007242   Yusriah L;Sapuan S M;Zainudin E S;Mariatti M (Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Dep, Putra Malaysia Univ, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia, Email: yusriahlazim@gmail.com) : Underutilized Malaysian agro-wastes fiber as reinforcement in polymer composites: potential and challenges. J Polym Mater 2012, 29(2), 201-16.

Reviews a number of Malaysian agricultural wastes such as cocoa pod husk (CPH), betel nut husk (BNH), and coffee hulls/husks (CH) with potential for use as reinforcement in polymer composites. Some notable advantages exhibited by these agricultural wastes as reinforcement in polymer composites, and their current utilization were discussed. Recent attempts by several workers in utilizing CPH, BNH, and CH were also reviewed and elaborated to find out the effect and further potential of incorporating these agro-wastes fibers in polymer composites. Challenges such as compounding difficulties, storage issues and lack in deep finding regarding these types of fibers are believed to be the factors that make CPH, BNH and coffee hulls/husks fiber are still being underutilized in Malaysia.

8 illus, 5 tables, 52 ref

007241   Yeole K V;Mhaske S T (Polymer and Surface Engineering Dep, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga-400 019, Mumbai, Email: st.mhaske@ictmumbai.edu) : Novel approach for the preparation of conductive nanocomposite by using polypyrrole-MWCNT. J Polym Mater 2012, 29(1), 145-51.

Pyrrole is the subject of numerous studies due to its good environmental stability. The synthesis of Polypyrrole-Multi Wall Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNT) conductive nanocomposite was carried out by oxidative polymerization of pyrrole using Ferric Chloride. The structure resulted into the complex nanotube structure. Thus prepared nanocomposite material was characterized via X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis, morphological properties (SEM), FTIR analysis, and conductivity measurements by two probe method. The concentrations of MWCNT in the composites were kept at 0, 1.5 and 3%. As concentration of the MWNT increased, the conductivity was found to be increased. The concentration of MWCNT in polypyrrole was optimized on the basis of best conductivity values.

4 illus, 18 ref

007240   Yadav A;Upadhayay S K;Singh R P (Oil and Paint Technology Dep, Harcourt Butler Technological Institute, Kanpur) : Lipase-mediated synthesis of sugar fatty acid esters using sucrose and commercial unsaturated fatty acid mixture in organic media. J Lipid Sci Technol 2012, 44(2), 60-3.

Enzymatic synthesis of sugar fatty acid esters (SFAE) was performed in an organic solvent using immobilized Candida antarctica (NOVOZYME 435) lipase with sucrose and commercial unsaturated fatty acids (CUFA) as substrates. The maximum conversion of sucrose esters up to 87.6% was obtained when sucrose and CUFA were reacted in molar ratio of 1:8, using t-butanol as a solvent and 1% molecular sieves with 8% lipase by wt of substrates at 65°C for 20 hr.

6 tables, 14 ref

007239   Yadachi S;Nagajjanavar K;Desai S;Reddy M; Mahawar M K;Sonawane A;Vikramsimha H V; (Agricultural Engineering Div, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110 012, Email: engggouda@gmail.com) : Preparation of groundnut milk and its qualitative analysis. Envir Ecol 2012, 30(3C), 1209-11.

Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is a major source of edible oil and protein meal. Since, groundnut has a potential role in combating malnutrition; its consumption should be increased. A study was conducted to prepare the groundnut milk and analyze it for qualitative parameters. The objective of study was to prepare alternative/substitute for cow milk and to analyze its composition. The laboratory set up included boiler, cooking grinder, deodorizer, and vacuum pump screw press and steaming vessel. The raw milk was analyzed for its qualitative parameters like titrable acidity, nH, TSS, specific gravity, protein content and reducing sugar. The titrable acidity of raw groundnut milk was 0.3 and 0.25 for concentrated and dilute solution respectively. The values of pH and TSS of milk were 6.9 and 8.6 Brix, respectively. The protein content and specific gravity of milk observed were 9.62% and 1.05 respectively. No reducing sugar was found in the groundnut milk.

^ssc1 table, 2 ref

007238   Waghray K;Gulla S (Food Technology Dep, College of Technology Univ, Osmania Univ, Hyderabad, Email: kavitagl@rediffmail.com) : Cottonseed oil and corn oil-based blends for enhancing quality and storage stability. J Lipid Sci Technol 2012, 44(1), 19-30.

Oil blends with SFA:MUFA:PUFA ratios were prepared very close to the recommended ratio by admixing oils with different fatty acid composition, in the ratios of 80:20 and 20:80 because of its important health benefits and the possibility of developing nutritionally superior oils with recommended fatty acid ratios and their effect during storage in cottonseed and corn oil based blends with sesame oil as control, was studied. These blends were stored for 12 months and their physico-chemical changes and fatty acid composition were studied every month till the end of the storage period. Significant changes (p≤0.005) were observed. Slight variations of increase in saturated fats and decrease in unsaturated fats were seen over time. Fatty acid composition and changes during storage of control indicated a gradual increase in palmitic from 10.0 to 11.9, stearic from 5.3 to 5.9, and a gradual decrease in oleic from 37.9 to 33.1, linoleic from 46.7 to 44. The principal fatty acid seen in sesame-rice bran blends were oleic at a level of 45.7 and 38.4 followed by linoleic, 29.7 and 39.2 and palmitic at a level of 16.5 and 13.4. respectively while stearic was present in low quantities and linolenic was found to be negligible. Though there was a slight increase in the physical characteristics significant changes were mostly observed only in the chemical characteristics namely peroxide value, free fatty acids, para-anisidine value, totox value, thiobarbituric acid value, kries test and iodine value.

12 tables, 39 ref

007237   Verma A;Amarya S;Ved K (Foods and Nutrition Dep, Halina School of Home Science, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agricultu, Allahabad) : Utilization of whey in the preparation of spicy cultured buttermilk. Indian J Nutr Diet 2012, 49(4), 166-70.

Study was undertaken with the objective to develop a suitable technology to manufacture whey spicy cultured buttermilk as well as to study the organoleptic quality and chemical composition of whey spicy cultured buttermilk. Whey spicy cultured buttermilk was prepared by using whey in the proportion of 20,30,40 and 50 per cent which were represented as T₁, T₂, T₃ and T₄ respectively. T₁ (20%) recorded highest ash, fat, protein, TS, except carbohydrate. T₄ (50%) recorded highest carbohydrate content (4.57) because of high percentage of whey. All sensory qualities like flavor and taste (7.82), colour and appearance (8.15), consistency (8.15) and overall acceptability (8.00) were found to be highest in T₂ (30%). The cost of the product was decreased as amount of whey was increased.

2 tables, 10 ref

007236   Tasdemir M;Sacakli Y (Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Dep, Marmara Technology Faculty Univ, Istanbul 34722, Turkey, Email: munir@marmara.edu.tr) : Properties of polymer composites filled with Mg(OH)₂ powder. J Polym Mater 2012, 29(2), 189-200.

Nanomagnesium hydroxide powder and two kinds of micro-Mg(OH)₂, with different particle sizes and ratios, were chosen as fillers and mixed with isotactic polypropylene (iPP) to form a series of composites by a extrusion and injection processing technique. The results showed that the elasticity modulus, hardness and izod impact strength of composites improved with decreasing particle size. The structure and properties of the composites are characterized using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Furthermore, PP composites were subjected to examinations to obtain their tensile strengths, yield strengths, elasticity modulus, percent elongation, Izod impact strength, hardness, heat deflection temperature (HDT), Vicat softening point and melt flow index.(MFI).

4 illus, 4 tables, 21 ref

007235   Suljic M;Banjanovic-Mehmedovic L;Dzananovic I (NO, Faculty of Electrical Engineering Tuzla Univ, 75000 Tuzla, Email: lejla.mehmedoviuc@untz.ba) : Determination of coal quality using artificial intelligence algorithms. J scient ind Res 2013, 72(6), 379-86.

Main task of coal producers is to provide for sufficient quantities of coal of required quality with minimum costs of excavation. Therefore, the prediction of energy values is the most important task aiming to secure the optimal usage of coal energy value. The goal of paper is to identify, examines and evaluate most influential artificial intelligence algorithms that have been widely used in the data mining community, on a real problem of predicting coal quality. Our researches are based on the data achieved under laboratory conditions during the period of five years (2005-2010), and include 33256 coal samples from "Kreka" Coal Mine Company. The goal of the research is to build, based on the described data, a prediction model that will be used for predicting the coal quality class of unknown samples. Four algorithms have been identified: C4.5, kNN, Naive Bayes and Multilayer Perceptron (MLP). The idea is to find the best model through the following stages: each of the algorithms is calibrated in order to find appropriate model division techniques which maximize the performance of the algorithms, to assess the importance of input attributes and ultimate comparison of the algorithm orders them with respect to their performance. The final evaluation of the outcomes allowed singling out the MLP to be the best predicting methods for the given domain with optimal structure for input, hidden and output layer.

3 illus, 1 table, 26 ref

007234   Sengupta A;Sen Gupta S;Nandi I;Ghosh M (Chemical Technology Dep, College of Science & Technology Univ Calcutta Univ, Kolkata, Email: mahuag@gmail.com) : Improved antioxidant effect of CLNA rich oil nanocapsules tested on rat model. J Lipid Sci Technol 2012, 44(3), 92-8.

Conjugated linolenic acid (CLNA) is known as an antioxidant in biological systems which act by raising the endogenous antioxidant defence mechanism by competing with cellular lipid during propagation of oxidation. The present study evaluated the effect of two types of CLNA nanocapsules on antioxidant enzyme activities in liver and brain and on the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) in liver, brain and plasma in rats in oxidative stress induced by hypercholesterolemia. Charles Foster male albino rats weighing 80-100 g were fed one of four diets for 30 days (six rats per group). Endogenous enzymes having antioxidant activities and peroxidation was measured in liver and brain by standard methods. Adding cholesterol to the diet decreased the activities of antioxidant enzymes and increased tissue and plasma MDA concentrations. Addition of CLNA both in the form of oil and nanocapsules in the diet of rats receiving cholesterol, at least partly prevented the effects of the increased cholesterol. It is concluded that compared with native soybean oil, CLNA both in the form of oil and nanocapsules enhances antioxidant protection and reduces lipid peroxidation. The antioxidative effects of CLNA nanocapsules protected with lipoic acid was much better than the antioxidative effects of CLNA nanocapsules protected with tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ). The effects of CLNA in nano form were found to be more significant in comparison to CLNA in oil form.

5 tables, 43 ref

007233   Selvin Thomas P;Rajan K P;Murthy C (Chemical Engineering Technology Dep, Yanbu Industrial College, Royal Commission for Jubai and Yanbu, P.O. Box 30436, Yanbu Industrial City 21 477 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Email: ChavaliM@gmail.com) : Polymer nanocomposites: a bird's-eye view. Int J Nano Sci Technol 2013, 2(2), 19-31.

Polymer nanocomposites have been a topic of great research interest all over the world for the scientific community in the last few decades. Numerous publications and patents on the methods of preparation, characterization and applications have been reported. In this short review article, a glimpse of research works related to polymer nanocomposites is described. The main focal points are mechanical properties, barrier properties and electrical properties of the nanocomposites. An insight into the applications of polymer nanocomposites and future perspectives are also given.

1 illus, 52 ref

007232   Satyavani S R;Prasad R B N;Murthy U S N; SrinivasaRao M;Murthy M M;Kanjilal S (NO, Centre for Lipid Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technolog, Hyderabad, Email: sanjit@iict.res.in) : Evaluation of Karanjin-rich crude extract from expelled cake of Pongamia glabra for mosquito-repellant activity. J Lipid Sci Technol 2012, 44(2), 54-6.

Karanjin-rich crude polar extract from the expelled cake of Pongamia glabra was evaluated for mosquito larvicidal activity against Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti larvae. The crude extract was found to contain 48-50% free fatty acids and 20-24% karanjin. Very high rate of mortality was observed at a very low concentration of the extract against the studied larvae. In case of Aedes aegypti, LC₅₀ and LC₅₀ values (Mean ± SE) were found to be 10.4 ± 1.17 and 28.06 ± 4.65 ppm respectively when studied for 24 hr and 6.31 ± 0.59 and 12.35 ± 1.74 ppm respectively when studied for 48 hr. In case of Culex quinquefasciatus, LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values (Mean ± SE) were found to be 2.296 ppm and 35.71 ppm when studied for 24 hr.

1 table, 14 ref

007231   Satheesh N;Prasad N B L (NO, Oil Technological Research Institute, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological U, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, Email: prasad_nbl@yahoo.com) : Production of virgin coconut oil from dry and wet methods of induced fermentation and its characterization. J Lipid Sci Technol 2012, 44(2), 47-53.

Importance of the virgin coconut oil (VCO) is being evaluated worldwide as functional food. VCO is increasing its popularity as functional food and the public awareness of it is also growing. VCO differs from commercial coconut oil (CNO) in many ways, particularly, in its processing and applications. In the present study, wet and dry methods employed for the production of VCO was discussed. Advantages and disadvantages of both methods were highlighted. Induced fermentation was carried out scientifically in computer controlled bioreactor by using probiotic species (Lactobacillus acidophilus) in the production of VCO and the effect of different parameters like temperature, pH, inoculum concentration, fermentation end time and oxygen requirement were optimized to get better yields. VCO produced from dry and wet methods was characterized by determination of physico-chemical and microbiological parameters and compared with Asian Pacific Coconut Community (APCC) standards. Temperature of 45±1°C, pH of 5±1, inoculum concentration of 2%, fermentation end time of 48 hr and microaerophilic conditions were found to be the optimum parameters for obtaining higher yields of VCO in induced fermentation by L. acidophilus.

5 illus, 2 tables, 33 ref

007230   Salari H;Sreenivas K N;Shankarappa T H; Krishna H C;Mallikarjuna Gowda A P (Post Harvest Technology Dep, Horticultural Sciences Univ, Bagalkot, P.G. Center, GKVK, Bengalura, Email: shankarappath@gmail.com) : Physico-chemical and sensory parameters of muskmelon blended pomegranate squash and syrup. Envir Ecol 2012, 30(3C), 1052-7.

Investigation was carried out to develop squash and syrup beverages from muskmelon by blending it with pomegranate. The squash prepared with 35% blended juice (80% muskmelon and 20% pomegranate juice), 45 °B TSS and 1% acidity and syrup prepared with 50% blended juice (50% muskmelon and 50% pomegranate juice), 65-°B TSS and 1.5% acidity had recorded the highest scores for their sensory quality up to four months storage period evaluated During the four months of storage TSS, pH, viscosity, reducing sugar and total sugars had increased in the products while non-reducing sugar, acidity and ascorbic acid content had decreased. The product was free from spoilage during storage.

4 tables, 12 ref

007229   Rekha B;Gopala Krishna A G (Lipid Science and Traditional Foods Dep, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore) : Stable trans free vegetable oil blend for deep fat frying. J Lipid Sci Technol 2012, 44(3), 86-91.

Investigation was carried out to develop a stable frans-free vegetable oil blend for deep fat frying at household level. For this purpose common vegetable oils such as Groundnut Oil (GNO) and Coconut Oil (CNO) were used and blends were prepared. For comparison, vanaspati (hydrogenated fat) which has significant amount of trans fatty acids was also used. Poori (Indian traditional food) was fried with the blends and parent oils and the changes in characteristics were studied. As expected, blending altered fatty acid composition, color, Iodine Value (IV). The tocopherol content of the blends decreased with increase in CNO content of the starting oil blends. During frying, moisture content decreased and fat uptake increased significantly (P <60> 0.05) compared to GNO and CNO. Color and PV increased significantly, while tocopherol contents of leftover oils after frying poori decreased significantly (P <60> 0.05) with increase in CNO content in blends. Free fatty acid contents (FFA), IV and fatty acid composition changed slightly. Blends containing CNO (50%) had low PV and desirable low color, stable level of PUFA, which was found to be better, suited for frying than 100% GNO.

1 illus, 1 table, 19 ref

007228   Rakesh Kumar;Dayal R (Chemistry Div, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, Email: rakesh@icfre.org) : Chemical examination of fatty oil of Tagetes minuta seeds. J Lipid Sci Technol 2012, 44(2), 57-9.

Fatty acid composition of the oil extracted from the seeds of Tagetes minuta (9.0%) was determined by Gas Chromatography. Five fatty acids constituting 95.5% of the oil were characterized as linoleic acid (68.9%), palmitic acid (14.3%), oleic acid (7.1%), stearic acid (4.5%) and linolenic acid (0.8%). This is the first report of the isolation and characterization of fatty oil from the seeds of Tagates minuta from India.

2 tables, 16 ref

007227   Prasannan A;Suresh Kumar S;Somanathan N;Hong P D;Chuang W T (NO, Graduate Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiw, Taipei 106, Taiwan, Email: nsomanathan@rediffmail.com) : Structure-properties studies on polypyrrole microemulsions. J Polym Mater 2012, 29(1), 15-36.

Solvent and water based micro emulsions of pyrrole were synthesized at various concentrations of monomers keeping other parameters like initiator, emulsifier etc. same and the properties of the polymers were studied. The morphology of the polymers prepared from the solvent based micro emulsions formed into an ordered structure than its aqueous counterparts. This is also reflected in index of crystallinity of the polymers where the solvent based ones are more crystalline. The particle size of the aggregated domain is also increase due to the polarity of the medium and the interaction of the above with pyrrole. The obtained results show the mutual influence of monomer concentration on morphology, crystallinity and conductivity.

11 illus, 8 tables, 35 ref

007226   Pavan Kumar;Sharma B D;Kumar R R;Arun Kumar (Livestock Products Technology Div, Indian veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, Email: vetpavan@gmail.com) : Optimization of the level of wheat gluten in analogue meat nuggets. Indian J vet Res 2012, 21(1), 54-9.

Analogue meat nuggets were prepared as per basic formulation optimized for mushroom under standardized processing conditions with three different levels of wheat gluten viz. 10%, 14% and 18% replacing textured soy protein and assayed for physico-chemical and sensory attributes. Protein and fat percent decreased significantly (P<60>0.01) with subsequent increase in levels of wheat gluten. Cooking yield of analogue meat nuggets at 18% level was significantly higher (P<60>0.05) as compared to 10% and 14% levels. All the sensory attributes viz. general appearance, flavour, texture binding and overall acceptability were significantly higher (P<60>0.01) at 18% wheat gluten as compared to others except juiciness, However, sensory scores for almost all attributes at 10% and 14% wheat gluten were comparable. On the basis of sensory quality, 18% incorporation of wheat gluten was adjudged as optimum in analogue meat nuggets.

3 tables, 9 ref

007225   Pal A;Kachhwaha S S (Mechanical Engineerng Dep, Delhi Technological Univ, Bawana Road, Delhi, Email: sskachhawaha@rediffmail.com) : Waste cooking oil: a promising feedstock for biodiesel production through power ultrasound and hydrodynamic cavitation. J scient ind Res 2013, 72(6), 387-92.

Present research work deals with the details of development of laboratory test rigs for power ultrasound and hydrodynamic cavitation test rigs for conversion of WCO into biodiesel in comparison to conventional mechanical stirring. Results show that cavitation techniques can be successfully applied to transesterification reactions, to achieve more than 90% yield of the product for molar ratio 4.5:1 with minimum catalyst percentage of 0.5% and appears to be rapid and effective compared to the mechanical stirring method, for preparing alkyl esters from triglycerides.

5 illus, 2 tables, 28 ref

007224   Padmavathi T;Naidu S V;Rao R M V G K (NO, Centre for Socital Missions and Special Technologies (CSMST), Nationa, Bangalore-560 017, Email: padma_t@nal.res.in) : Characterisation studies on mercerised sisal fibers for composite applications. J Polym Mater 2012, 29(2), 261-72.

Investigations were carried out on sisal fibers treated with different concentrations of sodium, hydroxide solutions (mercerisation), to improve their tensile strength for potential use in composite applications. A maximum enhancement of 110% in tensile strength of the fibers resulted at an optimum 18% NaOH concentration. The treated fibers were variously characterized through structural (FTIR spectroscopy), thermal (TGA and DSC), micro structural (SEM) and crystallinity (XRD) analyses, to supplement the result.

10 illus, 1 table, 31 ref

007223   Narayan B;Hathwar S C;Hemavathi D (Meat Fish and Poultry Technology Dep, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore-575 020, Email: bhaskar@cfri.res.in) : Lipid class and fatty acid composition of meat and nonmeat components of selected seafoods. Indian J Fish 2012, 59(1), 133-9.

Lipid extracts from meat, head and processing waste of selected Indian seafoods, viz., tuna, seerfish and shrimp were analyzed for lipid class distribution and fatty acid profile. Total lipid (TL) content was in the range of 18.8-30.1% in head, 10.34-25.23% in meat and 8.3-14.4% in waste, on dry weight basis. The highest TL was in seerfish head (30.10%) and least in shrimp meat (25.23%). Neutral lipids (NL) were the dominant lipid class with highest being in head portions of the analysed samples (74.5-79%). Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was found in concentrations as high as 41.6% of total fatty acids in the phospholipids (PL) fraction of tuna meat. The present study highlights the utility value of marine by-products as a potential source of essential fatty acids like eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and DHA.

1 illus, 5 tables, 27 ref

007222   Nalini R;Nagarajan S;Reddy B S R (NO, Central Institute Plastic Engineering and Technology, Vatva, Ahmedabad-382 445, Email: induchem2000@yahoo.com) : Nanocomposites from thermoplastic polyolefin and surface modified clay-studies on thermal and mechanical properties. J Polym Mater 2012, 29(2), 243-52.

Intercalated/exfoliated nanocomposites from thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO) and organically surface modified montmorillanite nanoclay (OMMT-I and OMMT-II) were fabricated using melt extrusion process. Maleic anhydride grafted PP (PP-g-MA) was used as a compatibilizer to improve the dispersability property of clay. XRD studies indicated exfoliated structure in the nanocomposites prepared using 5 wt% of OMMT-I and OMMT-II. Thermal measurements have also been carried out using DMA, DSC, TGA and HDT. TPO/OMMT nanocomposites at low level of OMMT clay loading have higher melting point, lower thermal degradation temperature and heat deflection temperature than those of TPO.

2 illus, 1 table, 28 ref

007221   Murthy Z V P;Shah M K (Chemical Engineering Dep, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat-395 007, Email: zvpm2000@yahoo.com) : Dehydration of isopropanol by pervaporation using poly(vinyl alcohol) membrane. J Polym Mater 2012, 29(1), 77-88.

Separation of organic mixtures using membrane separation techniques is being investigated extensively owing to their great importance in chemical and petrochemical industries. Pervaporation (PV) is a membrane separation method for separating volatile components from liquid. A poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) membrane was used in pervaporation of isopropanol/water mixture. In the present work, pervaporation performance at different temperatures (35, 40, 45 and 50°C) and at different feed concentrations (10, 20, 30 and 40 wt %) of water in isopropanol/water feed were investigated. The experiments have been performed for studying the membrane performance in terms of permeate flux, selectivity and pervaporation separation index (PSI). A maximum water content of 85% in the permeate was obtained at optimum conditions (applied pressure = 12 psi, temperature = 40°C) and concentration of 10 wt % water in feed solution. The highest selectivity with the lowest flux was observed for 10 wt % water containing feed mixture. The flux increased with increasing amount of water in the feed, but selectivity decreased.

5 illus, 3 tables, 30 ref

007220   Mohsin M E A;Ali I;Elleithy R H;AlZahrani S M (SABIC Polymer Research Centre (SPRC), King Saud Univ, Riyadh11421, Saudi Arabia) : Effect of nano-SiO₂ & ZnO on the crystallization behaviour of polyethylene terephthalate nanocomposite. J Polym Mater 2012, 29(1), 89-100.

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) with nano SiO₂ and ZnO were prepared using a haake batch mixer. The thermal properties of PET and its nanocomposites were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The crystallization process of the nanocomposites samples was found to be different than that of the neat PET. The presence of SiO₂ and ZnO shows a considerable effect on the me/ting behaviour & crystallinity of the composites. The activation energies of the nanocomposites were evaluated using Kissinger's method. The Half crystallization time of the nanocomposites were evaluated using Avrami's method. The morphology of the composites was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The dispersion and interfacial interaction between SiO₂/ZnO and the polymer matrix were also investigated by SEM.

9 illus, 2 tables, 20 ref

007219   Mathad J;Rao R (NO, Center for Societal Missions and Special Technologies (CSMST), Nationa, Bangalore-560 017, Email: jyotsna@nal.res.in) : Characterization studies on (polypyrrole/Fe₃O₄)-polyurethane nanocomposite conductive films. J Polym Mater 2012, 29(1), 127-36.

Conductive composite films were prepared by dispersing in-house synthesized Polypyrrole/ Fe₃O₄ Nanocomposite (CPNCs) particles in a polyurethane (PU) matrix. These conductive films prepared with varied CPNC loadings (0-4% by weight) were spray coated onto a polyethylene substrate. The duly dried CPNC-PU films were variously characterized by a 4 probe electrical conductivity measurement technique, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) and a Universal Testing Machine (UTM). Results showed that the conductivity of the virgin PU film increased remarkably from 8.234 X 10^-13 S/cm to 7.413 X 10° S/cm in the 4% CPNC loaded PU composite film. FTIR analysis of the CPNC-PU films, showed a shift in the chemical peaks of the host polymer to higher wave numbers, revealing the influence of nanoparticles present in the host polymer. DSC and TGA analyses together clearly revealed increased thermal stability of the CPNC-PU films. VSM measurements showed increased saturated magnetization, Ms.with increased CPNC loading in the films. The tensile strength of the composite PU film however decreased by 15.48%, while the % strain increased by 164.74% at 4% CPNC loading.

7 illus, 3 tables, 27 ref

007218   Matariya S K;Parsania P H (Polymer Chemistry Div, Chemistry Dep, Saurashtra Univ, Rajkot-360 005, Email: phparsania@aol.com) : Synthesis and characterization of poly (4,4'-isopropylidene diphenylene diphenyl ether-4,4'-disulfonate). J Polym Mater 2012, 29(1), 137-43.

Poly (4,4'-isopropylidene diphenylene diphenyl ether-4,4'-disulfonate) [PSAE] has been synthesized by interfacial polycondensation technique by using H₂O:CHCl₃ (4:1 v/v) as an interphase, alkali as an acid acceptor and cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide as an emulsifier at 0°C for 3 h. PSAE has been characterized by IR and ¹H NMR spectral data. PSAE possesses excellent solubility in common solvents and high thermal stability (320°C). The associated kinetic parameters namely energy of activation E (131.4kJmol^-1), order of the reaction n (1.1), frequency factor A (2.3 X10⁸ S^-1) and entropy change ΔS* (-91.3 JK^-1) have been determined according to Anderson- Freeman method and discussed.

4 illus, 27 ref

007217   Mandal P K;Siddhanta S K;Chakraborty D (NO, Central Institute of Plastic Engineering & Technology, B-25, CNI Complex, Patia, Bhubaneswar-751 024, Email: s_siddhanta@yahoo.com) : Effect of the compatibilizer, EAA on the engineering properties of PP/vectra A 950 blends. J Polym Mater 2012, 29(2), 273-86.

Polypropylene/Vecfra A 950 blends were prepared in a single screw extruder in presence of different doses of ethylene acrylic acid copolymer (EAA), as a compatibilizer. The effect of incorporation in different proportions of EAA at a fixed dose of 5% Vectra A 950, on different properties of such blends was studied. Mechanical analysis exhibited improvements in tensile properties of polypropylene matrix with the incorporation of EAA. The prepared such blends were further characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, SEM, DSC and TGA studies. Rheological studies showed that both Vectra A 950 and EAA drop down the melt viscosity of polypropylene.

8 illus, 1 table, 30 ref

007216   Lu L;Wang W;Cai W;Chen Z R (NO, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineerng Ningbo Univ, Ningbo-315 211, People's Republic of China) : Synthesis and characterization of SiO₂@poly (4-vinylpyridine)@polypyrrole-palladium composites. J Polym Mater 2012, 29(2), 253-9.

Monodisperse silica microspheres. were modified using 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propylmethacrylate (MPS) to introduce reactive vinyl groups on the surface of silica. 4-Vinylpyridine monomer was polymerized on the surface of MPS-modified silica by distillation precipitation polymerization to obtain silica@Poly(4-vinylpyridine) (SiO₂@P4VP) functional microspheres. The pyridine groups of P4VP chain could coordinate with PdCI₂ to form coordination complexes, which could act as an oxidant for pyrrole. By one-step method, polypyrrole and Pd rianoparticles were formed on the surfaces of SiO₂@P4 VP microspheres simultaneously. The morphology, size and structure of the product were investigated in detail by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS).

4 illus, 22 ref

007215   Kaki S S;Reddy K K;Kanjilal S;Prasad R B N (NO, Centre for Lipid Research CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Email: rbnprasad@iict.res.in) : Enzymatic preparation and characterization of trans-free fat from palm stearin and natural vegetable oils. J Lipid Sci Technol 2012, 44(3), 79-85.

Trans-free fat was prepared by enzymatic interesterification of palm stearin (PS) and vegetable oils exemplified by rice bran oil (RBO), sesame oil (SMO) and groundnut oil (GNO). Reactions were optimized with respect to molar proportions of palm stearin and vegetable oils to achieve a desired slip melting point of less than 40°C in 8 hr. Lipozyme TL IM was used as a biocatalyst and the prepared fat was analyzed for slip melting point and triacylglycerols molecular species. Most of the interesterification reaction was observed during first four hours as suggested by the changes in the slip melting point and the molecular species composition. The optimum molar proportions required for obtaining a fat with desired slip melting points were 0.8:1 for the blends of PS:RBO and PS:SMO, whereas for PS:GO the molar ratio needed was 0.6:1. There was gradual decrease in the molecular species of tripalmitin during interesterification with increase in molecular species containing unsaturated fatty acids. The products contain sufficient amounts of palmitic and oleic acids which impart plastic consistency needed for spreadable fat or vanaspati and have the added advantage of presence of the micronutrients and antioxidants from the vegetable oils used in the study.

2 illus, 6 tables, 19 ref

007214   Japar S;Salit M S (Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Institute of Advanced Technology, Putra Malaysia Univ, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor,Malaysia, Email: kandhalawi_86@yahoo.com) : Development and properties of biodegradable and sustainable polymers. J Polym Mater 2012, 29(1), 153-65.

Focusses on the review of development and properties of biodegradable and sustainable polymers which become an attracting area in materials science research. The basic properties and recent development in sustainable polymers such as poly lactide (PLA), thermoplastic starch (TPS), cellulose and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) were reviewed in this paper. This paper also provides a general overview of some important topics in biopolymers such as chemical, processing, mechanical and physical properties.

6 illus, 5 tables, 57 ref

007213   Harish Kumar;Choudhary N;Garg V;Swami N K; Hitesh Kumar;Seth R (NO, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, Email: harishkanwar3@gmail.com) : Maillard browning: pros and cons in dairy and food industries. Res Rev : J Dairy Sci Technol 2013, 2(2), 9-18.

Maillard reaction, also known as non-enzymatic browning reaction between reducing sugars and amino groups. This reaction is responsible for the formation of several compounds, called MRP (Maillard Reaction Products) for food products. The Maillard reaction produces undesirable effects during the processing and storage of different liquid foods such as milk or fruit juices whereas for other solid foods the changes are favorable (in the case of bread, breakfast cereals, candies, coffee, chocolate, etc.). The Maillard reaction is a complex reaction, since it is influenced by many factors such as temperature, pH, time, water activity, type and concentration of reactant source and sugar involved. In heated food products, two carcinogenic compounds are produced during maillard reactions, acrylamide and imidazoquinoline. Furosine and HMF are two compounds that indicate the extent of the maillard reaction related to the type and intensity of the food processing conditions.

1 illus, 61 ref

007212   Gupta N;Sheth M (Foods and Nutrition Dep, Faculty of Family and Community Sciences, The Maharaja Sayajirao Baro, Vadodara, Gujarat, Email: mkss7@hotmail.com) : Acceptability trials of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) added soup and beverages. Asian J Home Sci 2011, 6(2), 131-6.

Fructooligosaccharides are prebiotics which beneficially affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth and activity of one or limited number of bacteria in the colon that can improve host health. The present study focuses on acceptability trials of FOS added soup and beverages namely, butter milk, lemon juice, milk and tomato soup at 2.5 per cent, 4 per cent, 5 per cent, 6 per cent, 7.5 per cent levels. The organoleptic attributes were determined by 25 semi trained panel members using 10 point numerical scoring test and difference test in triplicates. The organoleptic parameters included colour and appearance, taste, after taste, consistency and overall acceptability. Results revealed that all the FOS added products were well accepted up to 7.5 per cent level of addition and there were no significant changes observed in the overall acceptability of the products. Results obtained from the difference test revealed that consistency and overall acceptability of buttermilk significantly improved upon the addition of FOS at 7.5 per cent level. Also the colour and appearance of tomato soup improved significantly when FOS was added at 7.5 per cent level. Therefore, it can be concluded that FOS (7.5%) can be added in beverages and soup without affecting their organoleptic attributes and can form part of daily diets of human beings.

6 tables, 13 ref

007211   Goyal A;Sharma V;Upadhyay N;Sihag M;Kaushik R (Dairy Chemistry Div, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, Email: ankit_goyalg@yahoo.co.in) : High pressure processing and its impact on milk proteins. Res Rev : J Dairy Sci Technol 2013, 2(1), 12-20.

High pressure processing (HPP) is a non-thermal or cold pasteurization technique to preserve various food products. High pressure in range of 100-1000 MPa affects size, shape and conformation of various milk proteins. Casein micelles having primary conformation are not affected under low pressure, but disintegrate at high pressure (300 MP a). β-lactoglobulin (β-lg) is one of the most pressure-sensitive proteins and α-lactalbumin (α-la) is one of the most pressure resistant. Bovine serum albumin, lactoferrin and immunoglobulins are not much affected by high hydrostatic pressure (HHP). It has been observed that to achieve the shelf-life of thermally pasteurized milk of 10 days at 10 °C, a pressure treatment of at least 400 MPa for 15 min or 500 MPa for 3 min is required.

^iia2 illus, 2 tables, 48 ref

007210   Gandhi K;Arora S;Pawar N;Anil Kumar (Dairy Chemistry Div, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132 001, Email: kamalgandhi4444@gmail.com) : Effect of vidarikand (extracts) on oxidative stability of ghee: a comparative study. Res Rev : J Dairy Sci Technol 2013, 2(1), 1-11.

Antioxidant activities of vidarikand (Pueraria tuberosa) extracts were evaluated and compared with BHA, TBHQ, rosemary and green tea using a β-carotene bleaching assay, a 2,2-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and the Rancimat method. Phenolic content and antioxidant activity β-carotene-linoleic acid model system and DPPH assay) of ethanolic extract of vidarikand was more compared to its aqueous extract. Ethanolic extract of the vidarikand was more effective in preventing the development of the peroxide value and conjugated diene value in ghee compared to its aqueous extract. Vidarikand ethanolic extract showed the higher induction period as compared to its aqueous extract in the Rancimat.

3 illus, 5 tables, 45 ref

007209   Gandhi K;Anil Kumar;Sarkar P;Aghav A;Lal D (Dairy Chemistry Div, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, Email: kamalgandhi4444@gmail.com) : NALDI-TOF MS: applications in dairy and related sectors. Res Rev : J Dairy Sci Technol 2013, 2(2), 28-36.

MALDI-TOF (Nanotechnology-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of flight mass spectrometry) is a matrix free soft laser base MS technology used for low molecular weight hydrophobic biomolecule and organic molecule. NALDI-TOF MS is the new generation of Mass Spectrophotometers after MALDI-TOF MS. Its analyzing capacity is far better than MALDI-TOF MS in terms of speed, sensitivity and accuracy. This technique has found applications in a variety of disciplines including dairy, food, chemistry, biochemistry, microbiology, agriculture and physics. The purpose of this review is to summarize the contribution of the studies already performed with NALDI-TOF MS concerning dairy and related sectors.

6 illus, 1 table, 32 ref

007208   Gandhi K;Anil Kumar;Sarkar P;Aghav A;Lal D (Dairy Chemistry Div, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, Email: kamalgandhi4444@gmail.com) : MALDI-TOF MS: applications in dairy and related sectors. Res Rev : J Dairy Sci Technol 2013, 2(2), 19-27.

MALDI-TOF MS is a soft ionization technique suitable for analysis of peptides, proteins, glycoproteins, oligosaccharides and oligonucleotides etc. In dairy sector, it can be used to analyze milk proteins, to identify adulteration in milk, isolation of phospholipids, characterization of proteins and enzymes of the microorganisms used in manufacture of cheese and other fermented products. In food industry, it can be used for evaluation and determination of fructo-oligosaccharides, inulins, certain pigments and flavor compounds present in different foods. This technique has found applications in a variety of disciplines including proteomics, glycomics, dairy, food, chemistry, biochemistry, microbiology, and physics. The purpose of this review is to summarize the contribution of the studies already performed with MALDI-TOF MS concerning dairy and related sectors.

9 illus, 41 ref

007207   Gandhi K;Anil Kumar;Gosewade S;Kaushik R;Lal D (Dairy Chemistry Div, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana-132 001, Email: kamalgandhi4444@gmail.com) : X-ray crystallography and its applications in dairy science. Res Rev : J Dairy Sci Technol 2013, 2(1), 21-33.

X-ray crystallography (XRC) is the study of crystals using X-rays. XRC is the primary method in which detailed structure of molecules especially molecules that pertain to living systems have been visualized and discovered by exposing a well-ordered crystal of a substance to X-rays and finally generating the structural information from the spots produced on a film due to this impact. X-ray crystallography has been used for analysis of liquid milk, milk powders, milkstones, polymorphism of milk fat and most widely and importantly in discovering the structure of most of the milk proteins and thus helping in correlating their structure with possible functions.

^iia7 illus, 4 tables, 18 ref

007206   Darshan M B;Sharma G P;Raghavendra V;Desai S (Post Harvest Technology Div, IARI, New Delhi-110 012, Email: raghuv44@gmail.com) : Development of carrot fortified soy biscuits. Envir Ecol 2012, 30(3C), 1161-4.

Vitamin fortification is an area of current interest because of nutritional awareness of consumers, government guidelines and changing demographics. The nutritive value of foods particularly biscuits could be improved by vitamin supplementation. Biscuits from blend of maida, soy flour and carrot powder were prepared by mixing in their different proportions viz., 60% : 30% : 10% (A₁), 60% : 20% : 20% (A₂) and 60% : 10% : 30% (A₃). Nutritional quality and sensory evaluations were carried out on the biscuits. The proximate composition of the biscuits ranged in values with moisture from 4.2 to 4.8%, protein 7.4 to 11.3%, fat 25.3 to 27.4%, minerals (ash) 1.4 to 1.7% and carbohydrates 51.6 to 57%. The amount of β-carotene ranged from 14 to 16 μg/100 g of sample (23 to 27 IU vitamin A activity from β-carotene) which is equivalent to 2.3 to 2.7 μg of vitamin A (retinol). Significant difference was existed at 1% level in color, texture, taste and overall acceptability of the biscuits.

1 illus, 2 tables, 6 ref

007205   Bhatnagar A S;Hemavathy J;Gopala Krishna A G (Lipid Science and Traditional Foods Dep, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore-570 020, Email: aggk_55@yahoo.com ) : Extractability of lignans from sesame seeds with different solvents. J Lipid Sci Technol 2012, 44(1), 10-16.

Crude or virgin sesame oil has two unique bioactive lignans namely sesamin and sesamolin, which occur with its breakdown product sesamol. Successive extraction of these lignans into the oil using solvents of different polarities was attempted. Polar solvents such as acetone and methanol produced extracts containing significantly higher amounts (p ≤ 0.001) of lignans (18.3 g/kg and 17.8 g/kg respectively for white sesame seeds and 10.2 g/kg and 26.8 g/kg respectively for black sesame seeds) than non-polar solvent extraction by hexane (6.9 g/kg for white sesame and 4.9 g/kg for black sesame seeds), as determined by HPLC. The commercial sesame oils (expeller oils) contained 10 g/kg lignans. It is assumed that 80-90% of the total lignans are extracted in to the commercial expeller pressed sesame oil while 10-20% of the total lignans are retained in the cake. The present study indicated that expeller pressing and polar solvents could extract significantly higher amounts (p ≤ 0.001) of sesame lignans as compared to non-polar solvent extraction.

2 illus, 3 tables, 11 ref

007204   Ayob A;Ismail N;Teng T T;Abdullah A Z; Siddique B M (NO, School of Industrial Technology, Sains Malaysia Univ, 11800, P.Pinag, Malaysia, Email: norlii@usm.my) : Characterization of polymer-stabilized nano zero-valent iron particle by ultrasonic irradiation-assisted method. J Polym Mater 2012, 29(1), 167-79.

Presents a study of the influence of pH and ultrasonic irradiation-assisted method on the dispersion of stabilized commercial nanoparticles in post-synthesis using two types of polymers. The great pH responsive and weak polyelectrolyte in aqueous medium solution, poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) were employed in the study. We obtained TEM images, quantitative ATR FTIR and UV-Vis measurements to characterize the morphology, dispersion and size distribution of PAA and CMC absorb onto the commercial nanoparticle at both pH 2.2 and 8.6. PAA and CMC not only stabilized the colloid by promoting nucleation but also played a role as dispersing agent and FTIR exhibited that these surfactants chemically absorb on the surface of commercial nZVI through carboxylic group and monodentate interaction. Dispersion of stabilized-commercial nanoparticles could be controlled by adjusting the phi value of suspension and it revealed at higher alkaline medium numerous of small particles observed through TEM images. In addition, absorbance spectra provide more information and quantitatively confirmed significant differences for two colloidal suspensions with better dispersion for CnZVI at higher pH 8.6.

3 illus, 1 table, 37 ref

007203   Arya A B;Pradnya D;Zanvar V S;Rohini Devi (Foods and Nutrition Dep, College of Home Science, Marathwada Agricultural Univ, Parbhani-431 402, Maharashtra) : Flax seed fortification for value addition of chutneys. Indian J Nutr Diet 2012, 49(2), 68-77.

9 tables, 8 ref

007202   Alekseeva T T;Klepko V V;Babkina N V;Gomza Y P;Yarovaya N V (Physical Chemistry of Polymers, Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of NAS of Ukraine, 02160 Kiev, Kharkovskye Shausse 48, Ukraine, Email: att7@yandex.ru) : Peculiarities of formation and structure of linear polymers in confined intranetwork space during synthesis of sequential semi-interpenetrating polymer networks. J Polym Mater 2012, 29(1), 49-70.

Peculiarities of formation kinetics of sequential semi-interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) based on polyurethanes with different crosslink densities and linear polystyrene, poly(butyl methacrylaie), and po/y(methacrylic acid) have been studied. The molecular-mass distributions of linear polymers developed in semi-IPNs are examined by size-exclusion chromatography. Viscoelastic and thermophysical properties of sequential semi-IPNs were investigated by the method of dynamic mechanical analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. The experimental data show the dependence of the kinetic parameters of polymerization and relaxation properties on M_c. As a result, the material structure may change in a wide range from a nearly single-phase system to a two-phase one. Small angle X-ray scattering measurements indicate that there is symbate dependence between the degree of segregation of components of sequential semi-IPNs and their microheterogeneous structure on the internetwork space. Two hierarchical heterogeneity levels are found to exist in polymer networks, and the features of each of these levels are analyzed.

10 illus, 7 tables, 42 ref

007201   Adroja P P;Parsania P H (Chemistry Dep, Polymer Chemistry Div, Saurashtra Univ, Rajkot-360 005, Email: phparsania22@gmail.com) : Syntheses and a comparative physico-chemical study of cardo epoxy-isophthalate/terephthalate polyesters. J Polym Mater 2012, 29(1), 109-14.

Epoxy resin of 1,1'-bis (3-methyl-4-hydroxy phenyl)cyclohexane-isophthalate (EMCIP)/terephthalate (EMCTP) have been synthesized and characterized by IR, ¹HNMR, GPC, DSC and TGA at 10°C/min heating rate in nitrogen atmosphere. GPC supported formation of moderate molecular weights polyesters. EMCIP and EMCTP possess excellent solubility in common solvents and thermal stability (300-310

2 illus, 1 table, 11 ref

007200   Adroja P P;Koradiya S B;Patel J P;Parsania P H (Polymer Chemistry Div Chemistry Dep, Saurashtra Univ, Rajkot-360 005, Email: phparsania22@gmail.com) : Syntheses and comparative physico-chemical study of epoxy-polyester polyols and their polyurethanes for surface coating. J Polym Mater 2012, 29(1), 101-8.

Polyester polyols (EMCRA, EMCLA, EMCOA and EMCR) of epoxy resin of 1,1'- bis (3-methyl-4-hydroxy phenyl) cyclohexane (EMC, EE 835) and their polyurethanes (EMCRAT, EMCLAT, EMCOAT and EMCRT) have been synthesized and characterized by acid and hydroxyl values, IR, ¹HNMR, GPC, DSC and TGA at 10°C/min heating rate in nitrogen atmosphere. Epoxy polyester polyols possess excellent solubility in common solvents and thermal stability (270-295°C) and followed either single or multistep decomposition. They followed either integral or fractional order degradation kinetics. The associated kinetic parameters have been determined and discussed. Polyurethanes coating remained intake in water and saline environments without any physical and chemical change but they failed in acidic environments.

2 illus, 3 tables, 15 ref

006247   Verma A;Verma A (Pharmacy Dep, School of pharmaceutical Sciences, IFTM University, Lodhipur- Rajput, Delhi road, Moradabad-244 001, Email: ankitav83@gmail.com) : Polyelectrolyte complex. Int J pharm Sci Res 2013, 4(5), 1684-91.

The current scenario was to study Polyelectrolyte complex. Polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) represent a special class of polymeric compounds consisting of oppositely charged polyions that can have either cationic or anionic charges. Due to their charges they are hydrophilic, and normally water soluble, and can be used in a variety of applications, such as drug delivery, coatings, shampoos, or as flocculating agents in water treatment. These complexes avoid the use of chemical cross linking agent thereby to reducing the risk of toxicity. These complex formed is generally applied in different dosage form. A number of different, polymers are used to form polyelectrolyte complex. The present review emphasizes on the detail study on polyelectrolyte complex with their utility in drug delivery.

3 illus, 61 ref

006246   Tripurasundari P;Krishna Chaithanya K;Gupta V R M;Prabhakar B;Desai T (NO, , SPP SPTM, NMIMS 1, Vile Parle, Mumbai, Email: tripurakrishna@gmail.com) : Formulation and evaluation of alcohol resistant dosage forms of Glipizide. Int J pharm Sci Res 2013, 4(5), 1998-2002.

Oral controlled release pellet formulations of glipizide were prepared using extrusion spheronization technique. Pellets provide specific advantages in controlling the drug release and increasing the absorption of the active ingredient. The major drawback for these systems is dose dumping which is very prominent in presence of alcohol. In the present study, attempt was made to prepare alcohol resistant pellet formulations of glipizide. Glipizide is an oral anti-diabetic drug belonging to the sulfonylurea group, used for the treatment of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Various polymers like Eudragit RSPO, RLPO and cellulose acetate butyrate were used for preparing the pellets. The prepared pellets were studied for different flow properties and drug release studies. The in vitro drug release studies were carried out in phosphate buffer as well as in phosphate buffer containing 5% alcohol. Drug release from the pellets was by non fickian diffusion mechanism and was comparable with that of marketed preparations. The pellets also had shown resistance to alcohol dose dumping.

3 illus, 5 tables, 11 ref

006245   Suvagya V;Dash D K;Agola A (Quality Assurance Dep, N.R. Vekaria Instituter of Pharmacy, C.L. College Campus, Bilkha Road, junagadh-362 001, Email: vijaysuvagiyal5@gmail.com) : Simultaneous estimation of Rabeprazole Sodium and Cinitapride Hydrogen Tartrate in combined pharmaceutical formulation. Int J pharm Sci Res 2013, 4(5), 1868-73.

Three simple, rapid, precise and accurate spectrophotometric methods have been developed for simultaneous analysis of Cinitapride Hydrogen Tartrate (CNT) and Rabeprazole Sodium (RAB) in their combined dosage form. Method A, Simultaneous equation method (Vierodt's method) applies measurement of absorptivities at two wavelengths, 265.6 nm (λ_max of Cinitapride Hydrogen Tartrate) and 282.6 nm, (λ_max of Rabeprazole Sodium) in zero order spectra. The concentrations can be calculated from the derived equations. Method B, Q-Absorbance equation method. It involves formation of Q-absorbance equation at 279.00 nm (isoabsorptive point) and 265.60 nm (λ_max of Cinitapride Hydrogen Tartrate) in zero order spectra. Method C, Zero crossing first derivative spectrophotometry involves measurement of absorbance at 246.30 nm (for Cinitapride Hydrogen Tartrate) and 304.00 nm (for Rabeprazole Sodium) in first derivative spectra. Developed methods were validated according to ICH guidelines. The calibration graph follows Beer's law in the range of 4.0 to 20.0 μg/ml for Cinitapride Hydrogen Tartrate and 4.0 to 20.0 μg/ml for Rabeprazole Sodium in water as a solvent with R square value greater than 0.999. Accuracy of all methods was determined by recovery studies and showed % recovery between 98 to 102%. Intraday and inter day precision was checked for all methods and mean %RSD was found to be less than 2 for all the methods. The methods were successfully applied for estimation of Cinitapride Hydrogen Tartrate and Rabeprazole Sodium in marketed formulation.

11 illus, 3 tables, 14 ref

006244   Singh A;Singh A K;Singh J;Singh R (NO, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut, Email: anupam4uk@gmail.com) : Detection of species specific milk by using polymerase chain reaction. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2011, 13(4), 643-6.

Adulteration of food products is a significant problem in the food processing and production. Most frequently, such products are adulterated that are produced in big quantities and further, the expensive products whose adulteration brings a profit. This is how fraudulent producers try to cheat consumers and authorities. Adulteration of costly milk with cheaper one becomes a matter of concern for research workers. Buffalo milk is frequently used for adulteration because of its prevailing production in the world and its lower price as compared to other types. The present study was carried out for detection of milk species with the use of cytochrome b gene variability by PCR. Milk samples from Buffalo, sheep and goat were utilized for molecular analysis. The milks of these principal dairying species are well characterized. Genomic DNA was isolated from four samples of each species. Mitochondrial cytochrome b gene was amplified by PCR using a common forward primer and speciesspecific reverse primer. PCR cycling protocol included initial denaturation at 94deg.C for 5 minutes then followed by 40 cycles of 94deg.C for 30 seconds, 60deg.C for 30 seconds 72deg.C for 30 seconds and final extension at 72deg.C for 10 minutes. PCR amplicons were resolved by Agarose gel electrophoresis and for each species produce a characteristic band pattern. The PCR products showed species-specific DNA fragments of 155 bp, 270 bp, 330 bp from goat, Buffalo and sheep respectively and will help traders and consumers against milk adulteration.

2 illus, 11 ref

006243   Sharan M (Clothing and Textiles Dep, Faculty of Family and Community Sciences, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Boaroda, Vadodara, Gujarat) : Natural substitute for synthetic cleaning agents. Asian J Home Sci 2011, 6(1), 46-9.

Aritha and Shikakai, the natural cleaning agents which have been used for cleaning of ornaments since long time were used as cleaning agents for washing fabrics like cotton, wool, cots-wool, polyester cotton and polyester for the present study. A detergent was used to compare these natural cleaning agents. The cumulative property of natural and synthesis cleaning agents were also studied. Different concentrations were 0.5g/1, 1.0g/l, 2.0g/l, 3.0g/l, 4.0g/l, 5.0g/l,6.0g/l. The ratio 5050 was used for combination. To study the effect of cleansing agents, the fabrics were soiled with carbon emulsion using sponge for application of the soil. The washing was done in a fabricated wash wheel in the cleaning solution along with pieces of sponge to prevent redeposition of soil on the sample. The conditions for washing were ML 130, temp 30C, time 15 min. The samples were assessed using grey scale. For aritha, the per cent cleaning efficiency improved when combined with detergent. It was same for acidic as well as alkali side especially for wool and wool blend. The per cent cleaning efficiency of Shikakai improved with combination with detergent. It worked better on polyester and polyester cotton than Aritha. natural cleaning agents and some what gave better results when combined with detergent.

11 tables, 3 ref

006242   Rengadurai S;Preetha B;Viruthagiri T (Chemical Engineering Dep, Annamalai Univeristy, Annamalai Nagar-608 002) : Optimization of parameters for decolorization of textile dye by response surface methodology using Trametes hirsuta. Asian J biochem pharm Res 2012, 2(2), 40-8.

Potential of white rot fungus, Trametes hirsuta to decolorize the widely used textile dye Reactive black 5 using Laccase production medium, was tested by employing statistical optimization using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). A 2⁴ Central Composite Design (CCD) was chosen to evaluate the interactive effects of four variables in different ranges namely the initial dye concentration, pH, temperature and inoculum size respectively. Experiments were conducted in the study towards the construction of a quadratic model. Model validation showed a good agreement between experimental results and the predicted responses. Initial dye concentration of 220 mg/l, initial pH of 6, temperature of 30.7°C and inoculum size of 4mm of 3 disc mycelium disc were optimal for maximum decolorization and 92.% decolorization of dye was observed at optimum process conditions.

20 ref

006241   Ravi Prakasah;Anu;Dudani L;Jangir S (NO, B.S.A. India Food Ingredient Ltd., Alwar, Rajasthan, Email: ravidiarytechnologist@gmail.com) : Solar heat in milk powder plant. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2013, 2(1), 101-3.

India has now become the largest producer of milk and hence, more and more milk are required to be processed and converted into powder, thus needing more energy. With the ever increasing volatility in the crude oil market and the rise of crude oil prices to more than 100$ per barrel, there is a need to decrease our dependence on the Non-renewable energy sources and look for Alternative renewable sources. Solar energy is the best alternative as major part of India receives a good intensity of this energy for almost 10 months per year. This will give an added advantage in reducing CO₂/CO emissions reducing global warming and will save the precious Ozone Layer.

4 illus, 2 tables, 10 ref