019031   Gupta R;Kalia M;Malhotra S R (Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Palampur-176 062) : Preparation and storage of citrus peel candy of Darunj (Citrus medica). Beverage Fd Wld 2002, 29(2), 45-6.

Attempt was made to utilize Citrus Peel of `Darunj' variety (citrus medica) in candy preparation. Candy following slow set and fast set methods of preparation was prepared and stored in wax papers for 18 weeks. The product was analyzed for sensory characteristics at different storage intervals. The results of the study inferenced, that methods of preparation had significant effect on the quality characterstics of the product whereas storage had non significant effect.

1 illus, 2 tables, 4 ref

019030   Gupta R H;Shukla F C;Jindal A R (Department of Food Science and Technology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141 004) : Nutritional significance of probiotic foods . Beverage Fd Wld 2002, 29(2), 21-2.

^iia14 ref

019029   Ghosh U;Gangopadhyay H (Department of Food Technology & Bio-Chemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Calcutta-700 032) : Extraction of mango juice (Himsagar variety) using enzymes from Aspergillus oryzae. Indian J chem Technol 2002, 9(2), 130-3.

Enzyme produced by Aspergillus oryzae was utilized to express juice from mango (Himsagar variety). Various concentrations of enzyme, 1%, 2%, 5% and 10% (v/v) were used to facilitate juice extraction. The enzyme when used at 10% level and incubated at 30±2°C for 18 h produced maximum juice (68%) yield with increase in free flowing characteristic of the juice.

3 illus, 1 table, 19 ref

019028   Ghosh U;Gangopadhyay H (Department of Food Technology & Biochemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Calcutta-700 032) : Enzymatic, physicochemical and rheological behaviour of bael fruit pulp and juice. Indian J chem Technol 2002, 9(2), 123-6.

Extraction of pulp was obtained successfully by addition of water to pulp in proportion of 1:1 and 2:1. A clear juice was obtained by centrifugation of the pulp (Fruit-water, 1:2) at 4000 rpm for 10 min. All the products were non-Newtonian pseudoplastic fluids. The power law model was used to determine the viscometric constants. Consistency coefficient values were higher 116.9, 69.98 for pulp of fruit to water 1:1 and 1:2 than that of juice (0.159). Maximum retention of colour and ascorbic acid content was observed with pulp of fruit-water 1:1 and it was 0.321 and 3.60 mg/100 mL respectively. Residual enzyme activity was determined for pulp and juice. Pectin methyl esterase activity was minimum 1.163U for juice and was maximum 1.375U for pulp (Fruit-water 1:1). Maximum amylase activity 71.02U was observed with pulp of fruit-water 1:1. It was 69.21 and 62.81 for pulp of fruit-water 1:2 and juice respectively.

1 illus, 4 tables, 14 ref

019027   Farooqui M;Kotharkar S;Zaheer A;Ubale S (Department of Chemistry, Aurangabad College for Women, Aurangabad-431 001) : Use of leaves of cauliflower for the removal of iron from waste water. Asian J Chem 2002, 14(1), 95-8.

Describes the use of modified powder of leaves of cauliflower for the removal of iron from industrial waste water. The presence of heavy metals are toxic even in trace quantities. Leaves of cauliflower were used for the binding of Fe²⁺ ions. The removal of Fe²⁺ is efficient at pH 1 and temperature 25°C.

2 tables, 17 ref

019026   Dutt D;Upadhyaya J S;Tyagi C H;Jindal A K (NO, Institute of Paper Technology, Post Box No. 83, Saharanpur-247 001) : Cost reduction of Ivory base paper without affecting quality. J scient ind Res 2002, 61(4), 294-301.

Globalisation has compelled the Indian pulp and paper industry to improve the product quality with cost reduction to survive in a globally competitive market, the best possible alternative for their survival is to reduce the production cost by augmenting the activities through in-house R&D. With this background the cost reduction aspects of Ivory base paper used in decorative laminates were studied. Titanium dioxide filler due to its very small particle size passes among the cellulosic fibres and comes into the white water. A simple remedy to overcome this problem is to use retention aids; yet due to the agglomeration of titanium dioxide particles the light scattering efficiency of TiO2 decreases. Further, during saturation steps with melamine formaldehyde the air in the voids is replaced by melamine formaldehyde while the refractive index sharply decreases and becomes equal to the refractive index of cellulose. As a result the sheet becomes transparent and sun-mica- a decorative laminate poses `see through' problem. This problem may be bridged over by replacing expensive TiO2 with aluminum tri-hydroxide (ATH). ATH not only improves the TiO2 retention in web but also reduces the manufacturing cost.

6 tables, 7 ref

019025   Devaraju K R;Rokhade A K;Patil C P (NO, Kittur Rani Channamma College of Horticulture, Brabhavi, Gokak, Belgaum-591 310) : Comparative efficacy of pectinase enzymes on juice recovery and certain quality parameters in ber (Zizyphus mauritina Lamk.) fruits. Beverage Fd Wld 2002, 29(2), 34.

Effect of pectinase enzymes on juice recovery and certain quality parameters in ber, var. "Umran" were studied. The results revealed that incorporation of enzyme pectinase III to the ber pulp @ 0.1 g per kg pulp for four hours improved the juice yield (55.37%) and quality parameters like TSS (14.78%), ascorbic acid (59.55mg/100g) and total sugars (10.27%) as compared to control (19.03%, 13.70%, 57.55 mg/100g and 9.20%, respectively.

1 table, 6 ref

019024   Brahma N K (Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur-721 302) : Efficient cake - filter, hollow - fiber membrane separations, in industrial efficient treatment and in bio-medical engineering. Proc Indian Chem Engng Congr 2001, 54, 84(abstr).

For cost-effective and eco-friendly separations, treatments of industrial effluents and purification, filter cake, plate, wickel and hollow fiber membranes, micro, ultra and nono-filtrations are used. However for efficient separations, both in case of filter cake and membranes are to be studied experimentally and their proicured data are to be characterized, by means of theoretical values, predicted by some other authors in different solute and permeate separation processes. Based on Trans membrane pressure drop (P); flux (J v); total membrane resistance {R total = R m (membrane) + R g (gel) + R cp (concentration polarization)} are to be estimated to justify the membrane porosities and fouling. The membrane fouling (reversible and irreversible) are considered as important physical property to formulate cake and membrane porosity and to reduce the gel formation and CP (Concentration Polarization). Considering the wide range of membrane application, their cost factors and recycling, of various viscous, quasi non-Newtonian fluid characters, suggested, that the application of filter cake in case of dynamic separations in industrial effluent treatments, and hollow fiber in case of ultra filtration (UF) of physiological fluids would be useful and cost-effective. However for both cases a pressure driven cross flow separations must be optimized and searched for their basic mathematical equations to enhance filter cake and hollow fiber activities.

019023   Bongirwar D R (Food Technology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085) : Freeze drying of foods. Bull Indian Vacuum Soc 2001, 4(1), 3-10.

Highlights the details of process, characteristics of the product, markets for freeze dried food, cost of freeze drying and potential of the industry.

20 ref

019022   Biswas G;Deb P (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur-208 016) : Heat transfer and flow Structure in a turbulent Channel flow with embedded longitudinal vortices. J Energy Heat Mass Transfer 2000, 22(3), 141-8.

Flow structure and heat transfer characteristics in turbulent flows through a rectangular channel in presence of winglet-type vortex generators have been analyzed by means of solutions of the time-averaged full Navier-Stokes and energy equations. The flow configuration resembles single element of a plate-fin cross-flow heat exchanger. Each vortex generator induces the creation of longitudinal vortices behind it. These vortices swirl the flow around the axis parallel to the streamwise direction and enhance the heat transfer between the flowing fluid and the channel walls.

10 illus, 19 ref

019021   Bhujbal J G;Gawande N M;Syal R K (High Energy Materials Research Laboratory, , Sutarwadi-411 021) : Tailoring HMX crystal size distribution. Proc Indian Chem Engng Congr 2001, 54, 85(abstr).

Study the effect of various operating condition such as percentage recovery of solvent, rate of recovery of solvent, stirrer speed and cooling rate, on the HMX crystal size distribution. The increase in percentage recovery from 40% to 60% reduces the percentage of crystals below 125 m from 68% to 17%. Rate of recovery is varied from 18% per hour to 6% per hour of the original solvent capacity. with the reduction in rate of recovery the percentage of crystals above 250 m increases from 35% to 61%. Increasing the stirrer speed from 30 rpm to 90 rpm increases the percentage of crystals below 125 m from 15% to 30%. Reducing the cooling rate from 0.4°C/min to 0.2°C/min increases the percentage of crystals above 500 m from 0% to 18%.

019020   Bhaskar M;Valavarasu G;Balaraman K S (R&D Center, Chennai Petroleum Corporation Limited, , Manali, Chennai-600 068) : Hydrotreating of vacuum gas oils to improve FCC conversion and product qualities. Proc Indian Chem Engng Congr 2001, 54, 99.

Pilot plant study was conducted on hydrotreating of heavy vacuum gas oils over a commercially available Nio-MoO3/Al2O3 catalyst to determine the possibility of utilizing hydrotreated vacuum gas oil as fluid catalytic cracking feedback along with improved conversion and product qualities. Studies were conducted with high sulphur and high nitrogenous vacuum gas oils derived from Upper Zakkum and Escravos crude sources respectively. The hydrotreating experiments were conducted at 320-380°C, 50 kg/cm², 1.0-2.5 hr^-1 liquid hourly space velocity and H2/oil ratio of 300 lit/lit in a pilot plant trickle bed reactor. Hydrotreating of vacuum gas oils under typical operating conditions resulted in significant reduction in sulphur and nitrogen content. The saturates were found to increase by 4-20 wt% in the range of operating conditions studied indicating good crackability of feedstock. The data obtained form pilot plant studies showed that the processing of hydrotreated vacuum gas oils in fluid catalytic cracking unit will result in higher conversion and better quality fuels.

(abstr)

019019   Awadesh Krishna;Singh G;Agrawal K (Department of Food Science and Technology, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar-263 145) : Evaluation of different soybean varieties for preparation of Tofu. Beverage Fd Wld 2002, 29(2), 43-4, 46.

Seven varieties of soybean were evaluated for their suitability for preparation of tofu. Yield of tofu prepared by using different coagulants viz. acetic acid, calcium chloride and magnesium sulphate was 123.43-130.11, 153.93-154.68 and 149.97-151.97g/100g of soybeans, respectively. Salt Calcium chloride and magnesium sulphate) coagulated tofu contained 27.25-28.03 and 28.12-28.91% total solids and 13.55-14.67 and 14.05-15.00% protein, whereas acetic acid coagulated tofu contained 38.47-40.68% total solids and 18.63-19.97% protein. The recovery of total solids and protein in tofu prepared by using different coagulants was 54.90-60.60 and 58.88-66.82% (acetic acid), 43.34-49.18 and 51.77-56.36% (calcium chloride) and 46.99-49.64 and 51.95-56.90% (magnesium sulphate) respectively. Organoleptic evaluation of tofu prepared from different varieties using different coagulants indicated that variety PK-472 had greater overall acceptability than other preparations.

6 tables, 11 ref

019018   Appaiah S (Department of Microbiology, Mangalore University, FMKMCC Campus, Medikari-570 001) : Hydrocolloids - its application in Indian foods. Beverage Fd Wld 2002, 29(2), 37-8.

2 tables, 26 ref

019017   Anbazhagan V;Nagalakshmi R;Raghupathy V P (NO, Welding Research Institute, BHEL, Tiruchirapalli-620 014) : Metallurgical characterisation of duplex stainless steel weldments. WRI Jl 2001, 22(3), 29-34.

Duplex Stainless STeel 2205 (UNS S31803) combines the advantages of both ferritic and austenitic stainless steels and therefore accepted as an important class of industrial materials. A number of welding processes can be applied on DSS. Welding of DSS requires, certain rich discipline and better techniques. A study has been carried out on the influence of Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW-MIG) on DSS with ER308L filler wire and Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SWAW). Radiography, tensile, hardness, impact, ferrite content, macro and microexamination of weldments were examined. Optical and scanning electron microscopes were used to study the microstructural aspects of DSS weldments. Corrosion test was also conducted on DSS weldments. The parent metal and weld metal properties have been compared from the standpoint of service requirements.

10 illus, 5 ref

019016   Alam I;Ghoshdastidar P S (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208 016) : Optimization of laminar heat transfer in circular tubes with internal Longitudinal fins having tapered Lateral profiles. J Energy Heat Mass Transfer 2000, 22(3), 129-40.

Presents a numerical simulation and optimization study of heat transfer in circular tubes fitted with identical longitudinal fins having tapered lateral profiles. The number of fins is four. The finned tube has axially symmetric cross-section. The fins and the tube are made of the same material. The lateral view of the tip of each fin is a circular arc. Three types of fin materials, namely, carbon steel, copper and aluminium, and two kinds of fluid, namely, water and engine oil as coolants have been considered. The temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity of the fin materials as well as the coolants and that of the viscosity of the coolaents are taken into account. The outside of the tube surface is exposed to constant heat flux. Steady, laminar flow and heat transfer is assumed. Reynolds numbers less than or equal to 1500 are used. The governing differential equations are discretized using finite difference scheme. The flow is assumed to be hydrodynamically fully developed but thermally developing. The computation starts with guessed temperature fields in the fluid and the tube wall as well as fin. The momentum equation for the fluid and energy equations for the fluid and the tube wall with/without fins are solved iteratively and simultaneously. At each axial location, bulk velocity, bulk temperature of the fluid and effectiveness which is an indicator of the enhancement of heat transfer due to additon of fins are calculated.

12 illus, 15 ref

017931   Toyo Engineering Corporation (NO, , 2-5 Kasumingasseki, 3-Chome, Chiyoda-KU, Tokyo, Japan) : Method for desulfurization. 0000, (NULL), (NULL).

017930   Pyrotite Corporation (NO, , 1201 Third Avenue, 40th Floor, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA) : Method of making a water and fire resistant product. 0000, (NULL), (NULL).

017929   Procter and Gamble Company (NO, , One Procter and Gamble Plaza, Cincinnati, State Of Ohio 45202, USA) : Cleansing bar composition. 0000, (NULL), (NULL).

017928   Procter & Gamble Company (NO, , One Procter & Gamble Plaza, Cincinnati, State of Ohio 45202, USA) : Continuous process for preparing detergent granules. 0000, (NULL), (NULL).

017927   LG Electronics Inc (NO, , 20, Yoido-Dong, Yongdungpo-KU, Seoul, Korea) : Fin tube heat exchanger. 0000, (NULL), (NULL).

017926   Imperial Chemical Industries PLC (NO, , Imperial Chemical House, Millbank, London SWIP 3 JF, England) : Process for the preparation of difluoromethane. 0000, (NULL), (NULL).

017925   Gujarat State Fertilizers Chemicals Ltd (NO, , PO, Fertilizer Nagar 391 750. Dist Vadodara, Gujarat) : Process for making powder coating grade nylon-6 from nylon-6 chips and wastes. 0000, (NULL), (NULL).

017924   FDC Ltd (NO, , 142-48, S V Road, Jogeshwari (West), Mumbai-400 102) : Improved process for the manufacture of substituted Malonic esters. 0000, (NULL), (NULL).

017923   Doschi R T (NO, , Jamunotry, 26th Road, Bandra (West), Mumbai-400 050) : Process for preparing in situ compost, by using organic garbage at the same premises where the garbage is generated. 0000, (NULL), (NULL).

017922   Bharat Margarine Limited (NO, , White House, 119 Park Street, Calcutta-700 016) : Process and apparatus for inter-esterification of fats and oils. 0000, (NULL), (NULL).

017921   Venkatesh N;Tajudeen S M;Prakash B G (Department of Chemical Engineering, St. Joseph's College of Engineering, Chennai-600 119) : Small scale processing of microbial pesticides. Proc Indian Chem Engng Congr 2001, 54, 128.

Microorganisms used by industry to produce today's microbial insecticides have been developed from wild organisms isolated from nature. They have been modified by mutation and selection to meet overall process needs and are able to produce, under carefully controlled fermentation conditions, very large quantities of commercially viable products. Experience has shown that downstream of the fermenter, the preparation, harvesting, formulation, testing, and marketing of microbial pesticides greatly exceed the costs of the actual fermentation process itself. Small-scale production of microbial insecticides is subject to the same manufacturing principles as large-scale production. Small-scale production in the tropics is cheaper due mainly to the fact that the requirements of energy necessary to maintain the cultivation temperature is substantially lower than in moderate climates, or even negligible. This advantage makes it clear that it is here where small-scale production can successfuly compete with big-scale producers. Another advantage is that long-term storage poses fewer problems, in as much as the products will be implemented locally. Also, the implementation of certain entomophatogenic fungi in humid tropics is more reliable due to higher effectiveness in application.

(abstr)

017920   Varia N;Ori O;Lazar N;Jaworowski R (NO, Wearresist Technologies (P) Ltd., 749/9, GIDC, Makarpura, Baroda 390 010) : Development and application of a 100% solids epoxy phenol novolac coating system. Fertil News 2002, 47(3), 21-4.

Describes the development and characteristics of a new and unique 100% solids, zero VOC, epoxy phenol Novolac (EPN) based coating system. Although the use of Novolac epoxies for the manufacture of chemically resistant coatings is well established, most systems require the use of solvents or reduce the viscosity of the base resin in order to make them suitable for coating application. This process invariably leads to the reduction of chemical properties of produces a heavily solvated system with its own set of problems in an increasingly environmentally and worker safety conscious world. the new coating system, while maintaining the Novolac epoxies outstanding chemical and temperature resistance eliminates these problems, while allowing it to be applied by brush, roller or convensional airless spray equipment. This material was introduced for testing and limited commercial use in 1993. One of the first applications at the time was the repair, restoration and protection of the Hadassah hospital power plant stack in Jerusalem.

4 tables

017919   Varghese J;Abraham B K (C.U. Varkey Centre for Research and Quality Assurance, Synthite Industrial Chemicals Ltd., Synthite Valley, Kolenchery-682 311) : Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil. Indian Spices 2000, 37(3), 5-7.

2 illus, 3 tables, 20 ref

017918   Uppal D S (Division of Crop Physiology and Biochemistry, Central Potato Research Station, Jalandhar-144 003) : Chips colour and processing parameters of potatoes grown during spring and autumn in north-western plains. J Indian Potato Ass 2000, 27(3-4), 141-4.

3 tables, 15 ref

017917   Thirumal M;Ganguli A K (Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110 016) : Phase analysis and dielectric properties of oxides obtained in the MgO-(1-x)Nb2O5-(x) Ta2O5 system. Proc Indian Acad Sci-Chem Sci 2001, 113(5-6), 603-10.

MgNb2-xTaxO6 (0 ≤ x ≤ 2) phases can be obtained as the major phase (75 to 90%) by solid state reactions starting from oxides. These crystallize in the orthorhombic columbite structure till x = 1.75 and the tatragonal trirutile structure for MgTa2O6 (x = 2.0). For all the compositions there exist secondary phases like Nb2O5 or Ta2O5 in addition to the major AB2O6 phase. Sintered disks (1200°C) show dielectric constants varying between 14.8 and 16.0 for the entire range of composition at a frequency of 500 kHz. The dielectric loss is nearly constant around 0.025 to 0.03 between 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 but increases to 0.17 for the MgTa2O6 phase (x = 2.0). Scanning electron micrographs reveal a gradual decrease in grain size with increase in Ta concentration with a size of 3 micron for the x = 0 composition (sintered at 1200°C) while the x = 2 phase shows a grain size of approximately 0.5 microns. The microwave dielectric constant at <126> 14 GHz is found to be 20.9 for the x = 0 composition and 17.7 for the x = 2 composition.

7 illus, 1 table, 6 ref

017916   Sohrab (NO, , ) : Adoption of ISO 14001 - a anew imperative for food industry a practical implementation case study. Beverage Fd Wld 2002, 29(1), 19-24.

2 illus, 9 ref

017915   Saravana Kumar R;Manimegalai G (Department of Food Science & Nutrition, Home Science College & Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural Uni, Madurai-625 104) : Whey based jack fruit RTS beverage. Beverage Fd Wld 2002, 29(1), 57-8.

Whey based jack fruit RTS beverage was prepared by blending jack fruit pulp at 10 percent into whey as per FPO specification. The TSS and acidity was maintained at 50° Bx and 0.3 percent as per FPO specification. The prepared RTs was packed in glass bottles and sealed air tightly. The prepared RTS had light yellow colour, strong jack fruit flavour and highly acceptable taste and overall acceptability. The changes in the chemical constituents, microbial load and organoleptic characteristics of the RTS was noted by storage at refrigeration temperature for 90 days.

1 illus, 2 tables, 19 ref

017914   Sanat Kumar;Gupta A K;Jai Prakash;Gomkale A V;Agrawal K M (NO, Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun-248 005) : Microcrystalline wax and paraffin wax recvoery from crude oil tank sludges. Chem Engng Wld 1999, 34(4), 43-7.

Considerable quantity of tank sludges of Bombay High crude oil is available from Uran (ONGC). These sludges have good potential for the production of high melting, hard microcrystalline waxes (m.p. 95-96°C). Some salient features of Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP) process technology consisting of feed preparation, acid-clay treatment and solvent treatment for production of microcrystalline wax from tank bottom sludges have been presented. Techno-economic aspects of the process like quality and yield of waxes, capital cost and pay-out period have been discussed along with the possibilities of recovering paraffin waxes.

4 tables, 2 ref

017913   Ranjita Y;Reddy B S (Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology, , Gandipet, Hyderabad) : Liquid membrane emulsions : a new technique for immobilizing enzymes. Proc Indian Chem Engng Congr 2001, 54, 125.

In an enzyme technology process the enzyme is usually a high cost item. This is compounded by the fact that catalytic activity is wasted at end of the process, in fact is is frequently the case that one has to spend money removing the enzyme protein from the product stream. Immobilization leads to ease of removal from the product steam reuse of the enzyme and lower costs. Use of immobilization techniques often facilitates the development of a continuous reactor, enhancing productivity. Different methods are applied to immobilize enzymes : absorption or covalent binding on polymers or porous supports, intermolecular cross linking with bi- or multifunctional reagents, encapsulation within microcapsules, immoblization in solid membrane reactors and "reversed micelles". A new method for immobilizing enzymes in liquid surfactant membrane emulsions is presented, which might be suitable for industrial application.

(abstr)

017912   Rajan A J (NO, , ANISH C Alex, Dr. N.N.C.E., Tholudur, Tamil Nadu-606 303) : Bio-degradation of benzene. Proc Indian Chem Engng Congr 2001, 54, 128.

Focuses on the biodegradation of benzene as a volatile organic solvent (VOC) in batch shake flasks using acclimatized mixed cutlure inoculated from a sewage treatment plant as a seed or developing acclimated mixed microorganisms. The effect of benzene as the sole carbon source on the growth of the culture revealed that the specific growth rate increased initially followed by inhibition of the same. The maximum specific growth rate observed was at 200 mg/l of benzene unit's value being 0.0825 hr. As a general trend the % removal of the compound by degradation decreased as the initial concentration of benzene in the media increased. A maximum removal of 97.62% of benzene was absorbed at the initial concentration of 200 mg/l of benzene in the media. This batch study shows the feasibility of biodegradation of benzene as a volatile organic solvent (VOC).

(abstr)

017911   Rajamathi M;Thomas G S;Vishnu Kamath P (Department of Chemistry, Central College, Bangalore University, Bangalore-560 001) : Many ways of making anionic clays. Proc Indian Acad Sci-Chem Sci 2001, 113(5-6), 671-80.

Together with hydrotalcite-like layered double hydroxides, bivalent and trivalent metal hydroxides and their hydroxy salts are actually anionic clays consisting of positively charged hydroxide layers with anions intercalated in the interlayer region. the anionic clays exhibit anion sorption, anion diffusion and exchange properties together with surface basicity making them materials of importance for many modern applications. Discusses many different ways of making anionic clays and compares and contrasts the rich diversity of this class of materials with the better-known cationic clays.

6 illus, 35 ref

017910   Raghava Chari S (Learning Centre of Reliance Petroleum Ltd, , Motikhavdi, Jamnagar-361 140) : Thermocouples, extension leads, and resistance thermometers. Chem Engng Wld 1999, 34(4), 49-51.

Thermocouples find extensive use in almost all metallurgical and process industries. They are simple, sensitive, rugged, and inexpensive

5 illus

017909   Prashanth P A;Shiela P M;Gopala Krishna A G (Department of Lipid Science and Traditional Foods, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore-570 013) : Antioxidant effect of red chilli extracts in groundnut oil. Beverage Fd Wld 2002, 29(1), 65-7, 69.

Antioxidant components of whole chilli have been extracted using increasing polarity solvents in succession and the antioxidant effect of extracts was tested in refined groundnut oil. Polar solvent extracts contained the antioxidant principles which were identified by thin layer chromatography, ultraviolet and infrared spectroscopic techniques to be phenolic compounds other than the pungent principle capsaicin.

1 illus, 10 tables, 10 ref

017908   Prakash B G;Ruban C G (Department of Chemical Engineering, St. Joseph's College of Engineering, Chennai-119) : Cleaning the air biologically employment of biofilters to remove odour and hazardous contaminants for air discharges. Proc Indian Chem Engng Congr 2001, 54, 124.

Recent improvements with biofilter technology should make environmental managers consider this air pollution control technology (APC) as a viable alternative to conventional technologies. A biofilter treats a contaminated air stream by biological destroying the contaminants in the air stream. This biological activity is identical to other biological treatment processes such as aerobic treatment of wastewater and bioremediation of contaminated soils and groundwater. Aerobic treatment of wastewater is now an extremely mature treatment technology that is accepted worldwide. Bioremediation of soils and groundwater is also a proven technology that has grown in acceptance in the last two decades. Similarly, recent advances in biofilter technology and applications make biofiltration an extremely for environmental managers to consider when deciding among APC alternatives. Provides a general overview of the biofiltration process, applications toward specific effluents, the advantages of the technology, the barriers to regulatory acceptance and a guideline to assist in the decision making process toward biofiltration.

(abstr)

017907   Prakash B G (Department of Chemical Engineering, St. Joseph's College of Engineering, Chennai-600 119) : Novel protein purification techniques for modern biotechnology industry. Proc Indian Chem Engng Congr 2001, 54, 126.

Deals with the strategies behind various protein purification processes. The techniques described include Immunity-Affinity Chromatography, Affinity Chromatography, Protein Precipitation, Buffer Exchanges, Ionic Exchange Chromatography, Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatograhy, Size-Exclusion Chromatography, Electrophoresis, Assay and Specific Activity.

(abstr)

017906   Panvalker S G;Piskolti-Caldwell E (NO, , ) : Making your packaging environmentally friendly. Beverage Fd Wld 2002, 29(1), 68-9.

017905   Mohan Rao S;Rao P V T;Baijal A D (NO, Tata Iron and Steel Co. Ltd., Jamshedpur-831 001) : Application of hydro-cyclones - experiences at Tata Steel. J Mines Metals Fuels 2001, 49(10), 398-404.

Improving quality of the raw materials by using simple, cost-effective physical beneficiation processes is the one of the best approaches to produce quality steel at a cheaper rate in the present day highly competitive market conditions. The application of hydro-cyclones/water cyclones is one such cheap process in treating raw materials. The experience at tata steel in treating the Noamundi iron ore slimes, Sukinda chromite fines and slimes in hydro-cyclones and Jharia coal fines and Noamundi classifier fines in water-only cyclones are presented.

1 illus, 13 tables, 19 ref

017904   Mishra H N;Jacob J K;Srinivasan N (Agricultural and Food Engineering, Department, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur-721 302) : Preparation of apple powder and evaluation of its shelf life. Beverage Fd Wld 2002, 29(1), 49-52.

Dehydrated apple powder (moisture content 2.1 percent db) was prepared by foaming 9° Brix apple pulp with 1 percent glycerol monostearate (GMS) in a locally fabricated foaming device operating at 700 rpm rotor speed and incorporating 12 l/min air for 4.0 - 5.0 min (foam expansion 100 percent and foam stability 86 percent) followed by drying of the foamed pulp in the foam of 2 mm mats at 80°C for 1 hour using 2 m/s air velocity. The apple powder which had 0.59 percent acidity (maleic acid, w/w) and 4.45 mg ascorbic acid per 100 g was well acepted for its colour and flavour. The moisture absorption and colour change reactions in the apple powder followed zero order kinetics whereas the ascorbic acid degradation reaction followed the first order kinetics during its storage at different temperatures and in different types of packages. In the aluminium coated paper (ACP) the apple powder had shelf lives of 75 and 41 days at 10 and 40°C storage temperatures and 92 percent relative humidity.

10 illus, 3 tables, 9 ref

017903   Makhal S;Sen D C (NO, University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, Mohanpur Campus, Nadia-741 252) : Spices: potent natural antioxidants in food. Beverage Fd Wld 2002, 29(1), 59-62.

Lipid oxidation in a number of food products has been an anxiety to the food industry for a number of years. The overwhelming considerations connected with the lipid oxidation are the development of off-flavours, formation of some decompositon products having, to some extent, toxic effect and loss of biological value of some nutrients. The use of synthetic antioxidants in inhibiting or retarding of autoxidation in lipid and lipid containing food products has been systematically investigated for a long period. the safety concerns, however, about the synthetic antioxidants have led the food acientists to conduct further research to explore natural antioxidants especially derived from aromtic plants. Spices have proved to be the source of potent natural antioxidants which can be exploited in food industry as an alternative to synthetic antioxidants. The review will cover a broad range of research efforts perpicuously on exploration of safety aspects of synthetic antioxidants and spices as potential natural antioxidants.

107 ref

017902   Kondal Reddy K;Nakajima M (Reaction and Separation Engineering Laboratory, National Food Research Institute, MAFF, Tsukuba, Ibaraki-305, Japan) : Application of membrane processing for the removal of moisture in rendering process of tallow. Beverage Fd Wld 2002, 29(1), 47-8.

Membrane separation of moisture from tallow has been investigated in a stirred batch cell filtration unit using membranes of various pore sizes at pressures between 0.3 and 0.6 MPa and temperatures between 45 and 75°C. Reduction of moisture in tallow to acceptable levels (<126>0.08 percent) is feasible during dry rendering process, using Teflon/ polyethylene membranes of pore size 0.03 to 0.05 μm and applying a very low pressure of <126>0.3 MPa. It is also possible to use lower processing temperatures than conventional methods. Therefore, it may be used as an alternative processing method to minimize processing costs and to maintain the quality of edible animal fats.

4 illus, 1 table, 8 ref

017901   Kaleemullah S;Kailappan R (Department of Agricultural Processing, College of Agricultural Engineering, TNAU, Coimbatore-641 003) : Tapioca processing. Beverage Fd Wld 2002, 29(1), 27-9.

2 illus, 1 table, 4 ref

017900   Holleran G (Mobil Oil Australia, Bitumnous Products Group, Australia, , ) : Compositionally controlled bitumen. Chem Engng Wld 1999, 34(4), 61-72.

Bitumen is a material manufactured and refined from crude oil. These materials have been derived from organic materials, produced in processes that have spanned several million years in the Earth's history.

017899   Elayyoubi S;Maarouf E B;Oudda H;Hammouti B (NO, Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique Appliquee, Faculti des Sciences d'Oud, Morocco) : Electrochemical polymerization of benzothiophene. Bull Electrochem 2002, 18(1), 45-6.

2 illus, 2 tables 5 ref

017898   Das A M;Saikia C N (Cellulose Pulp and Paper Division, Regional Research Laboratory, , Jorhat-785 006) : Grafting vinyl monomers onto silk fibres: graft copolymerization of methylmethacrylate (MMA) onto - Antheracea assama silk fibre. Indian J chem Technol 2002, 9(1), 41-6.

Graft copolymerization of methylmethacrylate (MMA) onto non-mulberry silk fibre Antheraea assama was carried out in aqueous medium using KMnO₄-oxalic acid redox initiator. The rate of grafting (%) was evaluated as a function of initiator (oxalic acid) and H₂SO₄ concentrations up to 1.25x10^-2 and 16x10^-2 mol/L respectively. The extent of grafting (%) depends upon reaction time and temperature also. The grafted poroducts were characterized with the help of infra-red (IR) spectroscopy, while the thermal decompositions of the ungrafted and grafted silk fibres were studied using TGA, DTG and DTA techniques at two heating rates 20°C and 30°C min^-1 in static air in the temperature range 30-800°C. The grafted products were found to be thermally more stable than the ungrafted ones. The water retention values (WRV) of the grafted fibres were in decreasing order with the increase in grafting (%).

7 illus, 2 tables, 27 ref