018165   Akmal M;Freed S;Malik M N;Bilal M (Entomology Dep, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya Un, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan) : - 315 - Laboratory assessment for the potential of entomopathogenic fungi to control Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae). J Ent Zool Stud 2017, 5(5), 40-5.

The pathogenecity of Beauveria bassiana and Isaria fumosorosea was evaluated by immersion bioassays against adults and 3rd instar grubs of Rhyzopertha dominica during years 2011-2013. Five concentrations i.e., 1.0- 5 x 10⁸ spores/ml of each fungus were made by serial dilution. The results depicted that lowest LT₅₀ values with highest concentration of B. bassiana 5 x 10⁸ spores/ml were 3.60 days for both stages. Conversely, B. bassiana (LC₅₀) on 7th day post-treatment were 1.54 x 10⁸ and 2.29 x 10⁸ spores/ml both stages, respectively. The lowest LT₅₀ values with highest concentration of I. fumosorosea 5 x 10⁸ spores/ml were 3.58 and 3.04 days for both adults and grubs, respectively, while the LC₅₀ value of I. fumosorosea on 7th day were 1.39 x 10⁸ and 2.23 x 10⁸ spores/ml for both stages, respectively. Comparison of LC₅₀, LT₅₀ and percent mortalities indicated fungal virulence to R. dominica. The findings of the current research illustrate that these fungi can be used for the management of R. dominica.

4 illus, 4 tables, 42 ref

018164   Ajay Kumar;Tripathi V K;Dubey V;Katiyar N K; Tiwari P (Horticulture Dep, Chandra Shekhar Azad Univ of Agriculture & Technology, Kanpur-208 002, Email: drvktripathicsa@gmail.com ) : Influence of foliar application of calcium, zinc and boron on fruit drop, yield and quality attributes of aonla (Emblica officinalis) cv. NA-7. Res Crop 2017, 18(1), 91-7.

Studies on the influence of foliar application of calcium, zinc and boron on fruit drop, yield and quality attributes of aonla cv. NA-7 were carried out during two subsequent years i. e. 2014-15 and 2015-16 on the 15 years old plants of aonla cv. NA-7, located in the garden, Department of Horticulture, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture & Technology, Kanpur (U. P.). NA-7, variety of aonla, was tested with the 10 treatments viz., calcium chloride (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5%), zinc sulphate (0.2, 0.4 and 0.6%) and borax (0.2, 0.4 and 0.6%) including a control. Treatments with zinc sulphate @ 0.6% significantly reduced fruit drop 67.21% and increased fruit retention 32.79%, along with higher yield 83.36 kg fruits/plant with more specific gravity 1.10 g/cc, more length 3.91 cm, fruit width 4.04 cm, weight 34.99 g and volume 32.13 cc. Significantly higher pulp weight 33.46 g, pulp: stone ratio 22.91, and reduced amount of titratable acidity 1.47% were also recorded in fruits produced from the plants treated with zinc sulphate @ 0.6%. However, more moisture 94.07%, total sugars 12.93% and TSS 15.10°Brix contents were obtained from borax 0.6% treated plants as compared to control. Whereas calcium chloride @ 1.5% treated plants produced fruits having maximum ascorbic acid 619.33 mg/100 g contents. To obtain higher yield of quality fruits, plants of aonla cv. NA-7 should be sprayed with zinc sulphate and borax each @ 0.6% in the months of August in north Indian plains.

1 illus, 3 tables, 14 ref

018163   Ahmed R;Akram W;Khan H A A;Bhutta Z A;Arshad S F;Arshad H J;Khan I A;Mohsin M (Entomology Dep, Agriculture Univ, Faisalabad-Pakistan) : Laboratory based study on the larvicidal effects of aquatain, a monomolecular film and mousticide< - 314 - . Int J Mosquito Res 2017, 4(5), 38-43.

Experiments were performed to test the efficacy of Mousticide^TM, a combination of two natural substances Trypsin-modulating oostatic factor [TOMF] Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis [Bti] and Aquatain, against larval late third early four of Aedes albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus under laboratory conditions. The results of the study have established the effectiveness of the products tested. The aquatain has maximum mortality trend of Aedes albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus by different treatments (0.017 ml, 0.035 ml, 0.070 ml and 0.14 ml) at their maximum concentration (0.14 ml) after 1 hour was (20% and 17% respectively) and after 12 hours (100%). The TMOF-Bti has maximum mortality trend of Aedes albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus by different treatments (10 mg, 25 mg, 40 mg and 100 mg) at their maximum concentration (100 mg) after 1 hour was (10% and 12% respectively) and after 24 hours (100%). All the concentrations of Aquatain and TMOF-Bti caused high mortality (95-96%) within 12 hour of treatment and 100% mortality until 24 hours after treatment. Our results have further revealed that Aquatain is more effective as compared to TMOF-Bti in controlling larval stages of test mosquitoes.

2 illus, 2 tables, 45 ref

018162   Acharya S S;Nirala R B P;Roychowdhury A;Ghosh M;Haque M (Agronomy Dep, Bihar Agricultural Univ, Sabour, Bhagalpur-813 210, Email: mainakghosh999@gmail.com) : Bio-efficacy of herbicides against complex weed flora in linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) in indo-gangetic plain of Bihar. Res Crop 2017, 18(1), 49-56.

Field experiment was conducted during rabi seasons of 2012-13 and 2013-14 at Agricultural Research Institute, Patna to find out the bio-efficacy of herbicides for controlling weeds in linseed in comparison to hand weeding twice at 20 and 40 days after sowing. The most predominant weed flora observed in the experimental plots were broad leaf weeds like Rumex dentatus, Chenopodium album, Polygonum plebejium, Alternenthera sesilis, Physalis minima, Medicago polymorpha and Solanum xanthocarpum, grasses like Cynodon dactylon, Digitaria sanguinalis and sedges like Cyperus rotundus. The herbicide treatments include pre-emergence application of pendimethalin @ 1000 g a. i./ha, pendimethalin 30 EC + imazethapyr 2 EC @ 750 and 1000 g a. i./ha and post-emergence application of isoproturon 75 WP @ 1000 g a. i./ha, clodinafop 15 WP @ 60 g a. i./ha and imazethapyr 10 SL @ 40, 60, 75 and 100 g a. i./ha. The results showed that application of pendimethalin 30 EC + imazethapyr 2 EC @ 750 and 1000 g a. i./ha as pre-emergence showed inhibitory effect on the linseed seedlings. Safe herbicide pendimethalin 30 EC @ 1000 g a. i./harecorded lowest weed biomass with highest weed control efficacy (91.5%) which was at par with isoproturon 75 WP @ 1000 g a. i./haas post-emergence with weed control efficacy of 89.9%. The manually weeded plot recorded the highest seed yield of 1337 kg/haamong all the treatments, whereas maximum seed yield among the herbicide treatments was obtained with post-emergence application of isoproturon 75 WP @ 1000 g a. i./ha (1195 kg/ha), which was found statistically at par with pre-emergence application of pendimethalin 30 EC @ 1000 g a. i./ha (1177 kg/ha), post-emergence application of imazethapyr 10 SL @ 60 g a. i./ha (1110 kg/ha) and with manually hand weeding twice. In terms of profitability, post-emergence application of isoproturon 75 WP @ 1000 g a. i./hagave the highest net returns, B: C ratio and incremental B: C ratio than all other weed control treatments.

2 tables, 21 ref

018161   Abba H;Barzouk O;Benabid M;Chillasse L; Charkaoui I (NO, "Ecological Engineering and Natural Resource Management". Higher Schoo, Khenifra, Moulay Ismail, Univ. Meknes / Morocco) : Impact of environment parameters and the freshness of the ova on the reproductive performance of Oncorhynchus mykiss in Morocco. Int J Fish aqua Stud 2017, 5(5), 21-4.

The objective of the study was to assess the impact of water oxygen concentration and ambient light on the success rate of egg development until hatched rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss, Walbaum, 1792) as well as the success rate of artificial fertilization according to the freshness of the ova (in vitro aging) of the spawners of the Ras Al Ma salmon farming station. The results obtained show that the mean success rate varies between 73% and 69% of the eggs development depending on the oxygen concentration, 76% for the eggs incubated in the dark versus 47% only for the eggs exposed to ambient light. With regard to fertilization success rates according to their freshness (t0, t1, t2, t3 and t4 hours), the results showed that it is about 71% for the fertilized eggs just after being collected from spawners and gradually decreases to reach only 30% four hours after the stripping.

4 illus, 12 ref

017339   Zimens Y N;Poddubnaya I V;Vasiliev A A;Guseva Y A;Kiyashko V V;Voronin S P;Voronin D S;Gumeniuk A P (NO, Saratov State Vavilov Agrarian University named after N.I. Vavilov, Russia, 410012, Saratov, Teatralnaya Sq., 1., Email: usya-21@mail.ru) : Effects of iodized yeast as feed supplement on growth and blood parameters in Lena sturgeon (Acipencer baerii stenorrhnynchus Nicolsky) juveniles. Ecol Envir Conserv 2017, 23(1), 602-9.

The article presents the results of an experiment on growing of Lena sturgeon (Acipencer baerii stenorrhynchus Nicolsky) juveniles using iodized yeast as a dietary supplement. The experiment was conducted - 401 - in a recirculation installation facility in research laboratory "Technology of fish feeding and rearing" of Saratov State Agrarian University. The additive used contained iodine in a ration of 2% by weight to test the relationship between the amount of iodine in food and the level of thyroxine in the blood. Based on the analysis of the dynamics of growth of weight of Lena sturgeon optimal degree of introduction of iodine was determined in the feed, providing growth of fish. The greatest weight gain of Lena sturgeon was observed for use in feeding iodinated yeast with iodine 200 micrograms per 1 kg of fish. The economic substantiation of use in mix feed fish - iodized yeast in an amount of 200 and 300 micrograms of iodine per 1 kg of fish.

8 tables, 21 ref

017338   Zhodape V;Khokhar D;Guhey A (Plant Physiology, Agricultural Biochemistry, Medicinal and Aromatic Pl, College of Agriculture, IGKV, Raipur (Chhattisgarh), Email: vzhodape@yahoo.com) : Efficacy of plant growth regulators on biochemical characters contributing to yield attributes of patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth L.). J Envir Biosci 2016, 30(2), 341-5.

A field experiment was carried out to investigate the efficacy of different plant growth regulators and their combination of Gibberellic acid (GA), Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA), Kinetin and Miraculan and their mode of application of assess their effects on biochemical components contributing to yield of patchouli during 2014-2015 at research cum instructional farm of Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.). Plants were sprayed two times 60 and 75 days after planting. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design (RBD) with eight treatments and three replications. The results revealed that foliar application of PGRs significantly enhanced the biochemical characters i.e. cholorophyll 'a', chlorophyll 'b', total chlorophyll and phenol content of patchouli compared with control and also suggested that application of growth regulators had no favourable effect on carotenoid content in patchouli.

5 illus, 9 ref

017337   Zamindar N;Mosaffa L;Bashash M;Amoheidari M; Golabadi M (Food Science and Technology Dep, Shahreza Branch, Islamic Azad Univ, Isfahan, 86145-311, Iran, Email: zamindar@ag.iut.ac.ir ) : Effect of diverse treatments on biophysical characteristics of red kidney beans. Legume Res 2016, 39(4), 550-7.

The effect of line, tempering solution, temperature and soaking time were investigated on water absorption, splitting, and texture of two Iranian red kidney beans including Akhtar and Derakhshan to determine the best line and the best soaking conditions for industrial use. Akhtar line showed higher level of water absorption in comparison to Derakhshan line. Water absorption of unblanched red beans at 2.5 hour soaking was two times greater than water absorption of blanched ones for both lines (p<60>0.05). Acid solution made texture of Akhtar line softer than samples soaked in water and alkaline solution. In Derakhshan line, shear strength of samples treated with acid solution was lower than alkaline solution and water, respectively. Alkaline solution increased level of splitting in both lines (p<60>0.05).

3 illus, 5 tables, 20 ref

017336   Yousuf M;Khan S;Ikram M;Singh K P (Forest Entomology Div, Forest Research Institute, P.O. New Forest, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, Email: salman1351@gmail.com) : Diversity of biological control agents trichogramma from Punjab (India) and its importance in forestry and agroforestry systems. J Envir Biosci 2016, 30(2), 541-7.

Trichogramma spp. is being used to control the insect pests biologically throughout the world. Genus Trichogramma consist of many species and they are host specific so to identify the species from conservation point of view. Study was conducted to survey the diversity of Trichogramma spp. from Punjab state in the year 2012-2014. IVI (Importance Value Index), Shannon-weiner Index, Simpson's Index, Simpson's Reciprocal Index, Evenness Index and ENS/Effective No. of Species) were calculated from the survey. Ten different species of Trichogramma have been identified up tp species level out of total of 176 specimens collected. The IVI of Trichogramma chilonis have been found highest (27.06%). The Shannon weiner Index and Simpson Diversity Index were 1.836 and 0.782, respectively. The ENS and Evenness were 6.27 and 0.797, respectively. Only Trichogramma agriae, T. chilonis and T. chilotraeae were collected and reported from all five Agro-climatic - 400 - zones. The maximum no. of specimens collected was of T. chilonis and minimum of T. flandersi. The crops associated with agroforestry model in Punjab has been discussed for controlling the major insect using the Trichogramma spp. available from Punjab.

2 illus, 4 tables, 30 ref

017335   Yourmila Kumari;Bhardwaj D R (Silviculture and Agroforestry Dep, Dr Y S Parmar Univ of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni- Solan, Himachal Pradesh) : Effect of various bamboo species on soil nutrients and growth parameters in mid hills of HP, India. Int J chem Stud 2017, 5(4), 19-24.

The bamboos growing in wild play an important role in soil nutrient buildup and maintenance of soil fertility. The - 399 - nutrient cycling in bamboo forests had shown improvement in soil fertility due to its vigorous growth and litter production. However, the cultivated one that has been managed by farmers in Asia over millennia for their livelihood was little studied with respect to its role in soil nutrient status and growth characteristics. Therefore, present study was carried to describe the usefulness of different species of bamboo in improving soil quality under pure plantation and its influence on growth of bamboo with age. The experiment was carried out in mid hill conditions of HP in pure plantation of bamboo species viz. Dendrocalamus asper, D hamiltonii, Bambusa tulda, Phyllostachys aurea, D strictus, Malocana baccifera and Phyllostachys bambusoides. The soil properties viz., soil pH, EC, bulk density, organic carbon, SOC stock, available N, P, K, Exchangeable Calcium and Magnesium were studied at two soil depths i.e. 0-20cm and 20-40cm. The results revealed that the bamboo species and soil layers had no significant influence on soil pH, EC and bulk density whereas, organic carbon decreased with the increase in soil depth and was found highest (16.12 g/kg) in 0-20cm soil depth and lowest (14.02 g/kg) in soil depth of 20-40cm. Among species, the soil organic carbon was found to be maximum (16.20 g/kg) under plantations of D asper. SOC stock was found maximum (36.41 Mg/ha) in D hamiltonii. Available N (333.77 kg ha^-1), K (319.52 kg ha^-1), Exchangeable Calcium (818.63 mg kg^-1) and magnesium (626.49 mg kg^-1) all were significantly higher in D asper whereas, the available P was maximum (44.42 kg ha^-1) under D. strictus. All mineral nutrients were observed to be maximum at soil depth of 0-20cm. The growth parameters viz., height, d.b.h, number of culm/ha, internodal length and live culm were found to be higher in D. asper than the rest of the species. Age classes have also influenced the different growth parameters significantly. Positive Correlation was observed between different growth and soil parameters. The higher quantity of mineral nutrients under D asper plantation suggest its potentials in restoring soil quality through on site enrichment, conservation and cycling of carbon and nutrients and has higher production potential in terms of growth.

5 tables, 20 ref

017334   Yan B;Yan J;Shi W (Geography Dep, Minjiang Univ, Fuzhou, 350108, China, Email: shiwj@lreis.ac.cn) : Estimation of carrying capacity of livestock farm basedon maximum phosphorus load of farmland and GIS spatial analysis technology. Curr Sci 2017, 112(9), 1931-6.

To avoid the environmental pollution caused by live-stock manure and provide rational layout of livestock farm, we estimated the livestock manure phosphorus load by the excretion coefficient method and have developed a livestock manure nutrient distribution model. The livestock manure phosphorus was distrib-uted to farmlands using this model and spatial analy-sis technology. The carrying capacity of livestock farms was calculated based on the maximum livestock manure phosphorus carrying capacity of farmlands and expressed in pig for the Shangjie town, China. The results showed that the maximum, minimum, average and total livestock manure phosphorus carry-ing capacity of farmlands was about 55.97, 0.74, 12.21 and 13,382.90kg respectively, and the total load of 2854.79kg manure phosphorus from livestock farms surpassed the carrying capacity of farmlands in Shangjie town in 2011. The results also demonstrated that the maximum, minimum, average and the total carrying capacity of livestock farms was respectively, 792, 10, 157 and 9128 pigs. Most of the livestock farms in the town had carrying capacity of less than 300 pigs and only six farms had carrying capacity of livestock more than 500 pigs. The results could provide decision support for the spatial layout of livestock farms, con-trolling environmental pollution caused by livestock manure.

3 illus, 2 tables, 32 ref

017333   Yadav V K;Singh D P;Sharma S K;Kaushal Kishor (Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science Dep, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, MPUAT, Udaipur, Rajasthan) : Use of phosphorus for maximization of Summer mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilszeck] productivity under subhumid condition of Rajasthan, India. J Pharmac Phytochem 2017, 6(4), 1-3.

Pulses occupy unique place in Indian diet with supplying of vegetable protein to primarily starchy diet and provide an essential supplement for balance diet. Therefore, it is essential to increase the sustainable productivity with more appropriate management of nutrient utilization of plants so that with same area, we can increase pulses sustainable production. In future sustainable pulse production will greatly depend on soil health because of heavy doses of chemical fertilizers, extensive removal of phosphorus by the crops under intensive cultivation and degraded soil condition day by day will be chief in concern for decreasing sustainability in production and environment. In this regard, a field experiment was conducted at Instructional Farm Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur with four levels of phosphorus (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg P₂O₅/ha) in greengram. Results workout in quadratic equation with four levels of phosphorus found that 48.62 kg P₂O₅/ha is proved to be the best dose for optimum input responsive yield (1384.85 kg/ha.).

1 illus, 2 tables, 13 ref

017332   Yadav J;Gupta R K;Deepak Kumar (Zoology Dep, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125 004, Email: yadavjyoti964@gmail.com) : Changes in C: N ratio of different substrates during vermicomposting. Ecol Envir Conserv 2017, 23(1), 367-71.

A study of 90 days duration was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of an exotic earthworm species (epigeic-Eisenia fetida) for decomposition of different kind of organic substrates. Five experimental vermibeds along with three replicates each were prepared by using cow dung along with different combinations of wheat straw, rice straw, vegetable waste and sugarcane begasse having ratio 5:1. The results obtained indicate reduction in C: N ratio, which indicates the reduction in biodegradable organic content and increase in nitrogen content. The decrease in carbon and increase in nitrogen content improves the quality of vermicompost as manure. The carbon and nitrogen content of the vermicompost was analyzed at the 0 day, 30 day, 60 day and 90 day where the levels of carbon decreased and the levels of nitrogen increased subsequently. Decrease in carbon and increase in nitrogen resulted in decrease of C: N ratio. The results showed the decrease in C: N in tubs with CD+ RS (22.5) followed by CD+ WS (20.8), CD (19.04), CD+ VW (17.22) and CD+ SB (10.8).

2 tables, 38 ref

017331   Yadav J;Gupta R K (Zoology Dep, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125 004, Email: yadavjyoti694@gmail.com) : Dynamics of nutrient profile during vermicomposting. Ecol Envir Conserv 2017, 23(1), 515-20.

Scientific literature having gist of study conducted by authors addressing the influence of vermicomposting on the mineral content of organic waste using earthworm has been reviewed. Earthworm has caught attention of philosophers like Darwin, Pascal and Thoreau. Earthworm are the wonder annelids that have the capacity to perform the process of vermicomposting. Vermicomposting is a self-promoted, self-regulated, self-improved and self-enhanced with low or no-energy requirement. It is a zero-waste technology, easy to construct, operate and maintain. The nutrient profile shows decline in C:N ratio, increase in total nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, calcium and humus. Vermicompost proves to be quality enhancer of nutrients when mixed with soil. One of the major constraints in boosting up agricultural production in India is the low levels of soil fertility. This property of nutrient value addition can be used to mitigate the soil needs. It will prove beneficial both for waste management and low nutrient profiles of soil. This process ensures the availability of essential plant nutrients in soluble forms. Hence, vermicomposting is gaining attention because soil fertility and waste management is the concern of era.

1 illus, 1 table, 26 ref

017330   Yadav G R;Srivastava P;Mishra V K;Chauhan D; Rajveer (Entomology Dep, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar-263 145, Email: premvijaybhu@gmail.com) : Bio-efficacy of certain insecticides against thrips, Megalurothrips sjostedti trybom in cowpea agro-ecosystem. J Envir Biosci 2016, 30(2), 487-91.

The study was conducted to determine efficacy of insecticide against thrips, Megalurothrips sjostedti Trybom on cowpea growth at field experiments at Breeder - 397 - Seed Production Centre, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar 2014. The most effective treatment for the control of thrips Megalurothrips sjostedti Trybom was seed treatment with fipronil @ 3ml/kg + spray with fipronil @ 5ml/lt with maximum reduction (60.13%) in the thrips population of cowpea while lowest effective treatment for the control of thrips Megalurothrips sjostedti Trybom was treatment Monocrotophos 36SL@ 2 ml/lt with minimum reduction (27.75%) in the thrips, Megalurothrips sjostedti Trybom population of cowpea crop.

3 tables, 22 ref

017329   Xiao H;Cai X;Fan Y;Luo A (Landscape Plants Dep, Sichuan Agriculture Univ, 611 830, Sichuan, China, Email: axoxueluo@sina.com) : Antioxidant activity of water-soluble polysaccharides from Brasenia schreberi. Pharmacog Mag 2016, 12(47), 193-7.

In order to investigate the antioxidant activities of polysaccharides (BPL-1 and BPL-2), one of the most important functional constituents in Brasenia schreberi was isolated from the external mucilage of B. schreberi (BPL-1) and the plant in vivo (BPL-2). This paper examines the relationship between the content of sulfuric radicals and uronic acid in BPL and the antioxidant activity of BPL. The free radicals, 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS+) and 1,1-diphnyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH-), were used to determine the antioxidant activity of BPL. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy of BPL-1 and BPL-2 revealed typical characteristics of polysaccharides. The two sample types had different contents. This was proved by their different adsorption peak intensities. The IC50 values of BPL-1 (31.189 mg/ml) and BPL-2 (1.863 mg/ml) showed significant DPPH radical scavenging activity. Based on the quantification of ABTS radical scavenging, the IC50 value of BPL-1 (5.460 mg/ml) was higher than that of BPL-2 (0.239 mg/ml). Therefore, in terms of the reducing power, the IC50 value of BPL-1 was too high to determine, and the IC50 value of BPL-2 was found to be 50.557 mg/ml. Hence, the antioxidant activity and total reducing power were high, and they were greater in BPL-2 than in BPL-1. In addition, BPL-2 was found to have more sulfuric radicals and uronic acid than BPL-1. The contents of sulfuric radicals and uronic acid are significantly correlated to the antioxidant activity and reducing power of BPL; the more sulfuric radicals and uronic acid, the more antioxidant activity and reducing power BPL has.

5 illus, 2 tables, 22 ref

017328   Wani M Y;Mir M R;Baqual M F;Haque S Zia-ul; Lone B A;Maqbool S A;Dar S A (Temperate Sericulture, Research Institute Mirgund, PG Boys Hostel, SKUAST-K, Srinagar, J&K) : - 396 - Influence of different manures on the germination and seedling growth of mulbery (Morus sp.). J Pharmac Phytochem 2017, 6(4), 4-9.

The investigation was carried out at Temperate Sericulture Research Institute (TSRI) Mirgund, SKUAST- K, in the year 2015. Amongst various manures (FYM, Dalweed, vermicompost, poultrymanur, silkworm litter) tested T₂ (Dalweed) seemed to be the best manure influencing the various parameters of mulberry seedlings right from the germination upto growth of seedlings. By popularizing this manure, the pressure on other manures especially FYM can be reduced to great extent besides providing the stakeholders different options of manure. This will also help in proper disposal of wastes got from different agricultural activities and other water bodies in most eco-friendly and economically viable manner. Therefore, in this article we explore the effect of different manure treatments on the germination success and development of seedlings of the mulberry crop.

2 illus, 3 tables, 30 ref

017327   Vimala Bharathi S K;Vishnu Priya V;Eswaran V; Moses J A;Sujeetha A R P (NO, Indian Institute of Crop Processing Technology, Thanjavur-613 005) : Insect infestation and losses in stored food grains. Ecol Envir Conserv 2017, 23(1), 286-91.

Food grains are durables that can be stored for extended periods under safe storage condition. Various biotic and abiotic factors influence the quality of stored grains. Among these, pests of stored foods are serious threat. The objective of this work is to explain in detail, various losses caused by insect infestation including, quantitative, qualitative, nutritional, seed viability, commercial losses and damage to stored structures. Other associated problems such as the risk of hotspot formation and explosions are also presented, explaining the need for integrated pest management approaches to protect food grains from storage pests.

2 tables, 16 ref

017326   Vikas Kumar;Desai B S (Silviculture and Agroforestry Dep, College of Forestry, Vellanikkara, Kerala Agricultural University, KAU, Thrissur, Kerala-680 656, Email: vkskumar49@gmail.com) : Phyto-sociological study of Waghai Forest Range in Dang district, South Gujarat, India. J Envir Biosci 2016, 30(2), 549-53.

The present study deals with the phyto-sociological study of Waghai forest range in Dang district, south Gujarat, India during 2010-2013. A total of 62 species were recorded which were represented by 37 families and 54 genera. Out of 62 species, 34 trees (17 family and 27 genera), 24 herbs (20 family and 27 genera) and 4 orchids. In tree species Tectona grandis was the dominant species followed by Terminalia tomentosa and Sterculia urens. In herb, Cassia tora was the dominant species and followed by Glorisa superba and Ipomoea fistulosa. In orchid, Curculigo orghioides were dominant followed by Nervilia aragoana, Vanda tesellata and Zeuxine strateumaica. Fabaceae was most diferse family with maximum (8) number of species followed by Malvaceae (4), Combretaceae and Moraceae (3), Apocynaceae, Rubiaceae and Sapotaceae (2). But on the herb vegetation, maximum species was recorded in Acanthaceae (4), Malvaceae (3) and maximum orchid family recoded in Orchidaceae (4). The maximum IVI recorded for Tectona grandis (58.415) followed by Terminalia tomentosa (36.752), Sterculia urens (35.699) respectively. Among the herbs species, the highest Shannon-Weiner index recorded for Cassia tora (0.272) followed by Glorisa superba (0.218).

3 illus, 2 tables, 40 ref

017325   Venkatasalam E P;Sood R;Bairwa A;Sharma A K (ICAR-CPRI, Central Potato Research Station, Muthorai, Udhagamandalm-643 004, Email: venkat_ep@yahoo.co.in) : Modified medium for mass multiplication of potato. Potato J 2017, 44(1), 85-8.

1 illus, 2 tables, 13 ref

017324   Veni K;Murugan E;Mini M L;Vanniarajan C; Radhamani T (NO, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai-625 104, Email: veni_296@rediffmail.com) : Genetic relationship between yield and battering quality in blackgram (Vigna mungo L.). Legume Res 2016, 39(3), 355-8.

An experiment was carried out to study the genetic divergence of 39 genotypes of blackgram. Biochemical parameters such crude protein, albumin and globulin content and yield attributing traits such as hundred seed weight and single plant yield were estimated. Grouping of genotypes into various clusters was done by Mahalnobis D² statistics. The 39 genotypes were grouped into five clusters. Among the five clusters, cluster V had more number of genotypes. The highest value of intra cluster distance was recorded in cluster V while cluster I had minimum intra cluster distance and - 395 - maximum inter cluster distance was observed between cluster II and cluster III. Among the nine characters single plant yield and hundred seed weight contributed maximum towards divergence. The study showed that the genotypes UH04-4, CO 5, KKB05011 and ACM07002 could be used for hybridization to develop high yielding blackgram varieties with good battering quality.

1 illus, 4 tables, 11 ref

017323   Vekariya K J;Patel D A;Kugashiya K G;Nanavati J I (Genetics and Plant Breeding Dep, B. A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural Univ, Anand, Gujarat) : Study of combining ability and gene action for forage yield and its component characters in forage sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. J Pharmac Phytochem 2017, 6(4), 43-7.

Six grain type CMS sorghum genotypes (females) were crossed with seven fodder type sorghum genotypes (males) in a line x tester mating design. A perusal of variance ratio σ²_gca/ σ²_sca suggested the preponderance of non-additive genetic variance for all the characters except plant height at 50% flowering, leaf width, dry matter content and hydrocyanic acid content. Looking to the parents for characterization of their ability to transmit desirable genes to their progenies, females SURAT 5, AKMS 14A and 3660 A and males SSG 59-3, GAFS 11 and AFS 48 were found good general combiners for green fodder yield plant^-1 and its component traits like plant height at 50% flowering, number of leaves plant^-1, leaf length, leaf: stem ratio and dry matter content. Out of 42 hybrids evaluated, 7 hybrids registered significant positive sca effects for green fodder yield plant^-1, of these, the best three cross combinations were AKMS 14A x AFS 53, 3660 A x SSG 59-3 and SURAT 4 x GAFS 11.

3 tables, 9 ref

017322   Vagizov M R;Ustyugov V A;Kvochkin D O (NO, Saint-Petersburg State Forest Technical Academy, Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, Institutsky per. 5, Email: ustyugovva@gmail.com) : Determination of the forest inventory indicators according to the photographs of the unmanned aerial vehicles. Ecol Envir Conserv 2017, 23(1), 582-6.

The article considers a problem of application of the special software to determine the forest inventory characteristics according to the photographs obtained from the unmanned aerial vehicles. The software system includes the low-level programs for analysis of the raw data (recognition of trees in the photos) and an information system for the accumulation and analysis of the information and interaction with a user. The novelty of the approach is the software application of the multileveled structure to determine the required characteristics and interaction with the user via the Internet network. The described software was developed within the framework of the creation of the low-cost technology of forestry on the base of the Skytyvkar State University named after Pitirim Sorokin.

1 illus, 12 ref

017321   Tzudir L;Basu S;Maji S;Bera P S;Nath R; Mazumdar D;Chakraborty P K (Agronomy Dep, School of Agricultural Sciences and Rural Development, Nagaland Univ, Medziphema-797 106, Email: shrabanibasu808@gmail.com) : Impact of weather variables on drymatter accumulation and yield of mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilzcek] varieties under different dates of sowing. Legume Res 2016, 39(3), 427-34.

A two year experiment was conducted at the BCKV with four mungbean varieties (Pant Mung-5, Bireswar, RMG-62 and Sukumar) sown under three dates (15th February, 1st and 15th March) in a split plot design where dates of sowing and varieties were allotted to main and sub plot treatments respectively with three replications. PAR was recorded with the help of line quantum sensor. Dry matter accumulation, yield attributes and yield were measured. Canonical correlation and correspondence analysis showed that absorbed PAR during 32 to 46 days after emergence (DAE) increased dry matter, pod and seed yield. PAR use efficiency (PARUE) of mungbean ranged from 0.75 to 0.88 g MJ^-1 for seed yield. PARUE for dry matter production was maximum during 39 to 46 DAE. According to PARUE and heat use efficiency, Pant Mung-5 should be sown within 1st March in this zone. Growing degree day requirement gradually increased with delayed sowing.

2 illus, 8 tables, 22 ref

017320   Tripura A;Chatterjee M L;Pande R;Patra S (College of Post Graduate Studies, CAU, Umiam, Meghalaya) : Biorational management of brinjal shoot and fruit borer (Leucinodes orbonalis guenee) in mid hills of Meghalaya. J Ent Zool Stud 2017, 5(4), 41-5.

The present field experiments were conducted to evaluate some biorational pesticides against brinjal shoot and fruit borer (BSFB) under field condition during kharif season of 2015 and 2016 at ICAR Research Complex for North Eastern Hill Region, Umiam, Meghalaya, India. The treatments viz. chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC (0.4ml/l), spinosad 45 SC (0.5ml/l), chlorfenapyr 10 SC (2ml/l), indoxacarb 14.5 SC (1ml/l), Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) (2g/l), azadirachtin 0.03EC (5ml/l), Metarhizium anisoplae (2.5g/l), Beauveria bassiana (2.5g/l), chlorpyriphos 20EC (2.5 ml/l) were applied thrice at fifteen days interval starting from initiation of BSFB infestation. Mean shoot infestation was minimum in chlorantraniliprole plots (6.32%) followed by spinosad, chlorfenapyr, indoxacarb. Among bio-pesticides, Beauveria and Bt were found effective treatments in reducing shoot infestation. Chlorantraniliprole recorded lowest fruit infestation (8.25%) and highest marketable fruit yield (250.30q/ha) followed by spinosad and chlorfenapyr.

4 tables, 29 ref

017319   Tripathy S K;Panda A;Nayak P K;Dash S;Lenka D;Mishra D R;Kar R K;Senapati N;Dash G B (Sinha Molecular Breeding Laboratory, Plant Breeding & Genetics Dep, College of Agriculture, OUAT, Bhubaneswar-751 003, Email: swapankumartripathy@gmail.com) : Somaclonal variation for genetic improvement in grasspea (Lathyrus sativus L.). Legume Res 2016, 39(3), 329-35.

Somaclonal variation was revealed among regenerants in four genotypes (Nirmal, P24, Nayagarh local and Dhenkanal local) of grasspea (Lathyrus sativus L.) following long term in vitro culture of internode explants. Most of the somaclones which survived till maturity had revealed chromosomal abnormalities and variation in one or more morphological and/or agronomic traits. Some of the variant phenotypes especially those relating to developmental - 393 - variations were not inherited to R₂ generation owing to elimination of chromosomal aberrations that preclude normal morphogenesis. Somaclones with variation in flower colour, seed colour, leaflet length and breadth, foliage and pod pigmentation may be used as genetic markers in breeding Lathyrus sativus. Besides, variants with broad leaf, dwarf height, long pod, large seed, short duration and synchronous maturity are agronomically desirable. A large seeded somaclone NGOG 5 having high seed yield and low neurotoxin content (ODAP) recovered in this pursuit, can be a desirable candidate for future breeding programme.

2 tables, 46 ref

017318   Tripathy S K (Plant Breeding & Genentics Dep, College of Agriculture, (OUAT), Bhubaneswar-751 003, Email: swapankumartripathy@gmail.com) : Morphological diversity of local land races and wild forms of mungbean. Legume Res 2016, 39(4), 485-93.

A set of genotypes comprising 81 local land races, four wild forms and four improved varieties of mungbean were grouped into 15 genetic clusters. The genotypes revealed wide variation in stable morphological characters as well as agronomic traits which provided the necessary base for genetic divergence. The wild forms TCR192, TCR 213 and TCR 243 were viny with late maturity and had distinctly different leaflet, inflorescence and pod characteristics. Whereas, a wild accession TCR 20 was erect with sturdy stem, vigorous growth, broad ovate leaflets, long pods, profuse poding with high yield potential and resistance to biotic (bruchids, CLS, PM and YMV) and abiotic(drought) stresses. Clustering pattern confirmed more proximity of TCR 20 with cultivated forms and therefore, it may be amenable for hybridization with cultivated land races and improved varieties for transfer of its desirable traits. Balarampur Keonjhar local was quite distinct from other land races owing to its vigorous growth, broad leaves and long pods with very bold seeds, but worst affected by YMV. In contrast, TARM 1 had high field resistance to diseases including YMV. Nipania munga-an elite land race of Kalahandi district of Odisha was highly drought tolerant with dwarf plant type and good initial vigour. These above genotypes being morphologically unique and having unique desirable agro-economic traits, formed small divergent clusters and hence, may serve as valuable material for genetic improvement in mungbean through hybridization.

4 illus, 3 tables, 23 ref

017317   Trambadiya R D;Patel K D;Purohit V L;Varu D K (Horticulture Dep, Collage of Agriculture, Junagadh Agriculturel Univ, Junagadh-362 001, Email: dkvaru@jau.in) : Effect of media and IBA on survival of hardwood cutting in pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) cv. Bhagwa. Int J Innovative Hort 2016, 5(2), 104-6.

The experiment was laid out at Madhadibag, Department of horticulture, JAU, Junagadh in a Completely Randomized Design with Factorial concept by three repetitions. The treatment consisted of five level of different media viz., soil, soil + FYM (1: 1), soil + - 392 - perlite (1: 1), soil + sand + FYM (1: 1: 1) and soil + FYM + perlite (1: 1: 1) and three lBA concentration like lBA @ 2000, 2500 and 3000 ppm. The results indicated that the soil + perlite (1: 1) with lBA 3000 ppm were performed better for higher rooting and survival percentage. However, minimum days to shoot sprouting, maximum sprouting percentage, number of leaves per shoot, number of shoots per cutting, length of main shoot per cutting, thickness of main shoot per cutting, survival percentage and highest percentage of rooted cuttings were noted in media, soil + perlite (1: 1) with lBA 3000 ppm. Whereas, soil + sand + FYM (1: 1: 1) with lBA 3000 ppm significantly influenced maximum root length, fresh weight and dry weightofroots followed by soil + perlite (1: 1) with lBA 3000 ppm. Based on this exploration use of soil + perlite (1: 1) with lBA 3000 ppm may be recommended for better rooting and survival of hardwood cutting in pomegranate.

1 table, 11 ref

017316   Tiwari G;Singh K;Pushpendra;Singh N K (NO, G.B. Pant Univ of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar-263 145, Email: gnjntiwari1@gmail.com) : Stability analysis for various quantitative traits in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill]. Legume Res 2016, 39(4), 517-22.

The present investigation was carried out to study stability performance over twelve environments for yield and yield contributing characters in twenty two genetically diverse genotypes of soybean using a randomized complete block design. The partitioning of (environment + genotype x environment) mean squares showed that environments (linear) differed significantly and were quite diverse with regards to their effects on the performance of genotypes for yield and its components. Stable genotypes were identified for wider and specific environments with high per se performance (over general mean) for majority of yield component traits. The investigation revealed that the genotypes ABL 55, ABL 20, ABL 62 and ABL 45 were desirable and stable across the environments for different yield contributing traits. Other genotypes ABL 43 and ABL 17 were found to be suitable for favourable situations, while genotypes ABL19 were adapted to poor environments for yield and majority of yield contributing traits.

2 tables, 13 ref

017315   Tiwari A;Rawat A;Upaddhyay V B;Agarwal K K; Vishwakarma S K (Agronomy Dep, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishva Vidyalaya, Jabalpur-482 004, Email: anayrawat@gmail.com) : Impact studies on different resource conservation practices on cropping systems in Kymore plateau and Satpura hill zones of Madhya Pradesh, India. Ecol Envir Conserv 2017, 23(1), 305-10.

A field experiment was conducted during 2010-11 and 2011-12 at Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh to study the impact studies of different resource conservation practices on rice and wheat equivalents, total productivity, production efficiency, water use efficiency and economics of 4 cropping systems viz. CS₁, rice (Oryza sativa L.) - wheat (Triticum aestivium L.), CS₂ - berseem (Trifolium alexardrinum L.), CS₃ maize (Zea mays L.) - wheat and CS₄ sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) - wheat. The rice - berseem cropping system recorded the highest total productivity in terms of rice equivalent yield (t/ha/year) and found 29.31%, 29.02% and 8.58% higher than the maize - wheat, sorghum - wheat and rice - wheat cropping systems, respectively as well as the production efficiency of former cropping system was 29.64, 20.63 and 10.69 percent higher over maize - wheat, sorghum - wheat and rice - wheat cropping systems. Rice and wheat equivalents were higher by 30.6 and 2.8 percent under conventional tillage over minimum tillage. Though the total productivity and production efficiency were lower under recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) than the RDF+25% N through organic source but net returns and benefit: cost ratio was higher.

2 tables, 8 ref

017314   Thaneshwar Kumar;Tedia K;Samadhiya V;Rahul Kumar (Soil Sciences & Agricultural Chemistry Dep, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, Chhattisgarh) : Review on effect of fly ash on heavy metals status of soil and plants. Int J chem Stud 2017, 5(4), 11-18.

Uninterrupted generation of fly ash by the coal based thermal power plants and its dumping has lead to steady encroachment of useful land in India. The deleterious effects of fly ash on the nearby environment are inevitable due to its fine texture and presence of toxic metals. Agriculture application is one of the several options available for the disposal of fly ash, a hazardous solid waste generated from coal based thermal power plants. Fly ash contains both micro- and macro nutrients useful for plant growth. However, it also contains toxic heavy metals which can move to the plants and accumulate resulting in toxicity to plants and animals. Accumulation of metals in plant parts having secondary metabolites, which is responsible for a particular pharmacological activity. The issue of heavy metal pollution is very much concerned because of their toxicity for plant, animal and human beings and their lack of biodegradability. Excess concentrations of heavy metals have adverse effects on plant metabolic activities hence affect the food production, quantitatively and qualitatively. Heavy metal when reaches human tissues through various absorption pathways such as direct ingestion, dermal contact, diet through the soil-food chain, inhalation and oral intake may seriously affect their health. Prolonged exposure to heavy metals such as cadmium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc can cause deleterious health effects in humans. This article attempts to highlight the use of fly ash bearing heavy metals and their problems.

4 illus, 9 tables, 36 ref

017313   Thakur H;Preaveen Rao V;Dhake A (Agronomy Dep, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, PJTSAU, Hyderabad, Email: harshangrau@gmail.com) : Effect of drip irrigation and fertigation management on yield of turmeric. Int J Innovative Hort 2016, 5(2), 91-3.

A field experiment was carried out during kharif, rabi 2014-15 at Jain Hills Jalgaon, Maharashtra to study the combined effect of irrigation and fertigation management on growth and yield of turmeric. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with five main treatments and four sub treatments. The main treatments were irrigation scheduling while sub-treatments were fertigation of nitrogen and potassium. The results revealed that plant height, number of tillers plant^-1 was recorded significantly higher with drip irrigation at 100% epan with 100% nitrogen and potassium fertigation. This treatment also resulted in significantly higher the fresh and dry rhizome yield ha^-1.

1 table, 6 ref

017312   Temiraev V K;Kairov V R;Temiraev R B; Kubatieva Z A;Gukezhev V M (Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education, Gorsky State Agrarian University, Russia, 362040, Email: irina1951.09@mail.ru) : Method to improve productive performance and digestion exchange of broiler chickens with reduced risk of aflatoxicosis. Ecol Envir Conserv 2017, 23(1), 554-61.

Modern poultry industry, striving to abandon the use of feed antibiotics, sees it especially urgent to apply natural stimulators of poultry growth to obtain environmentally safe products. Such poultry growth stimulators are probiotics. The methodology of the conducted studies is based on scientific concepts described in the papers of national researchers in this area, and the strict observation of tested zoocultural, physiological and biochemical study methods. In experiments, both common and special methods to process digital materials have been employed, based on statistical and mathematical analysis methods using the Microsoft Office software. Ross-308 cross broiler chickens were the target of the research. Each experiment included 4 groups, 1 control group and 3 test groups. The study results show that it is first time in the Northern Caucasus that the practicability of feeding hulless barley grains after ozonation and the bifidumbacterinum probiotic is justified as applicable to the composition of broiler chickens of barley-wheat-sunflower type with a tolerant level of aflatoxins. <200>₁. The studies revealed that feeding barley grains subjected to ozone along with the bifidumbacterinum probiotic to reduce the risk of aflatoxicosis in broiler chickens improved the survival rate and growth energy of poultry stock, and optimized the conversion of nutrients of the diet into the products. The combined additives of treated barley grains and probiotic had a higher effect on digestive exchange processes during the studies, which manifested itself in test group 3 chickens, as compared to control groups, in a higher digestibility index for dry and organic components of the - 390 - diet, wet protein, crude fiber and nitrogen-free extractive substances. New data, describing the effect of these feed factors onto meat production performance, nutritional and biological value of meat, the level of digestive and intermediate exchange of broiler chickens, make a great contribution to zootechnics. The study results have been used to develop methodological recommendations for using fodders with a tolerant level of aflatoxins to feed agricultural poultry, and are used for education purposes when training veterinarians.

6 tables, 13 ref

017311   Tajane S;Dadhe P;Mehetre S;Mandavgane S (Chemical Engineering Dep, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur-440 010, Email: sam@che.vnit.ac.in) : Characterization and testing of fine powder formulation of whole neem fruits. Curr Sci 2017, 112(9), 1942-8.

Azadirachtin (Aza) is a key ingredient of neem-based pesticides. However, use of neem pesticides is limited due to storage instability of Aza. In this work, free-flowing fine powder of whole dry neem fruits (powder neem formulation, PNF) is developed without sepa-rately extracting Aza. The optimal particle size was found to be -44+60 mesh. PNF is characterized by Fourier transform infrared, X-ray diffraction, Brun-auer-Emmett-Teller surface area, particle-size distri-bution and scanning electron microscope. Stability of Aza was found to be improved and it was assessed by studying the effect of particle size, temperature, UV light exposure and release study in buffered and natu-ral water samples.

6 illus, 2 tables, 16 ref

017310   Tafteh A;Davatgar N;Ebrahimipak N (Irrigation and Soil Physics Dep, Soil and Water Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and, Karaj, Iran, Email: arash_tafteh@yahoo.com) : Simulation and estimation of drainage water from underground drains, runoff and root water uptake in cultivating wheat on field-scale using the Hydrus-1D model. Ecol Envir Conserv 2017, 23(1), 56-62.

Considering the environmental problems caused by drainage water from drains, correct management of drainage water produced in growing fields crops is of great significance. Therefore, use of models that are capable of reliably performing this simulation is of interest. The HYDRUS-1D model was designed to simulate one-dimensional water movement in porous media. It is able to receive information about the depth and manner of soil stratification, physical and chemical properties of each separate layer of soil, type of plant, initial soil moisture, amount of precipitation and irrigation water, type of root distribution, growing season, the quantity of applied fertilizer - 389 - at any given time and the desired concentration in irrigation water. In this research, the information from cultivating wheat in the Kosar Pilot was evaluated in three experimental fields under different irrigation management systems. Results indicated this model simulated the existing conditions with acceptable accuracy and that it could be used to study various management scenarios and evaluate methods of water management in fields.

10 illus, 5 tables, 12 ref

017309   Sweta Kumari;Krishnan V;Dahuja A;Vinutha T; Jolly M;Sachdev A (Biochemistry Div, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110 012, Email: arcs_bio@yahoo.com) : Rapid method for optimization of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of indian soybean genotypes. Indian J Biochem Biophys 2016, 53(5-6), 218-26.

An Agrobacterium-mediated transformation method optimized for two high yielding/popular Indian soybean genotypes JS335 and DS 9712, using the cotyledonary node (CN) and hypocotyl segment systems. The explants were co-cultivated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens harboring the binary vector with bar (phosphinothricin acetyltransferase gene, a selectable marker gene) and the gus reporter gene. The results revealed a higher regeneration frequency using CN as explants in the both cultivars JS335 (75%) and DS 9712 (50%), as compared to regeneration frequency of 44% (JS335) and 27% (DS 9712) using hypocotyl segments as explants. An addition of dithiothreitol (DTT) and sodium thiosulfatealong with L- cysteine during co-cultivation of JS-335 showed an increase (33%) in the transformation efficiency. Shoot induction on the non-selective shoot induction media (SIM) for 10 days before transferring the explants to SIM containing 5 mg/L of glufosinate greatly stimulated the regeneration of the transformed shoots. The transformed shoots elongated on selective shoot elongation media (SEM) (2x14 days) were successfully rooted and transplanted to pot mix and grown to maturity under greenhouse conditions. Stable integration confirmed by PCR and Southern analysis of the T₁ progeny revealed a transformation efficiency of 3.1% and 2.4% in JS 335 and DS 9712, respectively. The protocol resulted in stable transformants of soybean, with T₁ seeds developing to maturity within six months after the initiation of this protocol. The study indicated a better efficiency of the CN node transformation system over the hypocotyl segment system in cultivar JS335 and may be beneficial for versatile gene function analysis in popular Indian genotypes.

6 illus, 3 tables, 34 ref

017308   Srinivasulu D V;Solanki R M;Naveen Kumar N; Bhanuprakash M;Vemaraju A (Agronomy Dep, College of Agriculture, Junagadh Agricultural Univ, Junagadh-362 001, Email: d.v.seenujnv20@gmail.com) : Effect of irrigation based on IW/CPE ratio and sulphur levels on yield and quality of gram (Cicer arietinum L.). Legume Res 2016, 39(4), 601-4.

A field experiment was carried out during rabi 2010-11 to study the growth, yield and quality of gram as influenced by irrigation and sulphur levels. Irrigation and sulphur have shown significant influence on growth, yield, quality, moisture extraction pattern and water use efficiency. Among four irrigation schedules, irrigation scheduled at 0.9 IW/CPE ratio recorded higher values for all the growth parameters at various stages, yield attributes, grain and stover yield, quality parameters as well as net return and BCR while, 0.7 IW/CPE ratio remained on par. Amount of moisture extracted from surface layers was more irrespective of irrigation treatment. Depletion of soil moisture increased and water use efficiency - 388 - decreased with increasing frequency of irrigation. Application of 40 kg S ha^-1 recorded higher grain yield, protein content and protein yield, net return and BCR and remained on par with 20 kg S ha^-1. However interaction between sulphur and irrigation levels, 20 kg S ha^-1 and 0.7 IW/CPE has reported higher seed yield, net returns and BCR.

4 tables, 11 ref

017307   Soni S;Mehta P K;Chandel R S;Kalia M (Entomology Dep, Himachal Pradesh Agricultural Univ, Palampur, HP-176 062, Email: saurbhsoni@gmail.com) : Mass production and field evaluation of Beauveria brongniartii (Saccardo) against Brahmina coriacea (Hope) whitegrubs in potato. Potato J 2017, 44(1), 45-51.

Beauveria brongniartii (Saccardo) isolated from grubs of Brahmina coriacea (Hope) taken from potato fields located at Kheradhar in high hills of Himachal Pradesh was categorized into isolates KH I and KH II based on morphological features of fungus. For mass multiplication of B. brongniartii, four grain media viz. cowpea, maize, sorghum and oat were evaluated to select the suitable substrate for growth and mass multiplication. Cowpea was found to be best substrate showing maximum vertical growth of fungus (6.60-6.97 cm) in test tubes. Spore count was maximum (2.30x10⁷ conidia/ ml) in KH I isolate on cowpea. The fungus was multiplied in polypropylene bags on crushed, overnight presoaked cowpea grains. Within 21 days, the grains were covered by good growth of fungus and were used for field application. Under field conditions, double application of B. brongniartii (KH I) @ 10¹⁴ spores/ha was found effective. There was 44.85 per cent reduction in tuber damage on weight basis as compared with the control at the time of harvesting, whereas 33.99 per cent reduction in the grub population was observed in the treated plots as compared to untreated check.

4 illus, 3 tables, 17 ref

017306   Somani A K (NO, ICAR-Central Potato Research Station, Gwalior-474 006, Email: aksomani31@gmail.com) : Resistance to stem necrosis disease in indigenous potato germplasm. Potato J 2017, 44(1), 79-80.

1 table, 8 ref

017305   Smailov K S;Alimayev I I;Kushenov K I; Issayeva Z B (Limited Liability Partnership, Kazakh Scientific Research Institute of Animal Breeding and Forage Pro, Republic of Kazakhstan, 050035, Almaty City, Zhandosov Street, 51, Email: zhanetta.aysha@mail.ru) : Use of natural pastures in the conditions of vertical zoning in the southeast of Kazakhstan. Ecol Envir Conserv 2017, 23(1), 248-54.

Complex research is carried out on the rational use of natural pastures by means of the seasonal using of piedmont pastures in a specific area. On the basis of geobotanical survey, the farm areas were divided into seasons of their use with separation of plant associations. When seasonal using the accounting of yield of natural herbage by seasons is held and live weight gain per animal grazing period is determined; - 387 - it was found that the use of seasonal grazing provides more live weight gain of the studied animals compared to animals that graze in one place with an unsystematic manner of grazing. From the period of 2015 to 2016, research in the land of "Batyr" farm in Korday region of Zhambyl oblast were conducted. The pasture lands of the farm consist of 5 independent sites that are located in 3 geographical areas; piedmont steppe, piedmont dry steppe and piedmont semi-desert. The total area of distant pastures is 4,200 hectares.

4 tables, 20 ref

017304   Singh Y;Rawal H C;Sharma T R;Singh B P;Shukla P K;Sharma S;Patil V U;Chakrabarti S K;Rawat S (NO, ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla-171 001, Email: uvika85@gmail.com) : Genome sequencing of potato late blight pathogen, Phytophthora infestans A2 mating type. Potato J 2017, 44(1), 74-8.

1 illus, 21 ref

017303   Singh T;Sharma A (Genetics and Plant Breeding Dep, Kisan P.G. College, Simbhaoli-245 207, Email: drtejbir@yahoo.com) : Early generation selection for yield and its related traits in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill.]. Legume Res 2016, 39(3), 343-8.

The relative efficiency of different selection criteria in early generation (F₂) was evaluated in two crosses of soybean. The selection criteria used were (i) selection of plants in F₂ generation having high and low mean values for different characters, (ii) randomly selected plants and (iii) selection of plants based on an index involving highest mean values for the different characters. The selection group patterns of F₃ selected F₄ progeny revealed that (a) plants selected for single character identified more number of F₄ progenies than on the basis of an index and randomly selected plants in both the crosses, (b) plants selected for their high mean values further screened more number of F₄ progenies than having low means, and (c) selection of plants in F₂ generation based on number of pods per plant proved most efficient selection criteria for seed yield improvement.

5 tables, 24 ref

017302   Singh R;Tiwari J K;Rawat S;Chakrabarti S K (NO, ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh-171 001, Email: jageshtiwari@gmail.com) : Osmotin an antifungal cytotoxic from Solanum tuberosum: New insights into structural and antifungal properties. Potato J 2017, 44(1), 28-36.

Pathogenesis related (PR) proteins are considered as the major sources in plants' defence response against pathogens as well as other biotic and abiotic stresses. We present here the 3-D structure of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) osmotin-like protein (StOLP) based on the homology modelling using structure validation programs namely PROCHECK, PROSA, VERIFY3D and WHATIF. The model revealed that StOLP protein shared 16 conserved Cys, which - 386 - formed eight disulfide bonds. The 3-D structure of StOLP showed three characteristic domains showing similarity fold with the thaumatin. Domain 1 consisted of a flattened 11-β strands (six antiparallel β strands present in the front end and other five antiparallel β strands are located at the back) which together constituted the β-sandwich. Domain II consisted of an a-helix and three shorter domains which formed loops exposed on the molecular surface of the protein. Together with domain I, domain II formed a large cleft region on the protein surface. Domain III consisted of a small loop of 32 residues which formed a long loop consisting of two β sheets. This modelling effort provided structural predictions of the catalytic domain of StOLP that could be verified via experimental techniques. Findings predicted the evidence of antifungal activity for StOLP against the oomycete Phytophthora infestans causes late blight disease in potato.

6 illus, 23 ref

017301   Singh K;Chakravarty R;Singh A S;Rani K;Wadkar S K (Dairy Extension Div, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132 001, Email: khajansingh_singh@yahoo.co.in) : Effect of knowledge on adoption and performance of legume fodder (berseem cv. vardan) under field conditions. Legume Res 2016, 39(3), 470-3.

The adoption of complete package of practices on farmer's fields gave higher economic return rather than when practices were adopted partially. The yield of green legume fodder berseem cv. vardan was compared on farmer's field with the yield of unidentified varieties.. The performance of berseem cv. Vardan showed better results as compared to the unidentified varieties sown under field conditions. The data were recorded from all the selected farmers and compared the same with of green fodder. The knowledge of farmers regarding growing of high yielding variety of berseem fodder two crops was measured and it was observed that majority of the farmers (66%) were in the category of medium knowledge level. Maximum fodder requirement through out the year was fulfilled from the sugarcane and other crops such as wheat and paddy straw etc. So, only limited area in the selected village Lalukheri was put under fodder crops cultivation. All the selected farmers perceived that fodder yields of Vardan Berseem were high as compared to unidentified varieties grown on their fields. Knowledge level was positively and significantly correlated with variables such as education (0.778), family education status (0.526), income (0.387) and extension contact (0.566). The other variables such as age, caste, size of holding, and social status were not significantly correlated.

5 tables, 3 ref

017300   Singh H S;Srinivas P (Central Horticultural Experiment Staion, (ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research), P.O. Dumduma-751 019, Email: singhhs21@refdiffmail.com) : Concept of bio-intensification of orchard for pest management (BIOPM) in mango. Int J Innovative Hort 2016, 5(2), 81-90.

The concept of bio-intensified orchard proposes effective balance of pests and beneficial organisms in an ecological context. Mango orchards are the permanent ecosystems, akin to forest ecosystems, with certain human interventions. However the pest population is not in equilibrium in orchard ecosystems as observed in undisturbed forests. Needless to say that the natural balance is disturbed in the orchard ecology due to regular cultivation practices. However the fruit orchards are meant to yield economic levels of quality produce unlike forests. Hence there is a need to strike a balance for appropriation of various interventions for suppression of insect pests, which can be achieved through orchard bio-intensification. However, detailed scientific scrutiny or models on this aspect are yet to be proposed in Indian context. Orchard bio-intensification requires a shift in research focus and approach with a knowledge base far more different than conventional IPM. The orchard bio-intensification concept envisages habitat modification for beneficial organisms, development of healthy and biologically active soils, maintaining uncultivated lands for diversity of flora and fauna, developing entomophage parks within orchard for food and shelter to diverse beneficial insects, weed strips, hedge rows, wind - 385 - breaks, inter crops and conservation of insect bio diversity. Mass emergence devices for in situ and laboratory reared natural enemies, reduced direct mortality or interference to natural enemies, botanicals and laboratory reared /mass cultured bio-agents would have added advantage in bio-intensified orchard. This may be most useful in situations where the potentially effective natural enemies have become ineffective due to biotic or abiotic factors and the pests cannot be satisfactorily (economically and/or environmentally) controlled by other methods. It may be most popular among organic growers and has potential especially in fruit orchards. This bio-intensive approach needs building the knowledge and information infrastructure by making changes in research and education priorities in order to emphasize ecology-based pest management and redesign orchard management programs to promote BIOPM. The concept of bio-intensification in mango orchard has been highlighted in present paper wherein, attempts have been made to synthesise the old concept of diversity with new ideas.

3 tables, 39 ref

017299   Singh C M;Singh A K;Mishra S B;Pandey A (Plant Breeding and Genetics Dep, Rajendra Agricultural Univ, Pusa-848 125, Email: cmsingh.gpb@gmail.com) : Generation mean analysis to estimate the genetic parameters for yield improvement and inheritance of seed colour and lusture in mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]. Legume Res 2016, 39(4), 494-501.

In the present study, generation mean analysis and chi-square test were undertaken to estimate the nature and magnitude of gene action for yield and its component traits; and inheritance pattern of seed colour and lustre in two crosses of mungbean viz Sona/DMS 03-17-2 and Sona/DMS 01-34-2. Scaling and joint scaling tests revealed the presence of one or more kinds of epistatic effects for almost all the agro-morphological traits. The selection of elite lines from delayed generations and subsequent inter mating might be useful approach to recover/develop the high yielding mungbean lines. The elite lines recovered from crosses Sona/DMS 03-17-2 and Sona/DMS 01-34-2 might be superior in terms of early maturity with more number of branches, pods high seed index, biomass and yield. Likewise, crosses i.e. Sona/DMS 03-17-2 for average intermodal length; Sona/DMS 01-34-2 for NSP; may give opportunity to isolate transgressive segregants in advanced generations. There was also a possibility to recover the yellow and shiny seeded mungbean lines due to its monogenic inheritance of seed coat colour and lusture.

5 tables, 24 ref

017298   Singh A;Singh Y V;Sharma A;Visen A;Singh M K; Singh S (Vegetable Science Dep, College of Agriculture, G.B.P.U.A. & T, Pantnagar-263 145, Email: tinkuanandsingh@gmail.com) : Genetic analysis of quantitative traits in cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] using six parameter genetic model. Legume Res 2016, 39(4), 502-9.

Generation Mean Analysis was carried out using six basic generations in 3 different crosses of cowpea to determine suitable breeding methods. For most of the studied traits, additive, dominance, additive x additive, additive x dominance and dominance x dominance effects were significant. Additive effect significantly contributed for days to 1st flowering and seed yield per plant. Dominance effect was significant for the incidence of cowpea mosaic virus in family 1, while for pod maturity in family 2. Additive x dominance type of interaction contributed significantly - 384 - for days to 1st flowering, days to pod maturity and seed yield per hectare. Duplicate type of epistasis was observed for days to 1st flowering and incidence of cowpea mosaic virus in family 1, number of pods per plant and pod length in family 2 and 3. The findings suggested that pureline, pedigree and recurrent selection could be followed in cowpea improvement.

13 tables, 15 ref

017297   Singaravadivelan A;Kumaravelu N;Sivakumar T; Ilavarasan R (Livestock Production and Management Dep, Madras Veterinary College, TANUVAS, Chennai-600 007, Email: drila05vet@gmail.com ) : Marketing system in migratory sheep flocks in Southern Tamil Nadu. J Envir Biosci 2016, 30(2), 453-5.

A study was conducted to analyse the marketing of sheep in migratory system in southern agro-climatic zone of Tamil Nadu. A total of 100 migratory sheep flocks were randomly selected for the study. Middlemen played a major role in sale of stock in all categories of flocks followed by selling to other farmers. The ram and eve lambs with good body conformation at age of group of one to 3 months were sold for growing and fattening. Stocks at the age group of 6 to 9 months were in demand for meat purpose. Tempos (84 per cent), van/mini lorries and motor cycle (16 per cent) were the mode of transporting marketable stocks to sale point and none of the farmers made their market stock to walk on foot.

2 tables, 7 ref

017296   Shokri V;Godarzi M;Yousefi M R;Alizadeh V (NO, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr Branch, Qaemshahr, Iran, Email: vahidshokri@yahoo.com) : Investigation of effective factors on wheat crop insurance acceptance in Iran (Case study: Khorramabad-Lorestan province). Ecol Envir Conserv 2017, 23(1), 25-31.

The process of production in agriculture always faces different dangers because production in this part depends on climate status and also is constantly in danger of sicknesses and calamity. In this study we have tried to investigate effective factors on agricultural insurance acceptance in Khorramabad (Lorestan) by using Logit pattern. This research was conducted by filling out 110 questionnaires in 2011-12 agricultural years. Results showed that various personal factors as well as economic and social matters has affected farmers agricultural insurance acceptance. In this study, education level, connection with insurance experts, domesticated animal possession, wheat farming experience and farmers operations are five important factors that influence agricultural insurance acceptance. The results also showed that high prices, lack of guarantee, low indemnity pay and inadequate propaganda were some of the major factors that prevent good insurance in the agricultural sector. The study concludes that there is a need to enlighten farmers on the importance of insuring their agricultural produce and farming activities.

12 tables, 9 ref

017295   Shinde P R;Shetgar S S;Sawant C G (Agricultural Entomology Dep, College of Agriculture, Latur-413 512, Email: prasad.shinde1992@gmail.com) : Predatory potential of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (Mulsant) on Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) at different temperature levels. J ent Res 2016, 40(4), 383-6.

A study was conducted to observe the predatory potential of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (Mulsant) on third instar nymph of Malconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) at different temperature levels viz., 20°C, 25°C, 30°C and 35°C. Total number of third instar nymph of M. hirsutus consumed by I larval instar C. montrouzieri was 15.03, 9.44, 9.23 and 7.88 at 20°C, 25°C, 30°Cand 35°C temperature levels respectively. Corresponding values for II, III and IV larval instars of C. montrouzieri at 20°C, 25°C, 30°C and 35°C temperature levels were 30.77, 17.06, 19.90 and 10.44, 55.17, 43.04, 34.80 and 21.20 and 69.13, 58.78, 53.59 and 33.42, respectively. Total number of third instar nymph of M. hirsutus consumed by male and female beetle of C. montrouzieri at 20°C, 25°C, 30°C, and 35°C temperature levels was 450.00 and 517.47, 393.78 and 490.90, 234.00 and 312.20 and 223.70 and 316.06, respectively. However, in both the cases, similar trend was observed on weight basis but inverse trend - 383 - was observed when per day consumption was taken into account.

2 tables, 9 ref