019806   Bharat Serums & Vaccines Ltd (NO, , Road No. 27, Wagle Estate, Thane-400 604) : Process for preparation of propofol composition for parenteral administration. 0000, (NULL), (NULL).

019805   Bayer Aktiengesellschaft (NO, , D-51368, Leverkusen, Germany) : Process for the preparation of sulphonyl-imidazole derivative. 0000, (NULL), (NULL).

019804   Vashishtha M;Gupta A;Gandhi K S (Chemical Engineering Dep, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur - 302 017) : Modeling of finishing stage of Nylon 6 manufacture. Indian chem Engr 2003, 45(2), 98-104.

The equilibrium polymer contains about 8-9% caprolactam and 3% cyclic oligomers. They are removed either by hot water extraction process or by the vacuum evaporation in a thin film evaporator. The latter is preferred in general as the hot water extraction proocess is time consuming and costly. A model for the vertical falling film reactor has been developed. Solutions to the diffusion equations along with rate expressions provide concentration profiles in the film. In order to simplify the computations, Nylon 6 melt has been assumed to behave as Newtonian fluid and the flow has been considered to be laminar and fully developed. Still, the mass balance equations constitute a system of nonlinear parabolic differential equations with variable coefficients. Orthogonal collocation technique has been used to convert the partial differential equations into a system of ordinary differential equations. These have been solved by numerical integration. The influence of important parameters such as mixing, film thickness, the ratio of the diffusivities of water to caprolactam ( β ) and the initial water ocncentration on the polydispersity index (PDI) properties of the product have been examined. There is a complex interplay of the reverse ring opening, forward poly-condenstation on the one hand, and, the reverse poly-addition reaction on the other.on the one hand, and, the reverse poly-addition reaction on the other.

7 illus, 1 table, 10 ref

019803   Tiwari M K;Singh A K;Sawhney K J S (Synchrotron Utilization Sect, Centre for Advanced Tech, Indore-452 013) : Analysis of stainless steel samples by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometry. Bull Mater Sci 2001, 24(6), 633-8.

A simple method for the analysis of stainless steel sample is presented which is based on radioisotope excited energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometry and does not require any type-standards. Both absorption and enhancement effect have been taken into account in the fundamental parameter method for quantitative analysis and an iterative approach is followed for calculation of concentrations in steel samples. Non-linear least square fitting (NL-LSF) procedures have been used to determine accurately the fluorescent peak intensities. The method has been tested by analysing several CRM standard reference samples and 304 and 316 steel samples assuming as unknown. The EDXRF results have also been compared with the results of analysis of same samples by vacuum emission spark spectrometry (VES). Obtaines values for concentration in steel samples match quite well with their certified values.

3 illus, 2 tables, 12 ref

019802   Thakur K S;Kaushal B B L;Sharma R M (Department of Postharvest Technology, Dr Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, nauni, Solan-173 230) : Effect of different post-harvest treatments and storage conditions on the fruit quality of kinnow. J Fd Sci Technol 2002, 39(6), 609-18.

Knnow fruits were given a postharvest dip in 0.1% Bavistin solution for 5 min, and varying number of fruits were packed in low density polyethylene bags of 150 gauge thickness. The fruits were stored under ambient, evaporative cool chamber and cold storage conditions to compare the efficacy of different tretments and storage conditions in retaining fruit quality during prolonged storage.Fruits stored under ambient conditions remained in marketable conditin upto 8 weeks, whereas fruits from the other storage systems were in marketable condition even after 10 weeks. Bavistin treatment followed by packing of fruits in LDPE bags was effective in retaining fruit quality during storage and the best results were obtained when four fruits were packed in a unit.

15 tables, 13 ref

019801   Suman M;Krishna Kumar K (Post Graduate and Research Centre, Home Science Acharya NG Ranga Agricultural University, Hyderabad-500 030) : Sensory evaluation, beta-carotene retention and shelf-life of dehydrated carrot products. J Fd Sci Technol 2002, 39(6), 677-81.

Carrots (Daucus carota l.) were dried by solar drying, hot air cabinet drying and direct sunlight. Sun-dried carrots had maximum loss of it β-carotene (71%) followed by solar (52%) and hot air cabinet drying (42%). Dehydrated carrot products viz., carrot chops, carrot shreds and carrot powder were developed by drying in hot air cabinet dryer. The β-carotene content of dried carrot chops, shreds and powder were 24.7, 22.5 adn 23.9 mg/100, respectively. Different recipes like carrot curry, carrot halwa and biscuits were prepared with dehydrated carrot chops, shreds and powder, respectively.Carrot halwa curry, biscuits were accepted well compared to carrot currty.Dehydrated products can be stored 3 months and among the products, carrot powder had higher β-carotene retention (68%) during storage.

2 illus,5 tables, 12 ref

019800   Sinha A;Ingle A;Munim K R;Vaidya S N;Sharma B P;Bhisey A N (Powder Metallurgy Div, BARC, Vashi complex, Navi Mumbai-400 705) : Development of calcium phosphate based bioceramics. Bull Mater Sci 2001, 24(6), 653-7.

Two bioceramics (Ca-P-O glass and A-W glass ceramic) were produced using conventional methods of ceramic technology. X-ray powder diffraction patterns were used for identifying the phases and 3-point bend test was carried out for the determination of fracture strength of the bioceramics. Biocompatibility of both ceramics was evaluated using animal mode experiments. Histological studies showed that A-W glass ceramic implanted in the tibia of rat formed an intimate contact with newly grown bone and provided enough strength to the bone to bear the animal weight. Implants made of Ca-P-O glass was almost fully resorbed and was replced by new bone. The implants made of both the bioceramics were biocompatible and did not exhibit any kind of adverse effect to the surrounding tissues.

6 illus, 11 ref

019799   Shukla P;Mandal R k;Ojha S N (Centre of Advanced Study, Metallurgical Engn Dep, Banaras Hindu Univ, varanasi-221 005) : Non-equilibrium solidification of undercooled droplets during atomization process. Bull Mater Sci 2001, 24(5), 547-54.

Thermal history of droplets associated with gas atomization of melt has been investigated. a mathematical model, based on classical theory of heterogeneous nucleation and volume separation of nucleants among droplets size distribution, is described to predict undercooling of droplets. Newtonian heat flow condition coupled with velocity dependent heat transfer coefficient is used to obtain cooling rate before and after nucleation of droplets. The results indicate that temperature profile of droplets in the spray during recalescence, segregated and eutectic solidification regimes is dependent on their size and related undercooling. The interface temperature during solidification of undercooled droplets rapidly approaches the liquid temperature of the alloy with a subsequent decrease in solid-liquid interface velocity. A comparison in cooling rates of atomized powder particles estimated from secondary dendrite arm spacing measurements are observed to be closer to those predicted from the model during segregated solidification regime of large size droplets.

11 illus, 3 tables, 14 ref

019798   Sharma R;Pervez S (Chemistry Dep, Govt. Arts and Science College, Durg - 491 001) : Seasonal variation of PM10 and SPM levels in ambient air around a cement plant. J scient ind Res 2003, 62(8), 827-33.

Monitoring of PM (Particulate matter, aerodynamic diameter ≤ 10 μm) and SPM (Suspended Particulate Matter) levels in ambient air around a cement plant at Jamul, District-Durg, Chhattisgarh state was carried out in post-rainy, winter and summer seasons. A significant contribution of PM 10 and SPM levels in ambient air from stack emissions has been observed. PM 10 and SPM levels were found to be in the ranges of 84-220 μg/m³ (PM10) and 174-473 μg/m³ (SPM) in post-rainy season; 150-480 μg/m³ (PM10) and 551-1120 μg/m³ (SPM) in winter season; and 110-460 μg/m³ (PM10) and 365-978 μg/m³ (SPM) in the summer season, respectively, in downwind direction. Smaller values of such emissions were obtained in sites of upwind direction. Ratios of PM 10 to SPM and correlation coefficient values between PM 10 and SPM were also worked out. A positive correlation coefficient was obtaiend between PM 10 and SPM. Order of occurrences of PM 10 and SPM at downwind direction in all three seasons was winter <62> summer <62> post-rainy.

2 illus, 4 tables, 24 ref

019797   Sharma M;Anand S K (Division of Dairy Mictrobiology, National Dairy Research Insitute, Karnal-132 001) : Bacterial biofilm on food contact surfaces: a review. J Fd Sci Technol 2002, 39(6), 182.

The attachment of bacteria with subsequent development of biofilms in food processing environments is a potential source of contamination of finished product that may shorten the shelf-life or transmission of disease. Cleaning-in-place (CIP) is the most commonly used practice for cleaning and sanitizing in foor / dairy processing plants. However, even after the use of generally acceptable cleaning processes, soil residues and microorganisms remain on the contact surfaces. The soil mainly consists of milk/ food residues, cleaning compounds and constituents of water, that provide the nutrients for survival and growth of microorganisms. These microorganisms grow, multiply and result in formation of biofilms. In addition to creating problems associated with public health and product spoilage, biofilms are responsible for mechanical blockage, impedence of heat transfer processes, increse in fluid frictional resistance at the surface and corrosion of metal. Once a biofilm is formed. it is very difficult to remove it, as microorganisms within biofilm become resistant to heat and antibacterial agents including sanitizer. The review includes mechanisms of biofilm formation, adverse effects in food processing environments, factors affecting biofilm formation and methods to control biofilms.

ia2 illus, 233 ref

019796   Sharma G P;Suresh Prasad (Agricultural and Food Engineering Dep, Indian Insitute of Technology, Kharagpur-721 302) : Comparison of convective and microwave - convective drying of garlic: kinetics and energy consumption. J Fd Sci Technol 2002, 39(6), 603-8.

Garlic (Allium sativum) cloves were dehydrated by convective and combined microwave-convective methods in an experimental drier. Convective drying of garlic cloves with sample size of 100 g was carried out at 40, 50, 60 and 70°C keeping the air velocity of 1.0 and 2.0 m/s. The microwave power of 40 W was supplemented in microwave-convective drying, keeping other conditions the same. Air velocity was found tohave no significant effect on the drying time in convective drying. However, the drying time in microwave-convective method was reduced to 5 to 8% of the time required in convective drying in the temeprature range sutdied. Higher air velocity resulted in increased drying periods in combined-convective drying process.Specific energy consumption in microwave-convective drying process of garlic at air velocity of 1.0 m/s and 2.0 m/s was 26.32 MJ and 62.02 MJ respectively per kg of water removed, as against the corresponding 283.65 MJ per kg of water removed in convective drying.

12 illus, 4 tables, 12 ref

019795   Senol A (Chemical Engineering Dep, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University, 34850 Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey) : Predicting effective mass transfer area in randomly-packed column - design considerations. J scient ind Res 2003, 62(8), 777-89.

Describes the performance of randomly packed distillation column depending on the effective vapor-liquid interfacial area (a_e) and the flood ratio (per cent Fl) estimated by the Eckert flooding model. Capacity, pressure gradient, and efficiency data obtained on 6.25 mm size of a Raschig-type ceramic ring are used to establish the basis for the model reliability analysis. The reliability of design models is analyzed against observed performance statistically by using a log-ratio objective function. The proposed a_e approach for random packings is expected to be an improvement in data fit, clarifying the simultaneous impact of packing geometry, loading, and system properties on the performance of a moderate scale packed column. Details underlying some aspects of selection of an appropriate packed column design algorithm are discussed. An example of scaling-up a pilot-plant with respect to the resulting statistical factors is elucidated. Finally, an approach to design in terms of the derivatives of the function a_e = f (per cent Fl) is interpreted analytically.

7 illus, 4 tables, 26 ref

019794   Sarath Kumar G;Sridhar V;Ganguly U P (Chemical Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur - 721 302) : Some aspects on the sedimentation of aqueous suspension of haematite : Determination of the constant rate of sedimentaiton. Indian chem Engr 2003, 45(2), 94-7.

Like all other physical rate - governed processes, the phenomenon of sedimentation is also found to be a combination of constant rate and falling rate period. The constant rate sedimentation of an aqueous slurry of haematite particles has been found to depend on the initial concentration of the slurry - expressed as volume % of solids and the bulk density of the solids. Such dependence can be expressed with a fair degree of accuracy by the relation -r_c=A(ρ_B)^a1 at constant solids concentration or by -r_c=B(c)^b1 at constant bulk density. The joint variation of -r_c with the groups ρ B / ρ f and c is given by the relationship:-r_c=472.3285(ρ_B / ρ_c)^-6.997.(c)^-0.368, which shows a standard deviation of ± 11.23% and a correlation coefficient of 0.954885.

7 illus, 7 ref

019793   Sandhu S K;Marwaha R S (Crop Improvement Div, Central Potato Res Station, Jalandhar-144 003) : Performance of some potato germplasm (Solanum tuberosum ssp. tuberosum) accessions for processing into French fries under short day conditions. J Pl Sci Res 2000, 16(1-3), 33-6.

Five germplasm accessions selected out of 65 on the basis of higher tuber yield and desirable morphological characters were evaluated for processing into French fries along with two exotic cultures, known for better processing quality, taken as controls. In addition, important physico-chemical characters of the tubers influencing processing were investigated. Dry matter content of the germplasm accessions varied between 17.8-21.7%, as against 20.4-21.3% in controls. The reducing sugar content of the accessions ranged between 147-292 mg/100 g fresh wt as compared to 106-125 mg/100 g fresh wt in the controls. Yield recovery of freshly prepared fries ranged from 42.4-49.4% in the accessions as against 45.6-46% in the control cultivar. Based on sensory charactersitics such as colour, taste and texture of fries, except CP1524, all the other four accessions, namely, CP1433, CP1482, CP1519, CP1523 were found to be suitable for processing into French fries.

2 tables, 16 ref

019792   Roy R;Sarkar B K;Rana A K;Bose N R (Materials Sci Dep, Indian Association for the Cultivation of sci, 2A & B, Raja SC Mallick Rd, Calcutta-700 032) : Impact fatigue behaviour of carbon fibre-reinforced vinylester resin composites. Bull Mater Sci 2001, 24(1), 79-86.

Two types of unidirectional carbon fibre, one of high strength (DHMS) and another of medium strength (VLMS) reinforced vinylester resin composites have been examined for their impact fatigue behaviour over 10⁴ impact cycles for the first time. The study was conducted using a pendulum type repeated impact apparatus specially designed and constructed for the purpose. A well-defined impact fatigue behaviour (S-N type curve) curve has been demonstrated. It showed a plateau region of 10-10² cycles immediately below the single cycle impact strength, followed by progressive endurance with decreasing impact loads, culminating in an endurance limit at about 71% and 85% of the single impact strength for DHMS-48 and VLMS-48, respectively. analysis of the fractured surfaces revealed primary debonding, fibre breakage and pull-out at the tensile zone of the samples and a shear mode of fracture with breakage of fibre bundles at the compressive zone of the samples. The occurrence of a few major macrocracks in the matrix with fibre breakage at the high load-low endurance region and development of multiple microcracks in the matrix, coalescing and fibre breakage at the low-load-high endurance region have been inferred to explain the fatigue behaviour of the composites examined.

15 illus, 1 table, 17 ref

019791   Roy R;Sarkar B K;Bose N R (Materials Sci Dep, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Sci, Calcutta-700 032) : Effects of moisture on the mechanical properties of glass fibre reinforced vinylester resin composites. Bull Mater Sci 2001, 24(1), 87-94.

Glass fibre reinforced vinylester resin composites incorporating varying amounts of fibres (63.5, 55.75, 48.48, 38.63 and 27.48 wt%) were characterized for their mechanical properties both as prepared and after treatment with boiling water for 2,4,6,8 and 24 h. Weights of the samples were found to increase to a saturation at about 8 h with boiling water treatment. In keeping with the composite principle, the mechanical properties improved with fibre loading. However, the properties were relatively inferior when treated with boiling water for longer hours attributing to ingress of moisture by capillary action through the interface between the fibre and the resin matrix. Considering the rates of moisture absorption and correlating with the mechanical properties, it was observed that the deteriorting effects were predominant up to 4 h treatment with boiling water. Estimation of defect concentrations for 63.5 wt% of nascent fibre reinforced composites as well as those composites treated with boiling water for 24 h were 56.93% and 64.16% respectively. Similarly, 27.48 wt% nascent fibre reinforced composites and those composites with boiling water treatment showed the estimation of defect concentrations of 39.94% and 50.55% respectively. SEM study of the fractured surfaces showed heavy fibre pull-out in the tensile zone whilst shear fracture of the bibre bundles was predominant at the compressive zone of the samples tested for flexural strength properties.

13 illus, 2 tables, 17 ref

019790   Raval S R;Vala U V;Pai K B (NO, M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara - 390 001) : Mo stabilized passive film of 316 austenitic stainless steel using EI spectroscopy. Trans Indian Inst Metals 2003, 56(1), 39-41.

Effects of molybdenum addition to austenitic stainless steel are well established. As far as steel corrosion aspects are concerned, studies are restricted to measure corrosion rates in given media only. In the change in passivity behavior of austenitic SS on molybdenum addition has been evaluated using electrochemical impedance (EI) Spectroscopy. It has been found that, addition of molybdenum increases the impedance value of the passive film and thus impart film of improved quality on the surface of alloy. Results are correlated with those of polarization studies.

4 illus, 5 ref

019789   Ramalakshmi K;Jagan Mohan L;Borse B B; Raghavan b (Department of Plantation Products, Spcies and Flavour Technology, Central Food Technical Research Institute, Mysore-570 013) : Impact of drying on quality of betel leaf (Piper betle l.). J Fd Sci Technol 2002, 39(6), 619-22.

Betel leaves (Piper betle L.) were dehydrated by sun, shade, solar, mechanical as well as microwave and the respective drying times were found to be 8, 48, 5, 3 h and 10 min required to lower the moisture content from 80.0 to 5.0 %. The qualities of the dried products were assessed by determining the moisture, volatile oil, chlorophyll and colour. In microwave and mechanical drying, despite the drying tiems being less, there were appreciable losses of volatile oil (50%) and chlorophyll (75%), respectively compared to fresh betel leaf. Results also revealed that solar dried leaves, followed by shade and sun possessed the best quality parameters in the dried products, suggesting that solar drying was the most suitable although it took more time compared to mechanical and microwave drying.

5 tables, 13 ref

019788   Ramachandra Rao R;Roopa H N;Kannan T S (Materials Sci Div, National Aerospace Laboratories, Bangalore-560 017) : pH controlled dispersion and slip casting of si3N₄ in aqueous media. Bull Mater Sci 2001, 24(1), 57-61.

The dispersion characteristics of commercial Si₃H₄ powder in a aqueous media (deionized water) was studied as a function of pH in the range 2-11. The slip was characterized for its dispersion quality by various experimental techniques like particle size analysis, sedimentation phenomena, viscosity and flow behaviour and zata potential analysis. The optimum dispersion was found to be in the pH region 0-11 wherein the slurry displayed minimum sedimentation height, minimum viscosity, near Newtonian flow behaviour and maximum zeta potential. The slip is highly agglomerated in the pH range 2-8 as manifested by higher sedimentation heigh, higher viscosity, lower zeta potential and thixotropic non-Newtonian flow behaviour. The 72 wt% (44 vol.%) Si₃N₄ slips made a pH = 10 resulted in green bodies having 53-59% of theoretical density after casting into plaster molds.

6 illus, 1 table, 30 ref

019787   Radhika S;Kapoor R (Department of Home Science, Sri Sathya Sai Insitute of Higher Learning, Anantapur-515 001) : Glucose lowering effects of pre-cooked instant preparations containing alfalfa seeds in non-insulin dependent diabetic subjects. J Fd Sci Technol 2002, 39(6), 674-6.

The post-prandial effects of pre-cooked instant mix for idli and upma containing semolina as base with soya nuggets, alfalfa seeds as main supplements were studied.The test products were provided in amounts corresponding to 50 g carbohydrates to non-insulin dependent diabetic subjects after an overnight fasting. The post-prandial glucose response, recorded upto 2 h administration of meal was significantly less wiht alfalfa products than with standard glucose.the developed mix showed very low glycemic index values i.e. 39.50 for upma and 56.67 for idli preparation. The observed effect could be attributed to high contents of fibre and some antinutrients implicated to have hypoglycemic action.

1 illus, 3 tables,18 ref

019786   Prem Aravind B T;Dhanasekar R;Viruthagiri T; Sabarathinam P L (Biochemical Engineering Laboratory, Technology Dep, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar - 608 002) : Evaluation of poly (3-hydroxybutyrate) biosynthesis from Azotobacter vinelandii using coconut water. Indian chem Engr 2003, 45(2), 88-93.

Coconut water was investigated as a possible substrate for P(3HB) synthesis from Azotobater vinelandii. The effects of different cheaper substrates such as white sugar, palm sugar, jaggery, coconut water and tender coconut and different initial coconut concentrations on P(3HB) production were studied. An attempt was made to develop an economical process for the production of P(3HB) using Azotobacter vinelandii. In order to increase the yield, Plackett-Burman optimization technique was used to optimize the culture medium. The maximum production of P(3HB) (1.319 g/L) was obtained at a coconut water concentration of 30% (v/v), pH 7.2, temperature 30°C and an inoculum size of 8% (v/v). By Plackett-Burman optimization technique, the yield was improved to 1.99 g/L, which is 50% more than the yield obtained by conventional optimization. Logistic, Modified Logistic models and Logistic incorporated Leudeking-Piret, Modified Logistic incorporated Leudeking-Piret models were used to explain the cellmass growth and P(3HB) production respectively.

4 illus, 6 tables, 14 ref

019785   Prashantha K;Pai K V K;Sherigara B S; Prasannakumar S (Industrial Chem Dep, Kuvempu Univ, Jnan Sahyadri-577 451) : Interpenetrating polymer networks based on polyol modified castor oil polyurethane and poly(2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate): synthesis, chemical, mechanical and thermal properties. Bull Mater Sci 2001, 24(5), 535-8.

Interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) of glycerol modified castor oil polyurethane (GC-PU) and poly [2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate] (PHEMA) were synthesized using benzoyl peroxide as initiator and N, N-methylene bis acrylamide as crosslinker. GC-PU/PHEMA interpenetrating polymer networks were obtained by transfer moulding. These were characterized with respect to their resistance to chemical reagents and mechanical properties such as tensile strength, per cent elongation and shore A hardness. Differential scaning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were undertaken for thermal characterization. The changes in NCO/OH ratio and GC-PU/PHEMA composition on the properties of the IPNs were studied.

1 illus, 4 tables, 21 ref

019784   Prasada Rao U J S;Prasad K V S;Nigam S N (Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore-570 013) : Physico-chemical properties of low molecular weight cliadin and its structural similarity with other wheat proteins. J Fd Sci Technol 2002, 39(6), 623-8.

Gliadins were extracted from wheat gluten using 70% ethanol and from this mixture of gliadin proteins, a low molecular weight gliadin was purified to apparent homogeneity using gel filtration followed by electroelution methods. The visco-elastic property of this protein was lesser than other gliadins.The molecular weight of this protein was estimated to be 14,000. This low molecular weight protein, which was rich in cysteine and basic amino acids, differed considerably in amino acid composition from theother gliadins as well as the reported other low molecular weight wheat proteins.Immunoblot studies revealed that this protein shared common epitopes with 30,000 and 45,000 molecular weight proteins which were present in albumins, globulins and gliadin fractions. Limited profeolytic sutdies suggested the existence of the common domains among 14,000 and 30,000 and 45,000 molecular weight proteins of wheat flour. These studies have indicated that classification of wheat proteins based on solubility behaviour may be misleading.

3 illus, 2 tables, 30 ref

019783   Patel M N;Dutta S K;Lele A B (Metallurgical Engineering Dep, Faculty of Technology and Engineering, M.S. Univeristy of Baroda, Vadodara - 390 001) : Duplex stainless steel - its properties and applications. Trans Indian Inst Metals 2003, 56(1), 53-9.

Duplex stainless steels are characterized by a microstructure containing almost equal parts of ferrite and austenite phases. Such steels combine some of the best features of both austenitic and ferritic grades; e.g. better fabrication properties of austenitic stainless steel together with chloride stress corrosion cracking resistance of ferritic stainless steels. Super duplex stainless steels combine the very useful mechanical properties of duplex stainless steels with corrosion resistance of some of the super austenitic stainless steels. Improved mechanical properties and high resistance to pitting and crevice make duplex stainless steels most suitable for wide application in chemical, power, pulp/paper and oil/gas industries. The metallurgy of duplex stainless steel, its' properties and applications have been highlighted.

5 tables, 8 ref

019782   Okorie S U;Ndukwe C U;Umekwe E I (NO, School of Food Science and Technology, Imo State University, Imo State, Nigeria) : Utilization and Evaluation of potato, cocoyam and wheat flour composite for bread preparation. J Fd Sci Technol 2002, 39(6), 686-9.

Comsite bread using wheat, potato and cocoyam flours at substitution levels of 80:5, 70:10, 60:25:15 and 50:20, respectively was producted. The proximate analysis showed that increasing the proportion of non-wheat flours, decreased the food nutrients in the mix. Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values of wheat and composite bread at freezing (-16±2°C) and at refrigeration temperature (8±3±C) increased gradually with storage time until the 16th day, while increase wa sharp at ambient temperature (28±3°C). The main visible quality defects produced in the bread wre the decreased loaf volume, specific volume and the gradual darkening of the crumb colour as substitution was increased. Sensory evaluation showed that the control (wheat bread) compared favourably with 20% (15:5) and 30% (25:15) in appearance and taste. Amongst all, 50% (30:20) subsitution bread was inferior bread was inferior in quality attributes except crust colour.

Sc3 illus,3 tables,25 ref

019781   Nwanekezi EC; (NO, School of Food Science and Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria) : Quality evaluation of malted and fermented maize-groundnut infant weaning foods. J Fd Sci Technol 2002, 39(6), 690-3.

Three infant weaning foods wee formulated using different processing methods from complementary mixtures of maize and ground nut. Equal weights of skim milk were addedto all the three samples to improve their protein qualities. These samples were compared with each other and with a commercial popular brand of weaning food. The proximate composition, sensory evaluation, viscosity, reconstitution time and nutritional quality of all the samples were determined. The chemical composition and quality attributes compared favourable with each other but were lower than the commercial weaning food. Fermentation and malting reduced the bulk density. Malting increased PER (Protein efficiency ratio) and FER (Feed efficiency ratio). The reconstitutin time for the three samples did not vary significantly with one another. All the maize-groundnut infact formulations had no significant differences in colour, taste and aroma. These formulations were significantly different in colour and taste than the commercial samples.

sc4 tables,19 ref

019780   Narayana Reddy K V;Anjum;Keshava Prasad P K; Bhat G S (Department of Dairy Chemistry, Dairy Science College, University of Agricultural Science, hebbal, Bangalore-560 024) : Effect of milk protein modification on physico-chemical changes during ripening of cheddar cheese. J Fd Sci Technol 2002, 39(6), 644-9.

The effect of milk protein modification using neutrase on proteolysis, lipolysis and textural development in buffalo milk cheddar cheese in comparison with control cow milk cheese was examined during 5 months of maturation at 8±1°C. Neutrase enzyme was added to the milk prior torenneting at enzyme to substrate (E:S) ratio fo 1:10000 to obtain about 5% degree of hydrolysis. The ripening characteristics of the enzyme modified milk cheese with respect to soluble nitroen, tyrosine value, total free acids steam volatile fatty aicds, steam volatile monocarbonyls and penetration values indicated accelerated ripening in cheese from enzyme modified milk. The ripening characteristics of 3 months old cheese from enzyme modified milks were comparable to 5 months old cheese from untreated buffalo milk.The rate of ripening was almost same in buffalo milk cheese prepared from milk modified using immobilized enzyme and cheese from untreated cows milk.

4 illus, 4 tables,19 ref

019779   Muthukumaran K;Balasubramanian N;Ramakrishna T V (Chemistry Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai - 600 036) : Removal and recovery of mercury (II) from chlor-alkali effluent using chemically activated carbon. Indian chem Engr 2003, 45(2), 123-6.

The carbon prepared by charring coconut shell with sulphuric acid in the presence of oxidizing chemicals after carbon dioxide activation was found to be useful for the removal of mercurry (II) present as [HgCl₄]^2-. The removal was almost quantitative (<62>99%) in the pH range 2.00-10.0. Column studies showed a capacity of 6.0 mg Hg(II)/g of carbon and the adsorbed mercury (II) can be compleltely recovered from the column using alkaline solution of Na₂S. Comparison with Filtasorb-400 showed that the activated carbon prepared in the presence of oxidizing chemicals had twice the capacity. The capacity remained unaffected even after 5 cycles of operation and the treated water was found to be virtually free from elemental mercury.

4 illus, 3 tables, 12 ref

019778   Moizuddin M;Venkateswarlu C (Process Dynamics and Control Group, Chemical Engineering Sciences, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad - 500 007) : Temperature trajectory tracking of a chemical reactor using fuzzy linguistic controller. Indian chem Engr 2003, 45(2), 84-7.

A fuzzy linguistic controller (FLC) is designed and applied to track the optimal operating trajectories in an exothermic batch chemical reactor. Efficient tracking of the temperature trajectories that provide the desired conversion is achieved through the use of more linguistic rules in the controller. The simulation results show the better performance of FLC for tracking the time varying reference temperature trajectories in an exothermic batch chemical reactor.

3 illus, 3 tables, 9 ref

019777   Mehta A S (NO, Central Salt and Marine Chemical Research Institute, Bhavnagar - 364 002) : Henry's constant for bromine-sea brine systems and liquid film mass transfer coefficient for desorption of bromine from sea brine. Indian chem Engr 2003, 45(2), 75-83.

Equilibrium data on bromine systems are not available in the literature in a systematic way. An effort has been made to represent equilibrium data on distilled water, sea water, sea bittern-bromine system for temperature range 30-100°C and consistency of the data in checked by Margules constant by assuming binary system of bromine-water. Using value of Henry's constant, mass transfer coefficient (K_La) and height of transfer unit (H.T.U.) are correlated with liquor flow rate and absorption factor (L/mG) respectively using data on bench scale experiments for development of air-blowing process for recovery of bromine from sea water and on pilot plant where bromine is recovered by steaming-out technique. Data in case of former are for three different packed height, 3.914m, 1.219m, 1.524m and in the latter case it is for only one packed height 6.1m. Correlations are compared with the correlations derived by previous workers where liquid film resistance is the rate controlling resistance.

8 illus, 8 tables, 23 ref

019776   Majumdar A;Jana S (Glass-Ceramic coating Div, Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, Calcutta-700 032) : Glass and glass-ceramic coatings, versatile materials for industrial and engineering applications. Bull Mater Sci 2001, 24(1), 69-77.

Among various coating systems for industrial and engineering applications, glass and glass-ceramic coatings have advantage of chemical inertness, high temperature stability and superior mechanical properties such as abrasoion, impact ect as compared to other coating materials applied by thermal spraying in its different forms viz. PVD, CVD, plasma, etc. Besides imparting required functional properties such as heat, abrasion and corrosion resistance to suit particular end use requirements, the glass and glass-ceramic coatings in general also provide good adherence, defect free surface and refractoriness. Systematic studies covering the basic science of glass and glass-ceramic coatings, the functional properties required for a particular end-use along with the various fields of application have been reviewed.

8 illus, 8 tables, 25 ref

019775   Lanke U D (Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Sci Dep, Indian Institute of Tech, Mumbai-400 076) : Effect of 80 keV Ar+ implantation on the properties of pulse laser deposited magnetite (Fe 3 O 4) thin films. Bull Mater Sci 2001, 24(1), 35-8.

Highly oriented thin films of Fe₃O₄ were desposited on (100) LaAIO₃, substrates by pulsed laser ablation. The structural quality of the films was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The films showed a Verwey transition near 120 K. The films were subjected to 80 keV Ar⁺ implantation at different ion doses up to a maximum of 6 x 10¹⁴ ions/cm². Ion beam induced modifications in the films were investigted using XRD and resistance vs temperature measurements. Implantation decreases the change in resistance at 120 K and this effect staturates beyond 3 x 10¹⁴ ions/cm². The Verwey transition temperature, Tv, shifts towards lower temperatures with increase in ion dose.

3 illus, 28 ref

019774   Kuiry S C;Ganguly A (NO, Mukand Limited, Kalwe, Thane - 400 605) : Inclusions management in continuously cast stainless steel blooms. Trans Indian Inst Metals 2003, 56(1), 1-7.

Size distribution of inclusions to ascertain the mechanism of modification of inclusion distribution along the cross section of continuously cast blooms of AISI 316L grade of stainless steel was studied. Specimens from various locations along perpendicular and diagonal directions of 0.16 mm square AISI 316L grade stainless steel blooms were used in the study. Inclusion distribution of the surface of the specimens was studied by feature counting method using an optical microscope. Size distribution, mean size, mean distance of separation, and volume fraction of inclusions were investigated by measuring the sizes of inclusion using an image analyser and using the particle-size-distribution module of a computer program developed in this laboratory which was based on Schwaartz-Saltykov method. Inclusions were characterised by SEM and EDS studies. Inclusion size was found to be finer near the surface of the bloom compared to that observed farther away from the surface towards centre where shell growth rate was lower than that at the surface.

3 illus, 1 table, 21 ref

019773   Krishna Mohan T;Sarath Babu A;Babu Rao K (Chemical Engineering Dep, National Institute of Technology, Warangal - 506 004) : Modeling and simulation of regular and inverted batch distillation columns. Indian chem Engr 2003, 45(2), 105-111.

Comparision of performances of regular and inverted batch distillation columns has been investigated with aniline - nitrobenzene system simulation case studies. The mathematical models developed involve reflux ratio for regular batch distillation column, reboil ratio for inverted batch distillation column and steady reboiler heat duty as operating parameters. Effects of these parameters have been studied at time of operation, total energy consumption and % recovery of desired component. The steady reboiler duty affects the distillation time without altering the enrgy input. Based on energy requirement for different cases of feed and desired product, the criteria for comparision have been selected as the total energy consumption and % recovery. Inverted column has been found to be better than regular column in case of high purity heavier component as product from the feed containing any amount of heavy component.

4 illus, 6 tables, 6 ref

019772   Kashyap K T (Dep of Mechanical Engn, M S Ramaiah Instt of Tech, Bangalore-560 054) : Effect of zirconium addition on the recrystallization behaviour of a commercial Al-Cu-Mg alloy. Bull Mater Sci 2001, 24(6), 643-8.

It is well known that the second phase particles have an effect on recrystallization and grain growth behaviour of an alloy. Particularly the bimodal distribution of second phase particles has an effect which is opposite in sense where coarse second phase particles (<62> 1 μm) stimulate nucleation while fine particles exhibit Zener drag. In the literature, the effect of zirconium addition to aluminium alloys has been well documented in order to produce superplasticity by giving ultra fine graine size to the alloy. Addition of zirconium produces Al₃Zr particles which pin the grain boundaries during recrystallization and grain growth. Zirconium was added to a commercial Al-Cu-Mg alloy and by heat treatment Al_{3Zr particles were precipitated and after forging, the grain size was an order of magnitude lower than the alloy without zirconium. Transmission electron microscopy was employed to characterize the second phase particles, i.e. Al3Zr particles and found to be rod shaped and identified to be cubic ordered L12 phase with a lattice parameter of 0.408 nm. Further, it was observed that fine (100 nm) Al3Zr particles promote only continuous recrystallization which is polygonization of subgrains and subgrain growth. It was found that the fine dispersion of Al3Zr particles inhibits both recrystallization and grain growth in the commercial Al-cu-Mg alloy.}

9 illus, 2 tables, 13 ref

019771   Karmaker G;Mukherjee P;Meikap a K; Chattopadhyay S K;Chatterjee S K (Regional Engineering College, , Durgapur-713 209) : An-X-ray diffraction study of defect parameters in a ti-base alloy. Bull Mater Sci 2001, 24(6), 649-52.

Detailed studies based on the well established method of Fourier line shape analysis have been made on the X-ray diffraction profile of hexagonal titatinum alloy of nominal composition Ti-6.58% Al-3.16% Mo-1.81% Zr-0.08% Fe-0.012% N-0.0078% C. While deformation fault probability, α, has been found to be quite high compared to that of pure titanium, the deformation growth fault parameter, β, shows a negative value ruling out the presence of growth fault in this alloy in the deformed state.

5 illus, 2 tables, 11 ref

019770   Karak N;Roy M (Chemical Sciences Dep, Tezpur University, Tezpur - 784 028) : Effect of compounding ingredients on rheometric characteristics and physical properties of a rubber based shoe sole. J scient ind Res 2003, 62(8), 820-6.

The effects of base polymer and filler types like, NR, NR/SBR, NR/SBR/BR blends, Hind clay and SRF N770 fillers and their doses on rheometric and physical properties of a shoe sole compound are studied. In addition to hardness, other related important properties of the shoe sole like, tensile strength, modulus at 100 per cent strain, abrasion resistance, cut growth resistance up to 300 per cent, elongation at break are also measured for the vulcanizates. The curing characteristics of the vulcanizates are determined by using a Monsanto MDR 2000 rheometer. The economic validity of the different formulations is also evaluated.

4 tables, 21 ref

019769   Kala S;Prabha Karan (College of Home Sci, Rajendra Agric Univ, Pusa, Samastipur-848 125) : Comparative study of three modes of cooking : solar thermal energy, kerosene and hay box. Rajendra Agric Univ J Res 2002, 12(1-2), 136-8.

Comparative study of three different modes (i.e. Solar cooker, Arti Kerosene stove and Hay box) of cooking for which time and energy alongwith organoleptic characteristics were determined. K-stove consumed minimum time (33.61 minutes) followed by Hay box and solar cooker, which took 125.67 minutes and 116.67 minutes respectively for cooking 200 g of potato. In case of energy consumption, the solar cooker did not involve any fuel consumption, while Hay box and K-stove consumed 71.94 ml and 92.67 ml of K-oil, respectively. In respect of the organoleptic characteristics viz.; taste, appearance, odour and flavour, 200 g of potato cooked on K-stove secured the highest (89.33) overall acceptability score. In case of efficiency and economics, Hay box has the lowest initial cost of Rs. 35/- compared to Rs. 80/- of K-stove and Rs. 570/- of solar cooker. Considering very low operational cost, poor availability of conventional fuel and energy crisis, solar cooker could be a viable alternative.

5 tables, 6 ref

019768   Kain V;De P K (Materials Science Div, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai - 400 085) : Developments in austenitic stainless steels for the back end of nuclear fuel cycle. Trans Indian Inst Metals 2003, 56(1), 31-7.

A special grade stainless steel (SS), type 304 L Nitric Acid Grade (NAG) is especially suited for applications where concentrated nitric acid is used up to boiling point. The NAG grade of SS requires close control over chemical composition, microstructure and inclusion rating. The experience at Bhabha Atomic Research Centre in developing the NAG stainless steel for the nuclear reprocessing and waste management applications has been described. It has been emphasized that special care needs to be taken in melting, primary processing and fabrication of this special grade of SS. Improper processing and fabrication practices can render the SS prone to corrosion and unfit for service. Examples have been given showing that pick up of carbon, oxide embedment on surfaces during hot rolling and forging, laminations produced during cold pilgering and high residual stresses in roll joining of tube to tube components rendered even the special grades of SS that otherwise meet the chemical composition specification unsuitable for service. Remedial measures have been suggested for these problems.

5 illus, 3 tables, 22 ref

019767   Jideani V A;Nkama I;Agbo E B (Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal Polytechnic, P.M.B. 0231, Bauchi, Nigeria) : Modellin of visual shelf-life of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) dough (fura). J Fd Sci Technol 2002, 39(6), 682-5.

A shelf-life plot of fura was established by modelling the binary response of consumer panel against storage through a (linerised) ligistic function. The models of Thome and Meffert were evaluated to describe the effects of temperature on shelf-life. Shelf-life of fura decreased with increased in temperature. Storage at 25°C increased shelf-life to 4.5 days in aluminium foil and 4 days in low density polyethylene (LDPE).Therefore, fura has a limited storage life with a range of 3-4 days at refrigeration storage (5°C), 1-2 days at room temperature (25°C) and 18.24 h at 35°C.

5 illus, 2 tables, 11 ref

019766   Jana A H;upadhyay K G (SMC College of Dairy Science, Gujarat Agricultural University, Anand Campus, Anand - 388 110) : Properities of mozzarella cheese analogue made from buffalo and cow caseins. J Fd Sci Technol 2002, 39(6), 629-34.

The suitablity of type and form of casein to be used as a protein source in the manufacture of Mozzarella cheese analogue (MCA) was studied. The analogues made using dry and wet (pressed) casein were alike in majority of the aspects of their composition, texture profile, organoleptic and baking qualities including pizza-related characteristics. However, the one made from wet casein showed better fat incorporation and had significantly lower ash and calcium but significantly higher adhesiveness than dry casein analgue. The shredability of dry casein analogue was superior. Dry casein analogue was preferred overwet casein analogue since the latter had greenish tinge, was gluey and melted unevenly on pizza. The cow casein analogue had significantly hgiher moisture-in-fat-free substances, texture profile analysis cohesiveness and adhesiveness, body-texture and total score as well assuperior rating for appearance on pizza, but had signifcantly lower melt time and stringiness than those of buffalocasein analogue. Casein obtained from either cow or buffalo milk can be used for preparation of MCA. However, buffalo casein analogue has advantages of stringiness and free from glueyness when used on pizza.

6 tables,23 ref

019765   Ignacimuthu (NO, Entomology Research Institute, Loyola College, Chennai - 600 034) : Sustainable insect pest management. J scient ind Res 2003, 62(8), 846-9.

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019764   Hundiwale D G;Kapadi U R;Desai M C;Patil A G; Bidkar S H (Polymer Chemistry Dep, School of Chemical Sciences, North Maharashtra University, P O Box 80, Jalgaon - 425 001) : Composite of SBR - a comparative study using inert fillers. J scient ind Res 2003, 62(8), 796-801.

Elastomer-filler interaction is studied by incorporating calcium carbonate, barium sulphate, and flyash as inert fillers in styrene butadine rubber (SBR). The study is undertaken to evaluate flyash as potential filler as it is abundantly generated as a waste product in thermal power stations. Mechanical properties, like tensile strength, modulus at various elongations, elongation at break and hardness are determined for all three fillers and compared with flyash filled system. It was found that amongst the three fillers, barium sulphate contributed the least towards reinforcement, while the reinforcement caused by flyash was almost equal to that caused by calcium carbonate. Thus, flyash can be thought as potential substitute to calcium carbonate, which is conventional filler.

12 illus, 18 ref

019763   Ekanem E O;Ubengama V S (Faculty of Agriculture, University of Uyo, P.M.B. 1017 Uyo, Nigeria) : Chemical composition, anti-nutritional factors and shelf-life of oyster mushroom (pleurotus ostreatus). J Fd Sci Technol 2002, 39(6), 635-8.

Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) was collected at the button (day-old) and ufll-grown (mature) stages from dead mango tree stumps in a tropical garden. Both the samples were evaluated for proximate composition. Phyto-chemical (toxic) substance were determined in the raw and boiled (full-grown)samples. Changes in sensory quality and weight losses in samples tored as such or packed in polythylene bags at room temperature or in the evaporator coolant structure, (a locally developed Nigerial cool storage device)were evaluated over 6 days.Results indicated that P. streatus contains significantly hgiher (P<60>0.05) levels of crude protein and nitrogen-free extract at the full-grown stage than at the button stage. Levels fo Mg and Cu were also higher (P<62>0.05) in the mature stage. Levels of toxic substances in the raw mushroom ranged from 1.16 mg/100g (hydrocyanic acid0 to 42.24 mg/100g (phytic acid). Boiling significantly reduced (P<60>0.05) toxic levels. Mode and duration of storage had significant effects (P<60>0.05) sensory quality, shelf -life and weight loss. Packaging and cool storage brought about marked reduction in losses of sensory quality and weight.

4 tables, 28 ref

019762   Ebison O A;Francis M S (NO, Renewable Energy Centre, Mithradham, Aluva, Kerala) : Studies on solar drying of two liquid biowastes. J scient ind Res 2003, 62(8), 790-5.

Solar drying is usually done for solid materials, like spices, fruits, fish and meat. But deviating from the usual practice, solar drying of liquid materials was attempted. Liquid wastes like starch water and mature coconut water were subjected to solar drying. Apart from bringing it to a dried form, more importance was given to bring a reuse from these dried materials. This option of reuse could minimize pollution and bring about effective waste management. Energy content of the dried materials was also calculated. But the recovery obtained after drying was in small quantity and drying needed a large sufrace area. Dried mature coconut water was as an additive in culture media for orchid seed germination studies in Spathoglottis plicata. It was found that incorporating the mature coconut water concentrate in the culture medium could enhance the seed germination percentage.

5 illus, 1 table, 10 ref

019761   Dutta S K;Lele A B (Metallurgical Engineering Dep, Faculty of Technology and Engineering, M.S. University of Baroda, Kalabhavan, Vadodara - 390 001) : Thermodynamic aspects of AOD process for stainless steel making. Trans Indian Inst Metals 2003, 56(1), 19-21.

Stainless steelmaking process, used presently, comprise of two stages. Melt down of the charge material is carried out in an electric arc furnace, and refining is done using a mixture of oxygen and inert gas to reduce CO partial pressure in AOD converter. The salient features of AOD process are high productivity, operational simplicity and metallurgical versatility. Discusses the thermodynamic aspects of the decarburization and chromium recovery in AOD process.

3 illus, 6 ref

019760   Deepak S;Venkatram T (Chemical Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai - 600 036) : Precise methods of computations in the design of cooler condensers for mixtures of vapour with non-condensable gas. Indian chem Engr 2003, 45(2), 127-9.

The design of single vapour - single non-condensable gas condensers is executed by the Colburn-Hougen (CH) procedure. It has been found that the procedure gives correct design values within 10% of that found in practice. However, the procedure is cumbersome mainly because the condensate temperature for each rational heat exchanger must be computed by balancing the LHS and RHS of the heat load equation (HE) by trial and error. Kern's method of solving the CH procedure for steam - CO₂ systems are computerized. The exchanger used by Kern is taken as the basis; also the inlet moles of vapour and n.c. gas, the system pressure, the coolant temperatures at inlet and outlet are taken as common for the fifteen industrially important single vapour - single n.c. gas systems considered for application of the computer program developed. The exchanges are divided into a number of temperature sections 2.78K (5 deg. F). For each point along the condenser, the condensate temperature is computed by the false position method. In the false position method, the curve between two points [X₀, f(X₀)] and [X₁, f(X₁)] (where f (X₀)] and f(X₁) are of opposite signs) is replaced by a chord joining the points and taking the point of intersection of the chord with x-axis as an approximation to the root.

2 tables, 7 ref

019759   Datta S (Central Glass and Ceramic Res Instt, , Kolkata-700 032) : Studies on broad spectrum corrosion resistant oxide coatings. Bull Mater Sci 2001, 24(6), 569-77.

The corrosion resistant oxide coatings, developed and applied by the conventional vitreous enamelling techniques, showed superior resistance to a range of mineral acids at various strengths and temperatures, alkaline solutions, boiling water and chrome plating solutions. These coatings possess considerable abrasion and impact resistance as well as high thermal shock resistance. The properties of the coating system have been studied in detail and found to be strongly dependent on composition and processing parameters. These coatings have been characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis and SEM studies. Some of the coating materials have been found to be biocompatile.

7 illus, 5 tables, 15 ref

019758   Choudhuri G;Sinha A K;Kain V;Gurumurthy K R; Shah B K (Atomic Fuel Div, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai - 400 085) : Low temperature sensitization of austenitic stainless steel. Trans Indian Inst Metals 2003, 56(1), 79-84.

Sensitization occurring below the normal sensitization temperature range is termed as Low Temperature Sensitization (LTS). Carbide nuclei that have formed during fabrication or heat treatment may not respond to sensitization testing immediately but after sufficient growth during low temperature extended service period may induce sensitization. Presence of carbide nuclei is also not essential for LTS to occur and it has been established that prior cold work can also induce LTS susceptibility. Long term service at low temperature can be simulated by short term high temperature exposure using activation energy for the rate controlling step. Austenitic stainless steel (304LN) has been selected as structural material for core components of Advanced Heavy Water Reactor (AHWR). The design life of AHWR is 100 years at the reactor service temperature of <126> 573 K. Discusses the experimental results carried out for LTS susceptibility for AHWR structural materials, namely 304L and 304 LN.

5 illus, 2 tables, 5 ref

019757   Chavan D V;Dhadke P M (NO, Institute of Chemical Technology, University of Mumbai, Mumbai - 400 019) : Extraction and separation of Platinum (IV), and Palladium (II) with Cyanex 923 in chloride media - a possible recovery from spent autocatalysts. J scient ind Res 2003, 62(8), 834-7.

Extraction and separation of Pt(IV) and Pd(II) was carried out with Cyanex 923 in chloride media. Pt (IV) was quantitatively extracted from 3.0-8.0 M HCl in the presence of 0.01 M SnCl₂ while Pd (II) from 4.0-5.0 M HCl with 5 x 10^-3 M Cyanex 923 in toluene. Pt (IV) was then quantitatively stripped from the organic phase with 5.0 M HNO₃ while Pd (II) was quantitatively stripped with 1:1 HCl + HClO₄ in single step and also with 7.0 M HClO₄ in two steps. Pt (IV) was also extracted without using SnCl₂ as a labilising agent with 0.1 M Cyanex 923 in toluene at 2.0-3.0 M HCl. Separation of Pt (IV) and Pd (II) was observed in various ratios. The methods developed were applied to the recovery of these metal ions from a synthetic solution of similar in comparison to that of leaching of spent autocatalysts in 6.0 M HCl.

2 illus, 2 tables, 14 ref