacon Laboratories, , 60, Bajiprabhu Nagar, Nagpur-440 033) : Investigation of nitrate content in ground and surface waters in urban and rural areas. J Indian Wat Wks Ass 2009, 41(3), 226-36.

In India, major part of drinking water is derived from ground and surface water sources. Ground water is vulnerable to physical environment, which gives a protection against human impact. The earth materials act as natural filters to screen out some of the contaminants. The ground water vulnerability depends on the natural characteristics of the site and location and relates to pathways and rate of downward movement of pollutants. Pollutants migration through soil zone depends on depth of water logging, texture, organic matter content and quantity of precipitation. Chemistry of nitrate presence in water can be understood by investigating the various sources of ground water and surface water by monitoring nitrate levels in samples collected from hand pumps, well water, raw water from rivers, lakes and treated water supplied to community through taps over a period of one year. Prior to analysis of real samples quality control was established and day to day variation were studied by preparing Quality Control Chart. Various uncertainty sources in the measurement of Nitrate were identified and total uncertainty determined. Over 500 samples were collected from these sources and nitrate content in mg/l were determined. It is observed that the ground water sources such as hand pumps contain higher percentage of nitrates as compared to surface water sources such as rivers and lakes. More than 31 ground water samples and 10 surface water samples exceed the drinking water limits of 45 mg/l NO₃^-. The mechanism of nitrate formation and the remedial measures for nitrate reduction are discussed.

2 illus, 3 tables, 37 ref

004076   Elevli S;Uzgoren N;Savas M (Industrial Engineering Dep, Dumlupinar University, 43270, Kutahya, Turkiye, Email: selevli@dumlupinar.edu.tr) : Control charts for autocorrelated colemanite data. J scient ind Res 2009, 68(1), 11-7.

In the study two types of control charts have been used to show the effect of autocorrelation (AC) to determine process stability of Espey and Hisarcik Colemanite concentrators. Individuals Control (IC) chart has shown that both concentrators are statistically out of control. On the other hand, according to Special Cause Control (SCC) chart, which considers impact of AC, only Hisarcik concentrator is out of control. SCC chart has been found more appropriate for autocorrelated data since it provides a higher probability of coverage than IC chart.

14 illus, 1 table, 12 ref

004075   Dwivedi A K;Bhadauria S S (Civil Engg Dep, SSVPS BSD College of Engng, Dhule-424 005, Email: id-akd32@gmail.com) : Domestic rooftop water harvesting (DRWH). J Indian Wat Wks Ass 2009, 41(3), 171-80.

The paper - "Domestic Rooftop Water Harvesting (DRWH)- A Case Study" aims towards the evelopment of the framework for domestic rooftop harvesting for drinking water. The paper is based on the analysis of survey record of around 50 houses of different rooftop areas of peri-urban area of Dhule city. The estimation of the appropriate size of the water tanks and their costs required to fulfill the annual drinking water demand through DRWH from rooftop of different areas are prepared. A mathematical equation expressing the relationship between the required size of water tank and different rooftop areas is developed. The DRWH systems for all houses are designed considering the existing rain water outlets and cost estimation for each individual house is done. A cost model expressing the relationship between rooftop area and cost of DRWH system is developed.

6 illus, 5 tables, 6 ref

004074   Deb D;Pramanik R;Jha A K (Mining Engineering Dep, IIT, Kharagpur-721 302) : Application of numerical modeling in rock fragmentation. Indian Min Engng J 2009, 48(12), 19-28.

The computational mechanics of discontinue is a new branch of computational mechanics. This specific branch covers the numerical solutions to engineering related problems and processes where constitutive laws are not available. Particle- based modelling of micro-structural elements of material is used instead. Thus, the interaction and individual behaviour of millions, even billions, of particles is considered to arrive at emergent physical properties of practical importance. The finite element method is the most suitable approach to model continuum-based phenomena (in this case deformability) and the discrete element method to model discontinum-based phenomena (interaction and motion of individual particles). The new method deals with the combination of both the finite element method and the discrete element method, and is termed the combined finite-discrete element method (FEM/DEM).

22 illus, 2 tables, 5 ref

004073   Dahasahasra S (Maharashtra Jeevan Pradhikaran, , Express Towers, Nariman Point, Mumbai-400 021) : Water audit-a tool for achieving 24x7 water supply. J Indian Wat Wks Ass 2009, 41(1), 21-31.

Water sector in India is poised for change. Many water boards and utilities are bringing about reforms in this sector to improve service delivery. However, it has been most challengeable task as many water utilities in the country are considerably old and water loss occurs through its pipe network. There are many households that are yet to have meter connections. Only 25-40 % of them have metered water connections. Distribution systems of the cities have 30-55 % leakages with high number of public stand posts. Supply hours are on lower side, just 2-6 hours every day. Since cost of operation and maintenance (O&M) is more than that of the revenue collected, many water utilities are still financially unsustainable. No city in India provides continuous 24x7 water supply to their consumers. Intermittent water supply is one of the impediments that preclude achieving quality water supply with minimum tap pressure. Today, many activities are focused to achieve this most important milestone. However, high urbanization rate in urban cities coupled with unplanned distribution system and laxity in water loss management are some of the reasons that are not allowing to achieve this important hallmark. Water audit is the solution to resolve this problem. With it, one can estimate loss of leakages and revenue in the system. Knowing extent of such loss, water audit is a tool that helps to plan a strategy against high non revenue water. Objective of this paper, therefore, is to discuss and highlight important aspects of water audit. The paper further discusses the methodology required to form a water balance which is a crucial part of any water audit. The approach has been discussed in detail along with its application and a case study of Badlapur water utility.

9 illus, 11 tables, 8 ref

004072   Cotter J;Tirado R (Greenpeace Research Laboratories, Innovations Centre 2, Rennes Drive, Exeter Univ, UK; EX4 4PS, Email: j.cotter@exeter.ac.uk) : Food security and climate change: the answer is biodiversity. SATSA Mukhapatra 2010, 14, 18-25.

Climate change will profoundly affect agriculture worldwide. Food security in many countries is under threat from unpredictable changes in rainfall and more frequent extreme weather. Farmers in poorer countries with harsh climate conditions will likely be most affected. A review of recent scientific literature underlines that the most effective strategy to adapt agriculture to climate change is to increase biodiversity. A mix of different crops and varieties in one field is a proven and highly reliable farming method to increase resilience to erratic weather changes. And, the best ways to increase stress tolerance in single varieties are modern breeding technologies that do not entail genetic engineering, such as Marker Assisted Selection. In contrast, there is no evidence that genetically engineered plants can ever play any role to increase food security in a changing climate.

34 ref

004071   Chopra M K;Agrawal C M;Sarviya R M (Mechanical Engineering Dep, RKDF Institute of Science and Technology, Bhopal, Email: chopramk62@yahoo.co.in) : Kinetics of automobile in frontal crash. J Envir Res Dev 2010, 5(1), 85-95.

A attempt has been made to simplify the role of tractive effort in applying driving force to overcome the resistances to motion of the automobile. Further, energy is stored in the automobile by virtue of its motion, which is termed Kinetic Energy. An analysis has been made on forces on car ill a frontal crash. A comparison of forces on driver in a frontal crash (with or without non-stretching seat belt and with stretching seat belt) has been made. It has been concluded that there is reduction in fatalities if a driver wore a stretchable seat belt. Further, the occupant of the less massive vehicle is more at risk when a collision does occur^1-2.

8 illus, 1 table, 28 ref

004070   Chaudhuri M;Khairuldin P S A B (Civil Engineering Dep, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Bandar Seri Iskandar, 31750 Tronoh, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia) : Coagulation-clarification of turbid coloured water by natural coagulant (Moringa oleifera) seed extract. Nat Envir Pollut Technol 2009, 8(1), 137-9.

Performance of Moringa oleifera seed extract as primary coagulant and as coagulant aid with alum in clarification of turbid coloured water was examined and compared with the performance of alum. M. oleifera seed extract is effective as prime coagulant and as coagulant aid with alum. Compared with alum (residual filtrate turbidity 2 NTU and residual colour 3 TCU), it produces water with slightly higher residual filtrate turbidity (4 and 3 NTU) and residual colour (15 and 13 TCU), but the residual turbidity and residual colour are within the WHO drinking water guideline values for turbidity (5 NTU) and colour (15 TCU).

3 illus, 15 ref

004069   Bhagavathi Perumal S;Thamarai P (Civil Engineering Dep, Government College of Engineering, Tirunelveli-627 007) : Analysis of water quality based on total dissolved solids along the coastal area of Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu. Nat Envir Pollut Technol 2009, 8(1), 123-5.

Ascertains the suitability of groundwaters for any purpose, it is essential to classify them depending upon their hydrochemical properties based on their TDS values. The groundwater of the area is freshwater except a few samples representing brackish water at Manakudi. Most of the groundwater samples are within the maximum permissible limit for drinking as per the WHO international standards. At the junction point, where Palayar and sea joins, the Echori effect was also studied and there is no such effect which affect the surface and groundwater properties. The TDS value of 2/3rd of the basin is below 500 mg/L indicating low content of chloride in groundwaters which can be used for drinking without any risk.

^ssc7 illus, 1 table, 4 ref

004068   Banerjee G (Civil Engineering Varanasi Dep, Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, ) : Analysis of ground water potential through pumping of river sub-surface bed: a case study on kasai in West Bengala. J Indian Wat Wks Ass 2009, 41(2), 131-5.

Long-term pumping tests were carried out on Kasai river bed in connection with augmentation of existing water supply of Kharagpur Municipal town in the district of Midnapore (West), West Bengal to cater to the need of growing population as well as industrial units. The draw-down data collected during pump test were analysed to determine the aquifer characteristics, namely the storage coefficient (S) and the transmissibility coefficient (T). The methods adopted were Jacob and Modified Theis for unconfined conditions and Hantush Inflection Point method for semi-confined conditions. The values of S and T were estimated in the ranges of 1.395 x 1&4 - 3.94 X 1&4 and 1096 - 1424 m² /day, respectivey.

2 tables, 6 ref

004067   Bagde M N (NO, Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research, Regional Center, MECL Bhavan, Seminary Hills, Nagpur-440 006) : Fracture and fragmentation of rock under cyclical loading. Indian Min Engng J 2009, 48(12), 14-8.

By means of a cyclic loading in a uniaxial compression with the MTS 816 Rock Test System, the fatigue strength and fragmentation of sandstone was measured for a various loading frequencies and amplitude. It was found that fragmentation of the rock increased at low loading frequency than that at high loading frequency. Micro-observations for fractured rock specimens indicated that, in thin section prepared of a specimen subjected to a cyclic loading, there were clear crack branching or bifurcation, and the lower the loading frequency were, the more branching cracks were developed. Finally, some applications of this investigation in engineering practice were discussed.

2 illus, 3 tables, 23 ref

004066   Azad Sohail M;Ismail Mustafa A;Abdul Gafur M (NO, Central Chemical Research Lab, Ghorasal Thermal Power Station, BPDB, Narsingdi 1610, Bangladesh, Email: masohail2004@yahoo.com) : Boiler tube failures (BTFs) in natural circulation high pressure drum boiler of a power station. J scient ind Res 2009, 68(1), 61-5.

Assesses boiler tube failures (BTFs), especially in boiler water wall tubes (BWWTs) for a natural circulation high-pressure fossil (natural gas) drum boiler unit (TIME-COB-206, Russia). Metallographic (micro and macrostructural) examinations of BWWTs materials (carbon steel, Russia) were carried out extensively. Analyses of carbon (mild) steels (0.22% C) revealed distinctive changes in ferrite-pearlite distribution, might be due to decarburization. Huge pits, few grooves followed by flow lines were observed on internal surfaces of BWWTs with respect to length of power plant operation. Corrosions or scaling in BWWTs depicted one of the major causes of BTFs in fossil units with drum boilers usually treated by coordinated phosphates.

6 illus, 2 tables, 15 ref

004065   Atul Kumar;Dilip Kumar;Jaiswal D K;Naveen Kumar (Mathematics Dep, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221 005) : Analytical solutions of one-dimensional advection - diffusion equation with variable coefficients in a finite domain. J Earth Syst Sci 2009, 118(5), 539-49.

Analytical solutions are obtained for one-dimensional advection-diffusion equation with variable coefficients in a longitudinal finite initially solute free domain, for two dispersion problems. In the first one, temporally dependent solute dispersion along uniform flow in homogeneous domain is studied. In the second problem the velocity is considered spatially dependent due to the inhomo-geneity of the domain and the dispersion is considered proportional to the square of the velocity. The velocity is linearly interpolated to represent small increase in it along the finite domain. This analytical solution is compared with the numerical solution in case the dispersion is proportional to the same linearly interpolated velocity. The input condition is considered continuous of uniform and of increasing nature both. The analytical solutions are obtained by using Laplace transformation technique. In that process new independent space and time variables have been introduced. The effects of the dependency of dispersion with time and the inhomogeneity of the domain on the solute transport are studied separately with the help of graphs.

5 illus, 1 table

004064   Ammari A;Remini B (Higher National School of Hydraulics, , 09000 Blida Algeria, Email: ammariabdelhadi@yahoo.fr ) : Estimation of river discharges based one Chiu's`equation. J Indian Wat Wks Ass 2009, 41(2), 103-9.

The introduction of the entropy concept in hydraulics by Chiu gives the possibility to develop a simple method to measure discharges in natural streams. The Application of this method on four streams in north Algeria made a possibility to develop a linear mean-max velocity models, deduce the entropy parameters and the cross sectional areas expressions for all streams in order to obtain the water discharges easily with minimum errors. The Chiu' s velocity distribution equation was also checked for a large range of discharges, water levels, and flow pattern, where it proves its efficacy.

6 illus, 4 tables, 12 ref

004063   Alves S S;Saidel M A;Kurahassi L F (Power Systems Engineering Dep, Engineering School of the University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo, Brazil, Email: sizenandoalves@gmail.com) : Technological procurements as a tool to enhance te brazilian energy efficiency public policies. J Envir Res Dev 2010, 5(1), 180-90.

Energy efficiency is a significant issue in terms of natural resource conservation and climate change, particularly due to the accruing fuel savings and reduced emission of greenhouse gases. Technological Procurements that aim at enhancing energy efficiency indexes and include in their clauses large initial purchases are powerful market transformation tools, both by introducing in the market and increasing the market share of the products and services developed in their wake. Although such market transformation is a key component for energy efficiency policies, the Brazilian legal framework is currently quite unfavourable to this particular kind of bidding (Law 8666/93 on Public Biddings). In order to provide a base on which to discuss in which way to modify this legal framework so as to better allow for those Procurements and the rationales behind such alterations, the working mechanism of this type of public bidding will be described and results of similar initiatives around the world will be summarized. Related Brazilian law will be briefly reported on. Preliminary findings give reason to believe that it is possible to make those Technological Procurements fully feasible in the Brazilian case, by enacting new legislation in the mould of the Technological Innovation Law (Decree 5563/2005), which on its turn will allow for significant contributions for the development of Brazilian technologies in energy efficiency, better Brazilian energy policies and enhanced protection to the environment in Brazil.

17 ref

004062   Alam J B;Munna G M;Ahmed A A M (Civil and Environmental Engineering Dep, Shahjalal University of Science Technology, Sylhet, (Bangladesh), Email: jahiralam@yahoo.com) : Evaluation of existing pavement of sylhet sunamjong road by dynamic cone penetrometer. J Envir Res Dev 2010, 5(1), 1-11.

The work was conducted on that was the only way of passers and others. The evaluation of existing pavement (thickness and strength of flexible pavement of Sylhet-Sunamjong road expressed in CBR) was generally measured by DC '. The test was conducted for determining strength and thickness of pavement layers (subªgrade, sub-base, base and surface) of Sylhet-Sunamjong road in its existing condition and the impacts and effective solution of its at present and future traffic loading. It was used for easy operation, least time consuming and most effective method with respect to other methods (such as CBR test). The CBR value and thickness of the pavement layers were found 80 %, 55 % and 16 % and 80 mm, 120 mm and 170 mm for surface, base and sub-base respectively by DCP. The required thickness of that layer was found 100 mm, 140 mm and 180 mm corresponding to present traffic loading. This differentiation of different layer thickness may be occurred due to improper gradation, bed quality control in design and operation etc. different type of failures of pavement manifested such as pothole formation, corrugation, depression, cracking etc. Polished Stone Value (PSV) was found in the range of 53-57.

4 illus, 9 tables, 12 ref

004061   Ajit Kumar;Amish Kumar;Rajeev Kumar;Sudarsan J S (Environmental Engineering Dep, SRM University, Kattankulathur-603 203) : Biogas manure (BGM) from mixed kitchen waste: a trail study. J Envir Res Dev 2010, 5(1), 164-71.

Prototype anaerobic model of 4.37 m³ was developed for the study of biogas production and biogas manure from the mixed kitchen waste generated from SRM University hostels. It was developed for a trail study for establishment of 90 m³ biogas plant in the campus. SRM hostels consists of 12 Block with 4 kitchens cooking food for more than 6000 students. It was estimated that an average food waste (cooked and uncooked) per person was 200 gm. The option available for management of this huge kitchen waste was open land disposal and as animal feed. The reactor was filled with 2/3rd of its capacity with mixed kitchen waste, cow dung and sewage in definite proportiona. The retention period was maintained for 40 days. The biogas is evolved during the period of digestion its was simple exhausted in atmosphere. The study was mainly based on biogas manure quality which was produced after the digestion of kitchen waste. After the 40 days semi-liquid biogas slurry was obtained. This semi-liquid slurry was used for the manure analysis. Total 6 composite samples of biogas slurry was analysed on oven dry basis. An average percentage of nutrient in these samples were found to be 2.02% nitrogen, 0.69% phosphorus and 1.11 % potassium respectively. The nutrient value was compared with the other biogas manure which was estimated by Regional Centre for Biogas development IIT, Kharagpur, India State: W. Bengal. The biogas manure which produced by kitchen waste is good of manure.

1 illus, 4 tables, 15 ref

004060   Ahmad I;Nayak S;Verma M K;Tripathi R K (Civil Engineering Dep, NIT Raipur, Raipur (C.G.)-492 010, Email: ia_friends2000@yahoo.co.in) : Fuzzy logic approach in developing rainfall-runoff model for Dudhawa reservoir. J Indian Wat Wks Ass 2009, 41(1), 75-80.

Rainfall-runoff relationships are widely used in many engineering hydrologic designs. In many studies, such relationships are obtained through the application of regression analysis. Unfortunately, in the classical regression approach to determine rainfall-runoff relationships, internal uncertainties are not taken into consideration. For this, an alternative to the classical regression approach is proposed through fuzzy logic model. The application has been presented for basin of Dudhawa reservoir Mahanadi River at Kanker district of Chhattisgarh State in India.

3 illus, 1 table, 9 ref

004059   Ahluwalia P (NO, TCE Consulting Engineers Limited, 17-18 Zamrudpur Commercial Complex Kailash Colony Extension New Delhi-110 048) : Water tariff structures. J Indian Wat Wks Ass 2009, 41(3), 213-19.

Basic water supply is crucial to effectively address the challenges of both urban and rural development. Municipal authorities/state governments in developing nations are especially hard pressed to design, develop and finance the basic urban services such as safe and reliable water supply. Various studies on the subject clearly highlight the need for changes in the management practices such as metering; applying appropriate user charges; reducing water losses; increasing water availability; coverage etc. to effectively combat the problem. The present study attempts to review the various tariff structures present in different municipalities of India and abroad and lists the reasons documented by selected municipalities for choosing a particular tariff structure. The conclusions of different studies on improvements required in the existing tariff systems are also documented.

5 tables, 24 ref

004058   Agarwal A K;Kulkarni P B (Civil Engineering Dep, SRKNEC, Nagpur) : Green buildings: a solution for sustainable development of mineral resources. Indian Min Engng J 2009, 48(10), 23-6.

The ancestors worshiped the five elements of nature namely- Prithvi (Earth), Jal (Water), Agni (Energy), Vayu (Air) andAkash (Sky)⁵. Once again we are returning to these five elements for constructing the new houses for the sustainable growth of natural resources. These buildings are known as Green building or sustainable building. Green buildings are designed to meet certain objectives such as protecting occupant health; improving employee productivity; using energy, water, and other resources more efficiently; and reducing the overall impact to the environment. In this paper an emphasis is given to increase the awareness about the green buildings. The present status of green buildings in India and how these building can help us for sustainable development of mineral resources is discussed in this paper. As the trends indicates, these will become cheaper then the conventional buildings in the near future.

3 tables, 17 ref

004057   Abida Begum;Hari Krishna S;Khan I (Chemistry Dep, P.E.S. School of Engineering, Bangalore-560 100) : Fertilizer application and irrigation effects on nitrate-N leaching in paddy crop fields near Cauvery river basin. Nat Envir Pollut Technol 2009, 8(1), 171-8.

Fertilizer leaching affects farm profitability and contributes to nonpoint source pollution of receiving waters. The objective of the study was to evaluate nitrate leaching, i.e., nitrogen export for six application rates of inorganic fertilizer and two applications of cattle manure (A-50, B-75, C-150 D- 200, E-225 and F-350 G_CM 150 and HCM 200 Mg/ha) from the irrigated lands in Mandya district near Cauvery basin (65.51% ha). Nitrogen (N) fertilization/application in the district was determined through interviews with local farmers for the years 2006, and NO₃-N load in the plots was monitored during the irrigation period and non irrigation period. The most fertilized crop in the region was paddy. The moderate nitrogen fertilizer rates in fields A, B and C were able to completely cover the N needs of irrigated paddy. Low nitrogen fertilizer rate in field A with sufficient side dressing was best as it did not pollute the surroundings with nitrogen leachate and the crop yield was also good. In case of fields D and E, nitrogen fertilization was higher than N uptake for irrigated crops and indiscriminate use of fertilizer did not increase the paddy yield, in contrast the high fertilizer rate above the nitrogen crop need, produced highest risk of pollution to water resources due to higher nitrate concentrations in drainage. In the field F, the crop yield was not quite good as there was no side dressing which also produced risk to environment. In fields G and H, crop yield was good and also negligible pollution since only cattle manure was applied with sufficient side dressing.

3 illus, 4 tables, 9 ref

004056    (NO, Sreenidhi Institute of Science & Tech, Hydrabad) : WHO guidelines for the safe use of wastewater for irrigation. J Indian Wat Wks Ass 2009, 41(1), 14-20.

4 tables

002995   Yugandhar R M (NO, V.J.F. Press Club, Vizag) : Bauxite mining is a threat to environment. Indian Min Engng J 2009, 48(7), 45-6.

002994   Viswanath;Sharma G V R K (Geology Dep, Andhra Univ, Visakhapatnam) : Mazic of silica leching-bauxite and iron ore. Indian Min Engng J 2009, 48(6), 15-6.

The archean rocks of high altitudes of eastern ghats and its northern extension in singhbhum and the southern limb at Shevaroy hills in Tamil Nadu, besides bailadilla iron ores are a product of silica leaching. This gives rise to bauxite deposits in north central part of Eastern Ghats in the states on Andhra Pradesh and Orissa besides Jharkhand and Tamil Nadu. The iron ores of huge proportion of very high quality in billions of tons were enriched by the same silica removal in the states of Orissa, Chattisgarh andjharkhand. An analogy was drawn and discussed thoroughly while giving some of the sketches of thought on this geological (Geo-chemical) process that gives rises to bauxite and iron ores that can be estimated over ten lakhs crores of rupees in economical terms.

3 illus, 1 table, ref

002993   Venkatesh H S;Theresraj A I;Balachandr R (NO, NIRM, Champion Reef Post, K.G.F, Karnataka-563 117) : Blast vibration studies by NIRM at different mines of NMDC. Indian Min Engng J 2009, 48(2), 58-62.

10 illus, 5 ref

002992   Vasudev K (Civil and Environmental Engineering Dep, West Indies Univ, St. Augustine Campus) : Impact of bauxite mining in the states of Andhra Pradesh and Orissa on environment. Indian Min Engng J 2009, 48(7), 65-70.

India possesses large quantity of bauxite reserves with about 89% of recoverable reserves of bauxite is of metallurgical grade and stands 5th in rank in the world. Major bauxite reserves are concentrated in the 'East Coast Bauxite' deposits of Andhra Pradesh and Orissa States. The State Government of Orissa started bauxite mining in mid-1980s with the Establishment of NALCO in Damanjodi. It has also granted mining leases for two more deposits. The state Government of Andhra Pradesh having got around 700 million tones of bauxite deposits with major reserves in the tribal areas of Visakhapatnam has decided to give impetus to mineral based industry. The Andhra Pradesh Mineral Development Corporation Ltd. (APMDC) as a nodal agency proposes to acquire mining leases for bauxite and supply 3 million tones per annum for alumina. Mining activity in the reserve forest areas in Andhra Pradesh and also Orissa State causes a great adverse impact on the environment in those areas. It also causes dislocation and disturbance to the lives of the local tribal inhabitants. In this context, the environmental issues and the remedies are discussed.

1 illus, 2 tables, 5 ref

002991   Tiu S;Bhagavan G V G K (NO, IBM, Bhubaneswar) : Overview of bauxite mining in Orissa. Indian Min Engng J 2009, 48(6), 1-8.

Authors dealt with the various aspects like Geology of bauxite areas in Orissa; Reserves resources of bauxite; chemical and mineralogical characteristics of bauxite, PLK, KK and red mud; leases status in Orissa; existing eco-friendly mining practices; production trend; end use of bauxite in Orissa, environmental aspects and future out look.

10 tables, 5 ref

002990   Thakre S B;Bhuyar L B (Mechanical Engineering Dep, PRM Institute of Technology and Research, Badmera-444 607, Email: sbthakre2007@rediffmail.com) : Evaluation of optimum overall O₂ transfer co-efficient for 'Curved blade aerator' with respect to oxidation ditch. Ecol Envir Conserv 2009, 15(1), 77-80.

This paper examines the use of curved blade aerator for oxidation-Ditch process. The rotor, which controls the aeration, is the main component of the aeration process. Therefore, the objective of this study is to find out the variations in overall oxygen transfer coefficient (K_La) for different configuration of aerators by varying the parameters like speed of aerator, depth of immersion, so as to yield higher values of K_La & simultaneously should consume less power. Four aerators of different configuration were developed and fabricated in the laboratory and were tested for above mentioned parameters. In laboratory studies, the optimum value of K_La was observed to be 10.33 ^-1 for speed 48 rpm, depth of immersion 5.5cm.

6 illus, 2 tables, 13 ref

002989   Thakor A L (NO, GMDC Ltd, Ahmedabad) : Detergent grade zeolite form aluminium tri hydrate (ATH). Indian Min Engng J 2009, 48(6), 33-4.

002988   Swain R;Bhimarao R (Institue of Minerals and Material Technology, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, Bhubaneswar-751 013) : Grindability studies of partially laterised Khondalite rocks generated from the bauxite mine. Indian Min Engng J 2009, 48(6), 29-32.

Deals with the grindability characters of bauxite and associated khondalite rocks. Effect of grinding time on the khondalite rocks and Bond's work index on bauxite and partially laterised khondalite (PLK) rocks has been studied and the results are discussed. The results of these investigations reveal that the grindability of bauxite and associated khondalite rocks are almost similar. The bond work index determined for typical PLK rock is 7.9 kWh/ton and for bauxite is 8.2 kWh/ton. The power requirement for this type of PLK rock and bauxite is 7.4 kWh/Sh. ton and 8.9 kWh/Sh. ton respectively.

4 illus, 4 tables, 7 ref

002987   Suneet Kaur;Surjeet Singh (Civil Engineering Dep, MANIT, Bhopal) : Experimental vibration analysis of structures for condition monitoring. Indian Highw 2009, 37(12), 27-32.

Most structures vibrate when subjected to dynamic forces. The dynamic behaviour or vibration characteristics of a structure is dependent on stiffness & damping characteristics of the material of construction, as also its mass distribution and geometrical shape of the structure. Any forced or free dynamic response of a structure can be reduced to a discrete set of modes and each mode can then be represented by a Single Degree of Freedom model. In the frequency domain, the modal frequency response to an excitation is a function of the Frequency Response Function (FRF), a non-parametric. Modal frequencies in a range of interest can be determined by vibration analysis and the relation between the stiffness and the frequency can be used to monitor the loss of rigidity over time of a structure or structural component. This non-destructive technique can thus be usefully employed in condition-monitoring of structures. This Paper describes-experimental vibration analysis of a Box-Girder superstructure of Kanthal Bridge in km 170 on Indore - Kota road in Madhya Pradesh carried out about a year subsequent to its repair by epoxy grouting and other repair work, during a three-year period, to ascertain the efficacy of the rehabilitation work.

4 illus, 4 tables, 7 ref

002986   Sundara Raman R;Sankara Narayanan G (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Indian Naval Academy, Ministry of Defence, Government of India, Ezhimala-670 310, Email: sundararaman79@yahoo.co.in) : Rural electrification by renewable energy. Energy Fuel Users J 2010, 59(4), 8-12.

In the development of rural India, employment generation is the most fundamental issue to be addressed, which, in today's context, is very closely connected to the power supply to villages. Decentralized power supply is being increasingly recognized as having greater potential for supplying quality power to the remote areas as compared to the conventional centralized supply. Biomass gasification has emerged as a very promising technology in this regard and hence must be utilized to its full potential for rural electrification. In this paper, an effort has been made to draw attention to the suitability of this technology for power supply to villages and also to the challenges, which must be addressed for effective use of technology. Many issues, which need careful consideration, like resource and demand assessment, various aspects of plant management, economics and government policies have been discussed.

9 ref

002985   Singh R K;Sawmliana C;Mandal S K;Pal Roy P (NO, Central Mining Research Institute, Dhanbad-826 001) : Controlled blasting near water reservoirs. Indian Min Engng J 2009, 48(5), 10-15.

Development of a country depends upon the mineral resources available and their economic exploitation for use in various industries. Iron ore is one of such minerals of immense importance in the continual growth of any country. India has about 18 billion tonnes of iron ore resources. The country's consumption is rising and is expected to match with China's 300 million tonnes, which is nearly 75 million tonnes more than the present production level. To cope-up with the increasing demand, excavation of iron ore from sensitive locations under difficult geo-environment conditions is pre-requisite. At Kiriburu Iron Ore Mine of Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL), iron ores had to be extracted nearby four water reservoirs for fulfilling the requirement of various steel plants. This paper presents the results of one of the experimental blasts undertaken by the authors, which was advised to be implemented (or practiced) in the mine on daily-basis for safe and efficient exploitation of iron ore nearby these water reservoirs. The water reservoirs, four in numbers, were located at 35 m from the blasting site. Compu-Blast software was utilized for determining numerous blast design parameters and firing patterns. Nonel initiation system was used for proper fragmentation and controlled breakage of the surrounding rock.

5 illus, 3 tables, 6 ref

002984   Singh B;Oraon;Pradeep Kumar (Geology Dep, DST-FIST Sponsored, Ranchi Univ, Ranchi-834 008) : Characterization of china clay occurrences in bauxitic terrain of Lohardaga (Jharkhand). Indian Min Engng J 2009, 48(7), 99-103.

Bauxitic terrain in Lohardaga district is containing Bauxites, Lithomarge, laterites and China Clay occurrences. China Clay deposits of Lohardaga reveal a good prospect for various industrial applications on the basis of detailed geological and geochemical characterisation using XRF and ICF techniques. The present works aims to study the china clay deposits around Bagru-Bhusar bauxite mining area and are found to exist in varied colours due to abundance of significant amount of trace elements like Zr, Cr, V and Th whereas deficient Co, Ni. A detailed further study is in progress under the Ph. D. Thesis research of Ranchi University.

7 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

002983   Singh B;Oraon P K (Geology Dep, DST- FIST Sponsored, Ranchi Univ, Ranchi-834 008) : Water quality in bauxite mining areas of Lohardaga Jharkhand. Indian Min Engng J 2009, 48(6), 35-42.

Present area famous for its huge bauxite deposits in Jharkhand is underlain by Precambrian rocks of Chhotanagpur granite and gneisses, phyllites, schists and laterites. Water quality investigations in this belt is least studied. Present work aims to address this vital issue. Water samples from 4 existing bore wells and 3 harvesting ponds were systematically collected in the Pre Monsoon period and chemically analysed to assess the water quality with reference to drinking, vegetation and industrial uses. Electrical Conductivity varies from 289.6 -312.6 μs/cm, Chlorides between 14.3-21.8, Calcium ion 28.4-31.2, Magnesium ion 8.5 - 10.1, Hardness 109.0 - 116.0 mg/l in ground water where as the values for surface water range between 183.4 -219.3us/cm (EC), 35.45 - 42.8 (Cl²), 26.2 - 34.4(Ca), 2.7-3.6(Mg), 76.1-92.4 (H) mg/l in surface water. The variations in these parameters cause an obvious concern due to its adverse impact on the health of local population. EC, Residual free Chlorine, Chlorides, Hardness, Calcium, Sulphate Nitrate and Zinc have been found yielding an anomalous pattern, which requires to be investigated are suggested. It has been traced that the SO₄^2-8.0 - 12.4 mg/l) and Mg (8.5 - 10.1 mg/l) is analysed to be deficient with respect to the Standard specification (SO₄^2- "200 mg/l') (Mg²⁺"30 mg/l") as per IS: 10500:1999. Gastrointestinal irritation can persist if added with Sodium in the concentrations apart from other elements.

1 illus, 7 tables, 17 ref

002982   Singh B;Oraon P K (Geology Dep, Ranchi Univ, Ranchi-834 008) : Hydrogeological investigations in parts of Bagru-Bhusar bauxite mines, district-Lohardaga, Jharkhand. Indian Min Engng J 2009, 48(6), 23-8.

The area under investigation is underlain by the Chhotanagpur Granite Gneissic Complex. This is overlain by a varying profile of Bauxite, Laterite, Lithomarge and China-Clay. The thickness of the weathered profile varies from 4.0 to 12m thick b.g.l. Depth of water table varies from 34.45 to 55.93m b.g.l. In parts of Bagru-Bhusar plateau of Lohardaga is mainly drained by the South Koel and Sankh River and its tributaries. From the groundwater exploration point of view the area is divided into a two distinct hydrogeolog/cal units massive crystalline rocks unsuitable for groundwater development and thick zone of weathered rocks with rich latehtes is suitable for ground water development highly required for domestic as well as irrigation purposes. There is good scope for Ground Water development through deep borewell in this region. The bauxite exploration comprises is taking several measures for ground water recharging through the rainwater harvesting ponds, reservoirs and to controlling measures for soil erosion through plantation.

7 illus, 3 tables, 14 ref

002981   Shrestha K K;Jhajharia D;Srivastava D K (Irrigation Dep, Jawalkhel, Lalitpur, Kathmandu, Nepal) : System analysis of reservoirs in Maner sub basin of the Godavari river basin. J Indian Wat Resour Soc 2010, 30(4), 30-7.

The Integrated Reservoir Yield model (IRYM), an implicit stochastic-based LP approach, is applied to a multiple multipurpose reservoirs system, consisting of two major reservoirs: Maner, Lower Maner; and four medium reservoirs: Shanigarm, Salivagu, Ramappa Lake and Boggulavagu, of Maner sub-basin of the Godavari River basin to estimate the optimal annual multi-yields of pre-defined reliabilities and the optimal crop plan. The target CCA, crop plan and water utilization of each reservoir, for the planning horizon of 2050 AD, were adopted as proposed by NWDA. The results obtained through the IRYM were compared with the values proposed by NWDA. The total annual yields of six reservoirs of Maner sub-basin obtained from the IRYM were found to be 2258.90 MCM in contrast to the total annual target water demand of 2676.29 MCM. The optimal crop plans obtained through the IRYM were similar to or slightly varying with the crop plan proposed by NWDA for all the reservoirs except Ramappa Lake and Boggulavagu, and hence the proposed CCA of these two reservoirs needs to be re-examined.

6 illus, 1 table, 13 ref