017244   Padmavathi P;Murthy I Y L N;Suresh M (NO, Directorate of Oilseeds Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500 030, Email: padmavathi91164@gmail.com) : Productivity, economics and soil fertility of soybean - safflower cropping system in response to nutrient management practices. Legume Res 2016, 39(4), 572-7.

A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of nutrient management practices on the performance of soybean-safflower sequence in Vertisols. The safflower equivalent yield (2418 kg/ha^-1); gross returns (Rs. 53196/ha^-1); net returns (Rs 33734/ha^-1) and B: C ratio (2.8) were significantly superior either with the application of NPK to the system + 5tFYM/ha to safflower; or NPK to the system + soybean residues to safflower; or NPK to the system + both crop residues. Similar trend was also observed with respect to soil health indicators viz., soil respiration (108 μg C/g soil/10 days), microbial biomass C (284 μg C/g soil), microbial biomass N (41.9 μg N/g soil), mineral N (13.8 μg N/g soil) and net N mineralization (5.4 μg N/g soil/10 days). Significant improvement was observed in terms of PGPR and Trichoderma sp were found when NPK + crop residues were applied to the system.

4 tables, 15 ref

017243   Ojha M D;Vijay Kumar;Singh P K;Singh S R P; Tiwari D;Satish Kumar;Vinod Kumar (NO, Nalanda College of Horticulture, Noorsarai-803 113, Email: drmdojha@gmail.com) : Evaluation report on organic onion: world record production in Sohdih village of Nalanda, Bihar. Int J Innovative Hort 2016, 5(2), 107-9.

A farmer participatory field experiment was carried out by progressive farmers of Sohdih village of Nalanda district, Bihar to evaluate the effect of organic farming practices on growth yield and quality of Onion. Under course of trail miracle achievement expressed in this research through the organic practices regarding plant growth, bulb size (5.54 cm), bulb weight (72.65g) and onion bulb yield was harvested 660 q/ha compared to chemical fertilizers. As demand for organically grown food has been growing rapidly and significant proportion of consumers believe that organic food is qualitatively better than chemical farming, a field level demonstration trial was conducted and produces quantitatively higher yield that touched the world record production in Nalanda, Bihar.

2 illus, 1 table, 6 ref

017242   Nugmanov A B;Tulayev Y V;Tulkubayeva S A; Somova S V;Vodopyanov E M (Limited Liability Company, Kostanay Research Institute of Agriculture, 12 Yubileinaya Str. Zarechnoye Village, Kostanay district, Kostanay region, Republic of Kazakhstan, 111108, Email: sznpz@mail.ru) : Updating of sowing terms of spring wheat in the conditions of Northern Kazakhstan in conservation agriculture. Ecol Envir Conserv 2017, 23(1), 292-5.

The main focus of this research work is the combined effect of - 360 - milled residue from previous crops left in the fields, saving tillage, in combination with other treatment methods for the cultivation of spring wheat and care of leas, their influence on the soil fertility, as well as the increase and stability of production of the high quality grain by increasing the profitability of its production. The most important advantage of the conservation agriculture technology is the alignment of grain crop yield by years and reduction in its dependence on weather conditions due to the efficient moisture accumulation and moisture saving, recovery of the soil fertility through the accumulation of organic residues in the topsoil, reduction in the ratio of humus mineralization and improvement of farming standards.

6 illus, 2 tables, 10 ref

017241   Neha Kumari;Rai P K;Bara B M;Singh I (Genetics and Plant Breeding Dep, Naining Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom Univ of Agriculture,, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh) : Effect of halo priming and hormonal priming on seed germination and seedling vigour in maize (Zea mays L) seeds. J Pharmac Phytochem 2017, 6(4), 27-30.

The experiment was conducted in Post Graduate Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad (U.P.), in order to standardize the suitable method of priming for Maize seeds (var. SHIATS MS 3). Three methods of priming viz., T₀-Unprimed (Control), T₁-Hydropriming with Distilled water, T₂-Hormonal priming with GA₃ 100ppm, T₃-Hormonal priming with Salicylic Acid 100ppm, T₄-Hormonal priming with Ascorbic Acid 100ppm, T₅- Halo priming with KNO₃ 1% and T₆-Halo priming with CaCl₂ hydration for 12 hours. It was found that among all the priming showed significance difference with the control and the highest germination percentage (%), germination index, energy of emergence, seedling length (cm), seedling fresh weight (g), seedling dry weight (g) and vigour indices were observed in GA₃ priming for 12 hours. This study also showed that Seed priming with Salicylic Acid and CaCl₂ were found to increase the seedling characters. The study helps to improve the seedling character, growth of seeds with the help of seed priming treatments which are cost effective, economic, non-toxic and eco-friendly sources.

2 tables, 33 ref

017240   Neelam;Kushwaha K P S;Upadhyay V;Singh J P (Plant Pathology Dep, College of Agriculture, GBPUA&T, Pantnagar-263 145, Email: negineelam@gmail.com) : Evaluation of bioagents against Rhizodtonia solani causing web blight in urd bean [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]. J Envir Biosci 2016, 30(2), 359-61.

Experiments were carried out during 2010-2011 and 2011-2012 to find out most efficient bioagent for controlling web blight of urd bean [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]. Fourteen isolates of Trichoderma and twelve strains of Pseudomonas fluorescence were screened for their perormance in managing Rhizoctonia solani in lab condition. Thereafter, best fungal and bacterial bioagents in-vitro performer along with their combination were evaluated in the field against Rhizoctonia solani. In in-vitro condition Trichoderma isolate, T-3 was found significantly superior over check by inhibiting the pathogen 88.89% followed by isolate T-1 (84.44%) and T-9 (84.08%). However, among the strains of the bacterial antagonist, maximum inhibition was observed with FLP 28 (53.33%) over check followed by FLP 18 (52.22%). In-vivo condition the mixture of Trichoderma and Pseudomonas fluorescence (T-3 and FLP-28) in 1:1 ratio was found most effective by reducing the web blight by 58.89 per cent and increasing yield & 1000 grain weight 35.91 & 34.92 per cent, respectively.

3 tables, 12 ref

017239   Nasiri B;Zaremanesh H (Geographical Science Dep, Lorestan University, Lorestan, Iran, Email: cacherati@yahoo.com) : Yield and agronomic traits of forage crops in irrigation condition of Khorramabad region, Iran. Ecol Envir Conserv 2017, 23(1), 6-11.

Rapid population growth and increasing demand for livestock products is causing the loss of grasslands to provide forage. Increase in the forage crops can be effective to prevent degradation of pastures. This study was conducted as RCBD with four replications in Khorramabad Agriculture Garden. Five graze crops Grasspea, Alfalfa, Sainfoin, Bitter vetch and Common vetch were selected. The results showed that the species of Lathyrus sativus, Vicia spp and Vicia ervillia had the highest but the species of sand Onobrychis vicifollia had the lowest. Lathyrus had maximum fresh and dry matter yield, plant height, stem and leaf dry matter, and absorbed PAR(22130 kg/ha, 2991 kg/ha, 70.63 cm, 2028 kg/ha, 2962 kg/ha, and 96.91% respectively), but sainfoin had minimum of them (1836 kg/ha, 506.4 kg/ha, 24.08 cm, 241.9 kg/ha, 264.6 kg/ha and 64.89% respectively). Fresh matter yield had significant positive correlation (a=0.01) with dry matter yield, stem and leaf dry matter, PAR absorption and plant height. According to this results Lathyrus is recommended for this region.

4 illus, 20 ref

017238   Nasab M M (NO, PNU, Jiroft, Iran) : Effect of different levels of potassium fertilizer on the morphological characteristics of medicinal herb cumin. Ecol Envir Conserv 2017, 23(1), 18-20.

To determine the level of consumption of potash fertilizer on green Laboratory outsole for complete factorial design with 4 treatments and three replications was conducted in a greenhouse in Zahedan Syahdk. Potassium fertilizer (potassium sulfate) zero, 50, 100 and 150 kg/ha were used. The experimental parameters were the shoot, root length, grain weight, number of seeds per umbrella, the umbrella, essential oil content, grain yield. Comparison of treatment means showed that the highest yield with high potassium.

2 tables, 7 ref

017237   Nagula S;Ramana P V;Prabhakar N (Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry Dep, College of Agriculture, Kerala Agricultural University, Padannakkad, Kasaragod-671 314, Email: sainathagula134@gmail.com) : Silicon and boron nutrition effect on nutrient content, growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in laterite soils of Northern Kerala. J Envir Biosci 2016, 30(2), 347-51.

A pot culture experiment - 358 - conducted at College of Agriculture, Padannakkad to study the effect of solicon and boron nutrition on leaf nutrient content, growth and yield of rice in laterite derived paddy soils of northern Kerala. The experiment was laid out in completely randomised design replicated thrice with nine treatments using Aishwarya as the test variety. Soil application of calcium silicate along with borax was superior in maintaining the available silicon and boron status of soil than the foliar application of potassium silicate and borax. The results revealed that the soil and foliar application silicon and boron had a suynergistic effect on the available N, P, K, Ca and Mg content in the soil. The content and uptake of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in rice were significantly improved by the application of potassium silicate 0.5% foliar spray along with borax 0.5% spray 3 rounds. Application of potassium silicate @0.5% spray + borax 0.5% spray 3 rounds was significantly superior with respect to leaf nutrient content, plant height (131.6 cm), number of productive tillers plant^-1 (23.33), thousand grain weight (27.16g), grain (68.30g pot^-1) and straw (88.79g pot^-1) yield of rice.

6 tables, 18 ref

017236   Mysore S;Bharathi B;Maheshbabu V; Chandraprakash M K;Srinivasamurthy D;Gajanana T M (Social Sciences and Training Div, ICAR-IIHR, Hesaraghatta Lake Post, Bengaluru-560 089, Email: sudham@iihr.res.in) : Analysis of market arrivals and prices of tomato for price prediction in Karnataka state. Int J Innovative Hort 2016, 5(2), 98-103.

Fluctuations in market arrivals largely contribute to the price instability of major agricultural commodities. There is thus a need to have perfect understanding about the arrivals and price behavior. Hence, the present study focuses on gaining insight into behavior of market arrivals and prices of tomato over the years in to one of the most important tomato markets in South India and provides a feasible solution for mitigating price fluctuations in highly perishable horticultural commodities. It is seen that 'Kolar market' located about 70 kms from Bangalore city receives the highest supply of tomato every day in comparison to most other markets across the region. Unlike a typical market equilibrium situation where arrivals and prices follow inverse relationship, the prices of tomato in Kolar market sometimes showed direct proportional relation. Variation in arrivals to Kolar market was observed most stable or in line with the average annual arrivals during July to September which seems to coincide with the Kharif season and more stability in arrivals can be observed during this season. The seasonal variations in arrivals were observed highest in four months and prices were also followed seasonal during this period. However, the arrival and price patterns changed over the years suggesting a need for price forecasts. The research team through a nationwide Network Project on Market Intelligence has analyzed the arrivals and prices using econometric methods such as ARIMA and has been providing predicted prices every season to Kolar farmers prior to sowing and prior to harvest. These predicted prices which were in 90% coincidence with the actual market prices and the farmers and traders' expectations and thereby benefited the farmers in taking informed decisions on area allotment and market selection.

6 illus, 3 tables, 6 ref

017235   Mutlu C;Karaca V;Eren S;Buyuk M;Gozuacik C; Duman M;Bayram Y;Bolu H;Kutuk H (Plant Protection Dep, Abant Izzet Baysal Univ, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Science, 14280 Bolu, Turkey, Email: cetinmutlu@ibu.edu.tr) : Chalky spot damage caused by stink bugs on red lentil seeds in southeast anatolia region, Turkey. Legume Res 2016, 39(4), 623-9.

Chalky spot damage on red lentil is the most important problem waiting for a solution regarding plant health at lentil cultivation in Southeast Anatolia Region, Turkey. The stink bugs, Piezedorus - 357 - lituratus (F.) and Dolycorus baccarum L. were subjected to trials in cages and in sprayed and unsprayed plot trials in open lentil fields and fields containing windrowed lentils after harvesting. The study revealed that P. lituratus and D. baccarum feeding on red lentil caused chalky spot damage. Average damage to lentil seeds caused by P. lituratus was 13% and 7.8% and byD. baccarum was 4.9% and 2% in 2010 and 2011, respectively. There was a positive relation between P. lituratus density and chalky spot damage (r =0.788, r² =0.621, P=0.000). The study also showed that after the harvesting, the stink bugs gathered under windrowed lentils and continued feeding and causing chalky spot damage. The damage in unsprayed windrowed lentils (6.60%) was approximately 12-fold higher than that in sprayed windrowed lentils (0.57%). Study suggests conduction of future work on environmental friendly control methods of stink bugs and alternative harvesting methods.

4 illus, 2 tables, 24 ref

017234   Mudalagiriyappa;Sameer Ali M;Ramachandrappa B K;Nagaraju;Shankaralingappa B C (Agronomy Dep, Agriculture Sciences Univ, Bangalore-560 065, Email: mudal68@gmail.com) : Effect of foliar application of water soluble fertilizers ongrowth, yield and economics of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Legume Res 2016, 39(4), 610-13.

A field experiment was conducted during rabi, 2012-13 and 2013-14 on red sandy clay loam soil to study the effect of foliar application of water soluble fertilizers on chickpea. The experiment consisted of fifteen treatments which were replicated thrice in RCB Design. Results indicated that spray of water soluble fertilizer (19: 19: 19) at 1.5% concentration at flowering and pod development stage along with basal application of fertilizers (13.5: 25: 25 kg N, P₂O₅, K₂O) significantly increased growth attributes, yield and benefit cost ratio in chickpea cultivation. Further increase in spray concentration up to 2.0% did not significantly improve the performance of chickpea.

1 illus, 2 tables, 13 ref

017233   Motaphale A A;Bhosle B B (Entomology Dep, Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Agriculture University, Parbhani-431 402, Email: dr.ashvini24@gmail.com) : Studies on population dynamics of Girdle beetle (Oberea brevis) and weather parameters. J ent Res 2016, 40(4), 393-5.

In 2-year study maximum population of O. brevis (19.66 per cent, 1st year and 24.7 per cent, 2nd year) was recorded on soybean in 33rd and 40th meteorological week. During 1st year incidence of girdle beetle was high and started in 32nd MW (0.83 per cent), then increased gradually and reached to peak of 35.92 per cent in 40th and 41st MW. Losses caused by girdle beetle were also influenced by crop stage and different infestation levels.

4 tables, 7 ref

017232   Mostafaei H (Horticulture Crops Research Dep, Ardabil (Maghan) Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, A, Ardabil, Iran, Email: mostafaei1343@yahoo.com) : Evaluation of forage yield and land equivalent ratio in intercropping vetch Vicia ervilia and autumn barley under dry land conditions of Ardabil. Ecol Envir Conserv 2017, 23(1), 47-51.

This study aimed to compare dry matter yield determining the LER in monoculture and mixed native vetch (V. ervilia) with barley under - 356 - rain-fed conditions were performed. Experiment based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with eight treatments and three replications were carried out. Treatments based on the weight ratios of intercropping vetch seeds - barley (in two ways topsy-row) and pure cultures of each of them at ratios of 25, 50 and 75 percent came from both plant. Analysis of variance showed a significant difference between experimental treatments in terms of dry weight. Mean comparison was conducted by using Tukey test showed that the highest amount of forage dry weight, the highest value (13.58 ha) owned 50 percent of vetch + 50% barley is mixed for cultivation, while in pure culture vetch, the lowest dry weight (7.16 ha) was produced. In this experiment, LER for all tangled and mixed cultures such as hairy vetch row except for the treatment of 75% vetch and 25% barley was higher than one. It was found that the highest land equivalent ratio of 1.48 that belongs to mixed cropping with 50% hairy vetch + 50% barley and the lowest was 8.0 LER of intercropping 75% vetch + 25 barley the row was obtained.

6 tables, 17 ref

017231   Mishra G;Sharma G;Taria S (Fruit Science Dep, Dr Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Email: nini.gs.ag@gmail.com) : Genetic variability studies in wild pomegranagte germplasm collected from four different district of Himachal Pradesh, India. Ecol Envir Conserv 2017, 23(1), 587-90.

Wild pomegranate accessions were evaluated for various variability parameters for the traits like growth parameters, floral biology, types of flower, fruit weight, length, diameter, aril weight, peel and rag weight, rind thickness, fruit TSS, acidity, sugar and yield per plant and it was found that, phenotypic coefficients of variability were higher in magnitude than genotypic coefficients of variability, thoug differences were very less in majority of the cases. Among all the traits yield had maximum GCV, PCV and genetic gain followed by peel and rag weight high heritability was found for all the traits except the characters, stamen number and male flower which was rated to be having moderate heritability.

1 table, 9 ref

017230   Mishra A;Das D;Saren S;Dey P (Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry Dep, OUAT, Bhubaneswar-751 003, Email: antar199@yahoo.co.in) : GPS and GIS based soil fertility maps of Bhadrak district of Odisha, India. Ecol Envir Conserv 2017, 23(1), 183-9.

A detailed soil fertility inventory study was carried out in Bhadrak district of Odisha during 2012-13 using the Global Positioning System (GPS) and Geographical Information System (GIS) tools. Geo-reference soil samples were collected from the different villages in each blocks of the district. Soil samples were processed and analysed in laboratory for pH, EC, organic carbon, available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulphur and boron. The results reveal that soils of all the blocks were found to be acidic (4.9 to 5.2) in reaction and medium to high in organic carbon content (6.1 to 9.4 kg^-1). Available soil nitrogen content was low (148.9 to 1907 kg N ha^-1), available soil phosphorus content was low to medium (3.7 to 17.8 kg P ha^-1) whereas, available soil potassium content was medium to high (178.9 to 484.3 kg K ha^-1). On the other hand, available sulphur was found to be deficient in some blocks and sufficient in other blocks of the district (8.04 to 32.86 mg S kg^-1). Hot water soluble boron content remained above the critical limits (0.57 to 1.03 mg kg^-1 in all the blocks. The soil fertility maps of Bhadrak district were prepared by using the Arc GIS software. The generated data and maps are very useful for planning, monitoring and evaluation of soil fertility status for sustainable crop production.

7 illus, 3 tables, 20 ref

017229   Matharu K S;Mehta P K (Entomology Dep, CSK, Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur-176 062, Email: matharu38@rediffmail.com) : Bioactivity of different plant extracts against eggs hatchability of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J Envir Biosci 2016, 30(2), 393-6.

Four plants viz., Acorus calamus (rhizomes), Vitex negundo (leaves), Adathoda vasica (leaves) and Dioscorea deltoidea (tubers) are common medicinal plant found in Western Himalaya and habitually used for various purposes. The methanol, hexane, ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts of different plant parts at 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 per cent concentration were investigated for their ovicidal activity against Helicoverpa armigera. Among the different plant parts, rhizome methanol extract of Acorus calamus cause 54.28 per cent mean egg hatching followed by leaves extract of Vitex negundo (57.01%). Also, it was observed that as the doses increased there was a higher percentage of inhibition in egg hatchability. The present study clearly indicate that the methanol extract of Acorus calamus and Vitex negundo possess ovicidal activity - 355 - and could be used for the management of Helicoverpa armigera.

4 tables, 29 ref

017228   Maruthi J B;Paramesh R (Seed Science and Technology Dep, College of Agriculture, GKVK, UAS, Bangalore-560 065, Email: maruthijb@gmail.com) : Effect of integrated nutrient management on seed quality of vegetable soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] cv. karune. Legume Res 2016, 39(4), 578-83.

A laboratory experiment was conducted at the Department of Seed Science and Technology, GKVK, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore. The results revealed that, application of recommended dose of NPK (30: 80: 37.5 kg ha^-1) + Recommended dose of FYM (10t ha^-1) +Brady rhizobium (250 g ha^-1)+PSB (250 g ha^-1) significantly improved the seed quality parameters viz., 100 seed weight (35.51g), seed size (0.76 cm3), seed density (1.55 g/cc), total dehydrogenase activity (4.80), germination (92.00%), seedling length (30.69 cm), seedling dry weight (90.75 mg), seedling vigour index-I and II (2820 and 836 respectively), protein content (36.30%) and field emergence (89.33%) with lowest electrical conductivity (0.49 mScm^-1) as compared to control and other treatments. Further, artificially aged seeds through accelerated ageing method also recorded higher seed quality parameters in the same treatment at the end of six days of ageing period.

7 tables, 12 ref

017227   Mannekote J K;Kathyayini N;Venkatesh K;Kailas S V (Centre for Emerging Technologies, Jain Univ, Jain Global Campus, Jakkasandra-562 112, Email: jagadeesh.mannekote@gmail.com) : Study - 354 - on effect of aging and aging temperature on frictional properties of coconut oil samples. J scient ind Res 2017, 76(6), 376-80.

The present study evaluates the effect of aging and aging temperature on the frictional properties of Unrefined Coconut oil (URCO), Refined Coconut oil (RCO) and Virgin Coconut oil (VCO) samples using four ball tester. It was observed that the variations in the physicochemical properties of fresh URCO, RCO and VCO samples were attributed to the difference in their composition. This study showed that URCO, RCO and VCO samples followed same trend in their physicochemical and tribological properties when subjected to aging. The drop in flash point of aged oil samples with aging was attributed to the increased content of free fatty acids generated due to the degradation of triglyceride molecules. It was observed that the degradation of peroxide molecules has resulted in the stabilization in the peroxide content of URCO, RCO and VCO samples when aged at 100 °C.

3 tables, 13 ref

017226   Mangalassery S;Dayal D;Arvind Kumar;Bhatt K; Nakar R;Ashwani Kumar;Singh J P;Misra A K (NO, ICAR-Central Azid Zone Research Institute, Regional Research Station, Kukma-Bhuj, Gujarat-370 105, Email: shamsudheenm@gmail.com) : Pattern of salt accumulation and its impact on salinity tolerance in two halophyte grasses in extreme saline desert in India. Indian J expl Biol 2017, 55(8), 542-8.

Halophytes growing in natural saline desert environment survive high levels of salinity adopting suitable mechanisms. Scientific information on such survival mechanisms can be useful in devising management options for extreme saline soils. A field survey on two major halophytes [Aeluropus lagopoides (Linn.) Trin. Ex Thw. and Sporobolus marginatus Hochst. ex A. Rich.] was carried out in the saline desert of Northwest India, Great Rann of Kachchh, to study the pattern of ion accumulation under natural conditions and to assess survival mechanisms of these halophytes. Studied areas in Great Rann had electrical conductivity (EC) values ranging 0.15-83.1 dSm^-1. Occurrence of Sporobolus was observed at sites having salinity as high as 83.06 dSm^-1 and Aeluropus up to 22.7 dSm^-1. Greater accumulation of Na⁺ and Cl^- ions were observed in the roots of these halophytes indicating its restricted uptake by them. There was selective absorption of K⁺, Ca²⁺ and SO₄²⁺ in the leaves of Aeluropus and K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and SO₄^2- in Sporobolus. With increase in soil salinity, the uptake of Na⁺, K⁺ and SO₄^2- were reduced in Aeluropus whereas the uptake of Na⁺, K⁺ and Cl^- was increased in Sporobolus. Possible mechanisms of salt tolerance of these halophytes are also discussed.

3 illus, 6 tables, 39 ref

017225   Mandal U K;Sharma K L;Venkanna K;Pushpanjali; Adake R V;Masane R N;Prasad J V N S;Venkatesh G;Rao C S (NO, ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Regional Research Station, Canning Town, South 24-Parganas-743 329, Email: uttam_icar@yahoo.com) : Sustaining soil quality, resilience and critical carbon level under different cropping systems in semi-arid tropical alfisol soils. Curr Sci 2017, 112(9), 1882-95.

Subsistence agriculture practice and a combination of harsh climate and fragile soils along with increasing demographic pressure are matters of great concern from the viewpoint of resource management and long-term sustainability in the - 353 - semi-arid tropical Alfisol soils of India. In this study, soil quality index (SQI) has been computed on 190 sites of farmers' fields in southern India to evaluate the possible effect of land management practices on soil degradation and deter-mine the critical levels of soil organic C stock to main-tain a desirable SQI and also suggest appropriate management practices. In all, 26 predominant physi-cal, chemical and biological properties of soils were studied and based on principal component analysis, moisture retention at field capacity, available soil N, available P, DTPA-extractable Zn, exchangeable so-dium percentage, C-mineralization and bulk density were identified as the key indicators of the study re-gion. SQI was also computed using four soil functions, viz. nutrient cycling, availability of water, resistance of soil to degradation, and salinity and sodicity. Soil resil-ience index was computed using data on substrate-induced respiration after exposing the soil to heat stress. SQI was highest under paddy followed by per-manent fallow, maize, cotton, intercropping, redgram, and was lowest under castor system. Based on the re-sults, it was observed that the soils which had higher SQI were also productive and they exhibited higher resilience capacity. An amount of 8.6Mg ha^-1 soil or-ganic C stock per 15 cm depth was found essential to maintain soil quality and 2.2Mg ha^-1 of organic matter was needed every year to maintain this stock. On-farm participatory research trial was conducted using SQI as a tool for sustainable land-management practices.

7 illus, 7 tables, 31 ref

017224   Malve S H;Rao P;Dhake A (Agronomy Dep, Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500 030, Email: arjunbhosle45@gmail.com) : Evaluation of water production function and optimization of water for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under drip irrigation. Ecol Envir Conserv 2017, 23(1), 416-24.

This research evaluates the performance of seven selected crop water production functions (CWPF). The major objective of the study was to test the capability and suitability of the different (CWPF in predicting grain yield of wheat in tropical regions of India where the crop growth period is for 100-120 days. The seven CWPF evaluated were linear, quadratic, cubic, power, Stewarts S₁, Stewarts S₂ and Singh et al. A field experiment was conducted during the 2012-13 and 2013-14 seasons at Jain Irrigation Systems Ltd., Jalgaon located at western scarcity zone in Maharashtra, India. The derived functions and those previously obtained by different workers were tested against our experimental data. There was a significant correlation of seasonal ET with yield at different irrigation levels. The test statistic of quadratic production function in 2012-13, 2013-14 and pooled basis were significantly higher than linear function. The correlation, which was quite high for linear functions (0.90 to 0.91), was even higher when evaluated in nonlinear functions (0.99). Among the all CWPF, the non-linear function expressed by quadratic and cubic form for grain yield performed well and thus found to represent the data well as compared with linear function. The predicted maximum grain yield of wheat was recorded at 427, 338 and 383 mm of crop ET losses during 2012-13, 2013-14 on pooled basis, respectively. The economic optima of level of irrigation that will maximize the net return under prevailing prices worked out to be 382.8 ha-mm with grain yields of 4693 kg ha^-1.

4 illus, 1 table, 19 ref

017223   Mahida P J;Yusufzai S I;Lende S R;Ishakani A H;Kadri R M (College of Fisheries Science, Junagadh Agricultural University, Veraval, Gujarat, Email: parvezaalam89@gmail.com) : Acetes meal as a non-conventional protein ingredient to partially replace fish meal in diets of pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei, BOONE, 1931). Ecol Envir Conserv 2017, 23(1), 261-6.

This trial evaluated the effects of partial replacement of fish meal protein by an Acetes meal (ACM) in a shrimp diet. The five isonitrogenous experimental diets were prepared which included a control diet (100% fish meal) and four treatment diets viz. Fish meal replaced with Acetes meal at 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of dietary protein levels respectively. The diets were formulated to provide 35% crude protein on a dry weight basis. Shrimp post larvae (initial weight 0.74 ± 0.01 g) were fed experimental diets ad libitum for 60 days. The water quality parameters viz. Dissolved oxygen; alkalinity, pH, nitrate and nitrite were found in the permissible range during the entire experimental period. At the end of the feeding trial, length gain, weight gain, Average daily gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), specific growth rate (SGR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were found to be in the - 352 - range of 396.12 ± 18.77 to 466.56 ±24.15, 4587.35 ±404.74 to 6386.30 ±159.35, 0.57 ±0.05 to 0.78 ±0.02, 1.71 ±0.02 to 2.50 ±0.22, 2.78 ±0.06 to 3.02 ± and 1.17 ± 0.11 to 2.25 ±0.06 respectively. The survival was obtained in the range of 82.50 to 88.75%. Based on the results recorded from the present study, it was found that higher growth, SGR, PER, survival land lowest FCR were obtained by feeding the shrimp with the diet T3 containing 50% Acetes meal. Thus, it was revealed that the Acetes meal replacing 50% of fish meal in the diet of L. vannamei post larvae gave better growth.

4 tables, 26 ref

017222   Macwan J;Khadayata K G;Patel S (Agricultural Economics Dep, B.A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural Univ, Gujarat) : Empirical study of MNREGA in central districts of Gujarat state. Int J chem Stud 2017, 5(4), 32-37.

The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act is the biggest poverty alleviation programme, with an objective of generating employment and productive assets in rural areas. In order to know employment generation and developmental works completed under the MNREGA programme in central districts of Gujarat in 2015-16, this study has been attempted. It also came to know, against the provision for women in MNREGA, it succeeded to provide employment to the women (43.21 per cent) more than the guideline of MNREGA. The study also revealed that during 2015-16 in Ahmedabad, Anand, Botad, Chota Udaipur, Dahod, Kheda, Mahisagar, Panchmahal and Vadodara districts, total 108, 447, 221, 537, 13082, 4433, 685, 915 and 318 number of works had been completed respectively. Out of all these completed works the major focus was given to works on Individuals Land (Category IV) in Ahmedabad (63.89 per cent), in Kheda (39.86 per cent), in Panchmahal (49.84 per cent) and in Vadodara (45.60 per cent) followed by Rural Sanitation in Botad (73.76 per cent) and in Dahod (32.73 per cent). The major works related to Rural Drinking Water (39.71 per cent) in Mahisagar, Renovation of traditional water body (29.98 per cent) in Anand and Rural connectivity (28.31 per cent) in Chota Udaipur had been completed.

5 tables, 6 ref

017221   Luthra S K;Gupta V K;Lal M;Rawal S;Vinod Kumar;Singh B P (NO, ICAR-CPRI, Central Potato Research Institute Campus, Modipuram, Meerut-250 110, Email: skluthra@hotmail.com) : Kufri mohna-a new high yielding table potato variety. Potato J 2017, 44(1), 65-73.

Kufri Mohan is a medium maturing, main season, high yielding table purpose potato variety suitable for cultivation in Indo-Gangetic plains (northern and eastern). It is a clonal selection from a cross between MS/92-1090 v CP1704. The plants are tall with vigorous and semi-compact canopy and field resistance to late blight. It produces white cream, ovoid tubers with shallow eyes and white flesh. It possesses good keeping quality and moderate tuber dry matter (15-18%). The variety yields 35-40 t/ha and <62>90% marketable tuber yield under optimum agronomical practices.

15 tables, 6 ref

017220   Luo Y W;Li J (NO, Jinling Institute of Technology, 210038, P.R. China, Email: luoyw404@sohu.com) : Synergistic promoting influence of citric acid, spinach and garlic on the bioavailability of iron and zinc from legumes. Legume Res 2016, 39(3), 419-26.

Inherent phytic acid and tannins interfere with bioavailability of iron and zinc from plant-based foods. Food acidulants, 0-carotene-rich vegetables and Allium spices are understood to promote mineral in vitro bioavailability from legumes. In this study, it has been verified whether these promoters would counter negative effects of phytate and tannin on bioavailability of iron and zinc from legumes. Combinations of promoters-citric acid, spinach and garlic with phytic acid and tannin exogenously added individually were examined for their influence on iron and zinc bioavailability from the legumes. Effect of these promoters was generally dominant in the presence of phytic acid or tannic acid. The negative effect of the inhibitor was not only annulled, but also the positive influence of the promoter was fully retained. This information helps to evolve diet-based strategy to maximize mineral bioavailability and prevent deficiency situations prevalent in population dependent on plant foods.

6 tables, 23 ref

017219   Lu J;He S;Wang Z;Yang H (State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou Univ, 768 Jiayuguanxi Road, Lanzhou 730020, China, Email: huimyang@lzu.edu.cn) : Carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus stoichiometry in differently aged lucerne stands during flowering. Legume Res 2016, 39(4), 595-600.

This study aimed to test the hypothesis that stoichiometric ratios of C, N and P change with plant growth during flowering. The C: N, C: P and N: P varied without solid trends during flowering. The C: N was significantly different only between cuts, while the C: P and N: P were influenced by age, cut and their interaction. The C: N and C: P were higher in the 1st cut than in the 2nd cut, while for N: P, it was opposite. No solid trends were observed with the effects of age on both C: P and N: P. The N and P were closely correlated with C: N, C: P and N: P. Conclusively, stoichiometric ratios of C, N and P varied during flowering and changed with stand age and cut.

2 illus, 1 table, 27 ref

017218   Lal M;Saini K S (Agronomy Dep, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludihaia-141 004, Email: sainiks@pau.edu) : Effect of different planting techniques and cutting practices on fodder growth, fodder yield and quality of dual purpose barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Ecol Envir Conserv 2017, 23(1), 161-6.

A field experiment was carried out during the rabi season of 2014-15 at Students Research Farm Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab with sowing of cultivar PL 807 on dated Nov. 5, 2014 of barley crop. The soil of studied field was sandy loam in texture, the experiment was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) with 9 treatments have three planting techniques viz. unidirectional (UD), bidirectional (BD), broadcast (BC) and - 350 - three cutting practices viz. uncut (UN_c), cut at 50 DAS (C_{50 DAS}) and cut at 60 DAS (C_{60 DAS}) with four replications. The photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and fodder growth parameter like that plant height, dry matter accumulation, leaf area index and tillers at the fodder cut stage of barley produced significantly higher in BD and C_{60 DAS}) compared to other treatments. The BD and C_{60 DAS} were significantly higher green and dry fodder yield than other treatments. In quality parameters (crude protein (%) was found non-significant. The cutting practices in quality parameter (crude protein (%), total ash content (%) and nitrate (ppm) were significantly higher in C_{50 DAS}), but crude fiber was significantly higher in C_{60 DAS} than C_{50 DAS} of barley.

2 illus, 4 tables, 9 ref

017217   Kuresbek A;Sarbaev A T;Chidirov K R;Shamanin V;Dutbayev Y B (NO, Kazakh National Agrarian University, 050010, Almaty, Kazakhstan, Abayavenue, 8, Email: edutbaev@mail.ru) : Identification of hexaploid synthetic wheat resistant to diseases. Ecol Envir Conserv 2017, 23(1), 598-601.

The evaluation of synthetic hexaploid wheat (HSW) conducted on the experimental fields of the Kazakh Research Institute of Farming and Plant growing according to generally accepted methods in plant pathology and plant growing. The germplasm accessions originated from six winter durum wheat parents and 10 accessions of Aegilopstauschii from Azerbayjan, Iran and Russia. The most superior lines were characterized by resistance to stripe rust, common bunt, tall structure (110-120 sm), big size of grain and spikes, and higher productivity comparative with commercial wheat cultivars. For leaf rust 16 out of 33 lines of HSW showed resistance and moderate resistance, 11 lines were moderate susceptible 6-24%, 3 lines were susceptible to leaf rust (25-50%). For stripe rust 15 out of 33 lines of HSW showed resistance, 5 lines showed moderate resistance, 7 lines - moderate suspceptible 10-40%, 3 lines were susceptible to stripe ruse (50-60%).

1 table, 14 ref

017216   Kundu R;Pradhan A;Bandyopadhyay N (Fisheries Dep, Government of West Bengal, ) : Nutritional and microbial quality of major sun-dried fishes from egra government - 349 - regulated dry fish market, West Bengal. J envir Sociobiol 2016, 13(1), 23-34.

Dry fish is very common and low cost dietary protein among the Southern, Eastern and North-eastern States of India. The present study conducted for determining nutritive value and food quality in respect of microbial load for the storage period of one year with the four major sun-dried fish species, viz., Bombay duch (Harpadon nehereus), Ribbon fish (Lepturacanthus savala), Tapra (Setipinna phasa) and Ruli (Coilia dussumieri). Naturally dry fishes are kept for a longer period. This is the important factor of the deterioration of nutritional value and quality of them as they absorb moisture from the surroundings. The result of this study revealed that mean percentage of protein, lipid, carbohydrate, moisture and ash content ranged from 49.45 to 69.5, 3.5 to 7.8, 1.15 to 4.2, 35 to 14.4, and 2.2 to 8.2 respectively. The protein, lipid, carbohydrate and ash content showed decreasing value whereas moisture content showed increasing value with the increasing storage period. The microbial loads varied from 2.3x10⁵ to 4.5x10⁷ cfu/g in the dried fishes and showed a rising trend with increase in storage period. The study revealed that the fish species crossed the microbial specification period. The study revealed that the fish species crossed the microbial specification fixed by Indian Standard during storage. The study also revealed that there is a huge lacuna in the process of drying, packaging and storage of dried fish.

5 tables, 33 ref

017215   Khippal A;Singh S;Meharchand;Sheokand R;Singh J;Verma R;Rakesh Kumar (NO, CCS HAU Regional Research Station, Karnal-132 001, Email: anilkhippal@gmail.com) : Mechanized and profitable intercropping of legumes in autumn planted sugarcane. Legume Res 2016, 39(3), 411-8.

To increase the area, production and productivity of sugarcane and legumes/oilseeds for increasing the profit of the farmers', field experiments were conducted at Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Regional Research Station, Karnal during 2005-06 and 2006-07 followed by demonstrations on intercropping of legumes/oilseed with sugarcane at farmers 'field in Kaithal district during 2009-10 and 2010-11. Cane yield did not reduce significantly due to intercropping except ray a during 2005-06. The percent incidence of pink borer, shoot borer, top borer and root borer remained below economical threshold level (ETL). In all intercropping systems, total land equivalent ratio (LERt) was greater than unity, indicated yield advantage for the intercropped plots. Land equivalent coefficient (LEC) followed the same pattern as LERt. Total area time equivalent ratio (ATERt) values showed an advantage (22-28%) with all intercropping systems than sole cropping with maximum advantage from sugarcane + chickpea. Sugarcane was more competitive than pea and lentil intercrops, whereas, raya and chickpea were more competitive than sugarcane. Higher competitive ratio values for the intercrops (CRi) indicated that all the intercrops were more competitive than sugarcane. Total values of actual yield loss (AYL) showed an advantage of 22-38% from intercropping compared to sole cropping. Highest monetary advantage index (MAI) value was obtained from sugarcane + pea intercropping system (75779). However, the minimum MAI was obtained from sugarcane + lentil intercropping system (62382). Demonstrations on intercropping at farmers 'field also resulted in higher gross returns, returns over variable cost and benefit: cost ratio.

7 tables, 21 ref

017214   Khanna S M;Taxak P C;Jain P K;Saini R (NO, National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi-110 012, Email: suruchimalhotra25@gmail.com) : Specific activities and transcript levels of glycolytic enzymes under dehydration in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) seedlings. Legume Res 2016, 39(3), 405-10.

The effect of dehydration on the specific activities and transcript levels of several glycolytic enzymes was determined in two chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars-Pusa362 (drought tolerant) and SBD377 (drought sensitive). Dehydration treatment was imposed on 6 days old chickpea seedlings by removing them from pots and keeping them on table top on 3MM Whatman paper at room temperature for 5 h. The stress imposed was judged by determining relative water content (RWC) and proline content. RWC decreased and proline content accumulated after five hours of dehydration treatment. The decline in RWC was higher in SBD377 than in Pusa362, while varietal differences were absent in proline content. With the exception of NADP-glyceraldehyde-3-phospahte dehydrogense, whose activity as well as transcript level showed marginal decrease in both the varieties, dehydration had little effect on all glycolytic enzymes studied.

1 illus, 2 tables, 35 ref

017213   Khan M A;Khan S;Ahmad S;Shinwari I;Iqbal T; Hassan M;Shah F (Plant Protection Dep, The Univ of Agriculture, Peshawar-Pakistan) : Impact of various treatments against brinjal shoot and fruit borer. J Ent Zool Stud 2017, 5(4), 57-62.

Brinjal (Solanum melongena) is one of the main vegetable of Pakistan. It is also known as an aubergine belongs to Solanaceae family. The present study was conducted at Medicinal Garden, newly Developed Malakandir Farm, University of Agriculture Peshawar-Pakistan during summer, 2015. Main plot was divided into 24 sub-plots in which 15 plants of Brinjal variety Neelam were transplanted with 0.44m & 0.55m distance kept in plant to plant & row to row, respectively. The results showed that estimated high yield (1641.41 kg ha^-1) and less mean no. of infested shoots (4.43) and fruits (0.76) were recorded in Cypermethrin + Neem oil + Physical control, followed by Cypermethrin + Neem oil (6.15, 1.13) and Cypermethrin (7.28, 1.42). Similarly less yield (275.48 kg ha^-1) and high mean no. of shoots and fruits infestation, 12.2 & 2.94, respectively were recorded in Control, followed by Physical control measure viz., 10.48 & 2.48 and in Neem oil recorded 9.44 & 2.19, respectively. Thus, the results revealed that T7 showed highly significant differences in management of L. orbonalis among all treatments by registering high yield and less no. of infested shoots & fruits of brinjal.

7 tables, 22 ref

017212   Khalil M M;ElAal A M H A (NO, Horticulture Research Institute, A.R.C., Giza, Egypt, Email: m.mohammad66@yahoo.com) : Growing potato sprouts under light emitting diodes. Potato J 2017, 44(1), 52-7.

Lighting emitting diodes (LEDs) offer a good tool for use in agricultural applications. Potato sprouts are used for varieties distinctness, uniformity and stability (DUS) tests. The current study investigated the effect of growing potato light sprouts under different LED light qualities and the possibility of using LEDs as light source for growing potato sprouts for DUS tests. The results revealed that white LEDs could be a good source of lighting for growing light sprouts for DUS tests. Red LEDs produced tall thin sprouts with the lowest dry weight. White fluorescent produced the highest anthocyanin content. Varietal differences observed between the tested varieties in length, width, fresh weight, dry weight and anthocyanin content.

8 illus, 21 ref

017211   Kaur J;Buttar G S;Kaur J (Agronomy Dep, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141 004, Email: jagroopsekhron@pau.edu) : Impact of various water saving techniques on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) productivity. J Envir Biosci 2016, 30(2), 307-16.

The increasing demand for food with the growing population poses a challenge to enhance crop productivity from the and area available without degrading our natural resources. Various agronomic practices can be applied to enhance crop productivity and grain quality. In this paper, the performance of wheat crop in relation to various water saving techniques viz., sowing methods, mulching and irrigation schedules has been discussed. The review suggests that furrow-irrigated raised bed planting system (FIRBS) helps in improving growth, yield and grain quality. Application of mulch proves beneficial to improve crop productivity along with decreasing weed populations. Irrigation scheduling helps in optimizing the yield in wheat crop.

^iia120 ref

017210   Kalavathi S;Mathew J;Kurien J;Anilkumar B; Nampoothiri C K;Muralidharan K;Subramanian P (NO, ICAR-Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Regional Station, Kayamkulam, Email: kalacpcri@gmail.com) : Participatory technology assessment and refinement for evolving Climate-smart adaptations in the management of coconut based farming systems under coastal sandy soil conditions of South Kerala, India. Ecol Envir Conserv 2017, 23(1), 478-87.

Climate-smart adaptations evolved during the course of participatory demonstration and assessment of technologies for management of Coconut Based Farming Systems (CBFS) in the Southern coastal tracts of Kerala resulted in reducing crop loss due to climate vagaries, improvements in soil properties, identification of ideal crops and their varieties and income enhancement from coconut and intercrops. Pine apple was found to be the most ideal crop withstanding water logging, followed by fodder grass and Nendran variety of banana. Climate resilient refinements by farmers viz., modified method of husk burial for pine apple, advancement of planting time, planting of 4-5 months old suckers and earthing up with silt, green manure, coir pith compost and husk for banana, planting of short duration varieties and advancement of planting time for tuber crops were proved to be successful.

1 illus, 6 tables, 25 ref

017209   Jayalaxmi B;Vijayalakshmi D;Usha R;Revanna M L;Chandru R;Gowda P H R (Food Science and Nutrition Dep, UAS, GKVK, Bengaluru-560 065, Email: baddi.jayalaxmi27@gmail.com) : Effect of different processing methods on proximate, mineral and antinutrient content of lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) seeds. Legume Res 2016, 39(4), 543-9.

The present study was formulated to analyze the effect of common processing methods on proximate, mineral and antinutrient content of lima bean. The protein content in the present study enhanced from 24.6g in raw to 26.5g/1 00g on germination. The most abundant mineral in raw bean for 100g was potassium (1295.13mg), followed by calcium (326.5mg), phosphorus (153.4mg), magnesium (123. 1mg), sodium (27.0mg), iron (5.43 mg). There was significant (p <60> 0.01) increase in calcium and phosphorus (10.81 and 14.50%) in germinated beans. Moist heating methods like cooking and autoclaving reduced 100 per cent trypsin inhibitor. Dhal had 100 per cent reduction of trypsin inhibitor and oxalate followed by saponin 0.4mg/100g (98.47%) and phytates 11.8 mg/100g (93.06%). All processing methods were effective in reduction of antinutrients and improving nutritional value of lima bean thereby increasing its utilization in foods and food formulations.

6 tables, 25 ref

017208   Jatav V;Singh D K (Vegetable Science Dep, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar-263 145, Email: vinod.jatav@icar.gov.in) : Genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance for yield and related traits in bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.). J Envir Biosci 2016, 30(2), 421-6.

Twenty-four genotypes of bitter gourd were evaluated to assess genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among all the genotypes for all the characters. High magnitude of phenotypic coeficients of variation (PCV) as well as genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) were observed in case of number of fruits per plant followed by, fruit yield per plant, fruit yield per hectare, number of node to first male flower, number of - 346 - branches per vine, average fruit weight followed by number of fruits per plant, fruit yield per plant and fruit yield per hectare, indicating opportunity for higher selection response. On the basis of yield contributing characters the following genotypes were found superior than best check Pant Karela-1 (98.08q/ha) viz., PBIG-22 (193.52 q/ha), PBIG-13 (158.74 q/ha), PBIG-9 (155.84 q/ha), PBIG-15 (150.84 q/ha) and PBIG-8 (143.69 q/ha). Based on overall findings of the present study, it was concluded that for selection of superior genotypes primary emphasis should be given on fruit yield per plant followed by number of fruits per plant, average fruit weight and fruit diameter.

3 tables, 30 ref

017207   Jakatimath S P;Mesta R K;Mushrif S K;Biradhar I B;Ajjappalavar P S (Plant Pathology Dep, University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot-587 104, Email: jakatimathsanjeev7@gmail.com) : In vitro evaluation of fungicides, botanicals and bio-agents against colletotrichum melogenae caused fruit rot of brinjal (Solanum melongena L.). J Envir Biosci 2016, 30(2), 509-14.

To find out the effective management strategies for fruit rot brinjal caused by Colletotrichum melongenae, the present investigation was carried out to test the efficacy of eight fungicides at the concentrations (0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75% and 1%), seven botanicals at the concentration of 5 and 10 percent and different bio-agents in vitro. Among systemic fungicides tested carbendazim, propiconazole and hexaconazole showed 100 per cent mycelial inhibition. Whereas among non-systemic fungicide, copper oxychloride (0.25, 0.50%, 0.75% and 1%) was most effective at all concentrations. The results of botanicals tested in vitro revealed that onion bulb extract, garlic extract and kokum extract were most effective in inhibiting Colletotrichum melongenae both @5% and 10% per cent concentration. The results of dual culture technique showed that fungal bio agents were better than bacterial bio-agents in inhibiting the growth of Colletotrichum melongenae. All the strains of Trichoderma barzianum were found antagonistic to C. melongenae, however C. melongenae was inhibited to maximum extent by T. harzianum-p.

3 illus, 3 tables, 20 ref

017206   Jadhao S M;Shinde P R;Sawant C G;Shetgar S S (Agricultural Entomology Dep, Vasantrao Naik Marathwada krishi Vidpapeeth, Parbhani-431 402, Email: cgsk123456@gmail.com) : Field life-tables and key mortality factors of Lepidoperous pests of sunflower. J ent Res 2016, 40(4), 387-91.

The lepidopterous pest viz., Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) passed through two generations while, Amsacta moorie (Buttler), passed through one generation each during summer. The highest larval mortality of H. armigera during its two generations in a year was recorded due to unknown reason (13.15 per cent) followed by nuclear polyhydrosis virus (7.60 per cent) and an unidentified parasitoid (6.81 per cent). The egg sterility was observed to be 13.14 per cent and its pupal mortality was due to unknown reason (9.91 per cent). The highest larval mortality of A. moorie was recorded due to unknown reason (13.97 per cent) followed by egg sterility (13.33 per cent) and pupal mortality due to unknown reason (13.15 per cent).

2 tables, 14 ref

017205   Indresh H C;Wilfred Ruban S;Chandre Gowda C T;Handage S;Sunil Kumar (Livestock Production and Management Dep, Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Hassan, Karnataka-573 202, Email: kbpatel1970@gmail.com) : Serum lipid and protein profiles of commercial broilers [Gallus gallus domesticus] fed cordyceps (Sericepins) and essential oils. J Envir Biosci 2016, 30(2), 473-5.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of dietary supplementation of Cordyceps and/or essential oils on serum lipid and protein profiles in commercial broilers. A commercial diet without antibiotic was served as negative control (T1) and with added antibiotic served as positive control (T7). Five test diets were prepared by supplementing commercial diet with Cordyceps @ 50g/kg (T2) and 100g/kg (T3), essential oils @ 125g/kg (T5), Cordyceps @ 50g/kg and essential oils 125g/kg (T6). Each test diets were formulated for pre-starter (0-14 days), starter (15-28 days) and grower (29-42 days) was offered to triplicate groups of 10 day-old straight run commercial chicks each. At the end of 42 days trial, serum samples were analyzed for the lipid profile viz., total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, HDL and VLDL and for protein fractions viz., total protein, albumin and globulin. Results of the study indicated no significant effect of feeding cordyceps and or essential oils lipid profile in broilers. However, numerically it was evident that T3 and T6 recorded the highest cholesterol content as compared to other groups, whereas T5 recorded highest triglyceride content compared to other treatments. The serum globulin was significantly lowest in negative control (T1) and significantly highest in cordyceps and essential oil supplement (T6) and in rest of the groups the values are statistically similar. Based on the results it was evident that essential oil @ 125 mg/kg was much effective as compared to cordyceps in maintaining the serum protein and lipid profile as compared to that of control and other treatments.

2 tables, 11 ref

017204   Hiremath S S;Sajeevan R S;Nataraja K N; Chaturvedi A K;Chinnusamy V;Pal M (Plant Physiology Dep, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, Email: madanpal@yahoo.com) : Silencing of fatty acid desaturase (FAD7) gene enhances membrane stability and photosynthetic efficiency under heat stress in tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana). Indian J expl Biol 2017, 55(8), 532-41.

Maintenance of cell membrane stability under heat stress is considered as an important adaptive mechanism. In this study, an attempt was made to improve membrane - 344 - stability under high temperature stress through downregulation of fatty acid desaturase (FAD7) gene by post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) approach using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) system in order to decrease trienoic fatty acids. Endogenous FAD7 gene fragment from Nicotiana benthamiana was cloned to construct VIGS vector (pTRV2: FAD7). The Agrobacterium strain harboring the pTRV2: FAD7 was infiltrated into 4-leaf stage N. benthamiana. The downregulation of FAD7 gene in VIGS plants were confirmed through semi quantitative RT-PCR. The FAD7 gene downregulated plants were exposed to normal and 35 and 42° temperature stress. In FAD7 silenced plants, the content of linolenic acid (18:3) decreased significantly, while linoleic acid (18:2) increased under high-temperature stress. FAD7 silenced plants showed higher net photosynthetic rate and PS-II efficiency under high-temperature stress as compared to control and empty vector transformed plants. Conversely, lower H₂O₂ content, membrane damage, electrolyte leakage and antioxidative enzyme activities were observed in silenced plants as compared to control. The FAD7 silenced plants exhibited better tolerance to high temperature than wild type due to higher dienoic to trienoic fatty acids ratio imparting membrane stability. The study concludes that alteration in fatty acid composition in thylakoid membranes can lower oxidative stress, improve photosynthetic rate, PS-II efficiency in plants under high temperature stress.

6 illus, 1 table, 47 ref

017203   Gurjeet Kaur;Goyal M (Biochemistry Dep, Punjab Agricultural Univ, Ludhiana-141 004, Email: meenakshigoyal@pau.edu ) : Nitrogen assimilation potential in relation to nitrate-N toxicity at different growth stages and N inputs in oats (Avena sativa L.). Indian J Biochem Biophys 2016, 53(3-4), 126-34.

Oats (Avena sativa L. Fam. Poaceae) is an important cereal crop known for its use as human food as well as fodder. In situations, such as excessive fertilization, cool weather conditions, low intensity of light, younger growth stage, etc., oats accumulate more nitrates and exhibit nitrate toxicity. Here, we conducted field experiment to determine the activity of various nitrate and ammonia assimilating enzymes i.e. nitrate reductase (NR), nitrite reductase (NIR), glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and glutamate synthase (GOGAT) and nitrate-N content at different growth stages (30, 45 and 60 DAS) under different nitrogen doses (0, 50, 75 and 100 Kg N/ha) in oats. Nitrate-N is an anti-nutritional factor present in small-grain crops, and it has a direct relationship with activities of nitrate and ammonia assimilating enzymes. The nitrate-N content was maximum in 45 DAS followed by 30 DAS and was above the toxic levels (<62>2000 ppm). Enzyme activities increased significantly with advancement of growth stage in all varieties of oats. At 60 DAS, which is first cutting stage of multi-cut fodder oats, the activity of nitrate and ammonia assimilating enzymes was maximum which conclusively decreased nitrate-N content to safer limit (<60>2000 ppm). Strong positive correlation was observed between NR activity and nitrate-N content at 45 and 60 DAS. The OL-10 (766 ppm) at 60 DAS had the minimum nitrate-N content which may be due to higher activities of nitrate and ammonia assimilating enzymes at this stage. With the increased nitrogen rate, significant increase in the activities of NR, NIR, GS, GDH, GOGAT and nitrate-N content was noted. Maximum nitrate-N content was observed at 100 Kg N/ha and it was above the toxic level (<62>2000 ppm) at early growth stages.

6 illus, 3 tables, 41 ref

017202   Gurjar M S;Aggarwal R;Jogawat A;Sharma S; Kulshreshtha D;Gupta A;Gogoi R;Thirumalaisamy P P;Saini A (Plant Pathology Div, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), Pusa campus, New Delhi, Email: malkhan_iari@yahoo.com) : Development of real time PCR assay for detection and quantification of teliospores of Tilletia indica in soil. Indian J expl Biol 2017, 55(8), 549-54.

Tilletia indica, commonly called Karnal bunt, is an internationally quarantined wheat fungal pathogen which affects commercial seed trading as well as the quality of wheat grain for consumption. The teliospores of Tilletia indica surviving in soil serve as the primary source of inoculum and play a major role in disease development. Proper identification and detection of T. indica teliospores based on morphological features and germination of teliospores is time consuming and tedious. In this study, we validated PCR based species-specific primer which amplified 570 bp fragments using ITSKB primers. Further, the real time PCR assay was developed and standardized for detection and quantification of teliospores in soil. The (R2) correlation coefficient (0.994) between CT values and DNA concentrations showed the accuracy of qPCR based quantification. The sensitivity of qPCR marker was 100 fg. Thirteen field soil samples were assessed by qPCR for quantification of - 343 - teliospore DNA. Low fungal DNA (15135.61 fg) was detected in field soil (K10) from Karnal, Haryana, India while high DNA concentration (3.31 ng) was detected in field soil from IARI, New Delhi (K4). The qPCR assay was done to correlate DNA concentration and number of teliospores per gram soil. The 125.89 fg DNA concentration of T. indica detected corresponding limit of 14 teliospores. Minimum detection limit in terms of teliospores count was 14. The teliospores recovered from Karnal and IARI farm soils by centrifugation method were 450 and 1341, respectively while the qPCR assay based analysis detected higher number of teliospores ranging 1762 to 368332 teliospores. Thus, the developed qPCR diagnostic marker could be used for accurate, reliable and rapid detection of teliospores in soil which would further help in monitoring, quantifying teliosporic load and threshold level of inoculum in soil.

4 illus, 3 tables, 30 ref

017201   Gurjar M;Naruka I S;Shaktawat R P S (NO, College of Horticulture, Mandsaur, Madhya Pradesh-458 001, Email: rpssbkn@yahoo.co.in) : Variability and correlation analysis in fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.). Legume Res 2016, 39(3), 459-65.

Thirty genotypes of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) were evaluated for genetic variability, correlation and path coefficient analysis at College of Horticulture, Mandsaur (Madhya Pradesh) during rabi 2012-13. The highest genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variances were observed for dry weight per plant at flower initiation (g) followed by straw yield per plant. The highest genetic advance was observed for dry matter content per plant (g) followed by number of pods per plant, biological yield per plant (g) and plant height (cm). The highest heritability was observed for protein content (%) followed by number of pods per plant, dry weight per plant at flower initiation (g), and chlorophyll content in leaves. Seed yield per plant showed significant and positive correlation with dry matter content per plant (g), biological yield per plant (g) and 1000 seed weight (g). Path coefficient analysis indicated the highest positive direct effect of biological yield (g) on seed yield per plant (g) followed by dry matter content per plant (g) and number of seeds per pod. It was concluded that improvement of seed yield in fenugreek is possible through selection for dry weight per plant at flower initiation (g), protein content (%), biological yield per plant (g), number of seeds per pod and 1000 seed weight (g).

4 tables, 15 ref

017200   Gupta N;Gill M S;Jawandha S K (NO, Punjab Agricultural University, Regional Research Station, Bathinda-151 001, Email: navjotgupta77@gmail.com) : Effect of fruit size on quality characteristics of peach (Prunus persica L.) fruits cv. Shan-i-Punjab. J Envir Biosci 2016, 30(2), 303-5.

Peach bears the fruit of different sizes on the tree which ripens at a same time. These fruits can be used for different purposes according to their size and quality. It is therefore, necessary to evaluate the physico-chemical quality attributing factors in relation to their weight. The present study was conducted to evaluate the physico-chemical characteristics of peach cv. - 342 - Shan-i-Punjab categorized into five different groups on the basis of weight. Fruits were analysed for fruit weight, fruit size, stone weight, stone size, firmness, total soluble solids, total acidity, TSS: acid ratio, phenols content and anthocyanins content. The fruit weight of different groups range between 21.40 to 90.15 gm. Fruit and stone size were maximum under group I, TSS/acid ratio were maximum under group II. There was linear decrease in acidity and total phenol content from group V to I. Results showed a significant variation among different groups of the fruit for all the quality parameters.

6 illus, 1 table, 10 ref

017199   Gugulothu R;Raveender B;Shah T K;Koteswar B (Contractual Teaching Faculty, Fisheries Research Station, PVNR Telangana Veterinary Univ, Palair, Telangana) : Abundance and check list of available Conus species in Thoothukudi of southeast coast of India. J Ent Zool Stud 2017, 5(4), 16-26.

A detailed study was undertaken on the biodiversity of Conus species in Gulf of Mannar coast from September 2011 to July 2012. In addition, various biodiversity indices were estimated using PRIMER V6 software. The poisonous gland was separated and its radular structure was explained. A total of 16 Conus species were recorded from three different stations of Gulf of Mannar belonging to the single genus Conus. Therespuram representing the highest number of species (201) followed by Keelakarai and Vembar. The catch of Conus species was very high in Pre-monsoon and summer. The species diversity was highest in Therespuram whereas lowest diversity found from Vembar stations, while Keelakarai station represents moderately. The highest Margalef species richness (d) was estimated in Keelakarai station with eight species and the lowest d' value found in Vembar with five species. Compared with three stations the species evenness was highest in Therespuram and lowest was observed from Vembar station. Bray-Curtis similarity observed that pre-monsoon has representing highest similarity from all three stations of Gulf of Mannar. Therespuram and Vembar showed that highest similarity in pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons. Through the study it could be concluded that Gulf of Mannar region has rich Conus diversity and the cone, Conus betulinus has neuromodulatory property.

12 illus, 16 tables, 12 ref

017198   Gore P G;Tripathi K;Chauhan S K;Singh M;Bisht I S;Bhalla S (NO, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110 012, Email: sbhalla@nbpgr.ernet.in) : Searching for resistance in wild lens species against pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis (L.). Legume Res 2016, 39(4), 630-6.

A total of 51 accessions of different Lens spp. viz., Lens culinaris (cultivated) and L. culinaris subsp. odemensis, L. culinaris subsp. orientalis, L. orientalis, L. nigricans, L. lamottei and L. ervoides (wild species) were screened for their reaction to Callosobruchus chinensis under no-choice artificial infestation conditions to find the sources of resistance. Significant differences among the accessions in terms of number of eggs laid, development period, adult - 341 - emergence, number of emergence holes of C. chinensis loss in seed weight on different Lens spp. were observed. Of the seven species tested, L. culinaris was the most preferred one for egg laying while L. ervoides was the least preferred. Based on Growth Index (GI), accessions were categorised as highly resistant (15 accessions, GI = 0.00), resistant (14, GI=0.00 to 1.00), moderately resistant (16, GI=1.01 to 2.00) moderately susceptible (3, GI 2.01 to 3.00) susceptible (3, <62>3.01) to C. chinensis and the species have been arranged in the order of their resistance to C. chinensis. viz L. ervoides <62> L. lamottei <62> L. nigricans= L. orientalis <62> L. culinaris subsp. orientalis=L. culinaris subsp. odemensis <62> L. culnaris, i.e. L. ervoides was highly resistant and L. culnaris was the most susceptible. Correlation between GI and growth parameters of pulse beetle on different Lens spp. accessions indicated that GI had negative relationship with mean development period (-0.22) and significant positive relationship with adult emergence (+0.73), weight loss (+0.77) and eggs laid (+0.75).

6 tables, 18 ref

017197   Ghosh A;Mazumdar A (Entomology Research Unit, Zoology Dep, University of Burdwan, Bardwan, West Bengal, Email: atanughosh.academia@gmail.com) : Review on the role of Chironomine midges (Chironomidae: Diptera) in the paddy fields. J envir Sociobiol 2016, 13(1), 67-74.

Chironomidae is one of the cosmopolitan dipteran insect groups, representatives of which occur in all zoogeographical regions of the world. The larvae of chironomid midges are ubiquitous in paddy fields throughout the globe. These larvae are found to cause damage to rice plants and seedlings in many paddy fields. But, the ecological roles of chironomides for sustainable development of agro-ecosystem are largely ignored so far. In the context, the present review is intended to bring together the information available on the role of chironomine midges associated with the rice agro-ecosystem in various countries. It will also provide an outcome that would enable us to better appreciate the environmental services and opportunities to study the diversity of this insect group associated with rice fields. The role of chironomid larvae in rice fields can be summarized (i) as paddy pest, (ii) as soil enricher, (iii) as indicator of water pollution, and (iv) as food.

^iia45 ref

017196   Gayirbegov D S;Mungin V V;Gibalkina N I; Loginova L N;Valoshin A V (Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education, National Research Ogarev Mordovia - 34, Bolshevistskaya street 68, Saransk, 430005, Republic of Mordovia, Russia, Email: gajirbegov55@mail.ru) : Impact of the new fodder additive "M-feed" on the microorganisms of the rumen contents of calves and their growth energy. Ecol Envir Conserv 2017, 23(1), 425-31.

This paper presents data on the influence of feed additives of the new generation "M-Feed" on the concentration of microorganisms in the contents of the gastrointestinal tract, the growth and development of calves of red-motley breed before 6 months of age. It was found that comparing three dosages of the preparation the most favorable conditions for reproduction, growth and survival of lactic acid bacteria, of yeasts and ciliates has a daily dose of the feed additive in an amount of 4 mg/kg body weight. This in turn has beneficial effects on the use of the feed ration, which ultimately increases the absolute gain in live weight on average by 15.2% and increased average daily by 15%. Using "M-Feed" in the optimal (4 mg/kg of liver weight) quantity also contributes to a more harmonious body type of the calves, which are superior to their counterparts from the control group on the major altitudinal and latitudinal measurements. Conducted studies have also noted some improvements in body indexes of animals in the experimental group. In relation to the control group the index of stretching in animals of the first experimental group the was higher by 0.64%, from the second experimental group - by 0.31%, from the third - by 0.02%.

9 tables, 9 ref

017195   Gairola K;Singh A;Bisht K S (Plant Pathology Dep, Centre of Advanced Faculty and Training in Plant, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Email: kgairola@gmail.com) : Pathogenecity test and evaluation of fungicides against drechslera glycini, the casual agent of Drechslera blight disease of soybean [Glycine max]. J Envir Biosci 2016, 30(2), 467-9.

The pathogen was identified by morphological characters based on its mycelial growth and color, conidia and conidiophores characters and conidial bipolar germination. Pathogenecity test was done by Koch's theory (leaf inoculation) method. Efficacy of four systemic fungicides; Tridemefon, Thiophanate-methyl, Tebuconazole, Propineb, three non-systemic fungicides; Thiram, Captan, Copper-oxy chloride and two Combi products; Cymoxanil + Mancozeb (Curzate MS) and Carbendazim + Mancozeb (Companian) each were tested against Drechslera glycini at 25, 50, 75 and 100 ppm concentrations. Among the aforesaid fungicides Tebuconazole and Propineb were found to be highly effective as 100% inhibition of mycelial growth of Drechslera glycine at 25 ppm and 50 ppm, respectively.

1 illus, 2 tables, 6 ref