002059   Iskender N Y;Gulec C A;Yucei M;Sinek K;Yayli N (Chemistry Dep, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Karadeniz Technical Univ, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey, Email: yayli@ktu.edu.tr) : Analysis of the essential oil from the flower of Polygonum bistorta L. subsp. Carneum (Koch). Asian J Chem 2011, 23(5), 1940-2.

Composition of the volatile oil obtained from the flower of Polygonum bistorta L. subsp. carneum (Koch) Coode and Cull grown in Turkey was analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. Total 44 compounds were identified in the essential oil of the flower from P. bistorta subsp. carneum. Hydrocarbons were shown to be the main group of constituents (54.5%). The major components of the oils of P. bistorta subsp. carneum were tricosane (21.3%), hexacosane (14.0%), hexadecanoic acid (13.2%), heneicosane (7.7%) and lavandulol (6.1%). Terpenoids were the minor constituents (14.0%, 14 compounds out of 44 components) in the oil of the P. bistorta subsp. carneum.

2 tables, 23 ref

002058   Hubert P;Tomi F;Casanova J;Bighelli A (NO, Corse-CNRS Univ, UMR 6134 SPE, Equipe Chimie at Biomasse, Route des Sanguinaires, 20000 Ajaccio, France, Email: ange.bighelli@univ-corse.fr) : Direct identification of two major components of an essential oil using "extraction NMR". Analyt chem Lett 2011, 1(1), 115-22.

Identification of individual components of essential oils by comparative techniques (GC-MS and/or ¹³C NMR) can be carried out exclusively for compounds whose spectroscopic data are compiled in computerized libraries. Otherwise, the compound should be isolated and submitted to a full set of spectroscopic analyses. In this paper we report on the direct identification of the two major components of Chamaemelum fuscatum (Brot.) Vasconcellos essential oil using "Extraction NMR". Indeed, 2-methylallyl isobutyrate and (E)-2-methyl-2-butenyl methacrylate have been identified, without previous isolation, by combination of the data from one and two-dimensional NMR spectra of the essential oil.

4 illus, 1 table, 19 ref

002057   Hu H M;Deng C H;Yang M D;Sun M;Zhang K H;Xuan H (Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Building Materials, Anhui Architecture Univ, Hefei, P.R. China, Email: hmhu@ustc.edu) : Complexing agent controlled synthesis of CuInS₂ microcrystals with hierarchical architectures. Asian J Chem 2011, 23(5), 2269-72.

Three different kinds of hierarchical three-dimensional (3D) copper indium sulfide (CuInS₂) microstructures (nanosheet-based microflowers, nanoplatelet-based solid microspheres and nanoflake-based porous microspheres) were synthesized by a facile ethanol solvothermal treatment from CuCl₂.2H₂O, sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC-Na), InCl₃.4H₂O and NH₂CSNH₂, where DDTC-Na acted as a complexing agent and structure-directing agent. The crystal structure, composition and morphology of the as-prepared products are characterized by X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, field-emission scanning electron microscopy. The morphology of CuInS₂ microcrystals were greatly affected by the concentration of DDTC-Na. When the concentration of DDTC-Na was increased from 0.0125, throgh 0.025-0.05 mol L^-1, the morphology of CuInS₂ could be changed from microflowers, through solid microspheres to porous microspheres. Based on the investigation on the influence of DDTC-Na, the possible mechanism for the formation of CuInS₂ microstructures is simply discussed.

4 illus, 16 ref

002056   Hu G;Liu J;Li Z (School of Materials Science & Chemical Engineering, Anhui Architecture Univ, Hefei-230 022, Anhui Province, P.R. China, Email: liujin@aiai.edu.cn) : Synthesis and application of water-borne linear polyester-ether-urethane. Asian J Chem 2011, 23(5), 2273-5.

Water-borne linear polyester-ether-urethane with alternating polyester and polyether as soft segment was synthesized by pre-polymerization and blocking reaction. The chemical structure of polyester-ether-urethane was characterized by FTIR and was proved no chemical crosslinking by dissolution experiments of N,N-dimethylformamide. The water dispersion and solubilization were analyzed by solid content, emulsion stability, surface tension and viscosity of hybrid latex. The results showed that the emulsion of polyester-etherurethane with methyl diphenylene diisocyanate as hard block was the most stable and its maximum solid content was 6.5%, the surface tension of water was reduced obviously by the polyester-ether-urethane emulsion, when the mass per cent of the polyester-ether-urethane, emulsion and the emulsion of polyester-urethane admixture was 8%, polyether-urethane and polyester-urethane mass ratio of 1:1.

1 illus, 4 tables, 10 ref

002055   Homchoudhury M;Chakraborty R;Sarkar S; Raychaudhuri U (Food Technology and Biochemical Engineering Dep, Jadavpur Univ, Kolkata-700 032, Email: mhc_123@rediffmail.com) : Characterization of extrudate prepared from Rice (Oryza sativa L) and Chapra (Fenneropenaeus indicus) by twin screw extrusion. Fish Technol 2012, 49(1), 50-3.

Rice (Oryza sativa L) and Chapra (Fenneropenaeus indicus) mixture was extruded using a co-rotating fully intermeshing twin-screw extruder. The extrudates were analyzed for protein solubility, Water Absorption Index (WAI), Water Solubility Index (WSI) and fragmentation during twin-screw extrusion. Protein solubility significantly decreased with increase in process temperature. Phosphate buffer with added urea was found to extract more protein than plain buffer solution. SDS polyacryla-mide gel electrophoresis indicated no fragmentation in protein part. Response surface methodology was used to determine the effect of barrel temperature (120-165°C) and feed moisture content (10-20%) on the WAI and WSI of the extrudate. WAI decreased with increase in temperature from 120-135°C and increased with further increase in temperature from 135-165°C. Similarly, decrease in WSI values with increase in temperature and moisture was observed.

3 illus, 2 tables, 14 ref

002054   Dileep A O;Sudhakara N S;Basavakumar K V (NO, College of Fisheries, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Scienc, Mangalore-575 002, Email: sharathbasu@yahoo.co.in) : Storage studies of retortable pouch processed squid (Loligo duvaucelli) rings in curry medium. Fish Technol 2012, 49(1), 54-8.

This study is focused on the use of flexible retortable pouch as an alternative to rigid cans for packing small sized squids (Loligo duvaucelli). Curry was used as the packing medium arid thermal process requirement of squid rings was evaluated by conducting heat penetration studies. The chemical composition of squid indicated that the protein content averaged to around 16%, The filled pouches were heat processed in an overpressure retort at a temperature of 115.6°C. The retorting time was 69 min to obtain F_O value of 7.45 min. The rate of heat penetration showed that the f_h value for the product was 19 min. The total volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN) and trimethyl amine nitrogen (TMA) showed a marginal increase in the product during the 90 days of storage. The product was found acceptable after the storage period of 90 days with respect to sensory analysis.

2 illus, 3 tables, 26 ref

002053   Dhakite P A;Gogte B B;Phate B W (Applied Chemistry Dep, Shri Shankarprasad Agnihotri College of Engineering, Ramnagar, Wardha, Maharashtra) : Ecofriendly liquid detergents based on Malenised vegetable oils. Asian J expl Chem 2011, 6(1), 35-7.

Malenized linseed oil suitable for use in liquid detergent has been synthesized. The reaction conditions such as mole ratio, temperature, time of reaction and use of catalyst have been standardized to get a product with desired HLB ratio, viscosity and solubility. A standard liquid detergent mainly based on sodium laurel sulphate, sodium laurels ether sulphate, Acid slurry and Alpha olefin sulphonate has been prepared, in successive compositions acid slurry and alpha olefin sulphonate has been replaced by neutralized malenized linseed oil by 50 to 100 per cent. A comparison of our maleic based detergents with commercial samples shows that maleic treated oils give excellent foaming, surface tension reduction and detergency properties. The raw material cost of our novel liquid detergents in reasonable and they can be tried on pilot scale and commercial scale production. The special feature of these liquid detergents is freedom from conventional linear alkyl benzene sulphonate and sodium tripoly phosphate so they can be labelled as ecofriendly products for green environment.

1 illus, 3 tables, 11 ref

002052   Dhakite P A;Gogte B B;Phate B W (Applied Chemistry Dep, Shri Shankarprasad Agnihotri College of Engineering, Ramnagar, Wardha, Maharashtra) : Novel short oil alkyd resin based on coconut oil and rosin for detergent compositions. Asian J expl Chem 2011, 6(1), 17-21.

Alkyd resin is normal raw material for paints, printing inks, and water thinable coatings. In the present work, we have successfully prepared a veiy short oil alkyd using high proportion of rosin, the other ingredient are coconut oil, maleic anhydride and glycerol. Various parameters like temp., time of heating and mole ratio have been studied. All the sample have been analyzed for physiochemical characteristics like acid value saponification Value, HLB ratio, viscosity, and cleaning performance on soil cloth. Two samples AR-1, AR-2, have given good result so these samples have been used after neutralization with KOH in powder detergent and liquid detergent compositions. These polymer are based on vegetable origin like coconut oil, glycerol and rosin. The above result indicates that novel short oil alkyd can be used as replacement of crude petroleum based acid slurry and Alpha Olefin Sulphonate. The use of coconut oil and rosin gives good foaming and cleaning properties. The price of this material is slightly lower than conventional petroleum based actives. This product will also support green chemistry as the raw materials are of vegetable origin.

7 tables, 13 ref

002051   Deng D;Liu J;Li Z;Wang Q (School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Anhi Architecture Univ, Hefei-230 022, P.R. China, Email: liujin@aiai.edu.cn) : Preparation of Ag-doped composite carbon molecular sieves. Asian J Chem 2011, 23(5), 2323-6.

Copolymer of acrylonitrile and g-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (KH-570) was synthesized with Ag⁺ by inverse suspension copolymerization as carbon precursor, through carbonization and co-reduction, to obtained Ag-doped composite carbon molecular sieves. The thermal stability and microstructure of samples were studied by TGA, FTIR, XRD and nitrogen adsorption at 77 K, respectively. Result showed that during the high-heat treatment, precursor displayed similar pyrolysis behaviour, carbon residue increasing from 12 to 31% with KH-570 content decreased; after carbonization, the inorganic phase (Si) was incorporated into carbon molecular sieves successfully and Ag⁺ was reduced to silver form. With the KH-570 content increasing, carbonization products possess a higher specific surface area (reached 1056 m²/g) and larger micropore volume (reached 0.45 cm³/g, account for ca. 70%).

6 illus, 1 table, 16 ref

002050   Deng C H;Hu H M;Han C L;Yang B H;Shao G Q (Chemical and Materials Engineering Dep, Hefei Univ, Hefei, P.R. China, Email: chdeng@hfuu.edu.cn) : Shape-controlled synthesis of zinc oxide spherical structures by microwave-assisted chemical aqueous refluxing process. Asian J Chem 2011, 23(5), 2309-13.

Large-scale and monodispersed zinc oxide spherical structures with different morphologies have been synthesized by a facile microwaveassisted chemical aqueous approach at reflux, using zinc acetate dihydrate, triethanolamine and deionized water as starting materials in the absence of the surfactants and organic solvent. By controlling the concentration of triethanolamine, the microwave irradiation time and the temperature of refluxing reaction, shape transformation of ZnO spherical structures could be achieved. The crystal structure and morphology of products were characterized by XRD, FT-IR, FESEM, EDS and TEM. The possible formation mechanisms for the shape transformation of ZnO crystals were proposed, as were considered to be three steps including triethanolamine-dominated hydrolysis process, Ostward ripening process and corrosion dissolution process. The present synthetic route is facile and controllable and gives a large-scale yield, indicating the products may be useful materials for optoelectronic nanodevices.

4 illus, 20 ref

002049   Chowdary K P R;Radha G V (NO, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Univ, Andhra Univ, Visakhapatnam-530 003, Email: prof.kprchowdary@rediffmail.com) : Synthesis, characterization and eveluation of starch acetate as microencapsulating agent for controlled release of glipizide. Asian J Chem 2011, 23(5), 1914-6.

Starch acetate with a degree of substitution about 1.5 could be synthesized by acetylation of potato starch with acetic anhydride. Starch acetate microcapsules of glipizide were prepared by an industrially feasible emulsification-solvent evaporation method and the microcapsules were studied with a view to evaluate starch acetate as microencapsulating agent. The starch acetate microcapsules prepared are spherical, discrete, free flowing and multinucleate, monolithic type. Microencapsulation efficiency was in the range 94-98%. Glipizide release from the microcapsules was slow over 24 h and depended on core: coat ratio, wall thickness and size of the microcapsules. Drug release was by Fickian diffusion mechanism. Good linear relationships were observed between wall thickness of the microcapsules and release rate. Starch acetate was found suitable as microencapsulating agent and the starch acetate microcapsules exhibited good controlled release characteristics.

2 illus, 1 table, 10 ref

002048   Chowdary K P R;Namrata N (College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Univ, Andhra Univ, Visakapatnam-530 003, Email: prof.kprchowdary@rediffmail.com) : Factorial study to evaluate the individual and combined effects of β-cyclodextrin and sodium lauryl sulfate on the solubility and dissolution rate of etoricoxib. Asian J Chem 2011, 23(5), 1911-3.

Objective of the study is to evaluate the individual main effects and combined (or interaction) effects of β-cyclodextrin and sodium lauryl sulfate, a surfactant on the solubility and dissolution rate of etoricoxib in a series of 2² factorial experiments. The solubility of etoricoxib in purified water (1), water containing 5 mM of β-cyclodextrin (a), water containing 2% sodium lauryl sulfate (b) and water containing 5 mM of β-cyclodextrin and 2% sodium lauryl sulfate (ab) were determined as per 2² factorial design. The individual and combined effects of β-cyclodextrin and sodium lauryl sulfate in enhancing the solubility of etoricoxib were highly significant (p <60> 0.01). The solubility of etoricoxib was markedly enhanced by β-cyclodextrin (2.25 fold), sodium lauryl sulfate (32.16 fold) individually as well as combinedly by β-cyclodextrin and sodium lauryl sulfate (38.82 fold). Solid inclusion complexes of etoricoxib-β-cyclodextrin were prepared with and without sodium lauryl sulfate as per 2² factorial design by kneading method. The dissolution rate of etoricoxib from the β-cyclodextrin complexes prepared was studied in phosphate buffer of pH 7.4 (n = 4). The individual main effects of β-cyclodextrin and sodium lauryl sulfate in enhancing the dissolution rate (K₁) and dissolution efficiency (DE₃₀) were highly significant (p <60> 0.01). Whereas the combined effect of β-cyclodextrin and sodium lauryl sulfate in enhancing the K₁ and DE₃₀ was not significant (p <62> 0.05). A 2.90 and 3.15 fold increase in K₁ and 4.09 and 2.91 fold increase in DE₃₀ of etoricoxib was observed, respectively with β-cyclodextrin and sodium lauryl sulfate.

5 tables, 5 ref

002047   Choi H S (Food and Nutrition Dep, Kyungin Women's College, 101, Gyesangil, Kyeyanggu, Incheon-407 740, South Korea, Email: hschoi@kic.ac.kr) : Headspace analyses of Chrysanthemum indicum by solid-phase microextraction. Analyt chem Lett 2011, 1(1), 16-24.

Volatile flavor compositions of headspace from flowers and stems of Chrysanthemum indicum, which is a perennial aromatic and medicinal plant and belong to the family Compositae, were investigated through solid-phase microextraction method using polydimethylsiloxane-divinylbenzene fiber. The headspaces were directly transferred to a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Sixty-three volatile flavor constituents were detected in the headspace of C. indicum flowers, and camphor (28.8%) was the most abundant component. Forty volatile flavor constituents were detected in the headspace of C. indicum stems, and selinene (11.9%) was the most abundant component. Monoter-pene alcohols were predominant in the volatiles of C. indicum flowers (36.2%) while sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were abundant in the stems (24.5%).

1 illus, 2 tables, 20 ref

002046   Bolakatti G;Katagi M S;Mamledesai S N;Sujatha M L;Dabadi P;Miskin N (NO, Bapuji Pharmacy College, Davangere-577 004) : Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of 4-hydroxy-1-methyl/phenyl-3-(substituted anilinoacetyl) quinolin-2(1H)-one. RGUHS J pharm Sci 2012, 2(1), 60-6.

Series of new 2-quinolone derivatives were synthesized, purified and characterized on the basis of IR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR and Mass spectral studies. Same compounds were evaluated for antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus substilis, Escherichia coil, Pseudornonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and Asparagillus niger. Among eighteen synthesized novel compounds, in which five compounds (3a, 3b, 3d, 4a, 4c) shows promising antibacterial activity as compared to Ciprofloxacin (100μg/ml), however most of them (3a, 3b, 3d, 3e, 4a, 4b, 4d, 4e) showed potent antifungal activity as compared to Fluconazole (100μg/ml).

3 tables, 18 ref

002045   Bankar R (Chemistry Dep, Dayanand Girls P.G. College, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, Email: rashiphd@gmail.com) : Comparative studies of the major components present in the essential oil of Indian cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) from different origin. Asian J expl Chem 2011, 6(1), 32-4.

Hydro-distilled Cumin seed oil obtained from of local market of Kanpur and Delhi was analysed by GC and GC-MS, which led to the identification of 18 compounds representing 97.8 and 98.4% respectively of the total oil. γ-terpinene the main constituent was found in the range of 26.3% followed by β-pinene (13.1-12.9), p-cymene (21.8-17.9%), cuminaldehyde (25.1-18.0%) and 2-caren-10-al (7.2-16.3%). The oil yield was 3.9 and 3.7% (v/w).

1 table, 8 ref

002044   Balasubramaniam S;Jeeva J C;Ashaletha A (NO, Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, P.O. Matsyapuri, Cochin-682 029, Email: balako@rediffmail.com) : Adoption of quality management practices in seafood processing sector in Cochin region. Fish Technol 2012, 49(1), 80-6.

The study was conducted in 34 fish processing units in Ernakulam and Alleppey districts of Kerala. Data were collected on the general profile of the seafood processing units, availability of infrastructural facilities and managerial role performance of fish processors. The results revealed that 76.47% of the units were EU approved and 23.53% were Non-EU units. The average quantity handled per day was 11.12 t while the production capacity was 21.51 t day^-1. For the availability of infrastructural facilities in the processing units, the adequacy index was more than 90. The overall role performance index of the fish processors was found to be 74.46. The adoption of quality management practices was determined in terms of good hygienic practices (Mean: 99.51%), good manufacturing practices (Mean: 97.65%), standard sanitation operation procedures (Mean: 99.08%) and good laboratory practices (Mean: 96.33%). The significant 'F' value in the multiple regression analysis revealed the overall significance of influence of 14 independent variables when taken together in explaining the extent of adoption of good hygienic practices by the fish processing units. Of the fourteen variables, only type of approval and adequacy of infrastructural availability in the processing units positively contributed towards the extent of adoption of quality management practices. The R² value indicated that the 14 variables selected together explained 67.70% of variation in the adoption level. The major constraints expressed by the processors were also listed out.

8 tables, 8 ref

002043   Azar P A;Porgham-Daryasari A;Saber Tehrani M; Soleimani M (Chemistry Dep, Science and Research Branch Islamic Azad Univ, P.O. Box 14155/4933, Tehran, Iran, Email: pabroomand@yahoo.com ) : Microwave-assisted hydrodistillation of essential oil from Thymus vulgaris L.. Asian J Chem 2011, 23(5), 2162-4.

Microwave-assisted hydrodistillation was used to isolate an essential oil from the aerial parts of Thymus vulgaris L. and the results compared with those obtained by conventional hydrodistillation. The essential oils extracted by microwave-assisted hydrodistillation for 20 min were similar to those obtained by hydrodistillation for 3.5 h. The microwave-assisted hydrodistillation method yields an essential oil with higher amounts of more valuable oxygenated compounds and allows substantial savings of costs, in terms of time, energy and plant material.

1 table, 18 ref

002042   Ajai Kumar;Singh S P;Chhokar S S (Advanced Instrumentation Research Facility, Jawaharlal Nehru Univ, New Delhi-110 067, Email: ajkumar33@gmail.com) : Antimicrobial activity of the major isolates of mentha oil and derivatives of methanol. Analyt chem Lett 2011, 1(1), 70-85.

Essential oil of Mentha arvensis L. was fractionated to obtain L-menthol, dementholated oil, mentha monoterpenes, menthone, isomenthone and liquid menthol. Seventeen menthol derivatives were synthesized semi-synthetically from menthol by reacting it with different acid chlorides. Eleven of these derivatives are new. Antimicrobial activity of mentha oil isolates, menthol and its derivatives were studied against twelve bacterial and nine fungal strains. Mentha oil isolates displayed significant inhibition of microbes.

1 illus, 4 tables, 16 ref

002041   Acevedo A M;Mendez L Y V;Stashenko E E; Kouznetsov V V (Qumica y Biologa Dep, Del Norte Univ, A.A. 1569, Barranquilla, Colombia, Email: elena@tucan.uis.edu.co) : Improved trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity assay for efficient and fast search of new antioxidant agents. Analyt chem Lett 2011, 1(1), 86-102.

Improvement of the the Trolox⊗ equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay, using the ABTS⁺ radical-cation discoloration method, produced a highly efficient method for the exploration of the natural and/or synthetic product antioxidant capacity (AOC). The improved method was developed in a Versamax 96-well microplate reader with data acquisition software, SoftMax⊗ Pro-software. The proposed method incorporated three modifications: a reaction-time increase to near completion; an assay miniaturization using 96-well multiplate reader, and TEAC value determination of the relationship between the 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC₅₀) of the tested substances and Trolox under equilibrium. The modifications led to a substantial decrease of: assay sample amounts (from 10-500 mg to 0.08-20 mg, range of reading), solvent volumes (from 1-3 mL to 200 μL, per sample in each reading); 3. reading error (blank for each used plate-column) (% RSD ≤ 5%); and, 4. TEAC value underestimation for the tested molecules (close-to-equilibrium conditions at 30 min). This methodology provides efficient and fast processing of a great number of samples (3 samples with 12 dilutions, by duplicate, with their blanks, in 30 min) as well as friendly data management.

4 illus, 3 tables, 50 ref

001030   Zend J P;Revanwar M;Nerlekar J (Family Resource Management Dep, College of Home Science, Marathwada Agricultural Univ, Parbhani, Maharashtra) : Evaluation of storage period and acceptability of dehydrated carrot in recipe form. Asian J Home Sci 2010, 5(1), 59-61.

Carrot is the best source of carotene, which is the precursor of vit-A. Dehydration is one of the methods used for processing and making different products and to extend shelf-life. Dehydration of carrots was carried out in three conditions i.e. open sun drying and drying in solar cooker in covered and uncovered condition. The highest dehydration temperature was attained when carrots were dried in uncovered condition in solar cooker. On an average, 50.25°C higher temperature was noted inside the solar cooker than that of atmospheric temperature. In respect to evaporation rate per unit area, solar cooker dehydration method was significantly efficient over the open sun drying. Organoleptic score for colour, aroma, taste and overall acceptability was significantly high till six months of storage period. It was reduced after 6 months onwards of storage period.

2 tables, 6 ref

001029   Xiao-Long L;Jian-Wen T;Ritenour M A;Jia-Zheng L;Shu-Ya S;Hui-Ling M (College of Life Science, Northwestern A & F Univ, Yangling-712 100, Shaanxi, China, Email: ma_huiling65@hotmail.com) : Quality and physiological responses of Fuji apple to modified atmosphere packaging during cold storage. J appl Hort 2010, 12(2), 135-9.

Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) with polyolefin bags made of modified polyvinyl chloride (mPVC), micro-perforated polyethylene (mpPE), modified polyethylene (mPE), plastic film mulch (control-1), and polyvinyl chloride with holes (control-2) were evaluated for their ability to preserve quality of Fuji apple during storage at 0 to 1°C. The results showed that atmosphere in mPVC bag was adjusted to 2.73%~2.38% CO₂ and 15.70%~18.13% O₂ while in mpPE, mPE and control-1 bag CO₂ levels were elevated and 0₂ level declined to 0.10-0.72%, 20.53-20.9%, respectively. In mPE bag, fruits recorded significantly less weight loss than other packagings throughout the storage, while fruit in mPVC, fresh weight loss was same as in control-1. The overall fruit quality of flesh firmness (FFF), soluble solid content (SSC) and ascorbic acid remained at almost the same level in each packaging during the first 40 days of storage, and changed thereafter. Control-1 resulted in significantly lower FFF than other packagings till day 220 and SSC showed the same trend as in control-2. Respiration rate of fruit in mPVC, control-1 and control-2 peaked on day 220 and those in mpPE and mPE peaked on day 240. Ethylene production of fruit in each packaging increased since day 40 and peaked on day 80 for mPE and control-1, day 100 for mpPE and control-2, on day 120 for mPVC. A second peak for mPE appeared on day 120. Each packaging resulted a dramatic increase and drop of SOD activity in fruit in the first 40 days. After about 220 days of storage, superficial scald and core browning occurred on fruit in mpPE, mPE, control-1, control-2 by 2.4-6.0% and 1.2-1.6%, 6.3-7.9% and 15.8-17.3%, 0-1.6% and 4.4-4.6%, 15.4-16.1% and 3.2-4.5%, respectively while no such incidence was observed in mPVC. Decay and disorder developed faster when storage duration increased.

2 illus, 5 tables, 13 ref

001028   Tiwari S;Patel S (Processing and Food Engineering Dep, Punjab Agricultural Univ, Ludhiana (P.B.)-141 004, Email: tiwaridadu@gmail.com) : Physico-chemical variation on Tikhur powder obtained from mother and finger rhizomes. J Pl Dev Sci 2013, 5(2), 139-41.

Tikhur is economically and medicinally important product of India as well as Chhattisgarh. The edible rhizome rich in powder content is processed to obtain Tikhur flour (powder). Powder recovery from mother and finger rhizomes 13.0% was obtained in traditional method of powder extraction. Mother rhizomes contain 3.0% more powder as compare to finger rhizomes. Physico-chemical variation on Tikhur powder obtained from mother and finger rhizomes slightly differ in protein and fat but no more significant variation find therefore use of both part as powder are more economical. Powder content is 3% more compare to the finger rhizomes. Tikhur production in Chhattisgarh is fairly high but this area of study is still untouched and not much information is available on the production, processing and value addition of this valuable crop. Therefore, it was attempted to study the processing of Tikhur.

2 illus, 1 table, 6 ref

001027   Singh R R;Reddy V K;Sofi F R;Nissar K K S; Mazumdar R K (Fish Processing Technology Dep, College of Fisheries, Mangalore Karnataka-575 002) : Application of extrusion technology for fish based extruded products. Envir Ecol 2012, 30(2), 313-17.

Utilization offish as nutritional food is gaining importance due to its high protein content and nutritional value With the growing demand for convenience foods, sales of ready to cook and ready to eat packaged foods are constantly on the rise. Extrusion technology plays a major role in producing a wide variety of such food products. The most widely used extruded products are made primarily wrth cereals or grains due to their good expansion characteristics; however, they tend to be low in protein and many other nutrients Hence, there is an increasing consumer demand for more nutritional foods. Due to its high nutritive value, fish meat can be incorporated along with cereals in preparing extruded products. As fish meat is a good source of nutrition with low price, there is a greater scope for fish based extruded products.

1 illus, 8 ref

001026   Sangwan A;Kawatra A;Sehgal S (Food and Nutrition Dep, I.C. College of Home Science, C.C.S. Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar, Haryana) : Chemical composition of garlic powder using different drying methods. Asian J Home Sci 2010, 5(1), 90-3.

Commonly used garlic (Allium sativum L.) was dried by shade, solar, oven and microwave drying methods. Sensory analysis indicated that all the dried garlic powders were in the category of 'liked moderately'. Proximate composition varied from 0.78% to 8.87% and mineral content ranged from 0.29 to 86.50 mg/100g. Polyphenol content was almost similar in all the dried garlic powders whereas β-carotene and ascorbic acid contents were maximum in shade dried garlic powders i.e. 0.69 and 5.39 mg/100 g, respectively.

4 tables, 18 ref

001025   Protain S;Mohammed M;Wilson L A (Food Production Dep, The West Indies Univ, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, St. Augustine, Trinidad, West Indies, Email: mohd2332@hotmail.com) : Fruit ripening of solo sunrise, tainung <35>2 and red lady papaya at two temperatures. J appl Hort 2010, 12(1), 54-8.

Process of ripening was evaluated in three papaya cultivars, Solo Sunrise (SS), Tainung <35>2 (T2) and Red Lady (RL) with different mean fruit weights of 387, 1364 and 2266 g and fruit cavity void volumes of 56, 334 and 502 mL and fruit weight/cavity void volume ratios of 6.9, 3.8 and 4.3 g rnL^-1, respectively. The evaluation was done by comparing physiological determinants of the ripening process; ethylene (C₂H₄)generation and respiratory CO₂ production, measured at two temperature ranges, 20-22°C and 28-30°C, by sampling cavity void volumes, with physico-chemical quality characteristics of ripening: skin colour, flesh firmness and pH. Fruit ripening of the three cultivars was delayed at the lower temperature range as measured both by physiological determinants including pre-and peak climacteric rates and physico-chemical quality characteristics. However, cv RL showed slower ripening than cvs SS and T2 at both temperature ranges, probably partly related to its low fruit weight/cavity void volume of 4.3 g mL^-1. Moreover, there were negative temporal displacements for skin degreening compared with those for flesh softening, respiration and ethylene generation in fruit of the three cultivars. Fruits of cvs SS and T2 were fully ripened in 8 days after harvest (DAH) and RL fruits in 10 DAH at the lower temperature range. Values for C₂H₄ generation and CO, production measured in the fruit cavity are judged to be sensitive indicators of the progress in the process of ripening.

2 illus, 5 tables, 18 ref

001024   Phadke G G;Pagarkar A U;Joshi V R (Fish Processing Technology and Microbiology Dep, College of Fisheries, Shirgaon, Ratnagiri-415 629, Email: pagarkarau@gmail.com) : Organoleptic and microbiological quality changes in frozen and stored protein dispersion coated seer fish (Scomberomorus guttatus) fillets. Geobios 2012, 39(2-3), 101-4.

Organoleptic and microbiological quality changes were observed in frozen and stored seer fish fillets coated with protein dispersions. These changes were compared to fillets without coating, with water glazing and coated with protein dispersions during storage period of six months. No significant difference was observed in organoleptic and microbiological quality of seer fillets coated with protein dispersion. Hence, both these coatings can be used as natural and eco-friendly protection for frozen stored seer fish fillets.

2 illus, 2 tables, 15 ref

001023   Otutu J O (Chemistry Dep, Faculty of Science, Delta State Univ, P.M.B 1, Abraka, Nigeria) : Extraction, and application of natural dyes from afara (Terminalia superba), albizzia (Albizzi juliblizzin) and ume (Aucoumea klainena). Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2012, 9(2), 671-5.

The extraction and application of natural dyes from Afara (Terminalia superba), Albizzia (Albizzi juliblizzin) and Ume (Aucoumea klainena) on cotton and acrylic fibres are described. The extraction was performed, using ethanol as solvent. The dye extracts were applied to textile fibres as direct dyes and also in the presence of mordants. The results of the wet-fastness properties indicates that the dye extracts have affinity for cotton and acrylic fibres with higher exhaustion on the later them on the former. The light-fastness of the dye extracts from Albizzia is, however, lower than that of Afara on cotton fabric. The dye extracts were characterized, using IR, UV-Visible, 'H NMR and "C NMRanalyses. The very hig¹HNMR and ¹³C NMR absorptions of the dye extracts from Afara and Albizzia suggests the possibility of their use for colouring petroleum products such as petrol.

4 tables, 18 ref

001022   Kakade A D;Pawar B R;Bankar S S (Agricultural Economics and Statistics Dep, College of Agriculture, Latur, Maharashtra) : Economics of grape wine production in Maharashtra. Agric Update 2011, 6(1), 1-4.

Maharashtra has 58 grape winery units and grape wine production is 2.11 crore litres per annum. About 32 winery units were selected for present study. The concept of variable cost and fixed cost was used for determining production cost in the firm. Data were pertained to the year 2009-10. The results revealed that investment was found to be Rs. 13005392.75 in fermentation tank, pneumatic press with volumetric pump and insulation tank with sliding were predominant items of investment. Total cost was Rs.19103501.72 in which share of variable cost was 68.81 per cent followed by that of fixed cost (30.19 per cent). Grape wine production was 191590.63 liters. Net profit was Rs. 9017996.20 per annum. Per liter cost of production of grape wine was found to be Rs.52.11.

2 tables, 11 ref

001021   Hezari M;Yazdanshenas M E (Textile Dep, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad Univ, Qaemshahr, Iran, Email: hezari.uni@gmail.com) : Properties and dye ability of PA6/PE composite. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2012, 9(2), 683-7.

Further development of polymer blend resulted in the preparation of a new type of polymer-polymer composite where the isotropic matrix is reinforced by fibrils. For this purpose polyamide 6 and polyethylene are melt blended in a twin screw extruder and thereafter spun on laboratory equipment for synthetic fiber at 240 °C. Then by metal-complex dye 1:2 under proper temperature, time conditions and different concentrations of dye have been operated. For determining the amount of color absorption from the polymer samples, the test has been done during dyeing from bath sewage. Also to determine the physical and thermal properties of composite, strength and DSC test have been done. The results show the improvement of physical and thermal properties.

3 illus, 3 tables, 20 ref

001020   Gotyal S H;Aski S G;Patil M B;Hanumanaikar R H (Agricultural Extension Education Dep, College of Agriculture, UAS (D), Bijapur, Karnataka) : Adoption of recommended lime cultivation practices by lime growers of Bijapur district. Agric Update 2011, 6(1), 122-4.

Study was conducted in Indi Taluk of Bijapur district as it ranks first in area and production in the state. From 160 respondents the data were collected by using prestructured interview schedule. The majority of the respondents belonged to medium category of adoption. The key practices contributing to yield and quality of fruits were fully adopted by majority of the respondents. The practices like mulching and green manuring were not adopted by majority of the farmers. The importance of these practices were not convinced by the lime growers. Chemical fertilizer application was partially adopted by majority of the growers. Among 13 independent variables selected for the study, 11 variables were found to be positive having significant relationship with the adoption of recommended lime cultivation practices by lime growers.

3 tables, 3 ref

001019   Barbir D;Dabic P;Krolo P (Inorganic Technology Dep, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, Split Univ, Teslina 10, 21000 Split, Croatia, Email: dbarbir@ktf-split.hr) : Stabilization of chromium salt in ordinary portland cement. Sadhana 2012, 37(6), 731-7.

Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) samples containing the chromium salt have been investigated using differential microcalorimetry, conductometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis. The effect of chromium on OPC hydration was evaluated by continuous observing of early hydration. The microcalori-metrical results show that with increasing the share of chromium salt, heat maximums assume lower values and the occurrence of the maximum registered in the earlier hydration times. Conductometrical measurements show that with increasing addition of chromium salt, curve did not show any specific shape, immediate drop in specific conductivity is noticed and the maximum is reached earlier. This coincides with microcalorimetrical results. It can be concluded that the addition of chromium does not affect the mechanism of the hydration process, but it does affect the kinetic parameters and dynamics of the cement hydration process. It was found that chromium salt addition to the cement-water system is acceptable up to 2 wt.%. According to standard EN 196-3 for OPC, the beginning of binding time should occur after 60 minutes. Increased amount of chromium over 2 wt.% significantly accelerate the beginning of binding time and for the system it is not acceptable.

4 illus, 3 tables, 14 ref

025147   Topare N S;Raut S J;Attar S J (Chemical Engineering Dep, Bharati Vidyapeeth Univ College of Engineering, Pune, Maharashtra, Email: nirajtopare06@gmail.com) : 3D model design and simulation of photocatalytic reactor for degradation of dyes using solidworks software. Int J chem Sci 2012, 10(2), 808-16.

Recent literature has demonstrated that on a laboratory scale photocatalysis technology to destroy organic pollutants completely present in water has got great potential. In this paper, a new reactor design simulation of reactor (considering thermal analysis) has been carried out using SolidWorks software. The SolidWorks CAD software is a mechanical design automation application that lets designers quickly sketch out ideas, experiment with features and dimensions, and produce models, simulation and detailed drawings. The operating condition of reactor i.e temperature (min. 25°C and max. 80°C) and 1 atm. pressure. As result shows that, the design of reactor is feasible. A reactor was designed and constructed based on the modelling results, and when experiments were conducted showed very promising results. The new reactor aims at developing a technical solution to the design of a commercial scale photocatalytic reactor.

6 illus, 2 tables, 3 ref

025146   Sharma P J;Sarma J (NO, College of Fisheries, Assam Agricultural Univ, Raha-782 103, Email: pranjyotisharma@yahoo.com) : Preparation of pickles from fresh water fish and their changes during storage. Envir Ecol 2012, 30(3), 478-80.

In the present study, pickles were prepared from two miscellaneous fresh water fish, Ainblypharyngodon mola and Puntius ticto and their microbiological and organoleptic quality assessed during six months of storage at ambient temperature. The bacteriological qualities of both the pickles were found to be good. Organoleptic evaluation indicated that pickles prepared from both the fish were well accepted. However, between the two samples, pickle prepared from A. mola was found to be slightly better.

2 tables, 9 ref

025145   Salunkhe B;Raut S J (Chemical Engineering Dep, Bharati Vidyapeeth Univ College of Engineering, Pune, Maharashtra, Email: bsalunkhe2012@gmail.com) : Removal of heavy metal Ni(II) and Cr (VI) from aqueous solution by scolecite natural zeolite. Int J chem Sci 2012, 10(2), 1133-48.

Batch removal of Ni (II) and Cr (VI) ion from aqueous model solution using scolecite natural zeolite (SNZ) has been investigated under different operational parameters like initial heavy metal ion concentration, adsorbent amount, effect of pH and reuse of adsorbent amount. Natural zeolite used is characterized by SEM with EDX analysis. The equilibrium adsorption capacity of SNZ adsorbent used for Ni (II) and Cr (VI) were measured and the experimental data was analyzed by using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models and the experimental data are found to fit with Freundlich isotherm. The adsorption selectivity of zeolite for chosen heavy metal is Cr <62> Ni.

10 illus, 2 tables, 31 ref

025144   Salman J M;Mahmoud W A;Abid F M;Muhammed A A (NO, Ministry of Industry & Minerals Quality Control Dep, Baghdad, Iraq, Email: jasim_63@yahoo.com) : Adsorption study of carbofuran onto mesoporous activated carbon prepared from palm oil fronds. Int J chem Sci 2012, 10(2), 768-76.

Adsorption of insecticide, carbofuran from aqueous solution onto activated carbon derived from palm oil fronds (PFAC) was investigated through batch study. The effects of both initial concentration and pH of the carbofuran over the range of 25 to 250 mg/L and 2 to 12, respectively on the adsorption of PFAC were studied in batch experiments. Equilibrium data were fitted to the Langmuir, the Freundlich and the Temkin isotherm models. The results obtained from application of these models show that the best fits were achieved with the Langmuir model and a maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of 164 mg/g was obtained at 30°C. The regeneration efficiency of spent activated carbon was studied and it was found to be 90.0-96.4%. The results indicated that PFAC has good capability as adsorbent for the removal of carbofuran from aqueous solutions.

2 illus, 1 table, 23 ref

025143   Salman J M;Al-Saad K (Chemistry and Eart Sciences Dep, Ministry of Industry and Minerals, Baghdad, Iraq Qatar Univ, Doha, Qatar, Email: jasim_63@yahoo.com) : Batch study for herbicide bentazon adsorption onto palm oil fronds activated carbon. Int J chem Sci 2012, 10(2), 731-40.

Adsorption of herbicide bentazon from aqueous solution onto activated carbon derived from palm oil fronds (PFAC) was investigated through batch study. The effects of both; initial concentration of the bentazon (ranging from 25 to 250 mg/L) and pH of solution (ranging from 2 to 12) on the adsorption of the prepared PFAC were studied in batch experiments. Equilibrium data were fitted to the Langmuir, the Freundlich and the Temkin isotherm models. The results obtained from application of these models show that the best fits were achieved with the Langmuir model and a maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of 104.2 mg/g was obtained at 30°C. The regeneration efficiency of spent activated carbon was studied and it was found to be 94.0-96.1%. The results indicated that PFAC has good capability as adsorbent for the removal of bentazon from aqueous solutions.

1 table, 3 illus, 17 ref

025142   Salman J M;Abid F M;Khaleel S I;Muhammed A A (NO, Ministry of Industry and Minerals, Baghdad, Iraq, Email: jasim63@yahoo.com) : Preparation of mesoporous activated carbon from willow legs: optimization study on removal of methylene blue using response surface methodology. Int J chem Sci 2012, 10(2), 901-13.

Mesoporous activated carbon was prepared from willow tree legs (WL) using physiochemical activation (potassium hydroxide treatment and carbon dioxide gasification). Based on the central composite design (CCD), two factor interaction (2 FI) and quadratic models were respectively employed to correlate the activated carbon preparation variables. The effects of the activation temperature, activation time and chemical impregnation ratios on the carbon yield, methylene blue (MB) removal were investigated. From the analysis of variance (ANOVA), the most influential factor on each experimental design response was identified. The optimum conditions for preparing activated carbon from willow legs were found to be activation temperature of 650.5°C, activation time of 1.5 h and chemical impregnation ratio of 1.65. The carbon yield was found to be 17% while the removal of methylene blue was found to be 91.46%.

3 illus, 3 tables, 21 ref

025141   Sachin Kumar;Khan C;Alam I (Post Harvest Process & Food Engineering Dep, College of Technology, G.B. Pant Agriculture & Technology Univ, Pantnagar-263 145, Email: kcphpfe@gmail.com ) : Minimize the cooking time of Horse gram. Envir Ecol 2012, 30(3), 486-90.

Horse gram (Macrotyloma uniglorum), popularly known as Kulthi, is an important legume crop of multiple uses which is generally grown in arid and semi-arid conditions. Productivity of this crop is low compared to other legume crops. The cooking quality of pulses depends upon several factors such as growing conditions, chemical composition, storage and handling cooking is known to improve the palat-ability and nutritional quality of food legumes. However, prolonged cooking results decrease in protein quality and loss of nutrients such as vitamins and minerals. Thus, nutritional quality of pulses is significantly influenced by the process of cooking. The moisture content of horse gram was found to be between 9.2 to 11.3%. Thousand kerne! weight and thousand kernel volumes ranged between 26.8 to 27.9 g and 21.22 and 21.3 1 ml. Hydration capacity for distilled water increased with time from 0.11 to 1.03 g/g kernel and hydration index ranged between 4.3 to 37.9 whereas for sodium bicarbonate solution hydration capacity varied between 0.07 and 1.2 g/g kernel and hydration index varied between 2.6 to 46.2. The best cooking time observed was 1 hour 30 minutes when 10 g of horse gram was soaked in distilled water for 12 hours. This cooking time kept on increasing with decreasing soaking time.

4 tables, 6 ref

025140   Renugadevi N;Krishnaveni J (Chemistry Dep, Avinashilingham Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for W, Coimbatore-641 043, Email: venijosh73@gmail.com) : Kinetic studies of acid voilet dye removal using blue green algae. J Ultra Chem 2012, 8(2), 139-42.

Present investigation deals with the utilisation of Blue Green Algae (BGA) as adsorbent for the removal of Acid Violet from aqueous solution. A series of experiments were conducted in a batch system to evaluate the effect of system variables. Adsorption kinetic data were tested using Intra-particle diffusion model and Elovich's equation. Studies revealed that the Intraparticle diffusion played an important role in the mechanism of dye adsorption.

2 illus, 1 table, 13 ref

025139   Ravichandran V;Eswaraiah C;Manisankar P (Industrial Chemistry Dep, Alagappa University, Tamil Nadu-630 003, Email: herambanravi@gmail.com) : Beneficiation of low grade graphite ore deposits of Tamil Nadu (India). J Ultra Chem 2012, 8(2), 159-68.

Low grade graphite ore containing 14-15 fixed carbon (F.C) from Tamilnadu Minerals Limited (TAMIN) have been investigated for beneficiation. It responds well to the flotation techniques. The existing graphite beneficiation plant has the capacity to process 200 tons of ore per day to yield graphite concentrate with fixed carbon content of 84 to 96% purity and recovery of 80 to 88%. The representative sample collected from the plant in 15 days duration is matching well with the feed quality to plant. The rod mill discharge sample proximate analysis of each size fraction was carried out on dry basis. Kinetic flotation study of Methyl Isobutyl Carbinol (MIBC) and ethyl alcohol 90:10 with kerosene 10:90 ratio reagent dosages gives better recovery and assay. Similarly the above reagent dosage gives rapid flotation rate. Beneficiation studies indicated that the percent recovery of final lock cycle test is 85% and fixed carbon content of flotation concentrate is 96.24% the +72 mesh size of float concentrate is 25.2% which is meeting as per the requirement. Bench-scale flotation test shows that it is possible to obtain a maximum grade of 97% F.C, with a recovery of 89%.

8 tables, 2 illus, 14 ref

025138   Raja T;Rao A L;Rao G S (NO, V. V. Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gudlavalleru-521 356, Email: dralrao@gmail.com ) : Development and validation of novel HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of gemifloxacin mesylate and ambroxol hydrochloride in combined tablet dosage form. Int J chem Sci 2012, 10(2), 702-12.

High performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of gemifloxacin mesylate (GEM) and ambroxol hydrochloride (AMB) in combined tablet dosage form by external standard method. The analysis was carried out using acetonitrile, methanol, 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in the ratio of 20 : 20 : 60% v/v (pH was adjusted to 3.5 with orthophosphoric acid) as a mobile phase on Zorbax SB C₃ (150 mm x 4.6 mm i.d., 5 μm particle size) pre-packed column, at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min with UV detection of 252 nm. Retention time was found to be 5.08 min and 3.84 min for GEM and AMB respectively. The method was validated for linearity, accuracy, precision and specificity. The method showed good linearity in the range of 4-426 μg/mL and 1-100 μg/mL for GEM and AMB. The detection limit and quantification limits for GEM and AMB was 0.08 & 0.19 μg/mL and 0.19 & 0.60 μg/mL respectively. The % recovery was within the range between 98.75% and 101.16% for GEM and % recovery was within the range between 99.09% and 101.23% for AMB. The % RSD for precision and accuracy of the method was found to be less than 2. The method was validated as per the ICH guidelines. The method was successfully applied for routine analysis of GEM and AMB in combined dosage form.

6 illus, 5 tables, 14 ref

025137   Raghubabu K;Shanti Swarup L;Kalyana Ramu B; Rao M N;Ramdas C (Engineering Chemistry Dep, AU College of Engineering (A), Andhra Univ, Visakhapatnam-530 003, Email: drraghualways@yahoo.co.in) : Simple and convenient visible spectrophotometric assay of atomoxetine hydrochloride in bulk drug and pharmaceutical preparations. Int J chem Sci 2012, 10(2), 643-54.

Two direct, simple and sensitive visible spectrophotometric methods (M₁ & M₂) are described for the assay of atomoxetine hydrochloride in pure and solid dosage forms. The method M₁ involves oxidative coupling of atomoxetine with brucine in presence of sodium meta periodate and purple red colored species is formed and exhibits absorption maxima at 520.5 nm. The method M₂ is based on the formation of yellowish brown colored species by the drug with Folin reagent and exhibits absorption maxima at 450.6 nm. Regression analysis of Beer-Lambert plots showed good correlation in the concentration ranges (4.0-20) μg/mL for method M₁, (16-48) μg/mL for method M₂ respectively. The proposed methods are applied to commercial available tablets and the results are statistically compared with those obtained by the UV reference method and validated by recovery studies. The results are found satisfactory and reproducible. These methods are applied successfully for the estimation of the atomoxetine hydrochloride in the presence of other ingredients that are usually present in dosage forms. These methods offer the advantages of rapidity, simplicity and sensitivity and normal cost and can be easily applied to resourcepoor settings without the need for expensive instrumentation and reagents.

6 illus, 2 tables, 22 ref

025136   Patil S;Raut S J (Chemical Engineering Dep, Bharati Vidyapeeth Univ College of Engineering, Pune, Maharashtra, Email: swatty82@yahoo.com) : Synthesis and characterization of ZnO nanoparticles and 50% ZnO-bentonite nanocomposite. Int J chem Sci 2012, 10(2), 1124-32.

ZnO nanoparticles and 50% ZnO-Bentonite nanocomposite have been prepared by a precipitation method using zinc nitrate, bentonite clay and NaOH as precursors. X-ray diffractometry (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) were used to characterize the structural and the chemical features of the nanoparticles. XRD pattern of prepared ZnO were compared with commercial ZnO.

7 illus, 15 ref

025135   Nage S;Kulkarni K;Kulkarni A D (College of Engineering, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed Univ, Pune-411 043, Email: padmarag_26@yahoo.co.in) : Comparative study of CO₂ adsorption using different types of fly ash. Int J chem Sci 2012, 10(2), 1001-8.

In present work, thermal power plant ash and sugar cane bagasse fly ash were used as an adsorbent for CO₂ adsorption on continuous basis. Maximum adsorption capacity of the thermal power plant ash and sugar cane bagasse fly ash were found to be 13.39 mmol/g, 33.48 mmol/g, respectively at flow rate of 75 mL/min. at atmospheric pressure and temperature.

7 illus, 1 table, 12 ref

025134   Nagajjanavar K;Thirupathi V;Balakrishnan M; Indu Rani C;Kasturi R K (Dairy Engineering Dep, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132 114, Email: kirannagajjanavar@gmail.com) : Effect of pre-treatments and packaging materials on ethylene evolution of jasmine (Jasminum sambac) flower under ambient and refrigerated storage condition. Envir Ecol 2012, 30(3A), 806-9.

The experiment was carried out to study the effect of pre-treatments and packaging materials on ethylene evolution of Jasmine (Jasminum sambac) flower under different storage conditions. Jasmine flower (Jasminum sambac) was selected, based on their growing export demand, Chemical treatments for flowers namely boric acid (2 and 4%), ascorbic acid (50 and 100 ppm), NAA (50 and 100 ppm) fixed after conducting preliminary trials. Flowers were packed after chemical treatments in LDPE packaging material of 38.1 (150 gauge), 50.8 (200 gauge) and 76.2 (300 gauge) micron thickness and stored at ambient (26- 27 C and 50-70% RH) and refrigerated conditions (7-8 C and 80-85% RH). Jasmine flowers stored in ambient condition, after two days of packing in 38.1, 50.8 micron packaging material resulted in minimum ethylene evolution of 27.80 and 28.9 ppm with the chemical treatments of 2 and 4% boric acid. Among all the treatments, ascorbic acid 50 ppm showed maximum ethylene evolution of 39.43 ppm with the 76.2 micron packaging material. In refrigerated storage condition, after eight days the minimum ethylene evolution of 22.21 and 26.43 ppm was recorded for flowers treated with 2 and 4 boric acid and packed in 38.1 micron, 50.8 micron LDPE material.

3 tables, 15 ref

025133   Gotyal S H;Aski S G;Patil M B;Hanumanaikar R H (Agricultural Extension Education Dep, College of Agriculture, UAS (D), Bijapur, (Karnataka)) : Adoption of recommended lime cultivation practices by lime growers of Bijapur district. Agric Update 2011, 6(1), 122-4.

Study was conducted in Indi Taluk of Bijapur district as it ranks first in area and production in the state. From 160 respondents the data were collected by using prestructured interview schedule. The majority of the respondents belonged to medium category of adoption. The key practices contributing to yield and quality of fruits were fully adopted by majority of the respondents. The practices like mulching and green manuring were not adopted by majority of the farmers. The importance of these practices were not convinced by the lime growers. Chemical fertilizer application was partially adopted by majority of the growers. Among 13 independent variables selected for the study, 11 variables were found to be positive having significant relationship with the adoption of recommended lime cultivation practices by lime growers.

3 tables, 3 ref

025132   Chowdary K P R;Madhavi B L R (College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Univ, Andhra Univ, Visakhapatnam-530 003, Email: profkprc@rediffmail.com) : Preparation and evaluation of mucoadhesive microcapsules employing olibanum resin for controlled release of diclofenac. Int J chem Sci 2012, 10(2), 783-92.

Objective of the study is to evaluate olibanum resin, a natural resin polymer as coat for mucoadhesive microcapsules and to design mucoadhesive microcapsules of diclofenac for controlled release. Olibanum resin coated microcapsules of diclofenac were prepared by an emulsification-solvent evaporation method employing different proportions of core and coat and the microcapsules were evaluated for size, drug content and microencapsulation efficiency, wall thickness, surface characters by SEM, drug release kinetics and mechanism and mucoadhesiveness. The olibanum resin coated microcapsules prepared were found to be discrete, spherical, free flowing and multinucleate monolithic type. Drug content was uniform (c.v.≤1.3 %) in each batch of microcapsules and the microencapsulation efficiency was in the range 99.3% - 102%. Diclofenac release from the olibanum resin coated microcapsules was slow and spread over a period of 24 h and depended on core: coat ratio, wall thickness and size of the microcapsules. Drug release from these microcapsules was majorly by non- Fickian diffusion in the case of larger microcapsules and by Fickian diffusion in the case of smaller microcapsules. Good linear relationships were observed between wall thickness of the microcapsules and release rate (K₀) and (K₁) values. In the [in vitro] wash-off test olibanum resin coated microcapsules exhibited good mucoadhesive property. Olibanum resin was found to be a new and an efficient microencapsulating agent for mucoadhesive microcapsules and the olibanum resin coated microcapsules were found suitable for oral controlled release of diclofenac over 24 h.

3 illus, 3 tables, 12 ref

025131   Bordoloi R;Muzaddadi A U;Majumdar R K;Phukan B;Baishya S (NO, College of Fisheries, Central Agricultural Univ, Lembucherra-799 210, Email: branjit86@gmail.com) : Biochemical qualities of iced rohu (Labeo rohita) brought from outside Tripura vs un-iced local rohu of Tripura. Envir Ecol 2012, 30(3), 581-5.

Biochemical quality of Labeo rohita brought from other states and sold in local market (ROS) was compared with that of L. rohita locally produced in Tripura (RTR) over 6-month period (September to March, 2010). Results of biochemical analysis showed that total moisture content was significantly higher in ROS than RTR. Total ash, protein and fat content was significantly higher in RTR than ROS. The pH. was significantly higher in ROS than RTR. TVBN concentration was significantly higher in ROS than RTR. However, it was within the acceptable limit in both the cases. Peroxide value (PV) was not significantly different in ROS and RTR. The free fatty acid (FFA) value was not significantly different in ROS and RTR.

8 illus, 1 table, 25 ref

025130   Bhaskar Raju G;Rao K H;Forsling W (NO, National Metallurgical Laboratory Madras Centre, CSIR Madras Complex, Chennai-600 113) : Role of dextrin in the selective flotation of fluorite. SGAT Bull 2012, 13(1), 37-46.

Dextrin and related polysaccharides are generally used as depressants/dispersants in various mineral processing operations. Interaction of dextrin on calcium minerals both in the presence and absence of oleate was studied in the present investigation. The mechanism of dextrin adsorption at mineral/water interface was investigated by adsorption, contact angle and zeta potential measurements. The role of dextrin in the separation of fluorite by flotation has been discussed.

6 illus, 3 tables, 17 ref

025129   Balaji V;Man Bihari;Surya Narayan;Prasad V M (Horiculture Dep, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture Technology & Sciences, Allahabad-211 001, Email: balaji.vikram55@gmail.com ) : Effect of dried powder of tulsi leaf, ginger and cardamom addition on aonla jam with granulated particles of cashew. Envir Ecol 2012, 30(3A), 635-40.

The experimental work was conducted during 2008-2009 to prepare and evaluate aonla herbal jam with granulated particles of cashew for TSS, ascorbic acid and overall acceptability. The studies on compositional changes in value-added aonla products such as aonla jam revealed that there was increase in the level of TSS and ascorbic acid during the storage period (eight months). The design was used CRD with ten treatment combations. The NA-7 cultivar was purposively selected for the study because it has higher recovery with ease in availability of commerce. Fully developed sound aonla fruits were selected. Small pieces of cashew at 100 gram were mix in aonla jam. Three levels each of tulsi, cardamom and ginger were used as herbal additives. All the herbal treatments were found to be better in respect of TSS and ascorbic acid content over control. Highest mean TSS (69.26% ) and ascorbic acid content (102.65%) were observed in T₉ (ginger powder a 150 gram). All the sensory parameters were based on the overall acceptability which was depended on color, texture, flavor and taste was recorded highest (8.33 score) in T₈ (ginger powder at 100 gram), Precisely, on the basis of results obtained it may be concluded that treatment T₈ (ginger powder at 100 gram) can be used in commercialization of aonla herbal jam with granulated particles of cashew preparation. This recipe may also be advocated for safe storage at ambient temperature upto 8 months.

3 illus, 3 tables, 24 ref