003684   VORA V D, KANZARIA K K, VEKARIA P D, MODHVADIYA V L, VEKARIYA G B, HIRPARA D S (Junagadh Agricultural Univ, Targhadia, Gujarat) : Effect of zinc fertilization on wheat yield under sandy loam soil. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 2086-8.

A field experiment was conducted during Rabi season of 2012-13 to 2016-17 to study effect of zinc fertilization on effect of zinc fertilization on yield attributes and yield of wheat under sandy loam soil at Dry Farming Research Staion, JAU, Jam Khambhaliya of North Saurashtra Agroclimatic Zone of Gujarat. The experiment comprising of ten different treatments of basal and foliar application of zinc laid out in Randomized Block Design with four replications. Significantly higher plant height, number of grains per spike, 1000 grain weight, grain & straw yield of wheat were obtained with soil application of ZnSO₄ @ 20 kg ha^-1 + foliar spray of ZnSO₄ @ 0.5 % at heading & milking stages (T6). Significantly higher content of zinc in wheat grain was recorded under treatment T3 (soil application of ZnSO₄ 20 kg ha^-1 + foliar spray at crown root initiation & heading stages). While, significantly higher zinc content in straw was recorded with application of treatment T8 (soil application of ZnSO₄@20 kg ha^-1 + foliar spray at milking & dough stages). The significantly higher zinc uptake (475.0 g ha^-1 was recorded under treatment T6. The highest total income (Rs. 79074 ha^-1 ) and net realization (Rs. 46578 ha^-1 ) and B: C ratio (2.4) were obtained with soil application of ZnSO₄ @ 20 kg ha^-1 + foliar spray of ZnSO₄ @ 0.5 % at heading & milking stages (T6).

1 table, 5 ref

003605   SAGARIKA N, KAPDI S S, SUTAR R F, PATIL G B, AKBARI S H (AAU, Anand, Gujarat) : Study on drying kinetics of date palm fruits in greenhouse dryer. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 2074-9.

Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) fruits are considered as a major source of carbohydrate which includes simple sugars like glucose, fructose, and sucrose. Date palm fruits contain about 60% moisture, therefore drying of fresh dates is necessary to extend its shelf life. Hence, drying characteristics of date palm fruits were studied using greenhouse dryer and compared the results with open sun drying. A gable shaped greenhouse with east-west orientation has been constructed with 4.5 m length and 3.0 m width. The height of the greenhouse is about 3.0 m approximately. The walls of the greenhouse were wrapped with UV resisted polyethylene sheet. In open sun drying the date palm fruits were directly exposed to solar radiations. The results showed that the time taken to dry date palm fruits in greenhouse dryer and open sun drying was 40 hours and 58 hours respectively.

13 illus, 10 ref

003594   RAJASEKAR M, PRABHAKARAN N K, THIYAGARAJAN (Agricultural Research Station, Bhavanisagar, Tamil Nadu) : Effect of moisture stress management practices and irrigation regimes on the growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L.). J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 2061-4.

The field experiment was conducted at Agricultural Research Station, Bhavanisagar, Tamil Nadu, India during rabi 2017 and 2018 to study the influence of moisture stress management practices on plant growth and yield of maize. Study revealed that irrigation scheduling at IW/CPE ratio of 1.0 produced significantly higher crop growth rate (3.09 g m^-2 day^-1 ), dry matter production (17315 kg ha^-1 ) and yield (7188 kg ha^-1 ) and was comparable with IW/CPE ratio of 0.8. Among the foliar application of treatments PPFM 1 % recorded significantly higher crop growth rate (3.03 g m-2 day^-1 ), dry matter production (16736 kg ha^-1 ) and yield (6847 kg ha^-1 ) followed by silicic acid 0.2 %. Higher water use efficiency was recorded in IW/CPE ratio of 0.6 (19.41 kg ha^-1 mm^-1 ). Foliar application of PPFM 1 % recorded significantly higher water use efficiency (18.63 kg ha^-1 mm^-1 ). Under water deficit irrigation IW/CPE ratio of 0.6 with foliar application of PPFM 1 % produced higher yield (6842 kg ha^-1 ) which was comparable with that of normal irrigation of IW/CPE ratio of 0.8. Results from the study indicated there is no superiority in IW/CPE ratio of 1.0 over 0.8 hence, under normal water availability situation, irrigating at IW/CPE ratio of 0.8 is good enough to produce higher yield while under water scarcity condition IW/CPE ratio of 0.6 with foliar application of PPFM 1 % is suitable for obtaining optimum yield and higher water use efficiency.

1 illus, 2 tables, 20 ref

003552   MEHRIYA M L, KHAN I U (Analytical Div, Ayushraj Enterprises Pvt. Ltd., Jaipur, Rajasthan) : Effect of irrigation based on IW/CPE ratio and drip fertigation on secondary metabolites and antioxidant activity of cumin (Cuminum cyminum). J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 2056-60.

The aroma of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) is due to the presence of aromatic volatile compounds. The flavor of cumin is judged by its volatile oil content. Effect of irrigation based on IW/CPE ratio and drip fertigation on Essential oil chemical constituents and medicinal compounds of Cumin (Cuminum cyminum) were analyzed at Agricultural Research Station, Mandor, Jodhpur. The total phenolic content was ranged from 444.97 mg to 531.90 mg GAE 100 g^-1 seed while total flavonoid content was ranged from 112.22 mg to 203.12 mg QE 100 g^-1 seed. Highest total phenolic and flavonoid content was observed in drip fertigation at 0.8 IW/CPE ratio with 100 % RDF. 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging antioxidant activity expressed as IC₅₀ values ranged from 0.38-0.47 mg ml^-1 . Lower IC₅₀ value was observed in treatment with drip fertigation as compare to surface irrigation. Study results reveal that drip fertigation enhances the amount of secondary metabolites and antioxidant activity of cumin.

3 illus, 3 tables, 19 ref

003522   KARTHIK A, DURAISAMY V K , PRAKASH A H (TNAU, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu) : Influence of different sources of biochar on soil physical and chemical properties in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 2051-5.

Agricultural lands are facing major issues like reduction in soil fertility and soil health as due to mono cropping, improper use of synthetic fertilizers, use of poor quality water for irrigation, soil erosion and loss of nutrients. These created a necessity to improve and maintain soil health in sustainable manner for better crop production. In this context, a study was framed to evaluate the different biochars on soil physical, chemical and biological properties and its effect on cotton. The field trial was conducted at TNAU in collaboration with ICAR-CICR, Regional station, Coimbatore during the years 2017-18 and 2018-19. The experiments were conducted with three sources of biochars viz., maize biochar, cotton biochar and Prosopis biochar under different doses of 2.0 t ha^-1 , 3.0 t ha^-1 and 4.0 t ha^-1 respectively. The study revealed that application of biochar prepared from different biomass significantly influenced the soil physico-chemical properties. Application of prosopis biochar and cotton biochar @ 4.0 t ha^-1 significantly increased organic carbon, cation exchange capacity, porosity and reduction in bulk density of soils during both the years of study over control plots. This inferred that Biochar when applied as soil amendment not only improves soil fertility, which in turn keeps the soil in a sustainable manner for a long term to crop production.

3 tables, 19 ref

003473   DIWAN D, SIROTHIA P, DWIVEDI A K (Soil Science Dep, Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishwavidyalaya, Chitrakoot, Satna, Madhya Pradesh) : The interaction effect of sulphur and zinc on yield of linseed crop. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 2047-50.

The present experiment was conducted at Rajoula agriculture farm of Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishwavidyalaya, Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) during Rabi 2017-18. The soil of experiment field was sandy loam having 0.32% organic carbon, 10.55 kg/ha DTPA sulphur and 0.31 ppm available sulphur. The treatment comprised 9 combinations of 3 sulphur levels (0 %, 0.5 % and 1 % kg S/ha) and 3 levels of Zinc (0, 5 and 7.5 kg Zn/ha). Sulphur was applied through w.p. All 9 treatment combination was tested in a factorial Randomized block design with 3 replications. The N, P and K fertilizers applied uniformly @ 30 kg N + 15kg K₂O/ha as urea, DAP and MOP respectively. Crop variety ‘Shekhar’ was shown on 07.10.2017 and harvested on 03.04.2018. Crop in its life period received no winter rain as winter season was totally dry. It is observed that the effect of sulphur was found significant on growth and yield of linseed where seed yield responded up to 0.5 % kg/ha sulphur application. Zinc application has significant effect on growth and linseed yield. However, 7.5 kg /ha Zinc produced numerically higher seed yield over no application of Zinc. Interaction effect of S × Zn was significant on any crop character. However, the combined application of 0.5 % kg S/ha plus 7.5 kg Zn/ha proved to be better than from crop production point of view.

3 illus, 3 tables, 12 ref

003578   PARTAP B, KUMAR M, KUMAR V, KUMAR A (Genetics & Plant Breeding Dep, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Univ of Agriculture & Technology, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh) : Genetic variability and correlation studies of seed yield and its components in black gram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper). J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 2035-40.

An experiment was carried out to estimate the genetic parameters like variability, heritability and correlation studies for eleven quantitative characters viz., days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height, number of primary branches plant^-1 , number of pods plant^-1 , pod length, number of seeds pod^-1 , biological yield plant^-1 , test weight, harvest index, and grain yield plant^-1 in 40 genotypes of Black gram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper). High phenotypic coefficient of variance (PCV) and genotypic coefficient of variance (GCV) were observed for all the characters studied. The phenotypic coefficient of variance was higher in magnitude than the respective genotypic coefficient of variance for all the characters indicating the important role of environment in the expression of characters. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was observed for plant height only indicating the heritability is due to additive gene action and simple selection for this trait. Hence, yield studies revealed that, grain yield plant^-1 shows significant positive correlation with biological yield per plant, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, test weight, plant height, number of primary branches per plant and pod length both at phenotypic and genotypic level. Path analysis studies revealed that biological yield per plant, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, test weight, plant height, number of primary branches per plant and pod length both at phenotypic and genotypic level.

5 tables, 45 ref

003667   TIWARI I, VERMA M, GUPTA S, DEVI S (HECM Dep, C. S. A Uni., Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh) : Impact of technology adoption on production and productivity of banana. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 2032-4.

The study on Impact of technology adoption on production and productivity of banana in Barabanki District were carried out in the year 2018-19 by following the random sampling, 120 respondents were selected from the two blocks. Out of total respondents 47.5 % of the respondent belong to the age 50 years and above of age group. 25.8 per cent of farmers were educated up to intermediate level. After studying the awareness of respondents, it was found that impact of banana farming only 55.0 per cent of the respondent were belong to the orchard area 2-5 acre. Most farmers in the study area are 22.5 per cent of cultivators have knowledge about 1.6× 1.6 spacing between the trees yield of banana. Maximum 39.2 per cent of the farmer’s trees take 16 months to obtain economic yield. It was conclude that more agriculture as a primary sector continues to play a dominant role in increasing the growth and development of Indian economy and it is important to revitalize the agricultural sector. The majority of the banana growers possessed medium level of knowledge, impact of technology, adoption and attitude of banana cultivation. They should be facilitated with technical know-how and motivate them to participate in the farmers training, extension activities to rise the knowledge and adoption of recommended banana cultivation technology.

5 tables, 10 ref

003433   Aravinda Yadav K, SEEMA B R, JAYASHREE G C (Agricultural Engineering Dep, Agricultural Sciences Univ, Bangalore, Karnataka) : Modification of manually operated multi tool for small and marginal farmers. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 2007-9.

The study was conducted to modification of manually operated multi tool for small and marginal farmers at Department of Agricultural Engineering, UAS, GKVK, Bangalore. Before the seed drill is taken to field, it is calibrated in the laboratory condition. The seed drill is tested on 25 m² area in concrete floor, actual field and it is compared. The ergonomic study gives the conclusion that the human drudgery can be saved by 10 times by using seed drill than by working manually in sowing the seeds. It was found that the actual field capacity of using seed drill for sowing is 60 h/ha whereas it is found that manual sowing needs 247 h/ha. The cost of sowing one hectare of land by seed drill is 4200 Rs/ha and the same operation can be done by manual sowing with 12350 Rs/ha. It was found that the sowing efficiency on concrete floor and actual field are 98 % and 88 %.

2 tables, 11 ref

003469   DEVI S, VERMA M, GUPTA S, TIWARI ILA (Extension, Education & Communication Management Dep, C.S.A Univ, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh) : Awareness, perception and attitude of farmer’s regarding organic farming. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 2000-2.

The study on Awareness of farmer’s regarding organic farming in Kanpur Nagar were carried out in the year 2018-19 by following the random sampling, 120 respondents were selected from the two blocks. Out of total respondents 41.7 per cent respondents belonged to 50 years and above of age group. 62.5 per cent respondents were engaged only agriculture (farming). After studying the awareness of respondents, it was found that organic farming provides quality food for families with 1.78 mean score value. From the study it was conducted that most of farmers know about organic farming but they thought that some loss in yields on discarding synthetic inputs on conversion of their farming method from conventional to organic. The seed, fertilizer and pesticide industry as also the importers of these inputs to the area have a stake in the conventional farming.

3 tables, 10 ref

003580   PATEL P, GUPTA S, VERMA M, SURYA M (Extension, Education & Communication Management Dep, C.S.A Univ, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh) : Impact of climate change on agriculture and allied activities. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 1997-9.

The present study “Impact of climate change on agriculture and allied activities” was carried in two blocks of Kanpur Nagar; in each block three villages were randomly selected tin each village 25 respondents were randomly selected so 150 responded were selected randomly. Out of total respondents 53.3 per cent of farmers belonged to 50 years and above age group, whereas, 31.3 per cent of the respondents were educated up to primary level. It was found that 66 per cent respondents belonged to OBC group, whereas, 92 per cent respondents belongs to Hindu religion with 65.3 per cent respondents involved in agriculture as their main occupation while 67.3 per cent respondents holds marginal land area. The 82 per cent respondents agreed that area of some crops has decreased and 96 per cent respondents agreed that air and water pollution has increased. The study reveals the impacts on agriculture and allied activities as level of ground water has decreased leading to improper supply of water to irrigation canal for proper growth. And Increase in water and air pollution causing migration of birds and animals as well as decrease in drinking water availability. So Changes occurred in flowering and fruiting time of crops causing scarcity of fodder in area was affected most impact on Climate Change.

3 tables, 8 ref

003437   BALAMURUGAN V, BALAKRISHNAN T, JANUSIA J U (Agricultural Extension Dep, Annamalai Univ, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu) : Social participation and extension agency contact of coconut growers in Tiruppur district of Tamil Nadu. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 1994-6.

The study was conducted in Tiruppur District of Tamil Nadu. A sample size of 120 was fixed for the study considering the limitation of time and other resources. From the list of farmers in each village, farmers cultivating Coconut crop were identified and selected from the selected six villages by using the proportionate random sampling. During the survey, the researcher could ascertain that most of the farmers were members in social organizations such as co-operative agricultural credit society, farmer discussion groups, milk society, etc, mainly to avail the benefits given by the organization extension agency contact respectively. Lack of awareness and interest of the respondent to know about improved coconut growers practice might be the reason for their poor to medium extension agency contact.

2 tables, 5 ref

003515   KALAISUDARSON S, SUNDARI A, SRINIVASAPERUMAL A P, SARAVANAPERUMAL M, SIVAKUMAR G (Agronomy Dep, Annamalai Univ, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu) : Effect of weed management practices on yield attributes and yield of irrigated cotton. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 1986-8.

A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of weed management practices on yield attributes and yield of irrigated cotton. The experiments were laid in split plot design with five main off-season land management practices and six subplots -cropping season weed management practices replicated thrice. Results of the experiment revealed that the off-season soil solarization with transparent white polyethylene sheets followed by pre- sowing soil incorporation of fluchloralin 0.75 kg / ha + blackgram intercropping performed the best in recording the least total weed counts and the highest mean seed cotton yield and net income.

1 table, 6 ref

003618   SHARMA A, MONLAI S, DEVADAS V S, LIBANG J, BURI C (Arunachal Univ of Studies, Namsai, Arunachal Pradesh) : Effect of climatic factors on seedling growth of local and exotic rice varieties. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 1973-80.

The present study was conducted to determine the influence of climatic factors on seedling growth of local and exotic rice varieties of Namsai circle of Arunachal Pradesh. The effect of temperature, rainfall and humidity were recorded for local rice samples such as Sali, Khampti Lahi and exotic rice variety of Thailand Lahi. The observations with respect to growth of root length and shoot length were recorded along with the root fresh weight, root dry weight, shoot fresh weight and shoot dry weight were obtained from rice varieties. The raw data was analyzed with RBD from square root transformation. The mean temperature ranged from 30-34.14 ºC, mean rainfall7.86-14.84 mm and mean humidity 77.29-80 % were obtained among climatic factors. The study found the following findings, where the root length ranged from 29.71-67.86 cm. The lowest root length growth 29.71 cm was observed in Thailand Lahi variety with effect of 34.14 ºC mean temperature, 8.14 mm mean rainfall and 77.43 % mean humidity. The highest root length growth was seen in Sali variety by 67.86 cm with influence of 14.34 mm mean rainfall, 77.29 % mean humidity and 30 ºC mean temperature. The shoot length range 29.43-70.57 cm was recorded among rice varieties. The mean temperature 34.14 ºC, mean rainfall 8.14 mm and mean humidity 77.43 % were observed lowest shoot length growth 29.43 cm from Thailand lahi rice variety. The mean rainfall 7.86 mm, mean temperature 31.86 ºC and mean humidity 80 % were reported highest shoot length growth 70.57 cm from Khampti Lahi rice variety. The range of root fresh weight 0.10-0.53 gm, root dry weight 0.028-0.035 gm, shoot fresh weight 0.065-0.474 gm and shoot dry weight 0.041- 0.070 gm were obtained among rice varieties. The highest root fresh weight 0.53 gm, root dry weight 0.035 gm, shoot fresh weight 0.065 gm and shoot dry weight 0.049 gm were observed from Sali variety with 30 ºC with mean temperature. The climatic factor influences the seedling growth of rice but the rice variety adapts normal and adverse climatic factors and performs metabolism and growth into the plant system.

1 illus, 3 tables, 24 ref

003571   PALEI S, DASH D K, ROUT GR (Fruit Science and Horticultural Technology Dep, Orissa Univ of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha) : Standardization of in vitro protocol for plant regeneration of Carica papaya cv. Co8 through indirect organogenesis. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 1954-6.

An efficient protocol was developed for micro- propagation of Indian papaya cv. CO8. Induction of callus by culturing apical buds were obtained in MS medium followed by transfer onto shoot multiplication, elongation and rooting media. The treatments with various growth regulators resulted in production of callus initially followed by induction of shoot buds on subculture to the same medium. Among the various growth regulators used like BAP, Kinetin, TDZ, 2,4-D. Maximum percent callus induction was observed with TDZ at 0.25 mg/l, GA₃ at 1.0 mg/l was found to induce maximum elongation of shoot buds and maximum number of elongated shoots per explants was obtained the same treatments of GA₃. Rooting was observed at 2.5 mg/l IBA supplemented in ½ MS media. The in vitro raised plantlets were successfully hardened under culture room having controlled atmospheric condition, then these were transferred to greenhouse with a survival rate of 81 %.

3 tables, 10 ref

003659   SUBRAMANIAN A, RAJ R N, MAHESWARAPPA H P, SHOBA N (Plant Breeding and Genetics Dep, Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural Coll and Research Institute, Trichy, Tamil Nadu) : Genetic variability and multivariate analysis in tall coconut germplasms. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 1949-53.

Coconut is a perennial plantation crop grown extensively throughout the tropics and sub-tropics. Exploitation of available genetic variability forms the primary step in any crop improvement program. In this study, 18 Tall coconut germplasms, comprising of 12 exotic and six indigenous populations maintained under AICRP on Palms – Crop Improvement trials at Coconut Research Station, TNAU, Aliyar Nagar were used. The experiments were laid in randomized block design with two replications. Observations were recorded on seven morphological traits viz., palm height, palm girth, leaf length, petiole length, leaflet length, leaflet breadth and nut yield per palm per year for three years (from 2014 – 15, to 2016 – 2017). Analysis of the data revealed that the accession Seychelles recorded statistically significant mean value for nut yield. High heritability and genetic advance was recorded for nut yield indicating additive genetic control of the trait. In correlation studies, out of the six yield contributing traits, none showed significant correlation with nut yield. A total of three principal component axes explained the total variability. Cluster analysis showed that it would be advantageous to utilize the coconut genotypes in cluster I (Java, Federated Malay States), Cluster IV (Seychelles) and cluster V (Nadora Tall) in breeding programmes.

3 illus, 6 tables, 23 ref

003527   KUKANUR S S, SHANKERGOUD I, PALCHEMY K, KULKARNI V V, GOVINDAPPA M R, GHANTE V (Genetics and Plant Breeding Dep, Agricultural Sciences Univ, Raichur, Karnataka) : Single marker analysis to associate SSR marker to yield component traits in interspecific hybridization between Helianthus annuus L. and Helianthus argophyllus Torr. & A. Gray. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 1943-8.

In the present investigation sunflower marker-trait association were studied for eight yield component traits using sixteen polymorphic SSR markers with a set of 123 BC₁F₁ population of the cross CMS 38B × HEL 153/83. Association of mean performance of BC₁F2 families of corresponding BC₁F₁ individuals and with corresponding marker score were assessed for single marker analysis by using student’s t test in SPSS version 16. A total of fourteen markers gave significant association with at least one of the eight traits studied. Most of the markers were found to be related to more than one trait. The markers ORS 1146 was found to be associated with three traits viz., days to 50 % flowering, head diameter and oil content. This indicates that the same gene is controlling the expression of these characters. Some of the markers were associated to only one trait. Moreover, phenotypically these characters have more association with each other. Hence these markers may be useful for marker assisted breeding programme on further validation in different genetic backgrounds.

2 illus, 4 tables, 10 ref

003563   NAIR A R, PRAVEEN N (Life Sciences Dep, Christ (Deemed to be Univ), Hosur Main Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka) : Biochemical and phytochemical variations during the growth phase of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 1930-7.

Withanolides are therapeutically important secondary withanolides present in Withania somnifera. The present study was conducted to identify the growth stage of the plant that corresponds with the maximum amount of in vivo withanolide concentration and to correlate these values with the concentration of other phytochemicals and metabolic products. The plants were grown from seedling stage till 150 days from germination. At an interval of every 30 days the plants were checked for differences in the concentrations of withanolides and various other phytochemical compounds. HPLC analysis revealed a significant increase in the withanolide A and withaferin A at 60 days from germination which showed a strong correlation with the carbohydrate levels of the plant. This data will be useful for commercial extraction of withanolides from W. somnifera at higher concentrations.

9 illus, 25 ref

003446   BHAWAR R S, DIXIT P K, BALAKRISHNAN A, SIVARAM M (Statistics & Management Div, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal, Haryana) : Production, marketed surplus and disposal pattern of milk in northern dry zone of Karnataka. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 1919-22.

The present study investigated production, marketed surplus, and disposal pattern of milk in Northern Dry Zone of Karnataka. The study covered 240 milk producers selected randomly from four districts which were post-stratified into landless, marginal, small, medium and large farmers. The study revealed that the overall average daily milk production per households per day was found to be 17.68 litre, which varied from 9.61 litre in the case of small farmers to 26.73 litre in the case of large farmers. The percentage of marketed surplus of milk was found to be highest in marginal farmers (81.82 %) while, it was lowest in large farmers (74.41%). About 57.73 per cent of total marketed surplus of milk was disposed through un-organized sector; whereas 42.27 per cent of total marketed surplus was disposed through organized sector. Procurement price of milk had positive effect on marketed surplus of milk whereas family size was found to be negatively correlated (-0.052) with marketed surplus.

3 illus, 2 tables, 3 ref

003554   MISHRA D, GHADEI K (Agricultural Extension Dep, Banda Univ of Agriculture and Technology, Banda, Uttar Pradesh) : Adoption of safe plant protection measures by vegetable farmers of Eastern Uttar Pradesh, India. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 1915-8.

In the case of vegetables, farmers tend to be even more pesticide dependent. The extent of adoption of safe plant protection measures by the farmers of eastern Uttar Pradesh was studied with the help of structured interview schedule. Adoption index was developed to measures the adoption among the respondents. The schedule was administered over 205 vegetable growers of Varanasi and Chandauli districts under various sub-sections including adoption of application equipment, drift control and calibration, adoption of safe transportation, storage, handling & disposal, adoption of Pests & pest control, adoption of Plant Protection Practices Safety. Data indicates the ignorance of more than 80 per cent farmers towards their safety measures stressing upon the dire need for training on pesticides usage, thus, increasing adoption of safe plant protection measures.

1 illus, 5 tables, 23 ref

003444   BHATTACHRAYA S, CHAKRABORTY N R (Genetics and Plant Breeding and Crop Physiology Dep, Visva-Bharati Univ, Santiniketan, West Bengal) : Assessment of genetic variability, correlation and path association for yield and yield components in aromatic non-basmati rice. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 1907-14.

Twenty eight genotypes were grown in a randomized complete block design with three replications for two kharif seasons (2015-2016). The analysis of variance revealed that mean squares due to genotypes for all the sixteen quantitative characters were significant indicating presence of genetic variability. Coefficient of variability (CV) was highest in harvest index followed by number of productive tillers per plant. The estimates of GCV and PCV value for number of panicle, harvest index, spikelet density, showed higher differences which indicated the greater role of environmental factor influencing the expression of this character. High to moderate estimates of heritability accompanied with high to moderate genetic advance for number filled grain, days to 50 % flowering, grain yield per plant indicated the predominance of additive gene action for the expression of these characters. Grain yield per plant was found to be positively and significantly correlated with agronomical traits at both genotypic and phenotypic levels indicating the importance of these characters for yield improvement. Phenotypic and genotypic path co-efficient revealed that greater emphasis during selection of characters should be given on number of panicle/plant, primary branch, number of filled grain/panicle and test weight for improvement of grain yield.

7 tables, 36 ref

003650   SIVAKUMAR T, MUTHUKUMAR A, SANJEEVKUMAR K, BALABASKAR P, SUDHASHA S (Plant Pathology Dep, Annamalai Univ, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu) : Study of bioefficacy and phytotoxicity of azoxystrobin 120 + tebuconazole 240 SC against sheath blight (Rhizoctonia solani) diseases in rice. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 1882-6.

Sheath blight of rice incited by Rhizoctonia solani is one of the major important disease. In the present investigation study of bioefficacy and phytotoxicity of Azoxystrobin 120 + Tebuconazole 240 SC against Sheath blight (R solani) diseases in Rice. The field experiment was conducted at Killimangalam village, Cuddalore dt., Tamil nadu. The treatments with new combination fungicide, Azoxystrobin 120 + Tebuconazole 240 SC @ 830 ml/ha recorded the minimum sheath blight incidence with 11.34, 11.04 and 10.95 per cent after first, second and third spray respectively. This was followed by the dosage level with Azoxystrobin 120 + Tebuconazole 240 SC @ 676 ml/h which recorded 11.23, 11.13 and 11.09 per cent after first, second and third spray respectively. While the untreated control recorded the maximum PDI (29.80, 37.75, 50.71) was recorded. Similarly Azoxystrobin 120 + Tebuconazole 240 SC @ 830 ml/ha recorded the maximum grain yield with 48.35 q/ha and maximum straw yield with 39.98 q/ha which was followed by the treatment Azoxystrobin 120 + Tebuconazole 240 SC @ 676 ml/ha with grain yield with 46.56 q/ha and maximum straw yield with 38.24 q/ha. Further the treatments with new combination fungicide no phototoxic consequence and was also found safe to the crop as it did not influence the natural enemy population.

3 tables, 26 ref

003630   SHIVANI K, GAUTAM G, SUKANY G, MESHARM M R (Agronomy Dep, SHUATS, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh) : Impact of spacing and levels of nitrogen on growth and yield of stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni). J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 1878-81.

A field experiment was conducted during Zaid season 2018 to investigate “Impact of spacing and levels of Nitrogen on the growth and yield of stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni)” under eastern Uttar Pradesh conditions. The research was conducted using Randomized Block Design (RBD) replicated thrice, which comprised of two factors. The first factor was dosage of the nitrogen with three levels i.e., 50, 75, 100 kg N ha^-1 . The second factor was different inter row spacing i.e., 30 cm x 20 cm, 40 cm x 20 cm and 50 cm x 20 cm. The results showed that the growth and yield attributes have been found to be significantly affected by different treatments. Application of 100 kg ha^-1 Nitrogen with 50 cm x 20 cm spacing recorded significantly higher plant height and number of branches. The total fresh leaf yield and fresh stem yield per hectare increased significantly with application of 100 kg ha^-1 Nitrogen with 30 cm x 20 cm spacing.

4 tables, 15 ref

003438   BANKOTI P, GUPTA S, JHALA V (Shri Guru Ram Rai Univ, Dehradun, Uttrakhand) : Effect of different herbicides on growth and yield of transplanted basmati rice (Oryza sativa L.). J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 1868-71.

Weeds are the cause of serious concern on rice production. Therefore a field experiment was conducted during kharif season 2017 to study the effect of different herbicides on growth and yield of transplanted basmati rice at Shri Guru Ram Rai (P.G) Collage Dehradun, (Uttarakhand). The experiment were comprising ten treatments of weed management. The results indicated that chemical methods of weed control significantly reduced the total weed population (m^-2) and weed dry weight (gm^-2), while increased weed control efficiency effectively over weedy check. The highest number of tillers (m^-2) at harvest, filled grains panicle^-1, unfilled grains panicle^-1, grain yield (q/ha), biological yield (q/ha) and harvest index (%) were recorded with the application of Pretilachlor @ 750 g a.i./ha over rest of the herbicides in puddled and unpuddled conditions. Besides it had highest B: C ratio under the treatment receiving Pretilachlor @ 750 g a.i./ha in puddled and unpuddled conditions. Thus, application of Pretilachlor @ 750 g a.i./ha proved better to obtained higher yield and also fetches more profit, besides suppressing weed in transplanted basmati rice.

1 illus, 2 tables, 10 ref

003512   KABI M, BAISAKH B, DASH M, TRIPATHY S K (Plant Breeding and Genetics Dep, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, Odisha) : Phenotyping of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) genotypes for powdery mildew resistance. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 1865-7.

Present Investigation is conducted with thirty sesame genotypes for screening of powdery mildew disease. All the thirty genotypes were raised during Rabi season and infector row method was followed to obtained uniformity in disease reaction. After 45-60 DAS genotypes were scored for powdery mildew using 0-9 scale. Based on the PDI score, thirty genotypes were classified into Resistant (10), moderately resistant (13) and Susceptible (7) categories. From thirty genotypes, VRI-1 showed highly resistant reaction and Rama showed highly susceptible reaction. No genotypes found to be immune in response. Resistant genotypes can be utilized in breeding programme for development of resistant varieties and it can be utilized for identification of marker by crossing it with the susceptible genotype.

1 illus, 3 tables, 16 ref

003497   ISWARYA S, LATHA K R, SRINIVASAN K (TNAU, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu) : Evaluation of seaweed extract on growth determinants, yield and biochemical parameters of greengram (Vigna radiata). J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 1861-4.

Seaweed extract or Seaweed Liquid Fertilizer (SLF) is referred as a new generation potential natural organic product that paves the way for crop improvement. A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2018 to find the effect of seaweed extract on the growth characters, yield components, yield and quality of greengram. Seed soaking in 0.1 % seaweed extract solution for 30 minutes + foliar application of seaweed extract (0.25 %) twice on 25 DAS and 35 DAS recorded significantly the highest values in plant height (56.06 cm), root nodules (10.06), root volume (3.41 g/cc), number of branches at harvest (3.13), dry matter production (3795 kg ha^-1 ), chlorophyll content of the leaves (52.63), grain yield (1248 kg ha ^-1 ), grain nitrogen per cent (3.95) and grain protein content (24.67 %) followed by seed soaking in 0.1 % seaweed extract solution for 30 minutes + foliar application of seaweed extract (0.25 %) on 25 DAS (single spray). The presence of micro and macro nutrients, trace elements, humic acid, amino acids, plant growth hormones, vitamins, antibiotics, carbohydrates, metabolite enhancers and other organic matters in seaweed extract enhanced the growth, yield and quality traits of greengram.

6 illus, 2 tables, 15 ref

003504   JANANI P, KUMAR N, JEGADEESWARI V (Spices and Plantation Crops Dep, Horticultural Coll and Research Institute, TNAU, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu) : Effect of water deficit on physiological and biochemical responses in cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) clones. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 1820-4.

The present pot culture study on the effect of water stress on physiological and biochemical characteristics of twenty cocoa genotypes was taken up with two irrigation regimes (100 % FC and 50 % FC) under glasshouse condition. The results revealed that irrigation at 50 % field capacity showed an inhibitory effect on overall growth characteristics of all genotypes and the changes in leaf epicuticular wax, chlorophyll content and NRase, phenol, and proline accumulations. Based on the biochemical changes observed between the genotypes in two irrigation regimes revealed that VTLCH 3 and VTLCH 4 were grouped as tolerant genotypes.

4 illus, 2 tables, 40 ref

003511   JINCY M, JEYAKUMAR P, BOOMINATHAN P, MANIVANNAN N, VARANAVASIAPPAN S, PRASAD V B R (Crop Physiology Dep, Tamil Nadu Agricultural Univ, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu) : Impact of drought and high temperature stress on oxidants and antioxidants in greengram (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek). J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 1809-13.

Drought and high temperature often occur simultaneously due to climate change which cause devastating effects in plants due to oxidative damage. This study aimed to quantify the oxidant production and antioxidant activity during combined drought (D) and high temperature (HT) stress. A set of greengram genotypes were grown in rainout shelter by pot culture and the plants were exposed to drought and high temperature stress by sowing the seeds in such a way that the vegetative stage coincide with high temperature stress (> 36 ± 2 °C) and the control plants (< 36 ± 2 °C). Irrigation was withheld for five days by maintaining the field capacity (50 %) in stressed plants and (100 %) in non stressed plants. The oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide, superoxide radical and melondialdehyde content were increased under stress condition and leads to increase in membrane damage. This effect can be minimized by increase in enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant. Therefore the tolerance capacity of the genotypes is based on the tolerance against the oxidative stress by antioxidant activity.

6 illus, 1 table, 19 ref

003454   BUKHARI R, KOUR H (Kashmir Univ of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, Jammu & Kashmir, Jammu) : Polyploidy in agriculture: With special reference to mulberry. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 1795-808.

The mulberry is an economically important crop, cultivated for its foliage to rear the silkworm Bombyx mori L. Its chromosome number varies from 2n = 28 to 2n = 308 with ploidy level from x to 22x. Although there are good number of breeding techniques available in various agricultural crops; including mulberry, yet each of these methods suffers from one drawback or the other. Polyploidy has been intensively used in improving the mulberry crop, and there are good numbers of reports available which have indicated improvement in various commercial characters of the plant. However, the technique has not been popularized in mulberry due to many reasons. The suitability of breeding method usually depends upon the nature of crop. So, I am of the opinion that selection of the breeding method depends upon the kind and nature of crop which is under study.

8 illus, 1 table, 20 ref

003614   SEBASTIAN K, MEAGLE JOSEPH P, SHEELA K B, JOSE J (Pomology and Floriculture Dep, Agriculture Coll, Vellayani, KAU, Kerala) : Post-harvest characterisation and value addition of sweet lovi-lovi fruits (Flacourtia spp.). J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 1771-8.

Sweet lovi-lovi, belongs to Flacourtiaceae family is an underexploited fruit having nutritive, therapeutic and medicinal values. But it has not being utilized for its full potential, hence an attempt has been made in this study. Sweet lovi-lovi accessions belonging to Flacourtia cataphracta and Flacourtia montana, were evaluated for physico-morphological and biochemical parameters and the suitability of these fruits to develop ready to serve beverage (RTS), preserve and wine were analysed. The physico-morphological and bio-chemical characters showed significant variation among the accessions. The desirable postharvest qualities like high fruit weight, pulp percentage, less seed content along with highest total sugar (12.81 %), non-reducing sugar (1.33 %), anthocyanin (0.04 mg 100 g⁻¹), carotenoid (582.55 mg 100 g⁻¹), iron (33.23 mg 100 g⁻¹), crude fibre (2.92 g 100 g⁻¹) and lowest tannin (0.21 mg 100 g⁻¹) was observed in Accession no.2. Wine, preserve and RTS beverage prepared from sweet lovi-lovi (Flacourtia spp.) accessions according to FSSAI specifications was found to have good acceptability. The overall acceptability of sweet lovi-lovi wine and preserve increased during storage of three months whereas, the RTS beverage showed a reducing trend in overall acceptability during entire storage period.

16 tables, 28 ref

003658   SRUTHI B, SOMASUNDARAM E (Vegetable Science Dep, Narendra Deva Univ of Agriculture & Technology, Kumarganj, Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh) : Influence of organic manures on yield, quality and economics of aggregatum onion (Allium cepa. L. var. aggregatum). J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 1768-70.

Field experiment was conducted at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore during 2018-19 to evaluate the influence of organic manures on yield, quality and economics of aggregatum onion. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with twelve treatments which was replicated thrice Treatments included organic, inorganic and control treatment. FYM, Vermicompost, Ganajeevamruth, humic acid are applied as basal and Panchagavya, banana pseudostem sap, Jeevamruth are applied as foliar spray on 30 DAS, 45 DAS and 60 DAS. Yield parameters such as bulb number per clump, bulb weight per clump, bulb yield, quality parameters such as total soluble solids (TSS), ascorbic acid were recorded. Economic parameters such as net return, gross return and B:C ratio were calculated. Application of FYM @ 25t ha^-1 along with Panchagavya @ 3 % significantly recorded maximum number of bulbs per clump (5.73), bulb weight per clump (70 g), bulb yield (15.9 t ha^-1), TSS (22.50 B) and ascorbic acid (18.1 mg/100 g) followed by recommended dose of NPK along with TNAU pulse wonder @ 2 kg acre^-1. Application of Humic acid @ 25 kg ha^-1 along with banana pseudostem sap @ 2 % recorded maximum gross return, net return and B:C ratio followed by recommended dose of NPK (60:60:30 ) with TNAU pulse wonder @ 2 kg acre^-1.

2 illus, 2 tables, 7 ref

003502   JAISWAL A, SINGH V, LAL K, PRASAD D, YADAV K, YADAV V P (Genetics and Plant Breeding Dep, Narendra Deva Univ of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh) : Study on genetic variability and divergence under sodic soil in indigenous lines of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell). J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 1752-6.

Present investigation was carried out to evaluate 90 indigenous lines of wheat with 4 check varieties for genetic variability and divergence. The characters studied were days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height, tillers per plant, spike length, flag leaf area, peduncle length, 1000-grain weight, biological yield per plant, harvest index and grain yield per plant. The assessment of existing genetic variability and divergence in the indigenous collections was done by computing mean value of various characters. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significant differences among all the genotypes for majority of the traits except tillers per plant, test weight and harvest index. The genotypes showed moderate to high level of genotypic coefficient of variance (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variance (PCV). The magnitudes of phenotypic coefficient of variance (PCV) for all the characters were slightly higher than their corresponding genotypic coefficient of variance (GCV), indicated very less environmental influence on the expression of the characters. The maximum GCV was reported for flag leaf area (18.892), grain yield per plant (18.338), biology yield per plant (17.002) and peduncle length (15.789). This indicated that these characters can be utilized as selection criteria to achieve maximum yield. The 90 indigenous lines and 4 check varieties of wheat were grouped into 10 distinct clusters by using nonhierarchical Euclidean cluster analysis. It indicated the existence of high degree of genetic diversity present in the varieties/lines. Therefore, these varieties/lines may serve as valuable source for selection of diverse parents. Maximum intra-cluster distance was found for cluster-IX followed by cluster-IV, the minimum intra-cluster distance was recorded for cluster-VI followed by cluster-X. The highest inter-cluster distance was observed between cluster-V and cluster-VIII followed by cluster-VIII and cluster-IX. The lowest inter-cluster distance was observed between cluster-II and cluster-III followed by cluster-I and cluster-III. Hence, crosses should be made between these widely related genotypes located in intra and inter cluster distances, to get desirable extinct of heterotic potential.

1 illus, 6 tables, 18 ref

003567   PADHAN A, MISHRA S, BAHADUR V (Horticulture Dep, Sam Higginbottom Univ of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh) : Effect of growing media on growth, development and establishment of low chilling variety of apple “HRMN-99” under Prayagraj agro climatic conditions. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 1227-30.

The present investigation or Experiment entitled “Effect of Growing Media on Growth, Development and Establishment of Low Chilling Variety of Apple “HRMN-99” under Prayagraj Agro Climatic Conditions.” was under taken at Department of Horticulture, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, India during 2018-19. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications and 9 treatments separately. The material used in the investigation was organic manures. Result showed significant effect on maximum plant height (76.33 cm), number of Branches (3.17), number of Leaves (32.50), plant spread area (240.23 cm² ), survival percentage (100 %), and minimum Mortality percentage (00 %) was in treatment T₂ [Vermicompost +LC+FYM (2:1:1)] under Prayagraj agro climatic conditions.

1 illus, 2 tables, 19 ref

003553   MIR D M, GANAI A M, BEIGH Y A, SHEIKH G G, MAKHDOMI D M, AHMAD S B, KHAN H M (Animal Nutrition Div, Sher-e-Kashmir Univ of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shuhama, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir) : A survey on rearing practices and production constraints of dairy cattle in district Bandipora of Kashmir valley. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 1214-7.

The information in this study was acquired from 290 households of district Bandipora of Jammu and Kashmir as per standard questionnaire to ascertain dairy cattle rearing practices, productive performance and reproductive problems. It was observed that majority (51.23 %) of the people had agriculture as the main source of income and 51.87 % of the livestock owners preferred intensive animal rearing. 70.88 % of cattle were exotic crossbred, while 29.12 % were indigenous crossbred (phenotypically), however very few number of true indigenous cattle were found. A small population (5.90 %) of the cattle were given supplementation in the form of minerals or vitamins. Among surveyed dairy cattle, 78.64 % animals were in milking stage and the rest (21.36 %) of animals were in dry stage. The average age and body weight of 5.99 years and of 242.68 kg was observed, respectively. An average milk yield was 5.92 litre with the highest average yield (7.75 litre) in Hajin block and lowest (4.54) in Gurez block. The average concentrate and roughages allowance on dry matter basis was about 1.67 kg and 5.02 kg per animal, respectively. Overall, 48.13 % of farmers allowed the cattle to graze and majority preferred stall feeding only. Among the reproductive problems, the least prevalent problem was stillbirth in 0.78 % animals and highest prevalent problem was repeat breeding reported in 12.51 % animals. It was observed that there is a great scope for improvement in cattle rearing practices in district with proper health, nutritional and rearing management which otherwise stands hampered due to lack of awareness and improper management.

3 tables, 12 ref

003538   KUMAR R, KHATEMENLA, ALAM S (Assam Agricultural Univ, Jorhat, Assam) : Genetic variability among taro (Colocasia esculenta L. Schott Var. antiquorum) Germplasm related to morphological and nutritional characters: A review. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 1210-3.

Taro (Colocasia esculenta (L.) is one of the important among tuber crops grown in various parts of India and African countries. But there are few standard cultivars available for commercial cultivation and local germplasms across various parts of the world have a lot of genetic variation. For any crop improvement programme, aimed to achieve maximum productivity and production, a detailed knowledge of facts such as genetic variability, genetic diversity, heritability, genetic advance, correlation and path coefficient of various qualitative and quantitative traits and their contribution towards yield is essential. Studies in this direction are very less and can not to be generalized for every climatic condition and with other genetic materials. Hence, the information regarding some indigenous genotypes of taro used to formulate a sound breeding plan for its improvement has been reviewed here.

29 ref

003602   REDDY K V K, NARAYANA P L, MADHAVI M, SRILATHA M (Agronomy Dep, PJTSAU, Hyderabad, Telangana) : Effect of new generation herbicide molecules on growth and yield parameters of rabi maize (Zea mays L.). J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 1206-9.

A field experiment conducted during 2016 on Evaluation of new generation herbicides molecules on growth and yield of rabi maize (Zea mays L.)” was conducted at College Farm, College of Agriculture, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University (PJTSAU), Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, during rabi 2016. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with eight treatments replicated thrice. Growth and yield of maize was influenced by Atrazine @ 1kg a.i ha^-1 + intercultural operations HW at 20 and 40 DAS followed by tank mix application of herbicides, topramezone 33.6 % EC @ 25.2 g. ha^-1 + dimethanamide 72 %EC @600g a.i ha^-1 (as early post emergent 10-12 DAS) (T₄ ).

4 tables, 13 ref

003495   IDATE G M, LOHATE S R, CHALAK S U, SUPE V S (Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra) : Phule Purandar (JWC-1): A new custard apple cultivar for Maharashtra. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 1202-5.

Survey was undetaken during 2010-2013 by All India Cordinated Project on Arid Zone Fruits (Fig and Custard apple), Jadhavwadi, Pune in various custard apple growing area of Purander Tashil of Pune district with object to explore the crop biodiversity. Ten elite selections were made, which were evaluated with check cultivar Balanagar. These selections were analyzed consistently for three years for yield and yield contributing characters along with various physico-chemical attributes. It was observed that Cv. Phule Purandar (JWC 1) recorded maximum average fruit weight (366.17 g) and yield plant^-1 (50.90 kg). Quality attributes viz. TSS (23.56 ⁰B), TSS: Acid ratio (71.40) and pulp (47.82 %) were found at its maximum in Cv. Phule Purandar (JWC-1). Treatment differences for fruits^-1 plant were non significant. The check Cv. Balanagar recorded comparatively less fruit weight (267.67 g), fruit yield plant^-1 (35.60 kg), pulp (43.93 %), TSS (23.56 ⁰B) and TSS: Acid ratio (71.40). The fruit qualities viz. fruit colour, flavour and taste were comparatively more acceptable in Cv. Phule Purandar (JWC-1) than those in Cv. Balanagar. The Cv. Phule Purandar (JWC-1) recorded better Shelf life (6 days) than that of Cv. Balanagar (4 days).

4 tables, 9 ref

003462   DAR Z M, MALIK M A, AZIZ M A, MASOOD A, BABA Z A (Basic Sciences and Humanities Div, SKUAST-K, Jammu and Kashmir) : Performance of chilli inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhiza and phosphate solubilizing bacteria under reduced fertilizer application. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 1197-201.

A field experiment was carried out at FOA Wadura Sopore, Kashmir to evaluate the performance of chilli inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) and phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) when the fertilizer application was reduced to ½ and ¼ of the recommended fertilizer dose (RFD). The results of the study revealed that, inoculation of chilli with AM and PSB significantly increased all the parameters examined during the study. However, the best results were obtained when the seedlings were inoculated with AM followed by PSB at ½ of the RFD as evident from 16.6 % and 12.6 % increase in the total plant dry weight at the respective treatments as compared to control. Similarly the concentration of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) in the plants inoculated with AM at ½ of the RFD was increased by 17.3, 20.6 and 23.2 % followed by an increase of 2.5, 11.5, and 12.2 % at PSB with ½ RFD as compared to control. Yield of chilli was respectively increased by 9.7 % and 4.4 % when inoculated with AM and PSB at ½ of RFD as compared to control.

3 tables, 32 ref

003516   KALAIYARASAN C, JAYARAMAN J, JAWAHAR S, SRIRAMACHANDRASEKHARAN M V, SUSEENDRAN K, RAMESH S, ANANDAN P, MURUGAN G (Agronomy Dep, Annamalai Univ, Tamil Nadu) : Effect of organic and inorganic sources of sulphur on growth and yield of sunflower. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 1193-6.

Field investigations were carried out during March 2012 and August 2012 at Experimental Farm, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, to study the effect of integrated sulphur management practices on the growth, yield, quality, nutrient uptake and nutrient availability of hybrid sunflower cv. sunbred. The experiments were laid out in randomized block design and replicated thrice. The experiment consisted of eleven treatments viz., T₁ – No sulphur / RDF alone (control), T₂ – 45 kg S ha^-1 through gypsum, T₃ - 45 kg S ha^-1 through vermicompost, T₄ - 45 kg S ha^-1 through poultry manure, T₅ - 45 kg S ha^-1 through lignite flyash, T₆ - 75 % S ha^-1 through gypsum + 25 % S ha^-1 through vermicompost, T₇ - 75 % S ha^-1 through gypsum + 25 % S ha^-1 through poultry manure, T₈ - 75 % S ha^-1 through gypsum + 25 % S ha^-1 through lignite flyash, T₉ – 50 % S ha^-1 through gypsum + 50 % S ha^-1 through vermicompost, T₁₀ – 50 % S ha^-1 through gypsum + 50 % S ha^-1 through poultry manure and T₁₁- 50 % S ha^-1 through gypsum + 50 % S ha^-1 through lignite flyash. The results of the experiments revealed that application of 75 % S ha^-1 through gypsum + 25 % S ha^-1 through vermicompost (T6) significantly influenced the growth, yield, quality, nutrient uptake and nutrient availability in sunflower. This treatment recorded maximum values for growth attributes viz.,plant height (152.37 and 154.38 cm), LAI (6.90 and 6.97 cm at flowering stage), DMP (4225.72 and 4328.81 kg ha^-1 ) at harvest stage, chlorophyll content (2.28 and 2.31 mg g^-1 ) at flowering during first and second croop, respectively. This treatment also recorded higher values for yield attributes viz., total number of seeds head^-1 (778.06 and 815.26), number of filled deeds head^-1 (634.45 and 672.28), seed filling percent (83.04 and 84.26%), seed yield (1825.46 and 1927.39 kg ha^-1 ) and stalk yield (3800.63 and 3898.59 kg ha^-1 ) in both the crops. This treatment recorded maximum N,P,K and S uptake, maximum oil content, oil yield and crude protein content in both the crops. This was followed by T₇ (75 % S ha^-1 through gypsum + 25 % S ha^-1 through poultry manure) in both the crops. The lowest values for growth, yield, quality, nutrient uptake and nutrient availability were recorded in T₁-No sulphur / RDF alone (control) in both the crops. T₁ recorded Maximum N,P,K and S availability in both the crops.

4 tables, 19 ref

003648   SIROHI C, BANGARWA K S, DHILLON R S, CHAVAN S B (Forestry Dep, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar, Haryana) : Role of poplar (Populus deltoides) based agroforestry system for soil moisture conservation in semi-arid region of Haryana. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 1189-92.

The study was undertaken to assess the soil moisture content, when wheat crop was grown in association with different spacings of poplar (5 × 4 m, 10 × 2 m and 18 × 2 × 2 m) during 2013-14 and 2014-15. Among all the spacings of poplar based agroforestry system, the maximum moisture content (13.3 %) was found in 5 × 4 m spacing at a soil depth of 15-30 cm which was closely followed by 10 × 2 m (12.4 %) before 1st irrigation (pooled data). The moisture content was higher under different spacings of poplar as compared to control during both the year of study. However, in all the spacings of poplar, the moisture content was found to be significantly lesser from 1st irrigation to 5th irrigation during both the years of observations. The control plot resulted in less moisture content (8.1 %) than planting of poplar at 18 × 2 × 2 m (8.9 %), 10 × 2 m (9.7 %) and 5 × 4 m (10.4 %) spacing at a soil depth of 0-15 cm before 5th irrigation.

1 table, 14 ref

003464   DATTA D, CHANDRA S, SINGH G (Agronomy Dep, Govind Ballabh Pant Univ of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand) : Yield and quality of sweet corn under varying irrigation regimes, sowing methods and moisture conservation practices. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 1185-8.

Studies were conducted during spring season of 2017 and 2018 at Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar to determine the effect of irrigation scheduling (IW/CPE 1.4,1.2 and 1.0), method of establishment (flat and furrow sowing) and moisture conservation practices (control, mulch and biochar) on yield components, sugar and protein content of fresh sweet corn. Experiments were carried out in split plot design with two main factor and one sub plot factor and replicated thrice. Results revealed that IW/CPE 1.4 gave significantly higher dehusked cob weight and biological yield (213 g, 39.47 t ha^-1 ) and was followed by 1.2 (203 g, 38.09 t ha^-1 ). However, the highest TSS (15.58) was obtained in IW/CPE 1.0 which was followed by 1.2 (14.99). Furrow method was superior to flat sowing with respect to yield attributing characters and biological yield (7.4 % increase over flat sowing). Mulch and biochar resulted in significantly higher biological yield as compared to control. Furrow sowing method and moisture conservation practices resulted in numerically higher values of TSS and sugar content as compared to flat sowing and control. The protein content was non significantly affected due to various management practices. As an interaction effect, the dehusked cob weight under IW/CPE 1.2 furrow sowing was at par with IW/CPE 1.4 flat sowing during both the years. Conclusively, for obtaining better quality and productivity spring season sweet corn should be sown under furrow method, irrigated at IW/CPE 1.2 and applied with mulch or biochar under sandy loam soils.

2 illus, 2 tables, 12 ref

003510   JEE C, PATHAK V N, VERMA S P, VERMA O P, SINGH O P (Genetics & Plant Breeding Dep, SMM Town Post Graduate Coll, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh) : Association studies for grain yield and its contributing components in diverse genotypes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell). J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 1177-80.

Ninety four (Indigenous and exotic) genotypes were tested in Augumented Block Design at Nidhariya Agriculture farm S.M.M. TOWN P.G. College Ballia during Rabi 2017-18. The major objective was to study the correlation and path co-efficient analysis in wheat genotypes collected from different countries. The data were recorded on eleven quantitative traits namely days to 50% flowering, flag leaf area (cm² ), plant height (cm), spike length (cm), peduncle length (cm), tillers per plant, days to maturity, biological yield (g), harvest index, test weight (g) and grain yield/plant (g). The analysis of variance reviled highly significant differences between the genotypes under study. The data showed that the grain yield had significant and positive association with plant height (0.3820), peduncle length (0.7420), biological yield (0.9020), test weight (0.2711) and harvest index (0.5317). Path coefficient analysis revealed that maximum positive direct contribution toward yield by biological yield (0.8573) and harvest index. The results revealed that these traits may serve as effective selection attribute during selection in breeding program for yield improvement in wheat.

3 tables, 13 ref

003456   CHANDRASHEKHAR G, HORE J K (Spices and Plantation Crops Dep, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal) : Effect of growth and yield of the ginger with the combination of organic, inorganic and biofertilizers. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 1174-6.

An experiment was carried out at Horticultural Research Station, Mondouri, BCKV, West Bengal to identify the suitable bio-organic combination for production of organic ginger variety Gorubathan, with three types of biofertilizers namely nitrogenous biofertilizer, phosphate solubilizing Bacteria and potassic mobilizer with combination of inorganic fertilizer doses (100 %, 75 % and 50 % NPK) and two levels of FYM i.e. 15 t and 30 t. Among different treatments, maximum plant height, number of tillers, number of leaves and plot yield 3 m^-2 were recorded, in respect of sole effect of farmyard manure the maximum plant height (83.81) under F₂ (30t ha^-1 ), maximum number of tiller (16.96) under F₂ (30t ha^-1 ), Plants under F₂ (30t ha^-1 ) recorded maximum leaf number (156.0) and maximum plot yield (9.92 kg 3 m^-2 ) were observed with F₂ (30 t ha^-1 ). In case of inorganic fertilizer and biofertilizer, the maximum plant height of (85.60 cm) recorded under B₁ (NPK 100 % + Azotobacter + PSB + K mobilizer) maximum number of tiller (16.04) was observed under B₁ (NPK 100 % + Azotobacter + PSB + K mobilizer), maximum leaf number (157.50) were associated with B₁ (NPK 100 % + Azotobacter + PSB + K mobilizer) maximum yield 10.57 kg 3 m^-2 was observed with B₁ (NPK 100 % + Azotobacter + PSB + K mobilizer).

1 table, 7 ref

003656   SRINIVASAPERUMAL A P, TTHAMIZHMANI R, KALAISUDARSON S, PERUMAL M S, SIVAKUMAR G (Agronomy Dep, Annamalai Univ, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu) : Effect of integrated nutrient management on yield attributes and yield of fodder sorghum CO (FS)26. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 1165-7.

Field investigation was conducted at the Annamalai University Experimental Farm, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu (India) during 2017. To study the effect of organic and inorganic nutrient on growth of fodder of sorghum co (F5)26. The treatment comprised of T₁- Control (no organic & inorganic), T₂- 100 % Recommended dose of fertilizer, T₃ – 75 % RDF+ Vermi Compost @ 5 t ha^-1, T₄- 75 % RDF+ Enriched Farmyard Manure (EFYM) @ 750 Kgha^-1, T₅- 75 % RDF+ Panchagavya 3 % Foliar Spray at 20 DAS, T₆- 75 % RDF + Effective microorganisms (EM) 2 % Foliar spray 20 DAS, T₇- 50 % RDF + Vermicompost @ 5 t ha^-1, T₈- 50 % RDF + Enriched Farmyard Manure (EFYM) @ 750 Kg ha^-1, T₉- 50 % RDF + Panchagavya 3 % Foliar Spray at 20 DAS, T₁₀ - 50 % RDF + Effective microorganism (EM) 2 % Foliar Spray 20 DAS, T₁₁- 75 % RDF + Vermicompost + Enriched Farmyard Manure + Panchagavya + Effective microorganisms, T₁₂- 50 % RDF + Vermicompost + Enriched Farmyard manure + Panchagavya + Effective microorganism, on Experiment was conducted Randomized Block design with three replication. The result revealed that the leaf stem ratio, dry matter production and yield was significantly altered by the treatment effect. The highest yield parameters and yield were recorded in 75 %. Recommended dose fertilizer + Vermicompost 5 t ha^-1+ Enriched Farmyard manure 750 Kg ha^-1 + Panchagavya 3 % on 20 DAS + Effective microorganisms 2 % on 20 DAS.

1 table, 6 ref

003672   UJJAINIYA P, CHOUDHARY M R (Horticulture Dep, S.K.N. Coll of Agriculture, Jobner, Jaipur, Rajasthan) : Effect of weed management treatments on weed count, weed dry matter and bulb yield of onion under varying levels of nitrogen. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 1145-7.

A field experiment was conducted at SKN College of Agriculture, Jobner for two consecutive years during Rabi 2016-17 and 2017-18 to find out the efficient weed management in onion under varying levels of nitrogen. Among the different weed management treatments weed free check i.e. twice hand weeding treatment with 100 kg N/ha recorded significantly lowest weed dry weight and higher bulb yield compared to rest of the treatments except application of pendimethalin (PP) + oxadiargyl at 40 DAT combined with 100 kg N/ha or application of pendimethalin (PP) + 1 HW at 40 DAT combined with 100 kg N/ha, being statistically at par with each other.

3 tables, 10 ref

003532   KUMAR G R, CHANDRASHEKAR B S, LUKOSE O, RAVINDRA M, RAVIKUMAR K (Institute of Wood Science and Technology, Bengaluru, Karnataka) : Evaluation of in-vitro antioxidant property and total phenolic content of Zanthoxylum rhetsa fruit extracts. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 1139-44.

Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb.) DC of family Rutaceae is used in many traditional medicines as a therapy for diabetes, spasmodic, diuretic and inflammatory complications. Many chemical constituents like terpenoids, xanthyletin, sesamin, alkaloids, flavonoids and sabinene that are present in this plant attribute to various medicinal activities. Different parts of fruit of Zanthoxylum rhetsa were analyzed for their antioxidant property and total phenolic content. The antioxidant property was estimated using DPPH (Diphenyl picryl hydrazyl) radical scavenging activities of various extracts of fruit, seed, and seed coat. The antioxidant property of the fruit, seed and the seed coat were compared with the standard antioxidant chemical constituents like Propyl gallate (PG) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). The total phenolic content in Zanthoxylum rhetsa fruits was determined using Folin- Ciocalteau reagent. Gallic acid was used as a standard compound and the total phenols were expressed as mg/ml Gallic acid equivalent (GAE) using the standard curve equation: y=0.061x-0.002: R²=0.998. The total phenolic content varied from 0.027 ± 0.0019 to 0.0392 ± 0.011 mg/mL GAE in various parts of fruit extracts. The study reveals that fruits of Zanthoxylum rhetsa could be used as a good source of natural antioxidants in pharmaceutical industry.

4 illus, 4 tables, 25 ref

003597   RAMYA KRISHNA R, GELLU A, SESHIKALA D (Environmental Science Dep, Osmania Univ, Hyderabad, Telangana) : Cultivation of milky white mushroom (Calocybe indica) from agricultural waste paddy straw. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 1111-4.

476 gm of mushrooms were produced from 1kg of paddy straw and 100 gm of spawn, in approximately 52 days. Thus produced mushrooms were analyzed for the macro and micro nutrients (mineral) by taking 100 gm of fresh weight for macro nutrients and dry weight for mineral analysis. High quantity of carbohydrates (6.88 gm %), moderate quantity of protein (1.63 gm %), and negligible amount of Lipids (0.22 gm %) were found. All these quantities are approximately nearer standard Calocybe indica. Moisture content of fruit body was high enough that is 82.6. Among the studied minerals, phosphorus was found to be high enough (63.6 mg/g). The next mineral was calcium that is 4.67 mg/g. Among the four studied minerals iron was present in least quantity that is 1.57 mg/g.

8 illus, 1 table, 17 ref

003545   LOKHANDE S, SRDALAL S R, MAHADIK M K (Floriculture and Landscape Architecture Dep, Dr. P.D.K.V., Akola, Maharashtra) : Performance of marigold rooted cuttings on yield and quality transplanted from different growing media. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 1088-90.

A field investigation was carried out at Floriculture Unit, Department of Horticulture, Dr. PDKV, Akola during the years, 2016-17 and 2017-18 in Randomized Block Design to study the “Performance of marigold rooted cuttings on yield and quality transplanted from different growing media”. The treatments comprised of twelve different propagating medias viz. soil, sand, vermicompost, FYM, cocopeat, soil + sand (1:1), soil+ vermicompost (1:1), soil + FYM (1:1), sand + vermicompost (1:1), sand + FYM (1:1), soil + sand + vermicompost (1:1:1) and soil + sand + FYM (1:1:1) with three replications. The results of the experiment revealed that, performance of transplanted marigold plants in respect of yield parameters viz. weight of flowers plant^-1 , number of flowers plant^-1 ,flower yield plant^-1 , plot^-1 and ha^-1 were noticed maximum in the plants obtained from the vermicompost media. In respect of quality parameters, essential oil content and yield of xanthophyll obtained from different growing medias were found statistically non significant during both the years of the experimentation.

2 tables, 8 ref

003549   MANJUNATHA R L, NAIK D, USHARANI K V (Soil Health and Analytical Dep, DSCiGN BIOSYS Pvt. Ltd, Gerupalya, Bangalore, Karnataka) : Nanotechnology application in agriculture: A review. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 1073-83.

Nanotechnology is science of manipulating materials at nano-scale. It is working with the smallest possible particles which raise hopes for improving agricultural productivity through encountering problems unsolved conventionally. In the management aspects, efforts are made to increase the efficiency of applied fertilizer with the help of nano clays and zeolites and restoration of soil fertility by releasing fixed nutrients. In the controlled environment agriculture and precision farming input requirement of crops are diagnosed based on needs and required quantities are delivered in right time at right place with the help of nano biosensor and satellite system. Nanoherbicides are being developed to address the problems in perennial weed management and exhausting weed seed bank. Nano structured formulation through mechanisms such as targeted delivery or slow/controlled release mechanisms and conditional release, could release their active ingredients in response to environmental triggers and biological demands more precisely. Studies show that the use of nanofertilizers causes an increase in nutrients use efficiency, reduces soil toxicity, minimizes the potential negative effects associated with over dosage and reduces the frequency of the application. Hence, nanotechnology has a high potential for achieving sustainable agriculture, especially in developing countries.

2 illus, 3 tables, 68 ref

003581   PATIDAR A, KUMAR R, KUMAR U, KEMRO I K (Natural Resource Management Dep, Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramoday Vishwavidyalaya, Chitrakoot, Satna, Madhya Pradesh) : A studies on the effect of different organic sources on onion (Allium cepa L.) productivity and soil health. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 1069-72.

A field experiment was conducted during karif season 2016-17 at Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) to assess the response of different organic source. Treatments used in the experiment are given in the FYM (25 %,50 %,75 %,,100 % @t/ha), Vermicompost (25 %,50 %,75 %,,100 % @t/ha), and Goat Manure (25 %,50 %,75 %,,100 % @t/ha), levels on growth and yield, economics of oted treatment, productivity and soil helth by Onion (Allium cepa L.)). Each successive increase in treatment up to 100 % Vermicompost and 100 % FYM, harvest fresh weight of bulb (kg/plot), and total bulb yield, but in most of the cases increase was Significantly maximum 125 q/ha yield and maximum 164.73 q/ha yield of bulb was exhibited in the treatment of FYM manure (T₄) and Vermicompost (T₈) respectively significant increase but minimum yield production of 121 q/ha (T₁₂) Treatment T₈ (100 % Vermicompost), was recorded the maximum 164.73 q/ha total bulb yield followed by T₄ (100 % FYM) (125.24), T₁₃ (100 % Goat manure) (121.08), T₇ (75 % Vermicompost) and which were at par with each other. However, lowest 86.84 q/ha total bulb yield was noted in T₀ (Absolute control). Data revealed that significantly maximum bulb yield of 164.73 q/ha was obtained in treatment T₈ (100 % Vermicompost). The highest net return of 106730 Rs. /ha was obtained in treatment T₄ (75 % FYM), followed by T₇ (75 % Vermicompost), (69240 Rs/ha) but maximum benefit cost ratio 2.84 was observed under the treatment T₈ due to cost of cultivation 58000 rs/ha. While, lowest bulb yield 86.84 q/ha and net return of 40840 Rs/ha along with cost benefit ratio 1.88 was observed in treatment T₀ (Absolute control).

2 tables, 12 ref