017294   Shevtsov A A;Drannikov A A;Derkanosova A A; Borodovicyn A M;Glebova I V (Air Force Academy, N.E Zhukovsky and Yu.A, Gagarin, Voronezh, Russia) : Preparation and application of fodder vitamin addiditive choline chloride B4 on the basis of dried beet pulp in premix composition. Int J pharm Res Allied Sci 2017, 6(1), 217-26.

At present, almost all factories producing premixes switched to the use of imported dry products due to technological reasons related to the difficulties of input of liquid choline chloride. However, these expensive preparations have a high adsorption and capillary-osmotic activity, their use leads to premature hydration of choline chloride, loss of its free-flowing properties and to the reduction of storage time. In this regard, cheaper domestic products and innovative production technologies are needed. This research is devoted to this direction. The main goal of the research is to expand the assortment of feed preparations based on the creation of an energy-saving and environmentally friendly technology for the production and storage of powdered choline chloride based on beet pulp as filler. The objectives of the study included: development of a method for the production of choline chloride based on beet pulp; study of quality indicators of premixes containing powdered choline chloride based on beet pulp. Materials and methods. Experimental line for the production of choline chloride based on beet pulp. Quality indicators of premixes with choline chloride content based on beet pulp (humidity, pH of aqueous extract, vitamins A, E, B1, B2, B4, volumetric weight and angle of repose) were determined according to GOST-approved methods. Findings. An energy efficient method of obtaining a finished product due to the fact that the spent superheated steam after the vibration drier is sent to heat the atmospheric air taken from the environment and, therefore, its thermal potential is used more fully, is developed. High quality choline chloride powder based on sugar beet pulp was obtained.

1 illus, 5 table, 22 ref

017293   Sherathia D;Dey R;Thomas M;Dalsania T;Savsani K;Pal K K (Microbiology Section, Directorate of Groundnut Research (ICAR), Ivnagar Road, PB No. 5, Junagadh-362 001, Email: kkpal9426476749@gmail.com) : Biochemical and molecular characterization of DAPG-producing plant growth-promoting rhzobacteria (PGPR) of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Legume Res 2016, 39(4), 614-22.

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) thrive in the rhizosphere of plants and play a beneficial role in plant growth, and development along with biocontrol activities. The present study was undertaken with the aim of developing rhizobacterial inoculants for groundnut for enhancement of growth and yield and suppression of major soil-borne fungal diseases caused by Sclerotium rolfsii (stem rot) and Aspergillus niger (collar rot). Out of a total of 154 rhizobacterial isolates obtained from groundnut rhizosphere, 78 isolates were selected on the basis of in vitro antifungal activities against three major soil-borne fungal pathogens of groundnut, i.e. Aspergillus niger, Aspergillusflavus and Sclerotium rolfsii. The selected isolates were further screened for the production of 2, 4-Diacetylphloroglucinol (2, 4-DAPG) by the gene specific PCR amplification of phlD gene. A total of 11 rhizobacterial isolates were found to have DAPG-producing genes and selected for further studies. Gene specific primers were also used for characterization of the isolates for plant growth-promoting and biocontrol traits. The qualitative and quantitative estimation of the various attributes of the isolates were also carried out. Majority of the isolates showed production of IAA, siderophores and fluorescent pigments. The DAPG-producing rhizobacterial isolates have great potential as bio-inoculants for groundnut crop for suppressing soil-borne fungal pathogens and to enhance growth and yield.

2 illus, 6 tables, 50 ref

017292   Shasi Bala (Zoology Dep, RGPG College, Meerut-250-001) : Reaction of sorghum genotypes to rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae. J ent Res 2016, 40(4), 379-81.

Six sorghum genotypes including 3 varieties viz., CSV-20, CSV-22, Maldandi and 3 hybrids viz., CSH-17, CSH-23 and CSH-9 were screened for their relative susceptibility against Sitophilus oryzae. The grain damage percentage ranged from 39.86 (CSH9) to 75.73 (Maldandi) and the grain weight loss percentage ranged from 3.1 (CSH9) to 11.8 (Maldandi). Amongst the six genotypes variety, Maldandi was found most susceptible and hybrid, CSH-9 was least susceptible.

2 tables, 15 ref

017291   Sharma U;Subehia S K (Soil Science Dep, CSK HPKV, Palampur-176 062, Email: upender.35@gmail.com) : Influence of long-term integrated nutrient management on micronutrient status and productivity of rice (Oryza sativa) in an acid alfisol. J Envir Biosci 2016, 30(2), 437-42.

The effect of long-term integrated nutrient management of rice yield and status of micronutrient cations in post harvest rice soils was studied during 2010-11 and 2011-12 at research farm of CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur, India in an on-going long term fertilizer experiment intiated in 1991 kharif season (May - October). Grain and straw yields of rice were recorded after 2010 and 2011. Pooled data of two years revealed that continuous substitution of 50% N through green manure (GM) in rice produced maximum rice grain (7.37 t ha^-1) and straw (6.21 t ha^-1) yield which was 17.8 and 14.8% higher over 100% NPK added through chemical - 381 - fertilizers. However, 50% N substitution through farmyard manure (FYM) in rice was not only significantly at par with 50% N substitution through GM in respect of crop yields but also recorded highest improvement in soil micronutrient cations. Uptake of all the micronutrient cations increased with application of chemical fertilizers either alone or in combination with organics over control. The results of soil samples collected in post harvest rice soil (mean of two years) showed that content of all the micronutrient cations viz. zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) increased with the integrated use of organic and inorganic fertilizers for the last twenty years over application of chemical fertilizers alone and control. Application of chemical fertilizers alone led to decline in content of Zn, Cu and Mn over control.

3 tables, 17 ref

017290   Sharma O P;Kumari M (Plant Pathology Div, Rajasthan Agricultural Research Institute Duragapura, Shri Karan Nare, Jaipur, Rajasthan) : Management of dry root rot disease [Rhizoctonia bataticola] of chickpea through fungicides. Int J chem Stud 2017, 5(4), 45-7.

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is one of the important pulse crops of India. Occurrence of dry root rot caused by Rhizoctonia bataticola (Taub.) Butler is emerging as a serious biotic constraint in recent years for successful and profitable cultivation of chickpea the efficacy of various fungicides viz. Carbendazim, Thiram, Carboxin, Phenylpyrrole, Thiophnate Methyl and Chlorothalonil as seed treatment and soil application were evaluated against Rhizoctonia bataticola causing root rot disease of Chickpea. Management study of root rot disease of chickpea done under both pot and field condition. Seed treatment with Carbendezim was proved most effective in minimizing the disease as well as pathogen population in soil followed by Thiophnate Methyl. Seed treatment with Chlorothalonil was found least effective in minimizing the disease as well as pathogen population in soil.

2 tables, 7 ref

017289   Sharma M;Sharma A (Krishi Vigyan Kendra Mohali, CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur-176 062, Email: munish_uhf@yahoo.co.in) : Genetic stability and adaptability for - 380 - yield, horticultural and quality traits in chilli pepper across diverse environments in north western Himalayas. Ecol Envir Conserv 2017, 23(1), 356-66.

The present investigation was carried out at the Experimental Farms of the Department of Vegetable Science and Floriculture, CSKHPKV, Palampur and Hill Agricultural Research and Extension Centre, CSKHPKV, Bajaura, Kullu to gather information on stability and adaptability for yield, horticultural and quality traits in chilli pepper across diverse environments in north western himalayas. The investigation was carried out following 'line x tester' mating design involving 11 lines and three diverse testers. Lines, testers their 33 cross combinations, along with standard check 'CH-1', were evaluated in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications during summer-rainy seasons of 2010 and 2011. Data were recorded on fresh and dry fruit yield/plant along with component traits. Sufficient genetic variability was observed for all phenological, morphological, yield and yield contributing, and quality traits during both the years over the environments. Significant genotype x environment interactions for all the characters indicated a definite role of environment on the performance of genotypes / crosses.

5 tables, 12 ref

017288   Sharma J;Prince Kumar;Dua V K;Sharma V;Deepak Kumar;Sushil Kumar;Rawal S;Khan M A (NO, ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla-171 001, Email: jagdev.sharma@yahoo.com) : Status of micronutrients in intensively cultivated potato growing soils of Punjab. Potato J 2017, 44(1), 58-64.

Available Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu and B were studied in the intensively cultivated soils (potato based and non-potato based cropping systems) of Jalandhar district of Punjab. A large variation was observed in DTPA extractable zinc ranging from 0.20 to 9.76 ppm (mean 3.20), Fe ranging from 1.61 to 180.9 ppm (mean 44.9), Cu ranging from 0.4 to 4.55 ppm (mean 2.18) ppm and Mn ranging from 1.74 to 141.0 ppm (mean 36.9). Majority of the soils contained high to very high contents of micronutrients cations. Based on critical limits of 0.55, 4.5, 0.3 and 1.0 mg/kg soil for Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn, respectively, out of 100 samples only one was found deficient in zinc and eight were marginally deficient in Fe. Hot water extractable B was less than 0.5 ppm in all the soils. As per the soil fertility evaluation and fertilizer recommendations in the state of Punjab, 49% samples were low and 49% were medium in soil organic carbon. Micronutrient content (Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn) in soils of potato based cropping system was higher than soils of non-potato based cropping system. Available Fe, Mn and Zn contents were 4.72, 1.46 and 1.52 times higher in soils where paddy was a component crop of the cropping system compared to the soils where it was not being grown.

3 illus, 3 tables, 23 ref

017287   Sharma D;Singh R P (Plant Pathology Dep, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar-263 145, Email: divyasharma521@gmail.com) : Compatibility of different weedicides with Trichoderma harzianum rifai strain PBAT-21. J Envir Biosci 2016, 30(2), 327-31.

A study was undertaken to evaluate the compatibility of weedicides at recommended doses and half of the recommended doses with Trichoderma harzianum Rifai strain PBAT-21 that is being used as biocontrol agent. Eight weedicides - bisbyribac sodium, ethoxysulfuron, chlorimuron+metsulfuron, cladinofop, sulfosulfuron, imazethapyr, pendimethalin and oxyfluorfen were tested under in vitro conditions. On the basis of three parameters studied i.e. mycelial growth, sporulation and spore germination, sulfosulfuron at half of the recommended dosage was found to be compatible whereas sulfosulfuron and imazethapyr at recommended dosage were found to be moderately compatible. Bisbyribac sodium at the recommended dosage was found to be moderately incompatible with Trichoderma harzianum Rifai strain PBAT-21.

4 tables, 14 ref

017286   Sharifi-Alhosini M (Seed and Plant Improvement Dep, Khorasan Razavi Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Educat, Mashhad, Iran, Email: sharif.m2000@yahoo.com) : Investigation on grain yield stability of wheat varieties at different planting dates. Ecol Envir Conserv 2017, 23(1), 32-6.

The experiment was carried out to investigate grain yield stability of eight wheat varieties (Marvdasht, Cross Arvand, Mahdavi, Pishtaz, Falat, Shiraz, Chamran, Back cross Roshan) at five planting dates, at agricultural and resources research center of Neyshabour, during 2009-2011. Five separate randomized complete blockdesigns with three replications carried outin different planting date. Each planting date considered as an environment. Combined analysis of variance for years and environments was carried out. Year-genotype interaction (p<60>0.01) and year-environment-genotype (p<60>0.05) were significant in respect of grain yield. Grain yield did not affect by environment-genotype interaction. Stability analysis carried out using univariate parameters of type 1, - 379 - 2 and 3. Chamran and Cross Arvand showed higher yield stability based on environmental variability coefficient and environmental variance (type 1 stability parameters). Falat introduced as highest stable genotype base on Eberhart & Russell's joint regression, Wricke' secovalence and Shukla's stability variance parameters. Results showed that Falat and Chamran were the least sensitive genotypes in respect of planting date, While Shiraz was the most sensitive genotype with least yield stability.

3 tables, 29 ref

017285   Sepehri A;Saman M;Bayat S (Agronomy and Plant Breeding Dep, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina Univ, Hamedan, Iran, Email: sepehri110@yahoo.com) : Effects of Na₂CO₃ on seed germination, seed reserve utilization and seedling growth in bitter vetch (Vicia ervilia L.). Legume Res 2016, 39(4), 565-71.

Alkalinity is one of the main limiting factors of seed germination in alkaline soils. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Na₂CO₃ levels (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 mM) on seed germination, seed reserve utilization and seedling vigour of three local bitter vetch cultivars (Buinzahra, Shahreza and Tarom). The results indicated that increasing Na₂CO₃ concentrations caused a decrease in germination percentage (GP), germination rate (GR), seedling length, seedling dry weight (SLDW) and seed reserve utilization efficiency (SRUE). The rate of reduction in shoot length in comparison with the control in different concentrations of Na₂CO₃ was detected from Buinzahra as 30-92%, Shahreza 39-97% and Tarom 13-83%. Decrease in root length was more than shoot length in all the cultivars at each Na₂CO₃ level, as compared to the control. The weight of mobilized seed reserve (WMSR) and seed reserve depletion percentage (SRDP) decreased with increasing Na₂CO₃ levels up to 10 mM in Buinzahra and Tarom cultivars and up to 15 mM in Shahreza. WMSR and SRDP then rapidly raised with higher alkalinity levels. These results suggest that reduction of seed germination and decline in seedling dry weight in response to alkalinity stress is a consequence of decline in seed reserve utilization efficiency.

2 illus, 5 tables, 38 ref

017284   Sebetha E;Modi A (Crop Science Dep, School of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North-West Univ, Mafikeng Campus, Private Bag x 2046, Mmabatho 2735, Email: sebetha@nwu.ac.za) : Cowpea yield under the influence of cropping system, location and nitrogen fertilization. Legume Res 2016, 39(3), 435-41.

Yield production of cowpea depends largely on the environmental factors, cropping systems and soil type of the location. In this way, an experiment was conducted to investigate the interaction effect of cropping system, location, season and nitrogen fertilization on cowpea yield. The study comprised of three cropping systems (Maize-cowpea rotation, monocropping cowpea and intercropped cowpea), three locations (Potchefstroom, Taung, and Rustenburg, South Africa) and two rates of nitrogen fertilizers applied in kg ha^-1 at each site (0 and 20 at Potchefstroom, 0 and 17 at Rustenburg, 0 and 23 at Taung). A factorial experiment randomized in complete block design with three replications was conducted during 2011/12 and 2012/13 planting seasons. The measured yield and yield components were pod length, - 378 - seed per pod, pods mass at harvest, grain yield and field biomass yield. Cowpea planted on monocropping and rotational systems had significantly (P <60> 0.05) higher seed number per pod at harvest, grain yield and field biomass yield than cowpea planted on intercropping. The interaction of location x season plays a vital role on cowpea production by increasing yield. A single cultivar might differ significantly across different locations due to different soil types and climatic factors.

6 tables, 27 ref

017283   Satvir Kaur;Sarbjit Kaur;Gupta A K;Jagmeet Kaur (NO, Punjab Agricultural Univ, Ludhiana-141 004, Email: satvir_pau@yahoo.co.in) : Physiochemical and nutritional attributes of raw and soaked seeds of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes. Legume Res 2016, 39(3), 359-69.

The present investigation aims to analyze nutrient profile, antinutritional traits and physiochemical characteristics in raw (dry seeds) and water soaked seeds of eighteen chickpea genotypes comprising 16 cold stress tolerant and 2 susceptible. Raw seeds of tolerant genotypes were found to have higher total sugars and protein content and lower amount of trypsin inhibitors. Higher content of raffinose family oligosaccharides in tolerant genotypes is an additional characteristic for their tolerant behaviour and it does not interfere with the digestion as with soaking these oligosaccharides are reduced by 87%. The enhanced mineral content with soaking in tolerant chickpea genotypes might be attributed to the better physiochemical characteristics in terms of higher hydration capacity and swelling index which leads to greater permeable and softer cotyledons that might help in leaching out of mineral ligands. The higher nutritional value along with better physiochemical characteristics observed in tolerant genotypes render them useful at consumer level as well as from breeding point of view.

2 illus, 4 tables, 34 ref

017282   Sarsekova D N;Maissupova I K;Boranbay Z T (NO, S. Seifullin Kazakh Agro Technical University, 010000 Astana, Zhenis avenue, 62 Kazakhstan, Email: indi8484mik@mail.ru) : Determination of reserves of phytomass and circannual deposition of fast-growing wood species in central Kazakhstan. Ecol Envir Conserv 2017, 23(1), 255-60.

The article shows the results - 377 - of the research of determination of phytomass and circannual deposition of the fast-growing wood species on the dark chestnut soils of the middle and light clay-loamy granulometric composition of the dry-steppe zone of Central Kazakhstan. The aim of the research is to study the volumes of carbon and perspective of the increase of carbon deposition in the central Kazakhstan. The object of the study is poplar crop grown on the territory of Republican State Enterprise "ZhasylAymak". The growth plots were planted for determination of phytomass. Forest crops hybrid poplar "Kazakhstanica" in the green zone of Astana are created by the various coulisses (five-six coulisses, width of coulisses is 24 m, intercoulisse spaces are 10 m, distance of interrows is 4 m). Total mass of deposed carbon of the poplar in Republican State Enterprise "ZhasylAymak" is 0.057 tons and the phytomass reserves are 1.343 thousand tons.

4 illus, 3 tables, 10 ref

017281   Sarkar M;Kundagrami S (Genetics and Plant Breeding Dep, Institute of Agricultural Science, Calcutta Univ, 51/2, Hazra Road, Kolkata-700 019, Email: moushreesarkar88@gmail.com) : Multivariate analysis in some genotypes of mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] on the basis of agronomic traits of two consecutive growing cycles. Legume Res 2016, 39(4), 523-7.

An experiment to evaluate eleven agro morphological traits in twenty three genotypes of mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] in the field experiment was conducted in two consecutive years 2013 and 2014. Data were recorded on quantitative as well as visually assayed agro morphological traits including days to 50 per cent flowering, days to 1st picking of pods, days to final picking, plant height (cm), number of secondary branches per plant, number of pods per plant, pod length (cm), number of seeds per pod, 100 seed weight (g), seed yield/plant (g) and harvest index (%). All the traits were analysed using multivariate statistical analysis. Most of the important evaluated traits showed a wide range of variation. Cluster analysis using UPGMA method grouped the genotypes into five clusters. The component of mungbean genotypes among different clusters was varied from two to nine genotypes. The maximum number of genotypes i.e., 9 is found in cluster III followed by cluster IV comprising of 6 genotypes. Cluster V showed the maximum mean value for plant height, branch/plant, pods/plant, seed/pod, seed yield/plant and lowest values for days to 50% maturity, 1st picking and days to maturity. Principal component analysis revealed that the first five main PCAs amounted 71.11% of the total variation among genotypes. PC1 accounts for maximum variability in the data with respect to succeeding components.

3 illus, 4 tables, 16 ref

017280   Sarita Rani;Parveen Kumar;Anil Kumar;Anil Kumar;Sewhag M (Agronomy Dep, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125 004, Email: rohilaparveen@gmail.com) : Growth indices, quality and soil nutrient status as influenced by chemical and biofertilizers in field pea (Piscum sativum L.). J Envir Biosci 2016, 30(2), 387-91.

An experiment was conducted at Research Area, Pulses Section, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, during Rabi 2013-14 to study the influence of chemical and biofertilizers on growth indices, quality and nutrient status in field pea (Piscum sativum L.) under semi arid condition. The experiment was conducted in randomized block design with nine treatments viz., Control, seed inoculation with Rhizobium, Rhizobium + PSB (Phosphorous solubilizing bacteria), Rhizobium + PSB + PGPR (Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria), Recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF), RDF + Rhizobium, RDF + Rhizobium + PSB, RDF + Rhizobium + PSB + PGPR and RDF + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha^-1. The growth indices [(Crop Growth Rate (CGR) and Relative Growth Rate (RGR)] were observed maximum in the combined application - 376 - of RDF with bio-fertilizers (Rhizobium + PSB + PGPR) as compared to their sole application. Maximum CGR and RGR were recorded at 61-90 days stage compared to 31-60 and 91 DAS-maturity. The significantly highest protein yield was recorded with the combined application of RDF + Rhizobium + PSB + PGPR among all the treatments. Significant lowest protein yield was recorded in control. The RDF + Rhizobium + PSB + PGPR treatment significantly increased available N and P in soil. Various treatments did not produce and significant influence on availale potassium. Though the application of RDF + ZnSO₄ increased the available zind in soil but not to significant level. Protein yield (kg/ha) was analyzed, the higher radiation used efficiency (1.22 kg ha^-1MJ^-1) in the treatment RDF+Rhizobium+PSB+PGPR. The soil temperature were significant influence the absorption of nutrient, the morning time at 5 cm soil depth temperature with range of 16 to 20 degree centrigrade which less impact on the flow and absorption of nutrient, the treatment RDF+Rhizobium+PSB+PGPR were efficient higher use of RUE, HUE, HTUE, PTUE and HYTUE higher as followed to rest of the treatment. T max and T min temperature correlation results shows as negative and positive relationship among treatment in the different level.

4 tables, 16 ref

017279   Sanoj Kumar;Lal G M;Rai P K (Genetics and Plant Breeding Dep, Sam Higginbottom Univ of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh) : Effects of seed treatments with bio-agents, chemical, on seed yield and quality traits in groundnut (Arachis hypogeal L.). J Pharmac Phytochem 2017, 6(4), 10-13.

The present investigation was conducted to examine the 8 treatments along with control to study about their effects on the yield and yield attributing traits of groundnut. The experiment was conducted at Field Experimentation Center, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture Technology and Sciences, Allahabad during Kharif, 2016 in a Randomized Block Design with three replications. Analysis of variance showed highly significant differences from the control plot were studied. Highest per plant yield was also recorded from individual application the Neem leaf extract solution (5%) with soaking duration six hours and calcium chloride (CaCl₂) 2% solution on soaking duration 12 hours were gave best performance respectively in decreasing order. All of the treatment found were significantly increased the yield and yield attributing traits of groundnut under field condition as compared to control plot. These results emphasize the need for the use of bio-agents and chemical for ensuring sustainable production, better growth and improved productivity of this important oil yielding plant.

2 tables, 27 ref

017278   Sahu V;Mishra V N;Srivastava L K (Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry Dep, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur-492 012, Email: vedhikasahu2989@gmail.com) : Calibration of soil test based balance fertilization with FYM for chickpea [Cicer arietinum] in vertisol. J Envir Biosci 2016, 30(2), 461-5.

A field experiment was conducted during rabi 2013 in Vertisol at instructional farm of Indira Gandhi Agricultural University; Raipur (C.G.) to study the - 375 - calibration of soil test based balance fertilization with FYM for chickpea in Vertisol. The objectives of the study were to estimate the nutritional requirement, efficiencies of fertilizer, soil test and organic source (FYM), to estimate the fertilizer requirement for varying yield goals of Chickpea crop based on soil tet levels using INM approach. Chickpea, crop required 0.47 kg S, 0.46 kg P and 2.40 kg K to produce one quintal of grain. Fertilizer and Soil test efficiencies estimated were 12.06 and 21.53 percent, respectively for sulphur, 10.01 and 30.03 percent, respectively for P and 38.62 and 5.40 percent, respectively for K. The FYM contribution for S, P and K nutrients were estimated 1.93, 4.42 and 7.19 percent, respectively. Based on these basic parameters, fertilizer adjustment equation for S, P and K were formulated for different yield targets of chickpea based on soil nutrients level using FYM as INM component.

6 illus, 11 ref

017277   Rekha;Singh Y (NO, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar-263 145, Email: rekhashankhwar1986@gmail.com) : Effect of soil solarization along with bio-control agents against the anthracnose of sorghum caused by Colletotrichum graminicola. J Envir Biosci 2016, 30(2), 317-19.

The study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of soil solarization along with bio-control agents against the anthracnose of sorghum. A field experiment was conducted in June 2010-11 and 2011-12 at Livestock Research Centre G.B.P.U.A & T Pantnagar. The result revealed that solarization of soil with transparent polyethylene sheet resulted in average maximum temperature of 54.6°C at 5 cm. soil depth which was 10°C higher over non solarized soil. The temperatures higher than 45 and 50°C, which are lethal for microorganisms, were recorded for most of the duration of solarization at 5 and 10 cm depths. Solarized soil alone and when applied with Trichoderma harzianum (TH-43) was found highly effective in reducing the disease severity (29.83%) followed by TH-2 (32.53%) and TH-12. In solarized plot maximum plant height (233.7 cm) was found with TH-43 followed by TH-31 (226.9 cm) and TH-12 (223.2 cm) which was significantly higher than the non-solarized plot. Soil solarized plot treated with TH-43 also gave the maximum grain yield (31.32 q/ha) followed by TH-31 & TH-12 as compared the non-solarized plot. The results indicated that application of biocontrols agents in solarized soil may be recommended for management of anthracnose of sorghum.

3 tables, 8 ref

017276   Rekha;Singh Y (NO, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar-263 145, Email: rekhashankhwar1986@gmail.com) : In vitro efficacy of bio-agents and organic amended soil extracts against colletotrichum graminicola causing anthracnose of sorghum. J Envir Biosci 2016, 30(2), 271-3.

Anthracnose, caused by the fungus Colletotrichum graminicola is one of the most important diseases of sorghum worldwide. The current study was aimed at assessing the potential of Trichoderma harzianum and Pseudomonas fluorescens & organic amended soil extracts in vitro for environmentally friendly management of C. graminicola in sorghum. Twelve T. harzianum and ten P. fluorescence isolates were evaluated through dual culture to determine their ability to act as antagonists of C. graminicola. Among the isolates the best result was shown by Th-43 and Psf-2 isolates achieved maximum amended soil extract was found effective in inhibiting the mycelia dry weight (26.66%) of the test pathogen followed by tea waste (21.93%) orange peel (18.87%) and cow urine (16.59%) than check, while least growth inhibition was obtained with cow dung (8.44%) as compared to check.

3 tables, 20 ref

017275   Reena;Tyagi K;Sinha B K;Rai P K;Jamwal S (NO, ACRA, Dhiansar, SKUAST-Jammu, Bari Brahmana-181 133, Email: bkreena12@gmail.com) : Gall thrips infesting Terminalia chebula - one of the most important medicinal plants of Jammu and Kashmir, India. Ecol Envir Conserv 2017, 23(1), 394-6.

Harad is considered to be the mother and king medicines in Ayurveda. Its fruit has astringent, purgative, antibacterial, antifungal and laxative activity. The country's richest germplasm of harad including Raj Harad exists here. Among the various medicinal plants of Jammu and Kashmir, Terminalia chebula Retz., is one of them. Though the insecticidal / fungicical potential of essential oils extracted from harad has been discovered, the tree itself is attacked by several insect pests, which needs to be studied. Relatively few studies of the pests affecting Terminalia spp. Have been made. Harad trees growing at Advanced Centre for Rainfed Agriculture (ACRA), SKUAST-J, Dhiansar were noticed to be inflicted severely by several insect pests; major among them were the gall forming insects, scales and mealy bugs. Year round study was therefore conducted to identify the gall forming insect; one of the major insect pest. The losses inflicted by them, in terms of reduction in chlorophyll content, photosynthetic area; thereby resulting in economic loss was also assessed. Gall formation was noticed in approximately 30-40% of harad leaves on their underside. These galls were of varied sizes ranging from very small to medium sized during July. Curling of leaves also started along with the formation of galls. The galls were green in colour, exactly of the same colour as that of their full size. All this greatly reduced the photosynthetic area and efficiency of leaves. During the end of November - December the galls dry up and turn brown in colour. On dissecting these galls at different stages of their formation, thrips were found inside. The number of thrips varied with the gall size and age. Adults were collected and the specimens were identified by Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata. Two different species namely, Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus and Liothrips sps. of order Thysanoptera were identified.

2 tables, 7 ref

017274   Ray M;Sahoo K C (NO, Regional Research and Technology Transfer Station [RRTTS] (OUAT), Keonjhar, Odisha-758 002, Email: monikarayouat@gmail.com) : Weekly water deficit during different crop growing seasons at north central plateau zone of Odisha. J Envir Biosci 2016, 30(2), 503-8.

Daily rainfall data of 30 years (1986-2015) at North Central Palteau Zone of Odisha have been analyzed. Daily rainfall data were converted into weekly rainfall, Weekly data of rainfall were found to be more useful for planning of crop management. Weekly ETr values for all the weeks were calculated for 30 years by using equation suggested by Hargreaves and Samani. The difference between weekly rainfall and weekly evaporationspiration computed as water deficit. The weekly data of rainfall, reference crop evaporationspiration and water deficit was arranged in descending order of magnitude to determine the percent chance of each time using Weibul formula. The weekly water deficit at 10%, 30%, 50%, 70% and 90% of probability level was computed for carrying out the analysis. The graphs of plotting position vs. water deficit at 10%, 30%, 50%, 70% and 90% of probability level were plotted and found that three is good possibility of water harvesting at 10% probability level for effective crop planning in rabi and summer season.

8 illus, 2 tables, 9 ref

017273   Rana N;Varma M;Jain S (Zoology Dep, R.G.P.G. College, Meerut-250 001, Email: seema61@gmail.com) : Assessment of different water quality parameters of water sources of Meerut region (Uttar Pradesh, India) for suitability of fish production. J Envir Biosci 2016, 30(2), 381-2.

In the present study, water samples were collected from different water source of Meerut district during February 2015 to February 2016 from different depth of water. The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the magnitude of physio-chemical and biological parameter of water in different water sources with a view to assess its suitability for fish culture. The results showed that the pH ranged from 8.00-10 mg/l; DO 2.0-3.0 mg/l; BOD 2.0-7.5 mg/l; COD 14.5-15 mg/l; total dissolved solids 84-86 mg/l; total hardness 130-140 mg/l; calcium 140-150 mg/l; magnesium 46-48 mg/l; chlorides 38.9-40.30 mg/l; nitrites 0.02-0.03 mg/l; alkalinity 54-198 mg/l in all selected ponds.

2 tables, 12 ref

017272   Rana M;Singh Y;Bisht K S (Plant Pathology Dep, Centre of Advanced Faculty Training in Plant Path, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Email: meenakshirn715@gmail.com) : In vitro evaluation of essential oils, bio-control agents and fungicides anainst colletotrichum graminicola causing anthracnose of sorghum (Sorghum Bicoloe (L.) Moench). J Envir Biosci 2016, 30(2), 299-302.

Different essential oils, bio-control agents and fungicides were evaluated in vitro against Colletotrichum graminicola. The extent of inhibition of the fungal growth was dependent on the concentration of the essential oil used. The minimum inhibitory concentration varied between 50-1000 ppm. All the five essential oils showed complete inhibition of mycelial growth at 1000 ppm concentration. Amongst biocontrol agents. Trichoderma harzianum isolates were more effective and superior than Pseudomonas fluorescens isolates in dual culture, whereas among different fungicides Trifloxystrobin+penflufen, Quintal and Saaf were found to be highly effective against C. graminicola.

3 tables, 18 ref

017271   Ramani R;Robinson J J;Abraham V;Rao A; Narendra Babu R;Vasanthi C (Livestock Products Technology (Meat Science) Dep, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai-600 007, Email: blessmer@gmail.com) : Optimizing the marketing age of Emu [Dromaius novaehollandiae]: carcass and yield characteristics. J Envir Biosci 2016, 30(2), 499-502.

Carcass and yield characteristics of Emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) birds of two different age groups (15 and 18 months old) were studied. Significant and progressive increase in live weight and carcass weight was observed with increase in age and a highly significant differences was recorded in dressing percent between the two groups. There was linear increase in the weight and yield of edible and inedible offals with age. However, the yield of offals such as skin, head and intestines did not differ significantly between the two age groups. The yiels of lean in cut up parts viz. drumstick, thigh and rump were higher in the 15 months old emus. The yield of fat and bone were significantly higher (P<62>0.05) in the 18 months age group. Highly significant (P<60>0.01) difference was noticed int he meat: bone ratio between the two groups. Drip and Cooking loss values were higher in the 18 months old group.

4 tables, 15 ref

017270   Raman A;Narayanan C (NO, Charles Sturt Univ & Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, PO Box 883, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia, Email: c_narayanan@rediffmail.com) : Search for rubber in pre-Hevea brasiliensis days and establishment of H. brasiliensis in India. Indian J nat Prod Resour 2017, 8(1), 9-17.

Natural rubber, obtained from the spurge Hevea brasiliensis, is a material of high relevance in modern industrialized society. Its uses are manifold. In spite of a stiff competition from synthetic rubber and plastic, natural rubber is still in demand and large plantations of it are presently exploited for an uninterrupted supply. H. brasiliensis was introduced into India from Brazil, through a circuitous route, thanks to Dietrich Brandis (then Inspector General of Forests, Government of India), who directed operations in the 1870s. The present article explores the historical landmark events that occurred before Brandis's decision on its introduction into India and after, supplemented by relevant notations. The fascinating subplot in the story of H. brasiliensis introduction into India is the search for plant sources of 'rubber' within the subcontinent and how a non-edible fig species Ficus elastica was looked at, quite rigorously, as an invaluable material in this context. Early efforts made by the Rubber Research Institute of India, Kottayam in independent India include the development of a productive clone RRII 105, which has revolutionized rubber production in Indian in the recent decades.

5 illus, 47 ref

017269   Rajeswari E;Smitha K P;Kamalakannan A;Alice D;Bapu J R K (Pulses Dep, Tamil Nadu Agricultural Univ, Coimbatore-641 003, Email: agrirajeswari@gmail.com) : Management of pigeonpea sterility mosaic disease. Legume Res 2016, 39(4), 648-50.

Field experiments were conducted to ascertain the efficacy of leaf extracts from botanical species viz., Vitex negundo (10%), Psoralea corylifola (10%), Winter Green oil 30 EC (2%) against Sterility Mosaic Disease (SMD) in pigeonpea under field conditions. Resistant inducing chemicals viz., 200 ppm Salicylic acid and acaricides viz; 0.1% Fenazaquin and 0.2% Dicofol were also evaluated against SMD. Comprehensive analysis of data demonstrated that the two sprays of 0.1% Fenazaquin first at 30 days after sowing and second at 15 days after first spray recorded the lowest (8.8 per cent) SMD incidence as compared to 46.1 per cent in untreated control which accounted for the disease reduction of 80.9 per cent. Among the plant products tested, winter green oil 30 EC (2%) was effective by recording 19.0 per cent SMD incidence with 58.7 per cent disease reduction. Fenazaquin (0.1%) spray reduced the mite (Aceria cajani) population by 81.9 per cent followed by winter green oil 30 EC (2%) with the population reduction of 72.3 per cent. Fenazaquin (0.1%) spray also influenced to record the highest yield of 815 kg per ha as against 492 kg per ha in untreated plot and therefore, 0.1% Fenazaquin could be the best alternative for the management of SMD in pigeonpea under field conditions.

2 tables, 16 ref

017268   Rajak S K;Panse R K;Goutam A n;Kadam D M (NO, College of Agriculture, Waraseoni, Balaghat-481 331, Email: sunildamoh@yahoo.com) : Indian agriculture: present situation and their contribution in economy. Ecol Envir Conserv 2017, 23(1), 534-8.

Agriculture occupies a prominent in Indian policy-making not only because of its contribution to GDP (14%) but also because of the large proportion of the population that is dependent on the sector for its livelihood. The growth in population and wealth has stimulated demand to the extent that domestic production has not always been able to keep up and there is increasing speculation that the Indian economy may be overheating leading to inflation. The downside of the increased import demand and the current commodity boom is that India's food import bill will rise sharply. However, it is clear that India's agricultural sector has made huge strides in developing its potential. The green revolution massively increased the production of vital food grains and introduced technological innovations into agriculture. This progress is manifested in India's net trade position. Where once India had to depend on imports to feed its people, since 1990 it is a net exporter of agri-food products. Its agriculture is large and diverse and its sheer size means that even slight changes in its trade have significant effects on world agricultural markets. How India will develop is still a big unknown, with the picture changing rapidly. Questions have arisen about India's capacity to compete in global markets under the current farm - 371 - structure and farm policy. As the service economy grows, the share of agriculture will diminish, which may also have implications for India's stance on trade and agriculture policy in the future.

3 illus, 4 tables, 7 ref

017267   Raja R B;Agasimani S;Varadharajan A;Ram S G (Plant Genetic Resources Dep, Centre for Plant Breeding and Genetics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural Univ, Coimbatore-641 003, Email: bharathiraja_6@yahoo.co.in) : Natural variability and effect of processing techniques on raffinose family oligosaccharides in pigeonpea cultivars. Legume Res 2016, 39(4), 528-32.

High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was performed to determine the raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) and sucrose content in 32 pigeonpea cultivars. The results showed that the RFOs in the pigeonpea seed extracts comprised of raffinose, stachyose and verbascose. The contents of raffinose, stachyose and verbascose were within the range of 1.15 to 2.55%, 2.25 to 4.05% and 2.05 to 4.05% with mean values of 1.63%, 2.97% and 2.80%, respectively. There was large level of variation of individual RFOs. Furthermore, to study the effect of post-harvest processing on the RFO contents, sprouting and cooking experiments were conducted with the seeds of the variety VBN 3 which possessed high RFO levels. Sprouting significantly reduced the RFO levels within 24 hours while cooking even up to 30 min in boiling water did not result in a considerable reduction. Among the local processing techniques, sprouting had significant effect on reducing RFOs content in pigeonpea.

2 illus, 1 table, 28 ref

017266   Raj Kumar;Mehta A;Vinod Kumar;Bhardwaj V (NO, ICAR-CPRI, Central Potato Research Station, Jalandhar-144 003, Email: rajcprs@rediffmail.com) : Identification of early maturing potato accessions suitable for processing into chips. Potato J 2017, 44(1), 81-4.

2 tables, 13 ref

017265   Raghuwanshi P K;Sharma S;Bele M;Dipesh Kumar (NO, R.A.K. College of Agriculture, R.V.S.K.V.V. Sehore-466 001, Email: pawanraghuwanshi10@gmail.com) : Screening of certain gram genotypes against Callosobruchus chinensis L. (Coleoptera:Bruchidae). Legume Res 2016, 39(4), 651-3.

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), is an important pulse food. During storage this commodity is severely attacked by pulse beetle Callosobruchus chinensis L. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) and losses in quantity and nutritional quality. Research studies on relative resistance of 8 chickpea genotypes to the attack of C. Chinensis during storage were carried out. The maximum number of eggs laid on genotypes ICCV-07301 (34.35) whole minimum numbers of eggs (17.3) were laid on genotypes ICCV-990126. Significantly higher weight loss (24.98%) was noticed SG-98310 which was followed by SG-950226 (16.64 per cent). Least weight loss (5.78 per cent) was observed in SG-97311 closely followed by SG-98004 (6.36%).. The highest per cent infestation was observed in ICCV-08303 (91.66) and the lowest per cent infestation was observed in ICC-920412 (71.66%) closely followed by ICCV-990126(73.33%). The developmental period was recorded longer on deshi genotypes than kabuli genotypes. After 60 days of - 370 - infestation the protein content increased by 30.03 per cent in kabuli genotypes and by 48.37 per cent in deshi genotypes.

2 tables, 10 ref

017264   Rabinder Kaur;Joshi N;Virk J S;Sharma S (Entomology Dep, Punjab Agricultural Univ, Ludhiana-141 004, Email: rebakaur@pau.edu) : Evaluation of Pseudomonas fluorescens for the management of tomato early blight disease and fruit borer. J envir Biol 2016, 37(5), 869-72.

Early blight disease and fruit damage by Helicoverpa armigera are serious problems of tomato causing heavy losses in the yield. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of talc based formulation of antagonist Pseudomonas flourescens (Psf) delivered through two different forms of substrate, farmyard manure (FYM) and vermicompost, for the management of tomato early blight disease. Two treatments of Psf, were selected Solarization of nursery soil + seeds and seedlings root dip treatment with Psf formulation + Use of FYM colonized with Psf formulation; Solarization of nursery soil + seed and seedlings root dip treatment with Psf formulation + Use of vermicompost colonized with Psf formulation. These were compared with farmer's practice and untreated control. The impact of all these treatments on tomato fruit borer, H. armigera was also studied. There was not much variation in plant growth parameters (plant height and canopy width) between all the treatments. Both biocontrol treatments (17.69% and 141.3 q acre^-1; 15.70% and 139.4 q acre^-1, respectively), as well as farmer's practice (10.25% and 208.5 q acre^-1) were found to be better than untreated control (29.21% and 94.6 q acre^-1) in reducing the incidence of early blight disease in tomato and increasing the marketable yield of tomato fruits. However, the farmer's practice was found to be significantly better than both biocontrol treatments of Psf in controlling fruit damage due to disease, as well as fruit borer. The effect of both bioagents enriched formulations i.e. FYM+Psf and vermicompost+Psf with respect to disease was significantly at par with each other, whereas they had no impact on the fruit borer incidence. The results indicated that either of biocontrol treatments of P. flourescens using farmyard manure and vermicompost, as delivery substrates, can be considered as one of the component along with chemical control in developing IPM programme for the management of early blight disease in tomato.

1 table, 28 ref

017263   Priya S S;Jeyakumar P;Boominathan P (Crop Physiology Dep, Tamil Nadu Agricultural Univ, Coimbatore-641 001, Email: boomitnau@gmail.com) : Combined effect of trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole on growth and yield attributes of groundnut. Legume Res 2016, 39(4), 605-9.

Fungicides have been shown to cause long term changes in the growth and metabolism of treated plants leading to higher biomass and yield, apart from inducing stress tolerance. Fungicidal compounds belong to strobilurins and triazoles namely trifloxistrobin and tebuconazole as combinations were applied in groundnut to understand mechanism by which it alters the plant metabolism leading to higher productivity. Foliar application of Nativo 75 WP, a formulation consisting of trifloxistrobin and tebuconazole @ 250 g ha^-1, 300 g ha^-1, 350 g ha^-1 and Carbendazim @ 500 g ha^-1 at 35 and 50 days after sowing was attempted in a field experiment on groundnut. The result indicated that Nativo 75 WP significantly improved the root length and total dry matter accumulation at different stages of growth. Among the different concentrations, application of Nativo 75WP @ 300g ha^-1 increased the number of pod and pegs, peg to pod ratio, 100 kernel weight and shelling percent.

5 tables, 19 ref

017262   Pratap Singh V;Singh S P;Abnish Kumar; Shalini;Bisht S N;Satyawali K;Singh D B (Agronomy Dep, College of Agriculture, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, U.S. Nagar-263 145, Email: vpratapsingh@rediffmail.com) : Studies on bio-efficacy and phytotoxicity of halosulfuron methyl 75% WG for weed management in sugarcane and their residual effect on succeeding crop. Ecol Envir Conserv 2017, 23(1), 521-8.

A field experiment was conducted during 2012-13 and 2013-14 at G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar to study the bio-efficacy and phytotoxicity of halosulfuron methyl 75% WG for weed management in sugarcane and their residual effect on succeeding lentil crop. The treaemtnes constituted of new herbicide formulation halosulfuron methyl (75% WG) at different doses i.e. 60, 67.5, 90.0 and 135.0 g/ha compared with atrazine as standard check 50% WP at 2000 g/ha, 2,4-D amine salt 58% SL at 3500 g/ha and two hoeing on 30 and 60 DAP with weedy check. The results revealed that halosulfuron methyl at 30, 67.5, 90.0 and 135.0 g/ha recorded significantly effective in lowering the dry matter of C. rotundus at 30 and 60 DDA (1.0-1.1 g/m²) compared to atrizine 2000 g/ha (3.6 g/m²), 2,4 D amine salt at 3500 g/ha (1-1.6 g/m²) and hoeing 30&60 DAP (1.8-202 g/m²). Among herbicidal treatments highest cane weight (982 g) was obtained with atrazine applied as pre emergence at 2000 g/ha followed by post emergence application of halosulfuron methyl applied at 90 as well as 135 g/ha. Halosulfuron methyl at 135 g/ha gave maximum cane yield (619 q/ha) which was at par with its other lower doses. The per cent increase in the sugarcane yield with the application of atrazine at 2000 g/ha and post emergence application of halosulfuron methyl at 135 g/ha was to an extent of 63.7 and 35.1%, respectively over weedy check. It was also observed that the herbicide tested in this study did not show any phytotoxic symptoms and residual effect on succeeding crop of lentil.

1 illus, 7 tables, 12 ref

017261   Prasad R;Shivay Y S (Agronomy Div, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110 012, Email: ysshivay@hotmail.com) : Oxalic acid/oxalates in plants: From self-defence to phytoremediation. Curr Sci 2017, 112(8), 1665-7.

Oxalic acid and oxalates are produced and present in plants in different amounts. Insoluble calcium oxalate plays a key role in regulating calcium concentration, which is important in the functioning of guard cells. Oxalates provide tolerance to aluminium toxicity to plants growing in acid soils. Both oxalic acid and cal-cium oxalate provide self-defence against insect pests and grazing animals. Oxalates are involved in phy-toremediation of soils rendered toxic by heavy metals, like lead, cadmium, zinc, etc.

^iia51 ref

017260   Prasad R S;Suresh Babu G;Jalandhar Ram B;Rai P K (Genetics and Plant Breeding Dep, Seed Science and Technology, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginb, Uttar Pradesh) : Evaluation of early mature elite rice (Oryza sativa L.) hybrids for yield and quality traits. J Pharmac Phytochem 2017, 6(4), 18-21.

Field Experiment was conducted to evaluate 33 rice Hybrids for yield and quality traits in Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, SHUATS, Allahabad during Kharif 2016 in Randomized Block Design with 3 replications of 33 Rice Hybrids received from AICRIP from Indian Institute of Rice Research (IIRR) Hyderabad. The data were recorded for 15 quantitative characters to asses' Genetic variability. Analysis of variance showed highly significant for all the 15 characters except flag leaf width. The highest grain yield per plant was observed in hybrid IHRT-E-34 7t/ha. Highest of GCV and PCV were observed for number of spikelets per panicle followed by grain yield per plant and unfilled grains percentage. High Estimate of Heritability was observed for plant height and days to 50% flowering. High Genetic advance as % of mean was recorded for number of spikelets per panicle, grain yield per plant, unfilled grains and tillers per hill. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percent of mean was observed for spikelets per panicle followed by plant height and tillers per hill. With regards to hulling percentage and high Gel consistency recorded in IHRT-E-9 follows by IHRT-E-12.

3 tables, 15 ref

017259   Pradhan A;Kundu R;Bandyopadhyay N (Fisheries Dep, Government of West Bengal, West Bengal) : Present status and swot analysis of fish seed production in Bankura district, West Bengal. J envir Sociobiol 2016, 13(1), 35-48.

Bankura district of West Bengal was pioneer in respect of production of fish seeds of Indian major carp by simulating natural conditions in captivity. The present study was conducted to find out the present status of fish seed production, nature of marketing and marketing channel of produced fish seed and SWOT analysis of fish seed production of this district. The study was made by collecting primary data from fish farmers, fish breeders, PFCS members, etc., following a structured questionnaire schedule - 367 - during fish breeding period. A total of 350 hatcheries are found, located in different villages of Onda, Simlapal, Patrasayer, Bishnupur, Joypur, Kotulpur and Borjora Blocks. Farmers sell their produce either directly to byers or to itinerant traders, i.e., Ghat malik (Aratdars / Wholesaler) who sell fish seeds in the local market of Bankura or other districts. The economic analysis of seed production reveals that the benefit cost ratio of the hatcheries is very high and estimated to 1.97. The study shows that the fish seed production industry in Bankura has a huge prospect of income generation with favourable climate and ecological condition. This industry is facing some problem like poor communication, corrupted administration, non coverage of insurance and lack of help from financial institution. Industry is also facing threats like mixed spawning, inbreeding and genetic drift which in turn damaging the marketing system by destructing/ the good will.

9 illus, 7 tables, 12 ref

017258   Pillai A K;Selvaraj S;Agnihotri M (Entomology Dep, G.B. Pant Univ of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar-263 145, Email: kuzhandhai635@gmail.com) : Seasonal abundance of Campoletis chlorideae Uchida (Hymenoptera: ichneumonidae), a larval parasitoid of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) hardwick in chickpea. Legume Res 2016, 39(4), 643-7.

Climate change is likely to affect the insect host and the activity and abundance of biological control agents. Therefore, the present studies were conducted to understand the seasonal abundance of larval parasitoid, Campoletis chlorideae on chickpea at Pantnagar during the cropping season 2010-11 and 2011-12 revealed that the larval parasitoid exhibited its marked first appearance in 3rd standard meteorological week (SMW) and attained peak population in 7th (85.80%) and 8th (87.65%) SMW, respectively. Statistical analysis between the weather parameters and the population of the larval parasitoid showed a significant negative correlation with maximum temperature (r=-0.698* and r=-0.705*) and minimum temperature (r=-0.706* and r=-0.790*) whereas significant positive correlation with maximum relative humidity (r= 0.800** and r = 0.824**) and minimum relative humidity (r= 0.636* and r= 0.254) during 2010-11 and 2011-12, respectively. The results indicated that changes in weather factors as a result of climate change would have considerable influence on survival and development of C. chlorideae.

5 tables, 15 ref

017257   Paul Khurana S M;Narendra Kumar (Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity Univ Haryana, Manesar-122 413, Email: smpkhurana@ggn.amity.edu) : Climate change: perspectives of challenges and options in plant disease and pest management. Int J Innovative Hort 2016, 5(2), 57-72.

This article compares information on effects of changing climate on agriculture. The overview reveals that effect of climate change (CC) on agriculture or more precisely diseases and insect pests of agricultural crops is multidimensional. Magnitude of this impact could vary with the type of species and their growth patterns. The climate change has direct role on stratospheric ozone depletion which in turn has direct impact on biodiversity loss, physiology and morphology of plants and ecosystem balance and finally resulting in desertification and also indirect effect on soil fertility. Changing climatic conditions impact crop production by changes in average temperatures, precipitation patterns, increase in pests and invasive species, acute losses resulting from more frequent and intense weather extremes and soil erosion. The nutritional value of some foods also change due to elevated atmospheric CO₂ (increase in carbohydrates but decreased protein and vitamins). The tropical - 366 - regions appear to be more vulnerable to climate change than the temperate regions for several reasons. World over research effort on effect of climate change on pests and diseases of crops is inadequate. In India, there is limited work effort in this area for practically any insect-pest, or diseases of any crop. However, at the genomic level, advances in technologies for the high-throughput analysis of gene expression have made it possible to check discriminating responses to different biotic, abiotic stresses and potential trade-offs in responses. The diagnostics of diseases and pests and capacity building of farmers, extension and even research personnel for adaptation to changed pest scenario under future climates assumes significance and Farmers' decisions are of vital importance for obtaining good yields of crops. Weather forecast or its products and area-wide weather networks are becoming more prevalent. Now, the challenge is to bring continuous improvement in productivity, profitability, stability and sustainability of major farming systems, wherein scientific management of plant pests are pivotal. Thus, future research and education in Crop Protection in India needs to address the issue of future climates in pest management.

^iia14 illus, 3 tables, 70 ref

017256   Patley S;Sengar S S;Keshri P;Baghel N;Sahu N (Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry Dep, College of Agriculture, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, Chhattisgarh) : Seasonal variation of arsenic and its accumulation in straw and grain of rice plant in ambagarh chowki block of Rajnandgaon district Chhattisgarh. Int J chem Stud 2017, 5(4), 7-10.

Rice is the major food crop of this area, as the cultivation of rice requires huge volume of water and long term use of arsenic contaminated ground water for irrigation and arsenic contaminated soil may result into the bio-accumulation of arsenic in rice crop. Accumulation of arsenic was found in rice plant and results revealed that in rice straw arsenic content ranged from 0.006 to 0.082 mg kg^-1 with an average of 0.024°0.0198 mg kg^-1 and in rice grain, the content of arsenic ranged from 0.003 to 0.057 mg kg^-1 with an average of 0.011°0.0123 mg kg^-1 which is lower than the permissible limit of arsenic in rice plant that is 1 mg kg^-1 (WHO). It was observed that the accumulation of arsenic is high in straw as compared to grain of rice crop.

2 illus, 2 tables, 19 ref

017255   Patel K B (NO, Sheth M.N. Science College, Patan-384 265, Email: kbpatel1970@gmail.com) : Kharif pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides) crop depredation by birds in Patan area (N.G.). J Envir Biosci 2016, 30(2), 375-6.

Pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides) is the main crop of the Patan district of Gujarat state. Pearl millet is grown two seasons, viz. summer and kharif. The variety viz. Pioneer of pearl millet selected for study purpose. Pearl millet damage by bird pests in Patan district is a serious predicament. The economy of the Patan area primarily depends on agriculture out of the total number of persons majorly engaged in agriculture. This research work was conducted during 2011 at Hasanpur village of Patan district. During the work, bird pests were identified and carried out an assessment of losses for 2011 2012. During the entire period of seed setting to harvesting stages, heavy losses occur as the exposed crop seeds attract several species.

2 tables, 6 ref

017254   Parry F A;Chattoo M A;Magray M;Ganie S A;Dar Z M;Masood A (Vegetable Science Div, Sher-e-Kashmir Univ of Agricultural Sciences and Technology-Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar-191 121, Email: parryferoz786@gmail.com) : Effect of different levels of sulphur and boron on growth and nodulation of garden pea (Pisum sativum L.). Legume Res 2016, 39(3), 466-9.

A field experimental was conducted at Division of Vegetable Science, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shalimar during rabi 2009-2010 and 2010-2011 in randomized complete block design with sixteen treatment combinations consisting four levels of sulphur (0, 15, 30 and 45 kg S ha^-1) and boron (0, 1, 2 and 3 kg B ha^-1) replicated three times. Application of 30 kg S ha^-1 showed marked improvement in growth and nodulation parameters in pea. Increasing dose of boron in the absence of sulphur up to 3kg ha^-1 resulted marked improvement in growth and nodulation in garden pea. Higher values of plant height, number of branches plant^-1, fresh weight plant^-1, dry weight plant^-1, number of nodules plant^-1, fresh weight of nodules plant^-1ha- and dry weight of nodules plant^-1 were noticed with combined application of 30 kg S + 2 kg B ha^-1.

1 table, 12 ref

017253   Parmar V R;Patel B H (Agricultural Entomology Dep, B.A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural Univ, Anand-388 001, Email: parmar1091@gmail.com) : Susceptibility of mung bean varieties to Calosobruchus chinensis under storage conditions. Legume Res 2016, 39(4), 637-42.

Investigations were carried out during 2013 on mung bean for their susceptibility against Callosobruchus chinensis L. under storage. Among the mung bean varieties; Vishal, Samrat, GM-3, GM-4 and K-851 were found resistant based on oviposition preference (7.97/20 seeds, 8.74, 8.99, 9.17 and 9.49, respectively), population growth (345.09, 371.99, 397.50, 405.52, and 437.56, respectively), per cent weight loss (6.11%, 7.43%, 8.08%, 9.28% and 11.04%, respectively) and per cent germination loss (29.27%, 36.03%, 34.91%, 40.36% and 40.42%, respectively) against C. chinensis. Variety VMS-6 was also found resistant based on oviposition preference (9.61), population growth (437.56) and germination loss (43.87%) whereas GM-2 was resistant based on oviposition preference (10.72).

5 tables, 14 ref

017252   Paramasivam R;Paramasivam P;Umanath M; Balasubramanian R;Surendran A (Agricultural Economics Dep, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tamil Nadu, Email: pazhani650@gmail.com) : Examining electricity well irrigations nexus in South India: a multivariate co-integration approach. Ecol Envir Conserv 2017, 23(1), 575-81.

The present study examined cointegration between electricity consumption by agriculture and area under well irrigation in Tamil Nadu by using ARDL bound test approach. The test is complemented for Johansen and Juselius maximum - 364 - likelihood procedure in a dynamic framework of inclusion of electricity consumption in the agricultural sector, area under well and surface irrigation and rainfall. The study failed to examine Granger-causality between electricity consumption and area under well irrigation in the short run. Any changes in the well irrigated area unaltered the consumption of electricity. However, bi-directional causality is reached between well area and surface area; and electricity consumption and rainfall in the short run. Unidirectional causality existed from the area under surface irrigation to well irrigated area; area under surface irrigation to electricity consumption; and rainfall to well irrigated area. In the long run, there existed Granger-causality from the well area to electricity consumption, indicating that any reduction in area under irrigation would affect electricity consumption positively.

1 illus, 5 tables, 23 ref

017251   Pant H;Singh M K (NO, Society of Biological Sciences and Rural Development, 10/96, Gala Bazar, New Jhunsi, Allahabad-211 019, Email: panthemlata8@gmail.com) : Management of root-knot-nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) through biocontrol agents and organic matter in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). J Envir Biosci 2016, 30(2), 353-4.

Two biocontrol agents viz. Paecilomyces lilacinus and Beauveria bassiana and one organic matter viz. spent compost of oyster mushroom were used for the management of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita). The result showed that Paecilomyces lilacinus was very effective for management of root-knot nematode followed by spent compost of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus sajor caju) and Beauveria bassiana respectively. Higher growth parameters and number of fruits were noted in P. lilacinus followed by B. bassiana and spent compost of oyster mushroom respectively.

1 table, 8 ref

017250   Panse R K;Rajak S K;Kadam D M;Mandloi R;Varma N R (NO, JNKVV-College of Agriculture, Waraseoni, Balaghat, M.P., Email: rkpanseento@gmail.com) : Studies on integrated production and pest management approaches in onion (Allium cepa, Lindeman). Ecol Envir Conserv 2017, 23(1), 494-500.

The experiments were conducted at Vegetable Research Farm, Department of Horticulture, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Maharajpur, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh during 2009-12. The objective was to conduct trials for different input management of develop integrated production and pest management approaches. The results revealed that, the second week of October and 1st week of November were the optimum time of transplanting dates for better production of onion in relation to low incidence of insect-pests and diseases. In INM module, the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers with bioculture (110:40:60:40 NOKS + 7.5 t FYM + 2.5 t VC + 5 kg PBS & Azospirellum culture ha^-1) gave highest marketable bulb yield with highest equatorial and polar diameter and plant height. Application of Oxyfluorfen 23.5% EC @ 1.6 mL/L before transplanting + one hand weeding at 50 days after transplanting recorded highest marketable yield and weed control efficiency with maximum cost: benefit ratio. The application of Cabosulfan @ 5 mL/L + Tricoderma virdi @ 5 g/L as a seedling treatment, Profenofos 50 EC @ 2 mL/L + mencozeb 2 g/L (30 DAT), Beauveria bassiana, 10^-9 spores @ 5 gm/L + Carbendazim 2 g/L (45 DAT), Fipronil 5 SC @ 1mL/L + Carbendazim (60 DAT) and Neem oil @ 4% + Mencozeb (75 DAT) module registered reduced thrips population, cutworm damage, Stemphyllium leaf blight and purple blotch with higher bulb yield and cost: benefit as compared to untreated control.

4 tables, 18 ref

017249   Pankaj P;Saravanan S;Kujur P K (Horticulture Dep, Allahabad School of Agriculture, Sam Higgibottom Institute of Agricult, allahabad, Email: pushpanjalipankaj@gmail.com) : Effect of different micronutrients on plant growth, yield and flower bud quality of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. Italica) cv. green magic. J Envir Biosci 2016, 30(2), 367-70.

A field experiment was conducted at Vegetable Research Field, Central Orchard, Department of Horticulture, Allahabad School of Agriculture, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture Technology and Sciences Allahabad (U.P.) India to find out the effect of different micronutrient on plant growth of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. Italica) cv. Green Magic during rabi season (17 September to 25 January) 2015-16. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 10 treatments and each replicated thrice. There were four treatment B, Mo, Mn and Zn micronutrients which applied @ of (3:0.5:2:2.5 kg/ha) in the plot during the season. The maximum plant height (52.23 cm), plant spread (55.25 cm), number of leaves/plant (26.06/plant), diameter of bud head (18.02 cm), average bud weight per plant (511.50 gm), yield per ha^-1 (138.58 q), vitamin 'C' (94.80 mg/100g), TSS (8.80 0Brix), Plant fresh weight per plant (910.97 g), Dry matter of per plant (98.08 gm). Fresh root weight per plant (47.57 gm) and Dry root weight per plant (12.82 gm) - 363 - were found in T₅(B + Mn + Zn) as compare to control during the crop season.

1 illus, 1 table, 11 ref

017248   Pandove G;Gupta N;Gangwar M (NO, Punjab Agricultural University, Regional Research Station, Bathinda, Punjab, Email: gpandove@pau.edu) : Development of healthy root stock of Citrus jambhiri following treatment with microabial inoculants viz. Azobacter sp. and Sphingobacterium spp.. J Envir Biosci 2016, 30(2), 405-9.

Horticultural crops play an important role in diversification of agriculture to enhance income of farmers. The aim of this study was to develop healthy root stock of Citrus jambhiri following inoculation with microbial inoculant of Azobacter sp. and Sphingobacterium sp. under nursery conditions. The standard culture Azobacter sp. and Sphingobacterium sp. was obtained from Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India. The liquid formulations of microbial inoculants were prepared by supplementing 2% PEG in Basal medium. The three months old Citrus jambhiei seedling were given dip treatment for 30 mins with liquid microbial inoculants and transplanted under nursery bed. The results of experiment showed that treated Citrus jambhiri plants showed very good response to Azobacter sp. and Sphingobacterium sp. treatment (T3) followed by Azotobacter sp. (T2). The data revealed an increase of 17.58 per cent in height, 8.97 per cent in collar diameter, 7.09 per cent in root length, 26.42 per cent in number of roots, 10.68 per cent in number of branches and 4.44 per cent in numbers of leaves. Biomass accumulation in different component of Citrus jambhiri also get improved due to microbial inoculants inoculation. In terms of fresh and dry biomass above the ground and below the ground, T3 treatment (Azobacter sp. and Sphingobacterium sp.) was found to be superior, followed by T2 (Azotobacter sp.) over T1. (Control. Thus, the co-inoculation of plants with microbial inoculants of Azobacter sp. and Sphingobacterium sp. can represent a successful strategy to develop healthy root stock for production of commercial mandarin and sweet orange plants.

2 tables, 20 ref

017247   Pandey S A;Das S B (Entomology Dep, College of Agriculture J.N.K.V.V., Jabalpur-482 004, Email: tdp1963@rediffmail.com ) : Evaluation of biopesticides against gram pod borer Helicoverpa armigera (Hub.) on pigeonpea. Legume Res 2016, 39(3), 479-81.

A field experiment on evaluation of biopesticides against gram pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera Hub.) on pigeon pea was carried out during kharifseason of 2012-13. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications. Gram pod borer is a major pest of pigeon pea in India. For the management of this pest seven biopesticides were tested along with control. Among the biopesticides, Beauveria bassiana @ 1 liter/ha (1x10¹² spores/ml) was found to be most effective biopesticide as it recorded lowest larval population (6.68 larvae/5plants). The highest larval population was recorded in control (12.61 larvae/5 plants). The least effective treatment was Paecilomycesfumosoreseus (9.31 larvae/5 plants). Similar trend was observed in the grain yield as 1667.55 kg/ha, 709.41kg/ha and 1025.21kg/ha, respectively.

1 table, 10 ref

017246   Pandey A;Srivastava R K;Kaushal R (NO, Gautam Buddha Univ, Gautam Budh Nagar-201 308, Email: ashapandey.env@gmail.com) : Model for economical and sustainable bioenergy production under greywater irrigation trial. Curr Sci 2017, 112(8), 1743-9.

The present study focuses on sustainable utilization of greywater in short-rotation energy plantation - Eucalyptus hybrid, Populus deltoides, Salix alba and Melia azedarach. The dry matter produced by wastewater plots was 143%, 54%, 274% and 321% higher for Eucalyptus hybrid, Populus deltoides, Salix alba and Melia azedarach respectively, than the same plants in control plot. The calorific value of samples ranged from 4037 to 5190 Kcal kg^-1 in greywater plots, and 3460 to 4469 Kcal kg^-1 in control plots. The carbondioxide mitigation potential was 19, 13, 11 and 29 t ha^-1 higher for E. hybrid, P. deltoides, S. alba and M. azedarach trees respectively, under wastewater irrigation.

3 illus, 5 tables, 23 ref

017245   Paliwal A;Pratap Singh V;Joshi N;Bhimwal J P (Agronomy Dep, G.B.P.U.A.&T, Pantnagar, Email: arunima.28@rediffmail.com) : Weed management in direct - seeded rice - 361 - [Oryza sativa]. J Envir Biosci 2016, 30(2), 533-9.

The major weed species of direct seeded rice are Echinochloa colona, Echinochloa crusgalli, Leptochloa chinensis among grasses, Cyperus rotundus, Cyperus difformis, Cyperus iria, Fimbristylis miliacea among sedges and Caseulia axillaris, Commelina benghalensis, Ammannia spp. Caesulia axillaris, Trianthema portulacastrum, and digera arvensis among broadleaved weeds. The risk of yield loss from weeds in direct-seeded rice is greater than transplanted rice. Direct seeding of rice under zero tillage lowers the production costs by saving fuel and labour. Sesbania co-culture reduced broadleaf and grass weed density by 76-83% and 20-33%, respectively and total weed dry matter by 37-80% compared with a sole rice crop. Post-emergence application of bispyribac sodium and penoxsulam at 25 g/ha provided effective control of all the weeds in DSR. Integrated weed management approach based on critical period of crop weed competition, involving different and indirect control measures, has been developed and widely adopted by farmers to overcome weed problem in direct seeded rice in a sustainable way. Keeping these points in view, this review is focussed of different weed management methods suitable for the direct seeded rice.

^iia 1 illus, 86 ref