018946   Islam M R;Toufiq R (NO, , ) : Discrete hidden markov model based face recognition system introducing sustainability of uneven lighting distortion. Trends electl Engng 2014, 4(1), 9-16.

Aim of this work is to enhance the performance of appearance based face recognition system to remove the uneven lighting effect which is generally occurred in natural environment. Active Shape Model has been used to detect the facial shape and contrast based edge detection technique has been applied to reduce the uneven lighting problem. Linear Discriminant Analysis has been used to reduce the dimension of the facial feature vector. Discrete Hidden Markov Model has used for learning and testing model for create template for each human face and recognize those pattern. Extended Yale face database has used to measure the performance of the proposed face recognition system with the existence of various uneven lighting effects. Experimental results and performance analysis show superiority of the proposed system with different variations of light with the rate of change of azimuth and elevation.

018945   Durairajan A;Kavitha T;Rajendran A; Kumaraswamidhas L A (Mechanical Engineering Dep, K.S.R. College of Engineering, Tiruchengode, Tamil Nadu, Email: nanodurairajan@gmail.com) : Heat transfer intensification by nanofluids- an outline. J scient ind Res 2014, 73(11), 211-12.

Nanofluids is a new benevolent of heat transfer medium, containing nanoparticles (1-100 nm)which are consistently and sturdily distributed in a base fluid such as water, ethylene glycol, methanol or oil. Nanofluids have been well-thought-out for applications as heat transfer fluids for virtually twofold decades. In this article, a brief outline has been accessible to allocate the unique features of nanofluids, their promising synthetic ways, and different thermal conductivity enhancement levels of heat transfer by nanofluid.

10 ref

018944   Dinesh Kumar;Sharma A;Shukla A K N (NO, , ) : Mathematical modeling of managed pressure drilling. J Petrol Engng Technol 2014, 4(3), 9-17.

Managed pressure drilling (MPD) is an adaptive pressure drilling technique, which is preferably used in matured oil fields. This brings in the various issues of matured fields which can be easily managed by the MPD. Paper presents the mind map which can be used for further development of this technique. Further, it also presents the parametric mathematical modeling of MPD which can be used for adaptive control and demonstration. Four different index numbers are proposed to take into account of formation, viscosity, flow and pressure.

018943   Chunn A;Sohal H (NO, , ) : Design and analysis of bootstrap sample and hold circuit. J Elect Des Technol 2014, 5(3), 7-14.

This paper describes the design and implementation of open-loop sample and hold-circuit using bootstrap technique, which can be used as front end sampling circuit for high-speed analog-to-digital converters. Different design criteria, viz., speed, power, resolution, linearity, noise and harmonic analysis have been dealt with. Both theoretical analysis and simulation results are carried out. The bootstrap circuit is designed and then compared in a 0.18 and 0.35 μm CMOS process. It is observed that signal-to-noise and distortion ratio (SNDR) and effective number of bits (ENOB) are higher for 0.35 μm technology. But these advantages are at the cost of higher power dissipation. Hence, there exists a trade-off between these performance metrics.

018942   Chopra K N (Applied Physics Dep, Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology, GGSIP Univ, Rohini, New Delhi-110 086, Email: kchopra.2003@gmail.com) : A technical note on magnetic tunneling junctions, their types, structures and significance in Spintronics. Invertis J Sci Technol 2014, 7(4), 246-54.

Spintronics is a newly evolving field, which is based on the spin of electrons for the flow of current, and not on the movement of electrons, which is the case with electronics. The Magnetic Tunneling Junction (MTj) is a multilayered thin film structure, fabricated by the sandwiching of an insulator between an inner hard ferromagnet, and an outer soft ferromagnet, and this junction plays a very significant role in the device fabrication of spintronic devices. The purpose of this technical note is to discuss the significance of the MTJ, and the Tunnel Magnetoresistance (TMR) in the designing of some of the spintronic devices, besides presenting the mathematical modeling of the MTJ. An attempt has also been made to review some of the recent exciting research studies on MTJs and MTR.

2 illus, 32 ref

018941   Chang L;Zhang J Q;Zhang M F;Wang Y F;Li B M (NO, , No. 36 Research Institute of CETC, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China) : Bandwidth improvement of a printed log-periodic antenna. IETE Tech Rev 2014, 31(4), 266-9.

A new printed log-periodic microstrip antenna (LPMA) with extended bandwidth based on a composite right/left-handed transmission line (CRLH-TL) is proposed. The microstrip patches composed of mushroom structures are placed in a log-periodic way, so that the characteristic of bandwidth enhancement can be achieved. The proposed antenna is verified by both full-wave simulations and experiments. The measured results show that the impedance bandwidth of the antenna with only five elements is from 4.2 to 8.5 GHz for VSWR <60> 3, and good radiation performance is achieved.

7 illus, 13 ref

018940   Anand Prakash;Gupta G (Electronics and Communication Engineering Dep, Invertis Univ, Bareilly, India-243 123, Email: anandprakash@gmail.com) : Localization error estimation in WSNs: a comparative case study. Invertis J Sci Technol 2014, 8(1), 5-9.

Smart environments represent the next evolutionary development step in building, utilities, industrial, home, shipboard, and transportation systems automation. Like any sentient organism, the smart environment relies first and foremost on sensory data from the real world. Sensory data comes from multiple sensors of different modalities in distributed locations. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) consist of sensor nodes that broadcast a message within a network. Efficient broadcasting is a key requirement in sensor networks and has been a focal point of research over the last few years. There are many challenging tasks in the network, including redundancy control, average localization error, sensor node localization that decides the reliability of network. Efficient sensor node localization algorithm is a research highlight in the applications of WSNs. An event information with few node location information is meaningless in practical application so localization become a important point of concern. In this paper, we propose a comparative study of the two localization algorithm high-resolution range-independent localization (HiRLoc) and secure robust localization (SeRLoc). The comparison is done by using dual antenna.

5 illus, 6 tables, 10 ref

018164   Thanuja M N;Pillai N N (GHSS Devarshola, , The Nilgiris) : Lattice parameter, Density and microhardness studies on Na_xkl-xbr crystals grown from aqueous solution. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2015, 4(2), 30-3.

Mixed crystal of alkali halides and their applications m optical, opto electronics and electronic devices. Binary mixed crystals of NaBr and KBr were grown by the slow evaporation method. Densities and refractive indices of all the grown crystals were determined and also used for the estimation of the bulk composition in crystal lattice parameters and hardness values were determined by XRD and Vicker's micro hardness measurements respectively. The detailed results are reported in this paper.

3 illus, 3 tables, 17 ref

018163   Thakur S K R;Mathew M;Sharma S C (Materials and Mechanical Entity, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Indian Space Research Organisation, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala) : Carbon/carbon composite vane. Bhartiya Krishi Anusandhan Patrika 2014, 22(2), 87-93.

Gas motor is used in the control system of a launch vehicle and power generation system of a space vehicle. Mainly two types of systems are used to control system of a launch vehicle. One is active and the other one is a passive system. Active system is preferred over the passive system. Hot gas motor is used in active control system. Three options are available for the power generation in space vehicle. First is battery, second is fuel cell and third is generator. On comparing with first two options generator was found to be a better choice due to availability of plenty of hot gas in the launch vehicle. Among this vane based hot gas motor is more convenient. Vane is chief constituent of a hot gas motor. For the fabrication of vane continuous carbon fiber reinforced carbon matrix composites are extensively studied and used. However, discrete length carbon fiber reinforced composites which have low cost as compared to continuous carbon fiber reinforced carbon matrix composites are not much explored. In the last few years, the demand of discrete fiber reinforced composites has increased in many fields. The main reason behind this is ease in their fabrication and their flexibility to fabricate complex shapes. We have developed one such discrete carbon fiber reinforced carbon matrix composite. In this research paper, the randomly oriented carbon/carbon composite fabricated through patented process is explored to fabricate the vane of a hot gas motor used in the sub-system of a launch vehicle. The discrete carbon fiber reinforced carbon matrix composite vane was found excellent and effective as compared to conventional ones.

7 illus, 5 tables, 21 ref

018162   Sinha U K;Monika;Sharma S P;Seksena S B L; Saurav S (Electrical Engineering Dep, National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur) : Comparison of thermal behavior of solar ponds with flat and corrugated bottom. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2015, 4(2), 10-21.

Heat extraction from the lower convective zone or storage zone of salinity gradient solar pond with corrugated bottom is investigated with the aim of increasing the overall efficiency of collecting solar radiation, storing heat and delivering this heat to different applications.' The energy balance equations for each zone have been used to develop the expression of temperature distribution in the solar pond. Then this equation has been used to develop the equation for efficiency of the solar pond. The analysis is based on the boundary conditions at the interface between the zones and the matching conditions. In this method, heat is extracted from the storage zone of the solar pond. A theoretical analysis is conducted to obtain expression for the variation of temperature with depth of solar pond. The dependence of the energy efficiency of the solar pond on the thickness of storage zone, temperature of delivered heat, variation combinations of the pond and storage zone heat extraction only explored. The theoretical analysis suggests that heat extraction from the storage zone has the potential to increase the overall efficiency of a solar pond delivering heat at a relatively high temperature by up to 50 %, compared with the conventional solar pond method of heat extraction solely from the storage zone. Tile potential gain in efficiency using storage zone heat extraction is attributed to the storage zone that can be achieved with this method. The results are then obtained by computer simulation. The effects of system and operating parameter of the solar pond like area enhancement factor (β) heat extraction rate, heat capacity rate and depth of the pond on the temperature distribution and efficiency have been developed. It has been found that the temperature distribution in the solar pond is a strong function of system and operating parameters.

10 illus, 11 ref

018161   Singha V;Rajesh S (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Bapuji Institute of Engineering and Technology, Davangere) : Stability analyis of biodiesel, ethanol and diesel blends and performance testing of CI engine withthese stable blends. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2015, 4(2), 77-81.

The work is carried out to determine the feasibility of extents of using the ternary mixtures of ethanol-biodiesel-diesel(EBD) with maximum reduction of the fossil fuel(diesel) without sacrificing much of the advantages of unblended fossil fuel. Experiments are done to list off the beneficial properties that can be expected in blending the three fuels(EBD) keeping the biodiesel parameter constant at 50% and varying other components.The physical properties like Viscosity, density, Calorific Value, Flash Point, Fire Point, Cloud, Point, Pour Point are determined so as to compare with the diesel. The engine performance such as brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), mechanical efficiency (ME), etc. of the blends are tested with the increase in ethanol content in the blended fuel at overall operating conditions .The emissions such as CO, HC, NO_x, etc. are tested for detecting the influence of increasing ethanol and its suitability to the environmental standards without an modifications in the existing Compression ignition engines.

2 illus, 3 tables, 4 ref

018160   Shali V S;Freeda T H;Pillai N N (Basic Engineering Dep, Cape Polytechnic College, Aralvoimozhi, Tamilnadu) : Growth and Structural studies of TGS_xP_l-x single crystals. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2015, 4(2), 26-9.

TGS_x Pl-x binary mixed crystals were grown from an aqueous solution by slow evaporation technique. The grown crystals were characterized structurally and chemically by taking XRD, EDAX, FTIR and measuring the density. The XRD data shown that the mixed crystals belong to monoclinic structure. The lattice parameter calculated obeys both Vegard's law and Retger's rule. The FTIR spectra confirms the functional groups.

3 illus, 3 tables, 6 ref

018159   Sasi S;Swarna Jyothi L (Telecommunication Engineering Dep, Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering, Bangalore, Karnataka) : Heuristic cryptosystem based on bernstein polynomial on Galois fields GF(P) and GF(2<. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2015, 4(2), 34-8.

Public key cryptosystem or the asymmetric crypto system is more secure than secret key method because a pair of related key is being used by both sender and receiver. The problem occurring in most of the cryptosystem is plain text being considered as an integer number that leads to poor security. In this paper we propose an efficient polynomial based public key cryptography technique over Galois field GF(p) and extended to GF(2^{m), which considers plaint text as a (x,y) coordinate elements derived from the polynomial.}

5 illus, 2 tables, 7 ref

018158   Rajoria S K;Modi B (Power System, SKIT, Jaipur) : Power quality improvement by input current harmonic reduction using three-phase multi-pulse AC-DC converter. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2015, 4(2), 125-30.

This is a well-known fact that during a transformer-rectifier combination undesirable harmonic line currents may be generated. The rectification of alternating current power to direct current power itself may produce undesirable current harmonics. The non-linear loads cause the severe current armonics that can not be tolerated. These harmonic currents can cause either a shutdown of the device or the unacceptable powering of the devices. The non-isolated multi-pulse converters and the Multi-pulse converters in general call be applied to achieve the clean power which is of major priority in higher power rating applications. Generally, by increasing the number of pulses in a multi pulse converter THD (total harmonic distortion) can be reduce up the allowable limits. The present work is to analyses the different multi-pulse AC to DC (I8-pulse, 24-pulse, 36-pulse, and 48-pules) converters in solving the harmonic problem in a three-phase converter tern. The effect of increasing the number of pulses on the performance of ac-dc converters is analyzed. THD is the major factor considered for the performance comparison of various converters.

18 illus, 1 table, 6 ref

018157   Prasad P S;Kishor Kumar;Negi I S;Kathait A (Geotechnical Engineering Div, CSIR-CSRI, New Delhi-110 025) : Design of remedial measures at lukhbir slide on NH-31A. J Engng Geol 2014, 38-9(2,1), 49-62.

Lukhbir slide sandwiched between two major drains located at km 26.8 on National Highway, 31-A (NH-31 A) is in active stage since 1968. It extents for about 400m along the road, 50-60m above the road & about 20-25m below the road. The prevention of landslide was important for uninterrupted & risk free traffic flow as well as for prevention of unwanted siltation to the dam being constructed on the Teesta flowing at the bottom of the slide toe. the lithology of the area includes the metamorphic rock, i.e. mainly mica schist, which is very fissile and breaks easily along its plane of schistosity. The rocks are in highly weathered conditions and in some locations they are found in the form of powder due to excess overburden pressure and availability of moisture. In addition, the slope has plentifully of seepage water which makes the slope more vulnerable to fail. As per Indian classification system the soil is classified as SW. The stability analysis and design of remedial measures of the uphill slope and downhill slope has been carried out by using GEO 5 software. The paper highlights the investigation of landslide & design of most suitable scheme of remedial measures which has been accepted and implemented by the users.

12 illus, 3 tables, 1 ref

018156   Prabha R;Chandana D K (Dr AIT, , Bangalore) : Survey on different railway monitoring applications using wireless MAC protocols. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2015, 4(2), 22-5.

Advances in information and communications technology have enabled the adoption of wireless communication techniques in all sectors for the transmission of information in all forms between any two points. Wireless communications and distributed computing have promoted the development of vehicle health monitoring (VHM) systems. These have the potential for use in the monitoring of railway signalling systems and rail tracks. This paper surveys. existing wireless techniques used in the railway industry for both communications and monitoring purposes. This paper proposes different i1way monitoring applications and new protocol, named E-BMA, which achieves even better energy efficiency for low and medium traffic by minimizing the idle time during the contention period.

2 illus, 7 ref

018155   Pati S (vikram Dev (A) College, , Jeypore) : Sintering and grain growth in nanocrystalline ZnO particles. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2015, 4(2), 65-7.

Nano crystalline ZnO particles were synthesized using a wet chemical synthesis route. The synthesized particles were pressed and sintered at higher temperature (at 700°C for 2 h) in order to study the effect of sintering on grain growth in these nano particles. The as dried and the sintered particles were characterized by X-ray diffraction and FESEM. A noticeable change in the structural and morphological parameters was observed between as dried and sintered particles. The X-ray diffraction patterns showed highly intense peaks for sintered particles as compared with the as dried ones showing increase in crystallite size after sintering. FESEM images also confirmed the grain growth due to sintering. So it can be said that ZnO nano particles of varying size as desired can be synthesized using this low cost wet chemical synthesis technique for its potential application in various fields.

2 illus, 16 ref

018154   Pal S;Rath R;Shahri V;Nanda A (NO, Engineers India Limited, New Delhi, Email: r.rath@eil.co.in) : Treatment of geological hotspots in large underground storage caverns. J Engng Geol 2014, 38-9(2,1), 41-8.

The present paper outlines, the process of identification and the adopted approach to treat the geological hotspots during the underground excavation works for large underground storage caverns currently being executed in India.

5 illus, 2 ref

018153   Morenko A (NO, Lesia Ukrainka Eastern European National Univ, 13 Voli Avenue, Lutsk, Ukraine-43000, Email: alevmore@gamil.com) : Brain process during the perception of sensory signals in men with high and low output α-frequencies. Ann Neurosci 2014, 21(4), 144-9.

Human functional capabilities largely depend upon genetic qualities of person's nervous system. The registration of the spontaneous electroencephalogram (EEG) is among the physiological technigues allowing making a direct estimation of specific features of the nervous system, in particular, the human brain activity. Purpose: The study is devoted to the investigation of brain processes in men with high and low levels of individual n-frequency determined in a quiescent state during the perception of sensory signals. Methods: A test group consisting of 104 right-hand healthy men from the ages of 19 to 21 was divided into two groups according to the magnitude of their individual c- frequency (IAF) median - groups with high (n = 53, IA ≥ 10,04 Hz) and low (n = 51, IAF≤ 10,03 Hz) levels of IAF. The power and coherence of the electrical activity of the cerebral cortex as well as inter group differences were evaluated in a quiescent state and during the perception of sensory signals by Subjects. A localized power increase of the EEG α1-waves are registered in frontal areas, β1, β2- oscillations - in the anterior cortex, γ- activity - around the scalp and its decrease is present in the posterior temporal, parietal and occipital cortex leads, especially in the α- and β- frequency spectrum during the perception of sensory signals in men with a high IAF. The generalized depression of the θ-, α- and β- activity of the cortex is fixed in individuals with a low IAF while the expression of waves is more local. The generalized increase of data in EEG coherence fluctuations throughout the frequency spectrum of the EEG in the cortex is set in all Subjects. The dextrocerebral preponderance is observable in posterior structures of the Subjects' right hemisphere. A localized decrease of the coherence concerning θ-, α1-, α3-, β- and γ oscillations are traced in the frontal and anterior temporal areas of the left hemisphere. We are of the opinion that the establishment of such common factors in the studied groups is an important step towards the release of the clear prognostic criteria for the functionality of men in the sensory area according to the congenital features of brain function.

4 illus, 28 ref

018152   Mathur N K;Rahut A K;Sharma V B (Project Investigation Div, NHPC Ltd, Faridabad) : Approach in ground realization and spatial reconciliation of weak zones through core drilling. J Engng Geol 2014, 38-9(2,1), 153-65.

Utilization of underground space for infrastructure development is picking up the momentum day by day. Lot of Survey & Investigation is done to ascertain the feasibility of the projects and for preparation of Detailed Project Reports. But, in-spite of vast investigation activities carried out, the developers generally face problems during execution of any underground structure. The first step for investigation of underground structures after surface geological mapping is to conduct exploratory core drilling, because it provides the vital subsurface information. Obtaining maximum core recovery is of immense help to understand the subsurface geology. However, the significance of core loss is often more important than recovered core, because lost core may represent the worst conditions for design concepts. Core loss generally takes place due to the presence of weak features like sheared & fractured zones or in the very soft ground. During underground excavation negotiating through a shear zone or even partially encountering a shear seam of considerable thickness in overt portion sometimes pose critical problems. If a shear zone is encountered in a drill hole, generally the apparent thickness of shear zone is obtained along the drilling direction of the drill hole, however, the same data can be plotted in a cross section and the true thickness of the shear zone can be inferred. But, if the true thickness and disposition of a shear seam/zone is known in the initial stages at drilling site itself with the help of simple trigonometric method, it can be helpful in better understanding of the geological features and timely communication to the designers. In one hand where this exercise can be of immense help in understanding the subsurface weaker zones encountered during drilling, on the other hand in the highly disturbed regions with different stages of deformation this technique may be of least usage. Himalayas being young folded mountains are mostly in deformed state with occurrence of intermittent sheared and fractured zones along various set of discontinuities. Proper interpretation of the shear zones and assessment of its true thickness may lead to suitable preparedness for the challenging ground situation while excavation of underground structures. Through this paper the authors are proposing simplified techniques to be implemented in the field itself to obtain the true thickness of any weak feature encountered in the drill hole using trigonometry. This paper also emphasizes on modern approaches in core logging for ground realization and spatial reconciliation of weak features like shear zones with a case study of Tawang H E Project located in Higher Himalayas of Arunachal Pradesh.

5 illus, 1 table, 9 ref

018151   Kumaraswamy S (Civil Engineering Dep, P A College of Engineering and Technology, Pollachi, Coimbatore) : Earthquake and it's influences on the valuation of immovable properties. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2015, 4(2), 51-4.

Dwelling is an encompassing one in the series of three essential commodities of human lives. In which food is consuming and changeable according to the requirement health and taste. Clothing is also changeable with our thoughts and appearance at very low cost, Whereas the Dwellings requires a huge amount of investment and a permanent place and such type of investment possible once in a life time of an ordinary person. It is common to all except the technical persons and experts, that constructing the shelters by keeping the requirement of living space and final appearance in min and with absence of quality, workmanship, and stability of the building. All these lead the age of the building and protects from natural calamities. Most probably major part in the shelter constructions are dependent of financial institution and these institutions are granting the loans based on the valuation certificate given by the practicing valuers. It is possible to

2 ref

018150   Kumar A;Deka M;Banerjee S;Sarmah S (Materials Research Laboratory, Physics Dep, Tezpur University, Napaam, Tezpur-784 028, Email: ask@tezu.ernet.in) : Recent trends in electroactive polymer nanocomposites and swift heavy ion irradiation effects on them. Invertis J renewable Energy 2015, 5(1), 11-29.

Materials research group at the Department of Physics, Tezpur University is involved in research on electroactive polymers viz., polymer electrolytes, conducting polymers and their nanocomposites and investigation of Swift Heavy Ion irradiation on them. Different polymer electrolyte systems including PVdF-HFP undoped PAni nanofibers dispersed, PEO-MMT, PMMA-MMT, PV dF-MMT based nanocomposite gel polymer electrolytes have been synthesized and characterized by ionic conductivity, electron microscopy, XRD, FTIR, DSC and electrochemical measurements with a view to gain an insight as to how ionic conductivity in polymers can be understood in terms of the dynamic aspects of local structure, including changes in coordination number and in the distribution of electronic charge. In conducting polymers, research has been taken up to develop conducting polymer based nanostructures and nanocomposites using soft template, rapid mixing and interfacial polymerization techniques for their applications as actuators, chemical and biosensors, and antioxidant materials. Understanding the structure property relationships in these technologically important materials using various diffraction, microscopic and spectroscopic techniques is of major interest. The group is also working on the study of swift heavy ion induced modifications in electroactive polymers in collaboration with Inter University Acceleration Centre (IUAC) New Delhi.

24 illus, 69 ref

018149   Khandelwal R;Arora S K;Mathur S P (Govt. Women Engineering College, , Ajmer, Rajasthan) : Synergetic effect of extracts of Cordia dichotoma on corrosion inhibition. Asian J biochem pharm Res 2014, 4(1), 115-28.

Corrosion control of metals is of technical, economical, environmental, and aesthetical importance. The use of inhibitors is one of the best options of protecting metals and alloys against corrosion. The environmental toxicity of organic corrosion inhibitors has prompted the search for green corrosion inhibitors as they are biodegradable, do not contain heavy metals or other toxic compounds. The corrosion inhibition of mild steel and aluminium using extracts of cordia dichotoma in different acid media was investigated by mass loss and thermometric methods. The experiments were carried out at 299 ñ 0.2 K in presence of different concentrations of fruit, leaves and stem extracts of Cordia dichotoma. The results reveal that the alcoholic extracts of Cordia dichotoma are better corrosion inhibitor than that of toxic chemicals. The fruit extract is more potent than leaves and stem extracts to inhibit the corrosion rate.The study seeks to investigate the possibility of using extracts of Cordia dichotoma as a green corrosion inhibitor for mild steel and aluminium.

4 illus, 8 tables, 18 ref

018148   Karunarathna P G D C K;Fernando C A N (Nano-technology Research Laboratory, Electronics Dep, Faculty of Appl, Wayamba University of Sri Lanka, Kuliyapitiya, Sri Lanka, Email: nandanaf@phy.ruh.ac.lk) : Cu₂O quantum dots (QDs) sensitized p-CuSCN photoelectrochemical cell. Invertis J renewable Energy 2015, 5(1), 1-5.

p-CuSCN was sensitized with quantum dots (QDs) of Cu₂ for the first time to make photoelectrochemical cells. Cu₂ QDs were prepared on Cu/p-CuSCN photoelecrode by boiling Cu/p-CuSCN in a 1 M CuSO₄ solution. Boiling time controlled the size of the quantum dots. It was found that the boiling time below 20 min, QDs of Cu₂O can be fabricated on p-CuSCN and for longer period of boiling above 20 min Cu₂O micro crystals were fabricated on p-CuSCN forming a p-CuSCN /n-Cu₂O junction photoelectrode. Higher photocurrents were shown from the QD sensitized photoelectrochemical cells with compared to that of the Cu/p-CuSCN/n-Cu₂O junction photoelectrochemical cells. Photocurrent measurements, diffuse reflectance spectra and SEM michrographs were presented to explain the mechanism of photocurrent enhancement for the p-CuSCN sensitized QDs of Cu₂O.

4 illus, 9 ref

018147   Jain J;Maurya V;Mehra A (Electronics & Communication Engineering Dep, Geetanjali Institute of Technical Studies, Udaipur) : Bio-inspired ultra low power esign of Op-amp with input compensation for biomedical application (Pacemaker). Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2015, 4(2), 68-71.

Due to the rising trends of technologies which are highly inclined towal'ds the low voltage & low power consumption of silicon chip devices which are being developing exponentially due to the rising demand of smaller sized devices which are needed to be operated at lower voltage so that it can support longer battery life which can be used in portable applications such as in marketing segments including telecommunications, biomedical, computers and consumer electronics. It has become major concern that while designing any chip, power consumption is required to be kept in mind especially when it is concerned to biomedical devices. The supply voltage is being scaled down to reduce overall power consumption of the system. The objective of this project is to design ultra low powered operational amplifier which is operated at lower voltage 1.8V. As the voltage is lowered some of the parameters are sacrificed but still it is tried to satisfy the major parameters .It is also not possible to reduce the size of battery upto certain extent due to some chemical limitations, so a pathway is proposed to make the architectural changes. This project showcase the operational amplifier schematic implementation, simulation results with the O.18/lm technology designed in Tanner EDA 14.1. The operational amplifier is used to implement the ADC circuit. The op-amp specially designed for biomedical application (Pacemaker) on an account to improve the battery life of pacemaker.

7 illus, 6 ref

018146   Gopanna A;Alghamdi M N;Chavali M (NO, Aravinthan Gopanna, Yanbu Research Center, Royal Commission-Yanbu Col, P O Box 30436, Yanbu Aisinaiya, Saudi Arabia, Email: chavalim@gmail.com) : Review on medical applications of cyclic olefin copolymers (COC). Int J Nano Sci Technol 2014, 3(2), 1-6.

The challenges in medical sector inspire for the invention of new medical grade polymers. Polymer provide improved robustness against breakability and better ergonom ic, while delivering for many product an adequate stability performance level regarding water/gas permeability as well as extractible/leachable. Cyclic Olefin Copolymers (COC) provides an impressive array of physical and chemical properties that are attractive to medical applications. Cyclic Olefin Copolymers unique characteristics bring a true benefit as well as viable alternative for materials like glass, PVC and PC in medical applications. Cyclic Olefin Copolymers can be used for medical products, diagnostic products, medical device packaging, pharmaceutical blister packaging etc.

2 illus, 18 ref

018145   Gajmal S S;Rane S;Bhatwadekar S G (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Gharda Institute of technology, Lavel) : Cost reduction in file manufacturing by using special purpose resistance heating: a case study. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2015, 4(2), 134-8.

File manufacturing industry is having a tremendous scope in the market. There is a large variety of files which are manufactured in mass production. Out of 11 nos. of operations, one of the operation is tang forging operation. The raw material is heated and is made undergo through open die forging process. In the present paper a case study of an small scale industry is discussed. For the tang forging operation the source used for heating the raw material was Gas heating. Special Purpose Resistance Heating Furnare was replaced instead of Gas heating. It was found that the cost of tang forging operation was reduced to almost 80%. Also it was found that the operator was put into a comfortable and safe work environment due to replacement of Gas fried Furnace by Resistance heating Furnace.

9 illus, 4 tables, 4 ref

018144   Fatema K;Parikh K B;Jamnu M A (Applied Mechanics Dep, Government Engineeing College, Dahod (Gujarat)) : Optimization of power transmission tower-a critical review. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2015, 4(2), 63-4.

In this paper, an attempt has been made to study the possibilities to make the transmission line more cost effective by changing the bracings, configuration and type of transmission line structure for optimizing the weight of transmission tower. Due to the increasing demand of electrical energy, the tower should be made economical by developing different light weight structures. The present literature study has been carried out for optimizing the geometry for different sections; type of bracings, different configurations and for different supply of voltage and necessary conclusions for optimizing the geometry has been drawn out.

^iia22 ref

018143   Deka K M;Roy S (Electronics and Communication Engineering Dep, Tezpur Univ, Napaam Post, Tezpur, Assam-784 0286, Email: krishadk6@gmail.com) : Glycine gated spiking inhibitory postsynaptic membrane at the synaptic cleft. Ann Neurosci 2014, 21(4), 134-7.

Enzyme modified field effect transistor (ENFET) may be used to represent the variable conductance of transmitter-gated ion channels in the postsynaptic region of the neuron. Purpose: The objective of this work is to develop a simple analog circuit model that can simulate the function of neurotransmitter glycine gated ion channels of postsynaptic membrane at the synaptic cleft. In this paper, Glycine sensitive ENFET is incorporated into the Hodgkin-Huxley (H-H) circuit model of the postsynaptic membrane at the synaptic cleft. Simulation of the circuit model yields an output representing the membrane potential of the synaptic region. Simulation is performed in MATLAB environment for inhibitory action of synapses. This model can be used in neuro-bioengineering fields for simulation of binding activity and electrical activity of the postsynaptic region.

5 illus, 19 ref

018142   Datta D;Biswas S (Chemical Engineering Dep, Heritage Institute of technology, Kolkata-107) : Phenol adsorption by activated carbon derived from Coconut shell. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2015, 4(2), 39-46.

In the present study, adsorption of phenol from synthetic watewaer was investated on metal impregnated activated carbon derived from coconut shell. Carbonized coconut shell mixed with appropriate metal salts was pyrolyzed at 850,144>C under inert N₂ atmosphere to developed metal impregnated activated carbon. In order to evaluate the performance of activated carbonthus prepared batch adsorption experiments were conducted at a fixed temperature (27°C) andpH (6.0) for different initial phenol concentration ranging from 100 to 500 mg.l^{-1, with adsorbent loading of 0.2 gm in 200 ml adsorbate solution. The maximum adsorption capacity was found to be highest for 1% Zn-2% Fe-AC which was as high as 402 mg.g-1. The adsorption isotherms were in conformation to both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm model. Kinetic evaluation indicated that phenol adsorption on developed actiated carbon followed pseudo-second-order rate reaction. Diffusion controlled kinetic model on the system showed that removal rate was controlled not only by intra-particle diffusion but also film diffusion.}

8 illus, 4 tables, 23 ref

018141   Chatterjee B (NO, , Geological Survey of India) : Engineering geological investigation for slope stability problem at railway bench - excavation site near Rekho village, Dima Hasao district, Assam. J Engng Geol 2014, 38-9(2,1), 34-40.

The paper is regarding slope failure and mitigative measures undertaken for an excavation to house broad gauge railway line in Assam, India. Quite a large area was affected by the failure which was manifested by longitudinal cracks, subsidence, toe erosion etc. The nature of material was soil mixed with gravel, pebble, sand, silt and clay. The underlying bed rock was found to be sedimentary rocks belonging to Tipam sandstone, Surma shales/siltstone and Barail sandstone interlayered with shale. The subsoil water adversely affected the stability of the hill and cuttings. The paper also highlighted the effect of seepage on slope and stability. Remedial measures such as proper drainage, use of geosynthetic material, vegetation turfing, restoration of shotcrete surface and others have been suggested.

4 illus

018140   Bouchhima L;Rouis M J;Choura M (Unit of Oesearch Environmental Geotehnique and Civil Materials, Institute of the Engineers of Sfax, Road Sokra, KM3.5, B.P 1173-3038 Sfax, Tunisia) : Correlation of ultrasound pulse velocity with mechanical properties and water absorption in phosphogypsum- wade sand-lime-cement building bricks produced under a static compaction of 20MPa. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2015, 4(2), 1-5.

Phosphogypsum (calcium sulfate) is a naturally occurring part of the process of creating phosphoric acid (H3P04), an essential component of many modern fertilizers. For every tonne of phosphoric acid made, from the reaction of phosphate rock with acid, commonly sulfuric acid, about 3 t of phosphogypsum are created. There are three options for managing phosphogypsum: (i) disposal or dumping, (ii) stacking, (iii) use-in, for example, agriculture, construction, or landfill.The need to reduce solid waste volume has caused scientists to invent new construction materials produced using waste materials. The present work focuses on the ultrasonic pulse velocity of wade sand -lime-cement-phosphogypsum building bricks produced under a static compaction of 20MPa. It is observed that these b.-icks have sufficient Ultrasonic pulse velocity Tests were also conducted to study the relationship between ultrasound pulse velocity (UPV) with strength of bricks.. The results suggest that compressive and flexural strength values of phosphogypsum-wase sand building bricks produced undera static compaction of 20 MPa, may approximately be determined without a destructive testing by using the non-destructive UPV measurements.

6 illus, 4 tables, 21 ref

018139   Behera M (Electrical Engineering Dep, College of Engineering and Technology, Bhubaneswar) : Optimization of controller values of interconnected power system. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2015, 4(2), 47-50.

This research paper presents decentralized control scheme for Load Frequency Control in a multi-area Power System by appreciating the performance of the methods in a single area power system. A number of modern control techniques as well as the classical methods and optimization algorithm are adopted to implement a reliable stabilizing controller. A serious attempt has been undertaken aiming at investigating the load frequency control problem in a power system consisting of two power generation unit and multiple variable load units. The robustness and reliability of the various control schemes is examined through simulations and Mat-Lab programming. The design is determined an optimization problem and a novel cost function is derived for increasing the performance of convergence to the solution. To optimize the parameters of the cost functions and the PID-controller, the Ziegler-Nichols method of pm tuning also used here. The results show that the proposed control method is provided, better performance for dynamic responses of the power system.

16 ref, 1 table, 18 ref

018138   Alam M J;Saini (Electronics & Communication Engineering Dep, National Institute of Technical Teachers' Training and Research, Chandigarh) : ICI reduction technique of OFDMsystems using combining weight technique: a survey. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2015, 4(2), 6-9.

This paper is a detail survey of the ICI reduction technique for OFDM systems using combining weight technique. The paper reviews a lot of combining weight techniques as well as compare different types of combining weight technique based on ICI reduction performance and cost constraint. In ICI reduction, optimum combining and near-optimum combing methods are reviewed. These methods are highly compatible with most existing data detection, equalization, and channel estimation methods. It has also very low complexity.

4 illus, 9 ref

017048   Wang J X;Shen J;Lei C S;Feng Q (NO, College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry Univ, Harbin-150 040, Email: shenjunr@126.com) : Volatile organic compound and formaldehyde emission from Populus davidiana wood treated with low molecular weight urea-formaldehyde resin. J envir Biol 2014, 35(5), 989-94.

Populus davidiana wood was usually impregnated with low molecular weight thermosetting resins to improve its physical and mechanical properties. However, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and formaldehyde emitted from treated wood have lead to poor indoor air quality (IAQ). The trends of VOC and formaldehyde emissions as a function of the weight percent gain (WPG) factor were mainly investigated in this work. Aldehydes and alkanes were the predominant compositions indentified in the VOC emissions, although low amount of ketones, terpenes and alcohols were also found. With the increase in WPG, VOC and formaldehyde concentrations improved. However, their concentration began to decrease when WPG was over 44.06% (VOC) and 36.35% (formaldehyde), respectively. The modulus of elasticity (MOE) of untreated and treated wood at different WPG levels was detected. It showed that treatment of wood with UF resin significantly improved the mechanical properties. Therefore, it is probably helpful to comprehensively analyze correlations among environmental performance, mechanical performance and processing costs.

3 illus, 4 tables, 29 ref

017047   Vig S;Sharma K;Surjan B S (NO, , ) : Voltage and frequency control of a self excited induction generator using VSI. Trends electl Engng 2014, 4(2), 13-20.

In remote areas of a country where it is impossible or too expensive to access main power lines, one solution to obtain electric power is to use a small stand-alone hydro power plant. In such a situation, the turbine is been driven by a steady flow of water in a river. It is preferable to use a self-excited induction generator, due to its low cost an ruggedness. The voltage and frequency of such an induction generator in stand- alone operation are very sensitive to load changes. Various methods had been proposed to control the voltage and frequency of a self excited induction generator. This paper describes that by applying voltage source inverter in parallel to the load, the regulation of voltage and frequency can be achieved. After developing the controller, regulated voltage and frequency operation of the self-excited induction generator is simulated by using MALAB with a squirrel cage type induction generator. The aim is the total elimination of the AC capacitor bank.

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017046   Vasisht M S;Vishal C;Srinivasan J;Ramasesha S K (NO, Divecha Centre for Climate Change, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560 012, Email: sheela@caos.iisc.ernet.in) : Solar photovoltaic assistance for LHB rail coaches. Curr Sci 2014, 107(2), 255-9.

Awareness for the need of sustainable and eco-friendly mobility has been increasing and various innovations are taking place in this regard. A study was carried out to assess the feasibility of installing solar photovoltaic (PV) modules atop train coaches. Most long-distance trains having LHB coaches do not have self-generating systems, thus making power cars mandatory to supply the required power for lighting loads. Feasibility of supplementing diesel generator sets with power from solar PV modules installed on coach rooftops has been reported in this communication. Not only is there a conservation of fuel, there is also a significant reduction in CO₂ emissions. This work has shown that the area available on coach rooftops is more than sufficient to generate the required power, during sunlight hours, for the electrical loads of a non-A/C coach even during winter. All calculations were done keeping a standard route as the reference. Taking the cost of diesel to be Rs 66/litre, it was estimated that there will be annual savings of Rs 5,900,000 corresponding to 90,800 litres diesel per rake per year by implementing this scheme. The installation cost of solar modules would be recovered within 2-3 years. Implementation of this scheme would also amount to an annual reduction of 239 tonnes of CO₂ emissions.

4 illus, 6 tables, 14 ref

017045   Tiwari P;Diwan R (NO, , ) : Design of thin AC Converters (TACCS) using dual virtual quadrature source concept. Trends electl Engng 2014, 4(3), 41-8.

Conventional grid control has been based on static assets that are switched in or out for a considerable long time. Traditionally excitation control of generators has provided continuous control in the grid system. Recently, dynamic grid control has been achieved by the use of FACTS devices, i.e. TCR, STATCOM and UPFC, etc. These FACTS devices are expensive and reliability, maintainability are the main problems. For STATCOM devices, the need to provide continuous VAR support in the presence of asymmetrical system faults, dictates the energy storage needed to provide the desired VAR injection. This has the drawback of high customization, high cost and duplication of basic asset functionality therefore the existing grid assets remain 'dumb' and the cost would not be effectively reduced. A STATCOM is required at system fault that causes the system to potentially unstable boundaries produces maximum stress on the grid, and non-availability of the dynamically controllable asset can results in a potential catastrophic cascading failure. Due to the above drawbacks conversion of existing 'dumb' grid assets into 'smart and controllable' assets is required. This can be achieved by the concept of Thin AC Converters (TACC), which can result in significant cost reduction and increased system reliability. The technique is scalable to high power levels using Multi- Level AC Converter. TACCs can convert shunt VAR capacitors into STATCOMs, and can use load tap changing transformers for controlling network voltages and currents.

017044   Thiagarajan K;Kavitha J;Natarajan P (Mathematics Dep, SBM College of Engineering and Technology, Dindigul, Tamil Nadu, Email: vidhyamannan@yahoo.com) : Program slicing for composite data using finite state machine. Ultra Scient phys Sci-Sect A 2014, 26(2), 123-30.

In the software development life cycle, the identification of errors/bugs plays an important role, as the end product should be bug free. This can be achieved through the concept of program slicing. Generally, program slice has a wider spectrum of applications that include debugging, testing, maintenance, code understanding, complexity measurement, security etc., There are two different categories of program slicing namely, static slicing and dynamic slicing which can be identified using connected graph and its structural arrangements. Existing slicing techniques were implemented over intra procedural non composite data [only which doesn't include arrays, structure, union etc,]. In the proposed work static program slicing concepts is applied over array of elements using finite state machine (FSM) method. Here, backward slicing techniques are applied to get quality output.

7 illus, 2 tables, 13 ref

017043   Sreedevi L K (NO, , ) : Fetal ultrasound image segmentation. J Instrum Technol Innovation 2014, 4(3), 34-9.

Thesis explains development of a time-efficient method for segmentation in fetal ultrasound images so as to recognize femur contour in fetal ultrasound images and refine its shape. The main objective of the project was to develop segmentation of womb and fetus using fetal ultrasound images. Ultrasound segmentation produces detailed visualization of the underlying anatomy of the fetus in real time which can also recognize dynamically varying structures of the fetal body and the motion of the fetus in the mother's uterus. These are the factors which could be got by ultrasonograph segmentation, on which fetus can be distinguished as normal or abnormal. This thesis explains the development of enhancement, thresholding and segmentation algorithms as the ultrasound diagnosis highly depends on the quality of the data. The developed algorithms segment the fetus which helps in analyzing the anatomical structure of the fetus.

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017042   Sondur S;Bellamkonda S S R (NO, , ) : Ziegler-nichols method for the optimization of PPID parameters. J Instrum Technol Innovation 2014, 4(3), 23-8.

Present work proposed the controller with only one gain to be tuned. This is known as the Pseudo-Proportional Integral Derivative (PPID) controller. The PPID controller is proposed with fixed value of KC. This KC is obtained by Ziegler-Nichols tuning method. The PPID is applied to damped pendulum model. Comparison of fixed PPID is done with the existing Recursive Least Square (RLS) estimator method.

017041   Sondur S;Bellamkonda S S R (NO, , ) : Direct tuning method for optimization of PID and I-PD parameters. J Instrum Technol Innovation 2014, 4(3), 14-22.

Existing work proposed a new and practical approach of tuning of a controller in a closed-loop process plant. The approach is a direct tuning method, termed as Extended Fictitious Reference Iterative Tuning (E-FRIT). Now, we propose to generate the reference model from the closed-loop data, where the order of the reference model is decided based on the process dynamics of the closed-loop data. That makes the model maximum possible fit on the actual data. This is applicable to both proportional integral derivative (PID) and I-PD controller tuning. The application of this E-FRIT method is presented with a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) case study. Also, a comparative study has been done on the models developed using closed-loop data & models assumed as first-order plus time delay system (FOPTD) or second-order plus time delay system (SOPTD).

017040   Somasundaram D;Palaniswami S;Vijayabhasker R; Venkatesakumar V (EEE Dep, Government College of Engineering, Bodinayakkanur, Tamilnadu, Email: somgce@gmail.com) : G-band chromosome segmentation, overlapped chromosome separation and visible band calculation. Int J Hum Genet 2014, 14(2), 73-81.

Chromosome segmentation and overlap removal plays a vital role in chromosome analysis. Genetic disorders are detected through chromosome analysis. Many methods for chromosome analysis were proposed and most of them require human intervention at some point. In this paper, a novel idea to extract the visible bands in human chromosomes are explained, chromosome contour is obtained using Multi-object Geodesic Active contour (MOGAC). Hypothesis based chromosome segmentation for overlap separation is performed. The initial step is to segment and separate the non-overlapped chromosomes from metaphase spread chromosome image using MOGAC. This algorithm improves the segmentation accuracy for multiple object segmentation. For overlapped chromosomes, an automatic geometry separation algorithm is developed. This helps in separating the overlapped chromosome images. The main step is to identify the cut points on the image. With the obtained cut points, hypothesis lines are drawn over the overlapped region. This line shows the separation region. Hypothesis verification is done for obtaining the proper disentangled chromosome images. Vector quantization is used for band calculation in L'a'b colour space. The accuracy of the algorithm is about 96%. Centromere identification is performed by distance transformation. Based on band measurement and centromere position, homologous -chromosomes are obtained.

4 illus, 2 tables, 12 ref

017039   Sivamurugan P;Ravikumar P (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Anna Univ, Chennai-620 025, Email: sivamurugan.mech@gmail.com) : Heat balance characteristics of a pressure vessel. Curr Sci 2014, 107(2), 227-33.

Study of heat balance in a pressure vessel is an important research area for energy conservation. In the present study, experiments are conducted to measure the heat input, heat energy utilized and heat loss for different volumes of water filled in a pressure vessel. Experiments are conducted on a pressure vessel of volume 0.008 m3 (8 1) filled with 1, 2, 3 and 3.7 kg of water at 12.5%, 25%, 37.5% and 46% of its capacity respectively. Two approaches are adopted to determine the optimum condition of the pressure vessel. In the first approach, the pressure vessel is insulated and in the other approach it is non-insulated. For both cases, vessels of similar capacity, make and design are used. Outer surface of the vessel is insulated with asbestos rope, clay and cow-dung bindings. There is not much difference in heat input and heat utilization for insulated and non-insulated vessels when the water level is only about 12.5% volume. In other cases, the insulated vessel consumes more heat input than the non-insulated vessel. When the non-insulated pressure vessel is filled with 46% of its volume by water, it utilizes a maximum of 30% of total heat supplied. From the experimental results, polynomial equations are developed for the heat input (Q_j, heat utilized (Q_u) and heat loss (Q_I) in terms of mass of the water taken in the vessel under non-insulated and insulated conditions. The equations obtained are validated for different water levels in the same vessels with new sets of experiments.

8 illus, 4 tables, 10 ref

017038   Singh D;Sood Y R (NO, , ) : Efficient approach for optimal location of substations and feeder routing. Trends electl Engng 2013, 3(3), 22-8.

This paper is based upon the software developed using genetic Algorithm and Kruskal's Algorithm for optimal location of sub stations and routing of feeders. The developed method is applied to the practical net work and the results obtained. Attempt has been made in this paper to find the optimal solution of distribution network and proper routing of the feeders. The programme has been developed and implemented on SAS Nagar, Mohali in Punjab by using a Matlab programme. The input insists of various load coordinates of existing and candidate sub stations and other parameters like Iron loss, cooper loss, utilisation factor. The genetic Algorithm is used for optimisation of function keeping in view the reliability constraints.

017037   Sharma K K;Singh B (NO, , ) : Smart grid an Indian perspective. Trends electl Engng 2013, 3(3), 62-7.

In this paper the conception, feature and Technical Composition of smart grid is expounded, and the development process and present research status of smart grid home and abroad as well as the practical significance of developing smart grid in India are introduced. The paper analyzes the characteristics and direction of India's smart grid development, and point out that the development of smart grid requires the development of many smart grid technologies. Smart Grids is the future of electric power system and electricity supply businesses. This paper also shows the benefits in terms of performance characteristics, customer benefits, national security, power system and environmental benefits. In developing countries like India, existing technology supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) doesn't match with the future desired requirement. In spite of all constraints, India has vision for Smart Grid. The impact of Smart Grid on transmission, Generation and distribution are also depicted.

017036   Sedgeechongaraluye-Yekan T;Sadeghzadeh R A; Naser-Moghadasi M (Faculty of Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad Univ, Tehran, Iran) : Microstrip-fed circularly polarized antenna array using semi-fractal cells for implicational band. IETE J Res 2014, 60(6), 383-8.

In this paper, extracted results are presented for a novel dual-band microstrip antenna array with circularly polarized property for second band whose design process is categorized in two main steps: (1) semi-fractal element design, (2) dual-transformed feed network design. The circularly polarized semi-fractal radiator patch is fed through a symmetric microstrip, dual-transformed, and incorporating bended methods in the corners of feed strips in order to reduce its radiation distortion effect and cross polarization level. The semi-fractal element of the array exhibits an impedance bandwidth from 3.8 to 7.2 GHz, and 3 dB axial-ratio from 5.2 to 5.6 GHz. A 1 x 4 novel semi-fractal element of antenna array was linked together using dual-transformed feed network to improve its radiation performance. The measured 3 dB axial-ratio (AR) of the antenna array extends from 4.85 to 5.82 GHz, and impedance bandwidth is between 3.4 and 4 GHz in band I and between 5.1 and 6.7 GHz in band II for voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) = 2.

7 illus, 8 ref

017035   Sajith K;Gopal P;Chaudhuri S (Electrical Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Email: sajith@ee.iitb.ac.in) : Hand tremor quantification using virtual object manipulation in a haptic environment. Proc Indian Natn Sci Acad 2014, 80(3), 633-45.

Authors have developed a virtual haptic system for detection and quantification of hand tremor by manipulating an object in a virtual environment. The subject performs the task of moving a soft object from one point to another in a virtual 3D environment using a haptic device. The velocity of hand motion is collected by a haptic device while the task is being performed. The collected velocity data is processed to extract the tremor, if any. The extracted tremor data is subjected to spectral estimation using auto-regressive (AR) modeling to determine the tremor frequency and the Choi-Williams spectral estimation is performed to observe the variability of tremor frequency with time. The proposed method is validated by simultaneously capturing motion sensor data and comparing the performances.

13 illus, 25 ref

017034   Saied M M (NO, , ) : New solution technique for the frequency and transient response of transformer windings with all inter turn mutual inductances and capacitances included. Trends electl Engng 2013, 3(3), 29-50.

Paper suggests a Laplace-domain technique for analyzing the transient response of non-uniform transmission lines with arbitrarily varying characteristic impedance. A mathematical model based on a distributed parameter Laplace-domain representation will be derived taking into account the waveform of the current and/or voltage sources initiating the transients, as well as the circuit constants of the non-uniform line. From the location dependence of the line's characteristic impedance and the application of a recursive circuit reduction technique, s-domain expressions for the line's input impedance for any loading condition will be determined. The voltage and current distributions along the line can then be obtained. These expressions, followed by numerical Laplace inversion, will be utilized for finding the line's transient response in the time domain.

017033   Saied M M (NO, , ) : Efficient general distributed parameter approach to the line transient analysis using interpolating function. Trends electl Engng 2013, 3(3), 1-21.

This paper presents an efficient technique for the time-domain determination of the electromagnetic transients along general transmission lines. The lines can be uniform or nonuniform. The technique is also applicable to line models incorporating dependent sources, such as the distributed voltage-dependent current sources usually adopted for simulating the line corona. The suggested approach is based on the concept of the interpolating functions for the numerical solution of just two simultaneous partial differential equations in the voltage and current as functions of the location and time, subject to a number of initial conditions. The validity of the presented method and its advantages compared with the currently available procedures are demonstrated by its application to three case studies of known solutions.