004085   Jiang M;He L;Liu J;Dong L;Hie H;Xiong C (School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China, Email: cxx@live.whut.edu.cn) : Inner voids of octavinyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane acting as cell embryos for polymer foaming. Asian J Chem 2012, 24(2), 509-14.

A new strategy was developed by using octavinyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane containing inner voids acting as cell embryos to enhance cell structure for polymer foaming through low-cost injection foaming process by using chemical foaming agent. The effect of octavinyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane on the cell structure was evaluated solely on the basis of cell nucleation. The pre-existing microvoids can lower the activation energy for cell nucleation or even act as cell embryos for polymer foaming. The favourable size and stiff structure of the inner voids are believed to play a crucial role, leading to markedly enhanced cell structure at exceedingly low level, despite the fact that it is not sufficient to obtain fine microcellular structure solely by nucleation effect because of the limited rheological properties.

5 illus, 2 ref

004084   Jia L;Wang H;Zhao H;Song X;Hu J;Shan G (NO, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, Donghua U, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China, Email: lixiajia868@126.com) : One-Pot synthesis of hydroxy substituted 1,4-naphthoquinone with 2-pyrones. Asian J Chem 2012, 24(2), 816-18.

In the presence of base-catalyzed, Diels-Alder reaction, involving one-pot decarboxylationoxidation reaction of 4-hydroxy-6-methyl-2-pyrone with 1,4-benzoquinone, gave 7-hydroxyl- 5-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone. In a similar way, 6-chloro-5-hydroxyl-1,4-naphthoquinone was also obtained with a reasonable yield by using environment-friendly catalyst and solvent.

2 illus, 3 tables, 11 ref

004083   Heo H J;Han D;Row K H (Chemical Engineering Dep, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, South Korea, Email: rowkho@inha.ac.kr) : Effect of ionic liquids additive on the Retention factor of different kinds of compounds. Asian J Chem 2012, 24(2), 601-6.

Ionic liquids can be used as mobile phase additives in reversed-phase liquid chromatography (HPLC) when mixed with other solvents such as methanol and acetonitrile. The addition of ionic liquids can alter analytes' retention factors decrease band tailing, reduce band broadening and improve resolution partly because of the competition between imidazolium cations and the analyte's polar groups for the silanol group on the alkyl silica surface along with the formation of weak bilayer electronic structures on the C₁₈ column. Five ionic liquids were used and their influences on the retention factors of different compounds were studied. Elution profiles were calculated by plate theory based on linear and quadratic equations of retention factor, ln k = ln kw + SC, ln k = L + MC + NC², where C is the concentration of ionic liquid. The results show that all the five ionic liquids greatly affected basic compounds.

2 illus, 5 tables, 19 ref

004082   Hamid M A;Shahba A;Mohsin K;Alanazi F (Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical Industries, Pharmaceutics Dep, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia, Email: mkazi@ksu.edu.sa) : Ultra performance liquid chromatography assay for cinnarizine in lipid-based formulations. Asian J Chem 2012, 24(2), 595-600.

The objective of present study is to evaluate UV-VIS spectrophotometry and ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) methods for quantification of cinnarizine in lipid-based formulations. The direct spectrophotometric method was carried out at 253 nm, which gave good linearity (R² = 0.999), but was unsuitable for cinnarizine quantification within lipid-based formulation due to significant matrix interference. While the ultra performance liquid chromatography reversed phase method was composed of isocratic mobile phase, 0.25 % trifluoroacetic acid in 50% acetonitrile with flow rate 0.5 mL/min, column BEH C₁₈ (2.1 x 50 mm, 1.7 μm) found to be rapid (1min run), selective with well resoluted cinnarizine peak from different lipid matrices and degradation product (resolution <62>2.0) and sensitive (LOD = 0.1ppm and LLOQ = 0.5ppm) at 251 nm. The accuracy and precision were within the standard FDA limits. The study suggests that the developed ultra performance liquid chromatography method can be used for the assessment of drug purity, stability, lipid-formulation release profile and dissolution rate without any interference of excipients and/or degradation products.

6 illus, 3 tables, 19 ref

004081   Guo F;Zhang Y (Key Laboratory of Coal Science and Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, P.R. China, Email: 352955655@qq.com) : Kinetic study of the CO₂ reforming of CH₄ to synthesis gas over carbonaceous catalyst. Asian J Chem 2012, 24(2), 787-91.

The CO₂ reforming of CH₄ over carbonaceous catalyst was performed in a plug flow reactor (PFR) at temperatures range from 1223-1323 K, the ratio of CH₄/CO₂ = 1 and residence time 3-30 s under normal pressure. The outlet gas was analyzed by gas chromatogram (GC-960TCD and GC-950TCD), the carbonaceous catalyst was analyzed with element analyzer and specific surface area analyzer. The experimental results show that the conversion of CH₄ and CO₂ increases with the increase of the reaction temperature and residence time, but the conversion of CO₂ was significantly higher than the conversion of CH₄ at the same reaction condition, which indicate that the gasification reaction of the carbonaceous catalyst and carbon dioxide was occurred during the reforming process. At 1323 K and residence time over 20 s, the conversion of CH₄ and CO₂ can be expected over 90 %. The carbonaceous catalyst is a highly promising catalyst for the CO₂ reforming of CH₄ to synthesis gas. The kinetics of the CO₂ reforming of CH₄ on carbonaceous catalyst was described in a rate law, which the experimental data was analyzed in non-linear regression. The apparent activation energy Ea and the pre-exponential factor A were solved. A comparison is made between calculation data and experimental data of the CH₄ conversion, which illustrates the rationality of the kinetic model.

6 illus, 1 table, 9 ref

004080   Fei L T;Chu W B;Bing W (Chongqing University of Bioengineering College of Biomedical Engineeri, , Chongqing 400044, P.R. China, Email: dengahphs@126.com) : Degradation of hyaluronic acid by multiple ultrasonic. Asian J Chem 2012, 24(2), 797-800.

Ultrasonic degradation of hyaluronic acid salt solutions was investigated by a ultrasonic instrument, which is designed to make use of multiple ultrasonic oscillator simultaneously. Single source, two sources and three sources were irradiated at high frequency (1.7 MHz) and low frequency (800 kHz). The degraded samples were analyzed by gel permeation chromatography for the time evolution of the molecular weight distributions and the contents of OH_* radicals were obtained as functions of sonication time. A continuous distribution kinetics model based on midpoint chain scission was developed and the limiting molecular weight and degradation rate were determined. The experimental data showed that more OH_* radicals were produced in the unit time when it was irradiated with two or three sources compared with the single source, which means the degradation rate of the hyaluronic acid increased. The limiting molecular weight was decreased by multiple ultrasonic treatment. This implies that the ultrasonic degradation of hyaluronic acid is faster and more effective.

3 illus, 1 table, 11 ref

004079   Erol A S;Ozcan M M;Er F (NO, Selcuk Universiy, Cumra High Educational College, 42500 Cumra-Konya, Turkey, Email: mozcan@selcuk.edu.tr) : Composition and characteristics of some seed oils. Asian J Chem 2011, 23(4), 1851-3.

Physico-chemical characteristics and fatty acid composition of some seed oils (corn, cotton, olive, poppy, pumpkin, rape, safflower, sunflower, tea seed, walnut and wheatgerm) were determined. The oil content of samples ranged from 10.73 % (wheatgerm) to 61.3 % (walnut). Refractive index, relative density, saponification and iodine values were determined in the seed oils. The main fatty acids identified by gas chromatography were palmitic acid, oleic acid and linoleic acid. The linoleic acid content of oils were found high compared with other acids.

2 tables, 28 ref

004078   Devi A S;Latif P A;Tham Y J;Taufiq-Yap Y H (Environmental Science Dep, Faculty of Environmental Studies, University Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia, Email: puziah@env.upm.edu.my) : Physical characterization of activated carbon derived from mangosteen peel. Asian J Chem 2012, 24(2), 579-83.

Mangosteen fruits have gained some great attention in fruit juice industry and the solid generated could be use as potential source for activated carbon production. In order to determine the potential of using mangosteen husk, the raw mangosteen peel was subjected to ultimate, proximate, biopolymer and thermogravimetric analysis. Furthermore, activated carbon derived from mangosteen peel was prepared by impregnating the sample with different phosphoric acid concentration (10, 20, 30 and 50 %) for 24 h with heating rate of 5 min together with activation duration for 20 min until the desired temperature 850 °C with presence of flushing of nitrogen gas. The sample was characterized by using micrometric ASAP 2010. The results revealed that acid concentration affect the surface area, yield of activated carbon and pore structures. The highest surface area with high micropore volume was obtained at 30 % acid concentration with 731 m²g^-1 and 0.33 cm³g^-1 respectively

6 illus, 3 tables, 24 ref

004077   Desai B K;Dalal M M (Reliance Industries Ltd., , Hazira, Surat-394 510, Email: mayankmdalal@yahoo.co.in) : Hetero aryl azo disperse dyes and their application on polyester fabric. Asian J Chem 2011, 23(4), 1625-7.

[2-Imine-(1'-hydroxy)-phenyl]benzothiazole (III) was prepared and coupled with different diazotized substituted aniline derivatives (Va-l) and their dyeing performance on polyester fabric was assessed. All the compounds (VIa-l) shows good substantivity for polyester fabric and gave bright yellow to brown shades with good to excellent light, wash, rubbing and sublimation fastness.

4 tables, 12 ref

004076   Dai G I;Wang C F (School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Linhai 317000, P.R. China, Email: daigl@tzc.edu.cn) : Reaction of Acetaldehyde with Palladium: A Density Functional Theoretical Study. Asian J Chem 2012, 24(2), 492-8.

The reaction mechanism of the palladium atom with acetaldehyde has been investigated with a DFT approach. All the stationary points are determined at the UB3LYP/ECP/6-311++G** level of the theory. Both ground and excited state potential energy surfaces are investigated in detail. The present results show that the reaction of acetaldehyde with palladium start with the formation of a χ²-CH₃CHO-metal complex, followed by C-C, aldehyde C-H, methyl C-H and C-O activation. These reactions can lead to four different products (PdCO + CH₄, PdCOCH₃ + H, PdCHOCH₂ + H, PdCOCH₂ + H₂). The present results may be helpful in understanding of the mechanism of the reaction of acetaldehyde with palladium and further experimental investigation of the reaction.

2 illus, 1 table, 25 ref

004075   Bi J H;Yao Z L;Cui M (Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Dep, Hefei Normal University, Hefei, P.R. China, Email: bi010101@126.com) : Catalytic hydroxylation of phenol by Co(II) and Ni(II) complexes of an tetraaza macrocyclic crown ether. Asian J Chem 2012, 24(2), 935-6.

The catalytic abilities of the two tetraaza macrocyclic crown ether complexes of Co(II) and Ni(II) with composition CoL(ClO₄)₂ and NiL(ClO₄)₂ in the hydroxylation of phenol with H₂O₂ was studied. When CoL(ClO₄)₂ was used as catalysts, 4.6 % phenol conversion was obtained with 87.5 % selectivity to diphenol. But when NiL(ClO₄)₂ was used as catalysts, 5.7 % phenol conversion was obtained with 80.8 % selectivity to diphenol under the optimum reaction conditions.

^ssc1 table, 3 ref

004074   Ataei A;Yoo C K (Center for Environmental Studies/Green Energy Center, Environmental En, College of Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Seocheon-dong 1, Giheung-gu, Yongin- Si, Gyeonggi-Do 446-701, South Korea, Email: abtinataei@gmail.com) : Application of Pinch Technology for Waste Heat Recovery in The Linear-Alkyl-Benzene Sulfonation Process. Asian J Chem 2011, 23(4), 1539-47.

In this study, an optimum waste heat recovery system in the linear-alkyl-benzene sulfonation process was designed through three different scenarios, using pinch technology. In these proposed energy conservation schemes, the waste heat was recovered for boiler feed water preheating, saturated steam production and combined saturated steam and power generation as three different energy conservation scenarios. All the scenarios provided hot air needed for the silica-gel regeneration from waste heat recovery. The boiler feed water preheating in the first scenario, might save fuel consumed in the boiler. The saturated steam, produced in the second and third scenarios, could be used to partially fulfill the plant steam requirement and the power, generated in the last proposal, would be supplied to the plant. Economic analyses of the three proposed waste heat recovery scenarios were performed in order to determine the superior one. The results showed that about 150 kW power and 27.4 % of the plant's steam demand could be provided in the optimum scenario and the simple payback time was less than 22 months.

6 illus, 8 tables, 28 ref

004073   Arun R;Smith A A (Karpagam University, , Pollachi Main Road, Eachanari Post, Coimbatore-641 021, Email: auantonsnith@yahoo.co.in) : Development and Validation of Analytical Method for Artemether by HPLC. Asian J Chem 2011, 23(4), 1764-6.

This paper describes the development and validation of a HPLC method (254 nm) for the quantitation of artemether in pure form and pharmaceutical formulations. The method showed to be linear (r² <62> 0.99), precise (RSD <60> 9.73 %), accurate (recovery of 99.83 % for artemether), specific and robust. Three batches of artemether capsules were assayed by the validated method. The artemether contents in the capsules varied from 99.12-100.65 %.

3 illus, 3 tables, 16 ref

004072   Aboutaleb D;Douglad J;Safi B;Jbara O;Iratni A (Research Unit Materials, Processes and Environment, Faculty of Science, Boumerdes University, Boumerdes, Algeria, Email: jojosaf@yahoo.fr) : Phase separation and chemical durability in the SiO₂-B₂O₃-Na₂O (SBN) Glass System. Asian J Chem 2012, 24(2), 473-80.

Sodium borosilicates glasses were treated isothermically several times. The effect of phase separation on chemical durability and the electric resistivity was investigated. In addition, the effect of chemical composition and addition of calcium on the kinetics and rate of leaching of these glass materials in hydrochloric acid (3M HCl) was also investigated. The system studied exhibited phase separation starting from 550 °C. Present results showed that the chemical durability was weakened upon phase separation. On the other hand, chemical durability increased with increasing SiO₂ content and reducing the alkaline oxides (Na₂O) content. Results also showed a drastic decrease in the ionic electric conductivity (increase in resistivity) with decreasing C = (Na₂O + B₂O₃)/SiO₂ (reduction of Na₂O). The effect of chemical composition on the rate of leaching showed that boron and sodium are dissolved much more quickly than silicon. The greater the content of Na₂O and B₂O₃ in glass, the more soluble the glass becomes. However, addition of silica results a decrease in glass solubility. These results indicate that substitution of sodium by calcium induces an acceleration of the kinetics of deterioration.

8 illus, 4 tables, 11 ref

003097   Shah A (Chemical Sciences Dep, N.V. Patel College of Pure and Applied Sciences, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat) : Polymerised salicornia oil based alkyd resins and its comparision with polymerised karanja oil based resins. Asian J expl Chem 2010, 5(1), 19-24.

Salicornia and Karanja oils are widely available in India. With the aim to develop value added products from local resources, Salicornia and Karanja oils were polymerized thermally and thermocatalytically using various percentage of benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as a free radical catalyst. During polymerization the free fatty acid content increases as revealed by increasing acid value and unsaturation decreases as indicated by decreasing iodine value. Alkyd resins were prepared from thermally polymerized, thermocatalyticlly polymerized and unpolymerized oils. The mechanical and chemical properties of air-dried and baked films of alkyd resins were studied and compared. The study indicates that the film properties of the alkyds prepared from the catalytically polymerized oils are better than those of the alkyds from the thermally polymerized and unpolymerised oils. It was also observed that the Salicornia oil based alkyds have better properties than Karanja oil based alkyds. Karanja oil based alkyds were not suitable for coating due to its nondrying nature.

6 tables, 26 ref

003096   Savic I;Marinkovic V;Savic I;Sibinovic P (Pharmaceutics Dep, Faculty of Technology, , Bulevar oslobodjenja 124, Leskovac, Serbia, Email: ici_teh@yahoo.com) : Influence of primary packaging on photostability of tablets containing carvedilol. Indian J pharm Educ Res 2011, 45(4), 353-9.

Aim of this work was to select an appropriate primary packaging and analysis of its influence on stability, of tablets containing Carvedilol (Karvileks, Zdravlje-Actavis, Serbia). The influence of different primary packaging materials and doses radiation was investigated. Karvileks tablets were put in an opaque plastic container, red and white blister packs, composed of polyvinyl chloride and aluminum foil (PVC/AI). After radiation, the content was estimated a validated HPLC method. Tablets, packaged in different primary packaging materials, were exposed a! different doses of UV and VIS radiation. In case of blister packs, the content of active substance was lower than 85% compared with an initial content. Tablets packaged in the opaque plastic containers, the content of carvedilol was not lower than 90%, after radiation. The study showed that the opaque plastic containers provide better photo protection than red and white blister packs for solid oral dosage forms of Karvileks.

5 illus, 3 tables, 31 ref

003095   Mahawar M K;Singh A;Sahgal M (Agricultural Engineering Dep, IARI, New Delhi-110 012) : Ethanol production from apple pomace using enzymatic treatment and yeast strains. Bioinfolet 2013, 10(3A), 884-7.

Cellulase and α-amylase enzymes were used to raise initial sugar content of Apple pomace (AP), and fermented at 30°C at different pH values (4,4.5 and 5.0) using Y₅₁ strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 9673.. Ethanol yield of 5.23% (v/v) was obtained with Y₅₁ strain with fermentation efficiency of 82%. Thus, combination of yeast and enzymes proved helpful for alcohol production.

1 table, 10 ref

003094   Khan A;Patra D;Patra G;Biwwas S (Livestock Products Technology Dep, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sc, West Bengal University Animal and Fishery Sciences, 37 K B Sarani, Kolkata-700 037, Email: iptsubhasish@yahoo.co.in) : Slaughter weight and meat quality of Ghungroo Pigs. Indian vet J 2011, 88(6), 51-3.

The effect of slaughter weight on meat quality was studied by GR pigs. PH_{45 min}, drip loss% and Cooking loss% decreased significantly as the slaughter weight increased. WHC recorded highest, fiber diameter recorded lowest while tenderness recorded highest in group 1. Moisture content decreased, fat content increased and protein content slightely decreased but the total ash content remained almost same along with increase in the slaughter weight. Among the study groups of GR pigs, 60-70 Kg could be traced as most suitable for slaughter.

1 table

003093   Baliarsingh S;Patel S;Mishra BK (Centre of Studies in Surface Science and Technology, School of Chemist, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar, Burla-768 019, Email: bijaym@hotmail.com) : Solvent effect on the Photophysical behavior of some Bischromophoric dyes. Indian J Chem-Sect A 2013, 52(1), 9-18.

Absorption and emission spectra of some bischromophoric dyes, having 4-(p-N,N-dimethylaminostyryl) pyridinium units flanked by spacers with 2, 3, 4 and 6 methylene units, in different organic solvents have been subjected to multiple regression analysis with twelve different solvent parameters. Optimization of multi parametric regression models has been achieved by successive exclusion of variable technique. The validity of the regression models has been established from the linearity of the calculated and observed transition energy relating to absorption spectra and Stokes shift. Variation in thE trends in change of photophysical behavior of the dyes results in classification of the solvents into two distinct classes, viz. hydroxylic and dipolar aprotic solvents. A higher dipole moment of the excited state than of the ground state of all these dyes has been deduced from the Stokes shift. The study on quantitative Stokes shift-solvent parameter relationship reveals: significant change in the behavior of dyes w two methylene units as compared to the other dyes. To this effect differen types of hydrogen bonding has been proposed.

7 illus, 6 tables, 29 ref

002090   Yang M;Zhang X;Zhu B (College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao Science & Technology Univ, Shandong-266 042, P.R. China, Email: zhubaoyong@yahoo.cn) : Synthesis and crystal structure of nickel complex assembled from pyridine-carboxylate ligand. Asian J Chem 2011, 23(5), 2131-3.

Pyridine carboxylato-bridged coordination polymer [Ni(3,3-pbc)₂(H₂O)₂]_n (3,3-pbc=3-pyrid-3-ylbenzoic acid) has been synthesized and structurally characterized by elemental analysis, IR and X-ray diffraction. Single crystal X-ray analyses reveal that the carboxylate groups of 3,3-pbc ligand adopt one coordinated mode: bis-monodentate (μ₁-η¹:η<^ >1) and bidentate chelating (μ1-h1:h1) fashion. Hydrogen bonding interactions are found in compound which further extend and stabilize the coordination motifs.

3 illus, 2 tables, 8 ref

002089   Yamlahi A E;Ouhssine M (Laboratoire de Biotechnologie, Environment et Qualite, Faculte des Sciences, Ibn Tofail Univ, BP: 133, 14000 Kenitra, Morocco) : Milling process in moroccan Barley Mills. Ann Biol Res 2013, 4(1), 307-16.

Survey has been conducted to explore industrial milling process in 31 Moroccan barley mills that produce semolina and flour for human consumption. The results of the survey have revealed that: On third of barley mills surveyed are equipped with pre-cleaning machine used to reduce the charge of dockage before storing barley grains in silo or warehouses Barley grains are thoroughly cleaned by running through two essential cleaning machines: cleaner-separator and destoner Dehullers are installed right after the destoner to take out the hulls and parts of grain pericarp by abrasion with an average of two successive runs. The rate of dehulling obtained varies from 25 to 30% Dehulled grains are processed without tempering, by millstones, metallic roller mills or a combination of both. The sieving of milling products is performed by plansifters or by vibro-sifters. A high proportion of sieved material goes to the purifiers where different types of semolina are extracted for bagging Barley plants have lower milling capacities (12 to 80 metric tons per 24 hours) compared to durum and common wheat mills The production equipment is very outdated and comes from the modernization of durum or bread wheat mills Barley millers stock up mainly of the market of the import. The results obtained have allowed us to raise the main parameters indicative of the value of barley semolina and develop model diagrams for cleaning, dehulling and milling barley.

15 ref

002088   Xu H;Song Z;Wang X;Wang H (School of Materials & Chemical Engineering, Anhui Architecture Univ, Hefei-230 022, P.R. China, Email: xuhaiyan@aiai.edu.cn) : Synthesis of well-dispersed TiO₂ nanoparticles by a sol-hydrothermal method. Asian J Chem 2011, 23(5), 2339-42.

Phase pure anatase TiO₂ nanoparticles have been synthesized using a simple sol-hydrothermal method. The products were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. The results showed that the TiO2 particles were well-dispersed and the average size was limited in the range of 10 nm. The optical measurement displayed the obvious quantum-size effect of the products.

7 illus, 15 ref

002087   Xie F Z;Zhang F J;Xuan H;Ge Y J;Wang Y;Cao T (School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Architecture Univ, Hefei-230 002, P.R. China, Email: fzhxie@gmail.com) : Selective trace analysis of bismuth in water and sediment samples based on solid phase extraction using a modified silica gel containing oxygen and nitrogen donor atoms. Asian J Chem 2011, 23(5), 2351-6.

New selective method is described for the solid phase extraction and preconcentration of trace level bismuth in aqueous solutions by using gallic acid modified silica gel (GASG) in a acidic medium (pH 1.0) prior to determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). In the column experiments, Bi(III) can be adsorbed on gallic acid modified silica gel at pH 1.0 with 94.69% retention, whereas the retention of other common coexisting metal ions such as Pb(II), Cd(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Mn(II) and Fe(III) is less than 10%. The adsorption equilibration for Bi(III) was achieved within 10 min. At optimum conditions, the adsorption capacity of the extractant is 7.25-7.73 mg/g, preconcentration factor is 250 and detection limit is 0.26 ng/mL. Gallic acid modified silica gel is stable in 4 mol/L HCl-pH 7.0 buffer solutions. The procedure was validated by analysis of a standard reference sediment material (GBW07350, China). The new solid phase extractant has been used for the preconcentration of low level of Bi(III) in lake sediment, wastewater and lake water samples, recoveries of 95.4-101% were obtained. It is shown that low level of Bi(III) can be effectively preconcentrated by this new selective solid phase extractant.

4 illus, 4 tables, 31 ref

002086   Xiaodong S;Ying L;Yangqin L;Fagen L (NO, CNPC Tubular Goods Research Institute, No. 32 Dianzier Road, Xi'an-710 065, Email: shaoxd@163.com) : Selective spectrophotometric method for the determination of molybdenum in X80 pipeline steel. Asian J Chem 2011, 23(5), 2023-6.

A highly selective and sensitive spectrophotometric method for the determination of molybdenum in high grade pipeline steel has been presented. This method was based on the chromogenic reaction between molybdenum(V) and sodium thiocyanate. Employing stannous chloride as a reductant, molybdenum(VI) was reduced to molybdenum(V) at the room temperature. The obtained molybdenum(V) formed an orange-red-coloured (1:5) ligand complex with thiocyanate. The absorbance of the complex was measured at 470 nm and the molar extinction coefficient (ε) is 1.75 x 10⁴ L mol^-1 cm^-1. Under the optimum reaction conditions the absorption value was proportional to the concentration of molybdenum in the range of 0.11-0.89% (w/w) and the relative standard deviation was less than 3.0%. The proposed method was free from the interference from a large number of analytical important elements and has been applied satisfactorily to the determination of molybdenum in X80 pipeline steel and X70 pipeline steel samples with the improved accuracy and precision.

2 tables, 17 ref

002085   Wu Z Y;Fang Z;Zhang W;Jiang X;Qiu L G (School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South Univ, Changsha-410 083, Email: wuzhenyuhn@163.com) : Synergistic effect of chloride and bromide ions on corrosion inhibition of steel in 1 mol L<. Asian J Chem 2011, 23(5), 2027-33.

Synergism effect of a cationic gemini surfactant, 1,2-ethane-bis(dimethyl dodecyl ammonium bromide) (12-2-12), and halide ion (Br^- or Cl^-) for corrosion inhibition of cold rolled steel in 1.0 mol L^-1 phosphoric acid was investigated by using weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) methods. Some thermodynamic parameters were calculated by fitting experimental data with Langmuir model. Potentiodynamic polarization studies reveal that the inhibition species is a mixed-type inhibitor. electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements suggest that the presence of inhibitor molecules in acidic solution decreases double layer capacitance and increases the charge transfer resistance, indicating the formation of a protective layer on steel surface.

6 illus, 3 tables, 46 ref

002084   Wang X B;Liu J;Xu Z D;Li J (Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Building Materials, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Architecture Univ, Hefei, P.R. China, Email: xbwang@aiai.edu.cn) : Facile route to prepare hollow SiO₂ spheres decorated with NiO nanoparticles. Asian J Chem 2011, 23(5), 2335-8.

In this paper, the hollow SiO₂ spheres decorated with NiO nanoparticles (denoted as SiO₂/NiO hollow spheres) are successfully prepared using polystyrene (PS) spheres as hard template. At first, the PS-SiO₂ core-shell structure is prepared by hydrolysis and condensation of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS). Then the Ni source is incorporated by impregnation method. Finally, the SiO₂/NiO hollow spheres are obtained by subsequent annealing process. The morphology of SiO₂/NiO is hollow sphere with diameter of 1.5-2.5 μm by observation of scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. Further investigation indicates that the NiO nanoparticles are dispersed on the shells of hollow spheres with diameter of 3-5 nm. Present work not only provides a facile route for preparation of SiO₂/NiO hollow spheres, but gives an insight on the formation mechanism of hollow composite spheres.

4 illus, 14 ref

002083   Wang J;Xu Y;Pan Y (Institute of Material Science & Engineering, Anhui Science & Technology Univ, Huainan-232 001, P.R. China, Email: jinwang@aust.edu.cn) : Preparation and electrical properties of MWNTs/Al₂O₃ ceramics composites. Asian J Chem 2011, 23(5), 2332-4.

In this work, MWNTs/Al₂O₃ composites were prepared by mixing multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) and alumina. The MWNTs/Al₂O₃ composites were obtained by hot pressing sintering in vacuum atmosphere, which had good electric conductivity, the addition of carbon nanotubes were 0.1 wt% alumina, 0.3 wt% and 0.5 wt%. The results indicated that the MWNTs/Al₂O₃ composites, which were formed by addition of 0.3 wt% carbon nanotubes, had the minimum resistivity value and the resistivity value could reach to 101 W cm. Compared with the pure Al₂O₃, the resistivity value lower 5 times. The SEM pictures showed that carbon nanotubes wrapped alumina particles in the form of aggregates. They formed a conductive network in the alumina grain boundaries, so that they could lower resistivity value and improve its electrical conductivity. We also analyzed the MWNTs/Al₂O₃ composites conductive mechanism and showed the conductivity model.

4 illus, 1 table, 9 ref

002082   Tsado E K (School of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology, Federal Technology Univ, P.M.B. 65, Minna-Niger, Email: ektsado@yahoo.co.uk) : Potential use of shea nut (Vitteleria paradoxom) butter as skin coat for ripening and improved storage of banana. J appl Hort 2012, 14(1), 74-6.

Study was designed to assess the effect of locally produced butter from nuts of shea butter trees (Vitteleria paradoxom) on the ripening and storage of banana. A simple complete randomized experimental design was used to test the effect of coating matured banana fingers with shea butter oil before storage under three temperature conditions viz., 35,25 and 10°C. Each treatment was replicated three times. Results showed a significant effect of different storage temperatures. Days to ripening between coated and uncoated bananas, and the interaction with storage temperatures were not statistically different. A taste panel's results of assessing the effect of coating treatment on the textual quality of ripe bananas did not show any significant difference neither was there an effect on the appeal of ripened bananas. The result showed that banana fingers stored in the refrigerator at 10°C lasted beyond 53 days of storage irrespective of the treatment. At 25 °C, the coated fingers took 15.7 days to ripen while the uncoated lasted 8 days. Coated banana fingers stored at 35 °C took 11.3 days to ripen but the uncoated ripened after 6 days. The use of shea butter for shelf life prolongation is discussed while the test is continuing.

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002081   Tan J;Jiang S;Jiang Z T;Li R (Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Food Science Tianjin Commerce Univ, Tianjin-300 134, P.R. China, Email: ztjiang@yahoo.com) : Titania-based stationary phase: a potential separation tool of bioanalytical field. Analyt chem Lett 2011, 1(1), 43-62.

Titania plays a very important role in phosphoproteome and bioanalysis due to its extreme robustness, excellent chemical stability in acid and basic media and unique chemo-affinity for organic phosphates. In this review, the recent developments and important applications of titania-based stationary phase in phosphoproteome and bioanalysis including sample pretreatment and enrichment for high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) have been discussed and highlight the application of titania-based stationary phase in the separation of phosphopeptides, nucleotides, phospholipids, sugar phosphates, drugs and herbicides. The future perspectives of titania-based stationary phase are finally addressed.

9 illus, 2 tables, 60 ref

002080   Sudhir Kumar P;Ghosh G;Rout S K;Paul D (Pharmaceutical Chemistry Dep, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan Univ, Bhubaneswar, Odisha-751 003, Email: sairampaidesetty@gmail.com) : Synthesis and antimicrobial eveluation of some novel 4-hydroxy coumarin derivatives bearing azo moiety. Rasayan J Chem 2013, 6(2), 147-52.

Objective of this study was to investigate in vitro antimicrobial activity of ten 4-hydroxycoumarin derivatives bearing azo group at C-3 position. Some new derivatives of coumarin dyes 3(a-j) were prepared by the coupling of 4-hydroxycoumarin with derivatives diazonium salts, which were obtained by diazotization of aniline derivatives in presence of sodium nitrite and concentrated HC1. All the synthesized derivative compounds were characterized by elementary analysis, IR, ¹H NMR and further screened individually to their preliminary in-vitro antimicrobial activity against four human pathogenic bacteria viz., E.coli, S.aureas, S. typhi and Pseudomonas species. Antibacterial activity of each compound was compared with standard Ciprofloxacin. In-vitro antibacterial activity results revealed that all the synthesized compounds inhibited the growth of E.coli and S. aureus as compared to other bacterial pathogens except 3f; but all the products were ineffective against P. aeruginosa. The compounds like 3b, 3c and 3h have excellent activity against all bacterial species.

3 tables, 15 ref

002079   Singh V;Tiwari M (Pharmacy Dep, Shri Govindram Seksaria Institute of Technology and Science, 23 Park Road, Indore-452 003, Email: mtiwari@sgsits.ac.in) : Hydrophobic modification of chitosan and its physicochemical evaluation as sustained release tablet formulation. Asian J Chem 2011, 23(5), 2141-50.

Chitosan is being investigated widely for use as an excipient in oral and other pharmaceutical formulations. Chitosan is generally regarded as a nontoxic and non-irritant material. It is biocompatible with both healthy and infected skin. Chitosan has been shown to be biodegradable (LD50 (mouse, oral): <62> 16 g/kg). Unmodified chitosan exhibited a low degree of disorder and a weak tablet crushing strength. In the present work, the hydrophobically modified chitosan were synthesized in order to formulate a system for sustain release of hydrophilic drug (indomethacine prototype drug in present case). The caproyl (C-8), decanoyl (C-10), lauryl (C-12), myristyl (C-14), palmitoyl (C-16) and stearoyl (C-18), fatty acyl derivatives of chitosan were prepared and physicochemically evaluated as excipient in matrix tablet dosage. The best sustained release studies was defined by palmitoyl chitosan and it can able sustain 50-60% release upto 12 h and in concentration range 10-30% much less as compared to chitosan (<62> 50%).

25 illus, 8 tables, 46 ref

002078   Shaofeng Z;Yucheng W;Xinmin H (School of Materials and Engineering, Hefei Technology Univ, Hefei-230 009, P.R. China, Email: zhusf@aiai.edu.cn) : Preparation and properties of electroless deposited Ni-Zn-P-TiO₂ nano-composite coating. Asian J Chem 2011, 23(5), 2299-302.

In this paper, Ni-Zn-P-TiO₂ nano-composite coatings were prepared by electroless depositing. The electroless deposited Ni-Zn-P-TiO₂ nano-composite coatings were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive analysis and X-ray diffractometer. The effect of TiO₂ bath concentration on deposition behaviour was investigated. The erosion property was tested with 0.05 M HCl. The results show that the TiO₂ bath concentration has great influence on deposition rate and TiO₂ content in composite coatings. The mass losses of coatings are increasing with corrosive medium flow rate increasing and erosion angle decreasing. Electroless deposited Ni-Zn-P-TiO₂ nano-composite coatings have better anti erosion property than Ni-Zn-P alloy coatings.

9 illus, 17 ref

002077   Sayeed Ahmad;Kamal Y T;Singh M;Rabea Parveen (Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110 062, Email: sahmad_jh@yahoo.co.in) : Development and validation of HPTLC method for estimation of glycyrrhizic acid in herbal formulation. Asian J Chem 2011, 23(5), 2098-2100.

A simple, accurate, selective, precise and economical high performance thin layer chromatographic method was developed on silica using solvent system chloroform:glacial acetic acid:methanol:water in the ratio of 60:32:12:8 at 254 nm wavelength in absorbance mode for the analysis of glycyrrhizic acid in crude drugs as well as in herbal dosage form. The solvent was found to give well defined, compact and sharp peak of glycyrrhizic acid at R_f 0.28 ± 0.02. Method was validated for accuracy, precision and specificity. It shows good linearity in the range of 100-500 ng/spot (r² = 0.9908) with slope and intercept 2802.03 and 31.06, respectively. The method found to be precise (RSD% <60> 3) and accurate (recovery 99-102%). The proposed method was applied for quantitative estimation of glycyrrhizic acid in a solid herbal formulation consisting of powdered roots of Glycyrrhiza glabra, which showed the presence of glycyrrhizic acid in formulation in the range of 0.030-0.055% w/w. The proposed method found simple and economic to be used in general laboratory conditions for quality control of crude drugs and herbal formulations.

2 illus, 2 tables, 26 ref

002076   Phadke G G;Pagarkar A U;Sehgal K;Mohanta K N (Fish Processing Technology Dep, College of Fisheries, Mangalore-575 001, Email: girija_cof@yahoo.com) : Application of edible and biodegradable coatings in enhancing seafood quality and storage life. Ecol Envir Conserv 2011, 17(3), 619-23.

With increasing awareness of environmental hazards associated with synthetic packaging materials, there is an urgent need for use of biodegradable films and coatings in food processing industries. Several potential and innovative applications of edible films and coatings in the seafood are to improve overall food quality, extend the shelf life, alleviate the problem of moisture loss in frozen seafood, prevent the drip loss, enhance the product presentation in retail packages, reduce the rate of rancidity and spoilage, reduce the load of pathogenic microorganisms, reduce volatile flavour loss, carry antioxidants (e.g. tocopherols) and/or antimicrobials (e.g. organic acids) as well as improve the nutritional value of seafood by reducing oil uptake during frying of battered and breaded products. In the present paper, the coatings derived from various carbohydrate and protein sources are discussed along with their potential benefits in improving the seafood quality and shelf life.

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002075   Phadke G G;Pagarkar A U;Joshi V R (Fish Processing Dep, College of Fisheries, Mangalore-575 001, Email: girija_cof@yahoo.com) : Effectiveness of glazing and protein dispersion coatings on drip loss in frozen stored seer fish (Scomberomorus guttatus) fillets. Ecol Envir Conserv 2011, 17(3), 607-10.

Fishery products being perishable, there is need for development of processes for their better distribution in 'as-is' conditions. Preservation of fish in frozen conditions needs to protect the products from dehydration and oxidation which affects the quality of preserved products. Seer fish (Scomberomorus guttatus) fillets were frozen in an air blast freezer (-35°C) and stored at -20°C (±2°C) for six months. Effectiveness of edible and biodegradable protein dispersion coatings prepared from same fish and low cost fish (croaker fish) against drip loss in frozen stored seer fish (Scomberomorus guttatus) fillets was studied. Seer fish fillets were coated using water glazing (WG), seer fish protein dispersion coating (SPDC) and croaker fish protein dispersion coating (CPDC) and compared with the samples without coating (WC) for effectiveness against drip loss. It was observed that SPDC and CPDC samples were significantly (P <60> 0.05) superior to WC and WG fillets whereas; significant difference was not observed between SPDC and CPDC fillets (P <62> 0.05).

2 illus, 19 ref

002074   Ozel M Z;Kutlular O (Chemistry Dep, The York Univ, Heslington, YO 10 5DD, York, U.K., Email: mzozel@hotmail.com) : Regional changes in the chemical composition of essential oils of Salvia fruticosa and Sideritis pisidica using superheated water extraction. Analyt chem Lett 2011, 1(1), 34-42.

Differences in the essential oil compositions of Salvia fruticosa and Sideritis pisidica species growing in different locations in Turkey were determined. Superheated water extraction (SWE) was used to extract essential oils. The essential oil components of Salvia fruticosa and Sideritis pisidica were removed from aqueous extract by C18 solid phase extraction. The composition of the volatile components was determined using GC-MS. The extraction yields from Salvia fruticosa were found to be between 0.97% and 1.86% and those from Sideritis pisidica were between 0.52% and 0.89%. The major components of the Salvia fruticosa from all locations but one were 1,8-cineole and camphor. In contrast, the major components of Sideritis pisidica were identified as eugenol, thymol, β-pinene, camphor and α-pinene. The SWE based method is quicker, selective, environmentally friendly and more efficient than the other extraction methods.

1 illus, 2 tables, 16 ref

002073   Nie R;Xu C;Wang Y;Li B (School of Chemical Engineering, Anhui Science & Technology Univ, Huainan-232 001, Anhui Province, P.R. China, Email: rchine@aust.edu.cn) : Template-free synthesis and growth mechanism of flower-like ZnO submicrospheres. Asian J Chem 2011, 23(5), 2289-91.

Nano-ZnO semiconductor materials have attracted much attention because of their remarkable physical properties and huge potential application on optical devices. Recently, the research and preparation of nano-ZnO with different morphologies have been a hot spot in the material science communities. In the present work, the preparation and performance analysis of novel three-dimensional (3D) flowerlike ZnO submicrospheres built up by many uniform nanosheets are reported. At the same time, the growth mechanism of the product is also discussed briefly.

5 illus, 9 ref

002072   Nabizadeh M S;Mokhtarifar M;Eisazadeh H (Islamic Azad Univ, Shahrood Branch, Shahrood, Iran, Email: eisazadeh@hotmail.com) : Preparation of polyaniline nanocomposites using various surfactants. Asian J Chem 2011, 23(5), 2190-92.

In this study, polyaniline nanocomposites were prepared in aqueous and aqueous on-aqueous media by using ammonium peroxy disulphate as an oxidant in presence of various surfactants such as sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate and hydroxypropyl cellulose. Morphology, particle size, yield and chemical structure of products were characterized by using scanning electron microscope and fourier transform infrared. The results indicate that the morphology, yield and particle size of products are dependent on the type of surfactant. The results also show that the intensity of peaks is dependent on the type of surfactant.

6 illus, 1 table, 21 ref

002071   Moghadassi A;Marjani A;Shirazian S;Moradi S (Chemical Engineering Dep, Faculty of Engineering Arak Univ, Arak 38139, I.R. Iran, Email: iau-arak.ac.ir) : Gas separation properties of hollow-fiber membranes of polypropylene and polycarbonate by melt-spinning method. Asian J Chem 2011, 23(5), 1922-4.

This work represents determination of gas separation properties of polypropylene and polycarbonate hollow fiber membranes. Hollow fibers were prepared by melt-spinning method at speed of 100-110 m/min. To improve gas separation properties of hollow fibers, silica nanoparticles were introduced into polycarbonate hollow fibers. Gas permeabilities of O₂, N₂ and CO₂ were measured to determine the gas separation properties of obtained hollow fibers. The polypropylene hollow fibers showed the selectivity of 13.25 for CO₂/N₂ and 3.75 for O₂/N₂. Adding 1 wt.% silica nanoparticles into polycarbonate hollow fibers improved the gas separation properties and increased the selectivity of CO₂/N₂ from 20.50-25.23. Higher selectivity could be achieved by proper distribution of nanoparticles into membrane structure.

1 illus, 1 table, 6 ref

002070   Marku E;Lazo P;Nuro A;Neziri A (Chemistry Dep, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Tirana Univ, Tirana, Albania, Email: eldamarku@hotmail.com) : Evaluation of organochloro pesticides in chicken meat in Tirana market, Albania. Asian J Chem 2011, 23(5), 2049-52.

Study included the analyses of food samples taken from chicken meat with different origin collected between December 2007 and March 2008 in Tirana market (Albania). The detected organochloro pesticides were HCHs (α-, β-, γ-, δ-isomers), aldrine, endrine, dieldrine and DDT-related chemicals (o,p'-DDE; p,p'-DDE; p,p'-DDD; p,p'-DDT). The analysis was performed by gas chromatography electron capture detection. All the results were expressed on a fresh weight basis. The concentrations of organochloro pesticides in all samples were far below the EC regulation (2375/2001/EC) limits. Organochloro pesticides patterns from two types of chicken samples (imported and village chicken feed up in natural conditions) were compared using principal component analysis and were correlated with the organochloro pesticides patterns from two different potential contamination sources, industrial meat and growed up in natural condition meat. Moreover, three origin indices (concentration ratios of organochloro pesticide isomer pairs) were used to evaluate the suitability of these compounds as tracers to distinguish between the contamination arising from different sources. The evaluation of contaminant patterns permits the conclusion that the organochloro pesticides present in these samples are of different origin.

4 illus, 3 tables, 16 ref

002069   Liu D;Qian C F;Wang Y H (Applied Chemistry Dep, College of Science China Agricultural Univ, Baijing-100 193, P.R. China) : Determination of organophosphorus pesticides in rice by TLC. Asian J Chem 2011, 23(5), 2011-3.

Multi-residue analysis of organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) in rice was studied. Semi-automatic gel permeation chromatography was used to clean-up the extracts. The organophosphorus pesticides were analyzed by TLC-cholinesterase inhibition method and GC-FPD methods. The minimum detectable quantities (MDQ), R_f and RR_f values of pesticides by TLC were determined. The average recoveries of organophosphorus pesticides from fortified rice samples at three different levels were 75-88% by TLC and 82-93% by GC. Comparison of the results with GC showed that TLC method was less sensitive than GC, but it could be used by monitoring laboratories to carry out the preliminary screening of samples in order to supplement instrumental analyses.

5 tables, 5 ref

002068   Lim C S (Advanced Materials Science and Engineering Dep, Hanseo Univ, Seosan-356 706, South Korea, Email: cslim@hanseo.ac.kr) : Microwave-assisted metathetic synthesis of Ag-MWO₄/zeolite-A (M= Co, Ni) porous composites. Asian J Chem 2011, 23(5), 2261-5.

Ag-MWO₄/zeolite-A (M = Co, Ni) porous composites were synthesized using a solid-state metathetic (SSM) method with microwave irradiation. The characteristics of the solid-state metathetic reaction and the formation of the high lattice energy by-product NaCl were found to drive the reaction for wolframite-type CoWO₄ and NiWO₄ toward completion. The Ag-MWO₄/zeolite-A (M = Co, Ni) porous composites were formed completely at 600 °C. Monoclinic-like crystals of CoWO₄ and NiWO₄ were primarily co-mixed with porous zeolite-A. Small spherical silver particles were immobilized in the porous MWO₄/zeolite-A (M = Co, Ni) matrix.

3 illsu, 33 ref

002067   Lim C S (Advanced Materials Science and Engineering Dep, Hanseo Univ, Seosan-356 706, South Korea, Email: cslim@hanseo.ac.kr) : Microwave-assisted metathetic synthesis of MWO₄ (M= Zn, Co) particles. Asian J Chem 2011, 23(5), 2257-60.

Solid-state metathetic approach assisted microwave energy has been successfully applied to the synthesis of wolframite-type monoclinic MWO₄ (M = Zn, Co) particles. Well crystalline phases of MWO₄ (M = Zn, Co) particles were synthesized where the characteristics of solid-state metathetic reaction and the formation of high lattice energy by-product NaCl drives the reaction toward completion. Single phases of ZnWO4 and CoWO4 particles were formed completely at 600°C for 3 h.

3 illus, 21 ref

002066   Lim C S (Advanced Materials Science and Engineering Dep, Hanseo Univ, Seosan-356 706, South Korea, Email: cslim@hanseo.ac.kr) : Preparation of ZnWO₄ nanopowders and its bulk type single crystal growth by the Czochralski Method. Asian J Chem 2011, 23(5), 2250-6.

ZnWO₄ nanopowders were prepared from polymeric complex method using microwave irradiation. The average crystalline sizes of the nanopowders were 18-25 nm showing an ordinary tendency to increase with the temperatures from 400 to 600°C. Bulk type single crystals of ZnWO₄ were grown successfully in the [100], [010] and [001] directions using the Czochralski method. The effect of the growth parameters, such as the rotation speed, pulling rate and diameter of the grown crystals, were examined. The dislocation density on the (010) plane at the center of the crystal was lower than near the edge. The etch pit arrangement revealed the (100) slip plane to be most active during crystal growth. The hardness, thermal expansion coefficients and dielectric constants of the crystals were evaluated.

8 illus, 4 tables, 33 ref

002065   Li R;Jiang S;Tan J;Lu L L;Jiang Z T (Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin Commerce Univ, Tianjin-300 134, P.R. China, Email: ztjiang@yahoo.com) : Spectrophotometric determination of Amaranth colorant concentration in foods after preconcentrating with β-cyclodextrin polymer. Analyt chem Lett 2011, 1(1), 8-15.

New and sensitive solid phase spectrophotometric method for the determination of amaranth colorant in foods has been developed, where β-cyclodextrin polymer (β-CDP) is used as a solid phase adsorbent to preconcentrate amaranth from aqueous media. Amaranth on β-CDP is directly determined using solid phase spectrophotometry. The experimental conditions for the determination are pH = 1, temperature 20°C, ionic strength 0.5 mol/L using ammonium acetate, and shaking time 40 min, respectively. The linear dynamic range of concentration is 0.05-4.8 μg/mL. The proposed method has been applied for the determination of amaranth in commercial food samples from local markets with satisfactory results.

5 illus, 1 table, 24 ref

002064   Li H;Zhao Z;Zhang N;Tang Q (School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Zhengzhou Univ, No. 100 Zhengzhou Science Road, Zhengzhou, Henan-450 001, Email: lihua@zzu.edu.cn) : Catalytic synthesis of diethyl pimelate with functionalized ionic liquids. Asian J Chem 2011, 23(5), 2172-4.

Acidic ionic liquid, [Emim]HSO₄, was prepared and used as solvent and catalyst in the esterification reaction of 1,7-pimelic acid and ethanol. The esterification products could be easily separated from the reaction system. The effects of the reaction conditions on the reaction results, such as the amount of catalyst, molar ratio of acid and ethanol, reaction time, were examined and the optimal conditions were obtained through orthogonal tests based on single-factor experiments. The optimal conditions were as follows: n(C₂H₅OH):n(C₇H₁₂O₄) = 3:1, 2 mL of catalyst, reaction time for 5 h at 383.15 K. Under the optimal reaction conditions, the diethyl pimelate was obtained in 96.37% yield. The acidic ionic liquid, [Emin]HSO₄ could be reused for 5 times and the yield of diethyl pimelate were more than 95.18% after repeating 5 times of catalyst applications. Compared with the traditional catalyst of concentrated sulfuric acid, the ionic liquids had the advantages of good chemical stability, non-pollution, less side reaction, good repeatability and not using organic solvent as hydrated solvent, etc.

5 illus, 2 tables, 8 ref

002063   Lallan Ram;Dinesh Kumar (NO, National Research Centre for Citrus, Amravati Road, Nagpur-440 010, Email: lallanram09@gmail.com) : Underutilized citron (Citrus medica L.) fruit for development of value-added products and their ambient storage. Indian J Hort 2012, 69(1), 140-3.

Fresh fruits of citron were collected, washed, peel separated, juice extracted, filtered and pasteurized. The juice squash was prepared as per the FPO specifications and juice powder with a standardized protocol. Juice was fed in spray dryer @ 2.5 ml/min., atomized under vacuum conditions at - 30 - 40 mm/WC. Free flow powder recovery was of 10% along with the particle size ranging from 0.44 - 0.77 micron of juice with unaltered flavour, colour, aroma, texture, TSS and reduced vitamin'C' content for 12 months under ambient (32 ± 2°C) storage conditions with acceptable limit of limonin. Citron squash had 12 months shelf-life under ambient storage conditions. The TSS, acidity, colour and pH of squash were recorded to be unchanged except vitamin 'C' and carotenoid contents, which reduced slightly during ambient storage conditions. The pectin and oil content in peel were recorded to be of 0.41 and 0.051%, respectively. However, mature stage leaf oil content was founds to be 0.134%. The oil aldehyde content were analyzed and found higher in leaf than the peel oil, indicating the potentialities of citron fruits value-added products for its commercial scale production.

^ssc2 tables, 13 ref

002062   Kumar R;Ahmed N;Singh D B;Sharma O C (Laboratory of Post Harvest Technology, Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture, Srinagar-190 007, Email: rameshflori@gmail.com) : Enhancing water relations and vase life of cut tulip (Tulipa gesneriana L.) using floral preservatives. J appl Hort 2012, 14(2), 152-6.

Influence of different floral preservatives were assessed to determine their effect on the water relations and vase life of cut tulip cv. Yellow Purissima. Uniform size scapes of tulip at bud colour break stage were kept in ten different treatments of floral preservatives comprised of sucrose-(2,4 and 6%), aluminium sulphate (100,200 and 300 ppm) and 8-HQS (100,200 and 300 ppm) along with control (distilled water). All the preservatives improved water relations and vase life of cut tulip significantly in comparison to control. The greatest cumulative water balance and maximum vase life were recorded in 8-HQS 300 ppm (10.5 g/scapeand 10.1 days) followed by aluminium sulphate 300 ppm (9.67 g/scape and 8.9 days) over control (2.53 g/scape and 5.4 days), respectively. Maximum fresh weight change (10lh day) was recorded in 8-HQS 300 ppm (105.13%) followed by aluminium sulphate 300 ppm (103.75%) in comparison to control (89.91%). The floral preservatives delayed the senescence of cut tulip by improving water uptake and post harvest physiology, thereby maintained better water balance leading to improved fresh weight and vase life.

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002061   Kinchia S;Joshi B S;Saraswat P;Sharma A;Joshi J (NO, Rajasthan Univ, JLN Marg, Jaipur-302 055, Email: priyankasar@yahoo.co.in) : Preparation and characterization of some mixed boron arylazo complexes. Rasayan J Chem 2013, 6(2), 158-60.

Some new mixed boron aryazo Complexes were prepared from boric acid and arylazonapthols in excess acetic anhydride. The analytical and spectral characterization studies of the bis (acetate) boron arylazonapthol derivatives, (AcO)₂B[OC₁₀H₆: NN(Ar)] (Ar = C₆H₅,o-CH₃C₆H₄, p-CH₃C₆H₄, p-OCH₃C₆H₄, p-BrC₆H₄, P-C1C₆H₄ and p-FC₆H₄) show the formation of tetra-coordinated derivatives with a bi-coordinated azo ligand and terminally coordinated acetato groups.

1 illus, 1 table, 15 ref

002060   Khan M K;Chemat F (NO, Universite d' Avignon et du Pays de Vaucluse Univ, INRA, UMR408, 84000 F-Avignon, France, Email: farid.chemat@univ-avignon.fr) : Application of low and high power ultrasound in food analysis. Analyt chem Lett 2011, 1(1), 103-14.

One of the most important objectives of the present analytical chemistry is to improve analytical quality and minimize the time required in the process. Ultrasound is finding important use in the food industry for the wide range of applications such as analysis, processing, preservation and quality control. From analytical point of view, low intensity ultrasound provides information about composition, structure and flow rate while high intensity ultrasound can be used for extraction of analytes from food samples. This comprehensive review presents various applications of ultrasound in order to improve and accelerate food analysis process. Moreover, its use is compared with well-established alternatives techniques.

1 illus, 3 tables, 59 ref