006240   Radha G V;Kasina S (NO, GITAM Institute of Pharmacy, Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam-530 045, Email: radhagadela@gmail.com ) : Formulation and evaluation of starch acetate matrix tablets in combination with hydrophilic polymers for controlled released. Adv Res pharm biol 2012, 2(2), 167-77.

In the present study, an attempt has been made to evaluate starch acetate alone and in combination with hydrophilic polymers on the release profile of drug from matrix system. Propranolol HCl was used as a model drug to evaluate its release characteristics from different matrices. Starch acetate was synthesized, characterized and then employed in the matrix tablets as a hydrophobic polymer in different ratios alone and in combination with hydrophilic polymers like HPMC K4M, Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, and Guar gum. Formulated tablets were characterized for parameters like thickness, weight variation, drug content uniformity, hardness, friability and in-vitro release rate profile and the release data were analysed as per various kinetic models. From the data it was found that the release was following first order kinetics for the formulations F10, F11, F12, F15 and F18, zero order for remaining all the formulations and the mechanism of release was found to be Non-fickian diffusion for all the formulations.

4 illus, 5 tables, 13 ref

006239   Mhatre P R;Gatkal S H;Chopade V V;Choyudhari P D (Quality Assurance Techniques Dep, Modern College of Pharmacy, Nigdi, Pune-411 044, Email: pritimhatre2011@refiffmail.com) : Development and validation of stability indicating HPLC assay method for determination of phenobarbitone in bulk drug and tablet formulation. Int J pharm Sci Res 2013, 4(5), 1820-6.

Objective of the current study was to develop simple, precise and accurate stability indicating by isocratic RP-HPLC assay method and validated for determination of Phenobarbitone in solid pharmaceutical dosage forms. Isocratic RP-HPLC separation was achieved on a analytical C18 R column (250 mm x 4.6 mm i.d., 5 æm particle size) using mobile phase of Acetonitrile: Methanol (65:35, v/v) at a UV detector. The drug was subjected to acid degradation, alkaline degradation, oxidation, photolysis and heat to apply stress condition. The method was validated for specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy, robustness and solution stability. The method was linear in the drug concentration range of 10-60 æg/ml with a correlation coefficient 0.999. The method was also found to be robust as indicated by the % RSD values which are less than 2%. The stress degradation studies showed that Phenobarbitone undergoes degradation in acid, base, oxidation, dry heat (4.80%, 1.52%, 2.16%, and 1.81% respectively). Degradation products produced as a result of stress studies did not interfere with detection Phenobarbitone and the assay can thus be considered stability indicating.

9 illus, 7 tables, 8 ref

006238   Mahjabin Lina S M;Mahbub K M M;Asab IU; Al-Faruk M;Haque Atanu S;Alam M J;Sahriar M (Pharmacy Dep, Stamford University, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Email: kmuhsin_ju@yahoo.com) : Antioxidant and cytotoxicity potential of alcohol and petroleum ether extract of Borassus flabellifer Linn. Int J pharm Sci Res 2013, 4(5), 1852-7.

This study was subjected to investigate antioxidant and cytotoxic properties of ethanol and petroleum ether extracts of Borassus flabellifer Linn, expressed as BFA and BFP respectively. DPPH free radical scavenging method, total flavonoid, total phenol, total antioxidants and reducing power of the two extracts were assessed for antioxidant properties and cytotoxicity potentials were assessed by the brine shrimp lethality test. In DPPH test the lowest IC₅₀ value was 32.59 mg/ml for BFA and highest was 1388.46 mg/ml for BFP and compared with standard ascorbic acid. In cytotoxicity test LC₅₀ value was found 32.36 μg/ml for BFA and 616.59 μg/ml for BFP. So alcohol extract is more potent than petroleum ether extract. The total Flavonoid contents of the test samples were 3.57 ± 1.26 and 17.41±1.89 mg/g quercetin equivalents for BFA and BFP respectively. The total phenol contents of the test samples were 707.08 ± 8.84 and 28.75 ± 6.48 mg/g galic acid equivalents for BFA and BFP respectively and also in total antioxidant assay BFA contains 0.68 ± 0.17 and BFP contains 527.38 ± 3.93 mg/g ascorbic acid equivalents. Borassus flabellifer may posses' powerful antioxidant as well as good cytotoxic potential.

3 illus, 2 tables, 42 ref

006237   Logesh Kumar P R;Velmurugan C;Bharathi T; Thiyagarajan T;Valentina P (Pharmaceutical Chemistry Dep, Sri Krishna Chaithanya College of Pharmacy, Nimmanapalli Road, Madanapalle, Chittor, Madhya Pradesh, Email: loghipharma@gmail.com) : Synthesis and biological evaluation of 1-(4-P-toluidino)-6-(Napthylamino)-1,3,5-triazine 2-yl-3-methyl -2,6-diphenyl piperidine-4-one. Adv Res pharm biol 2012, 2(1), 123-8.

Triazine is the chemical species of six-membered heterocyclic ring compound with three nitrogens replacing carbon-hydrogen units in the benzene ring structure. The names of the three isomers indicate which of the carbon- hydrogen units in the benzene ring position of the molecules have been replaced by nitrogens called 1,2,3-triazines. The triazine derivative of 1-(4-p-toludino)-6-(napthyla mino)-1,3,5-triazine-2-yl)-3-methyl-2,6-diphenylpiperidine-4-one s synthesized by condensation method by using various amines. The final synthesized compound structure elucidated by spectral analysis and screened for antibacterial and antifungal activity using different strains of bacteria and fungi by turbidometric method at different concentration. Result showed marked anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activity with increasing the concentration and 250 μg revealed equal to standard drug ciprofloxacin in antibacterial activity.

1 table, 2 ref

006236   Jain N;Singhal S;Jain S K (Pharmacy Dep, Mahatma Jyoti Rao Phoole University, NH-8 near Achrol, Jaipur-302 019, Email: nilujain01@yahoo.co.in) : Synthesis, characterization and anti-inflammatory activity of novel substituted Cis-Stilbene drivatives. Int J pharm Sci Res 2013, 4(5), 1982-93.

In the present study, novel derivatives of substituted cis-stilbene were prepared from benzyl (chloro) triphenyl phosphorane, substituted phenyl acetic acid and In vivo anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by carrageenan- induced rat paw edema assay model. The newly synthesized compounds were characterized by IR, ¹H NMR and Mass analyses. The results revealed that all the test compounds protected the rats from carrageenan induced inflammation and the test compounds showed a significant anti-inflammatory activity against the control group. Among the compounds tested 1i, 1l, 1o, 2c, 2d, 2h, 3b and 3d showed better anti-inflammatory activity and 2f, 3c showed moderate activity.

4 tables, 39 ref

006235   Hossain M T;Rashid M A;Alam M T (Applied Chemistry & Chemical Engineering 1, Noakhali Science & Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh, Email: tanvirdb@gmail.com) : Screening of Bangladeshi vegetables for peroxidase. Int J pharm Sci Res 2013, 4(5), 1934-2020.

Various locally available vegetables were screened for the enzyme peroxidase. The screening was performed mainly on daikon, cabbage, cauliflower; tomato and sweet potato etc. The juices of these vegetables were extracted and subjected to ammonium sulphate precipitation followed by dialysis to remove any adhere salts. The partially purified enzymes were then subjected to peroxidase assay. All the extracts from vegetables showed the presence of appreciable amount of peroxidase. In order to quantify, kinetic measurements of all the partially purified enzymes were performed using hydrogen peroxide as substrate and guaiacol (ortho-methoxy phenol) as color forming dye. The enzymatic activities of daikon, cabbage, cauliflower, sweet potato and tomato peroxidase having optical densities of 0.056, 0.139, 0.226, 0.139 and 0.089 at 280 nm were found to be 2.2898 U/ml, 3.4381U/ml, 1.1675 U/ml, 0.3741 U/ml and 0.1901 U/ml respectively. In order to compare the above result, the data have been normalized with respect to optical densities of cabbage. Thus, the partially purified enzyme having a optical density of 0.139 shows the peroxidase activity of 5.6836 U/ml, 3.4381 U/ml, 0.7181 U/ml, 0.3741 U/ml and 0.2969 U/ml respectively for daikon, cabbage, cauliflower, sweet potato and tomato. The present result indicates that the daikon peroxidase possess the highest enzymatic activity. The UV/Vis spectra of all vegetables showed characteristics Soret absorption band with a λ_max at 415 indicating the presence of heme molecule attached to apoenzyme.

2 illus, 2 tables, 4 ref

006234   Bisht S S;Chaurasia H;Varshney S;Reena; Kotiyal D (School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shobhit University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, Email: shailbishtpharma30@gmail.com) : Formulation and evaluation of fast dissolving tablets of Sumatriptan Succinate. Int J pharm Sci Res 2013, 4(5), 1912-17.

In the present study an attempt has been made to prepare fast dissolving tablets of Sumatriptan Succinate to improve dissolution rate of the drug in oral cavity & hence better patient's compliance & effective therapy. Sumatriptan Succinate is a 5-HT1D (5-hydroxy tryptamine 1D) receptor agonist, used in the treatment of migraine and cluster headache. It has low bioavailability due to its first pass metabolism. Hence the main objective of the study was to formulate fast dissolving tablets of Sumatriptan succinate to achieve a better dissolution rate and further improving the bioavailability of the drug. Fast dissolving Sumatriptan succinate was prepared using superdisintegrants Crospovidone, Croscarmellose Sodium, and Preglatinised Starch using the direct compression method. The tablets prepared were evaluated for Thickness, Uniformity of weight, Drug content, Hardness, Friability, Wetting time, in vitro and in vivo disintegration time, in vitro drug release. The formulation F3 containing Crospovidone (8%) was found to give the best result since it showed enhanced dissolution, which leads to improved bioavailability, improved effectiveness and hence better patient compliance.

2 illus, 5 tables, 19 ref

006233   Bhunia S N;Sarkar B K;Parwal M (NO, Sri Balaji College of Pharmacy, , Email: pharma_sankar@yahoo.co.in) : Formulation development of sustained release matrix tablet of Metformin Hydrochloride. Adv Res pharm biol 2012, 2(1), 95-103.

Objective of the present study was to develop once-daily sustained-release matrix tablets of metformin HCl, anti-diabetic agent which is prescribed for the treatment of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. The tablets were prepared by the non-aqueous wet granulation method. Isopropyl alcohol solution of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVPK30) was used as granulating agents along with hydrophilic matrix materials like hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and locust bean gum (LBG). The tablets were subjected to thickness, weight variation test, drug content, hardness, friability, and in vitro release studies. All the tablet formulations showed acceptable pharmacotechnical properties and complied with in-house specifications for tested parameters. The results of dissolution studies indicated that formulation M5 (HPMC: LBG, 200:30 mg) could extend the drug release up to 8 hours. The successful formulation of the study, exhibited satisfactory drug release (M5) was compared with the marketed formulation (Obimet SRT) and showed very close to release profile which suggests sustained release profile.

2 illus, 2 tables, 17 ref

006232   Ashtamkar J;Nangude S;Chugh N (Pharmacy Dep, Vibnayaka Missions University, Sankari Main Road (NH-47), Ariyanoor, Salem-637 308, Email: jashtamkar@gmail.com) : Formulation and evaluation of controlled release tablets of miglito using combination of hydrophilic polymers. Int J pharm Sci Res 2013, 4(5), 1833-7.

In the present study, Miglitol 25 mg controlled release matrices were prepared by direct compression and in vitro drug dissolution studies were performed to find out the drug release rate and patterns. Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, Hydroxypropylcellulose and Hydroxyethylcellulose were used as rate controlling polymers. Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose was used as primary rate controlling polymer and effects of addition of Hydroxypropylcellulose and Hydroxyethylcellulose on in-vitro drug dissolution were studied. Tablets were formulated using total polymer content as 30, 35 and 40 percent with 20 percent standard polymer content of Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose in all batches and varying the concentration of Hydroxypropyl cellulose and Hydroxyethylcellulose in the range of 10, 15 and 20 percent. In-vitro drug release was carried out using USP Type II at 50 rpm in 900 ml of acidic dissolution medium (pH 1.2) for 2 hours, followed by 900 ml alkaline dissolution medium (pH 7.4) up to 12 hours. Several kinetic models were applied to the dissolution profiles to determine the drug release kinetics.

1 illus, 4 tables, 9 ref

005193   Singh V K;Panday S;Singh R B;Nath A (Processing & Food Engineering Dep, CCS HAU, Hisar-125 004, Email: vijurss@gmail.com) : Effect of process variables and quality characteristics of spray dried ber (Ziziphus jujube L.) juice. Envir Ecol 2012, 30(3B), 951-5.

Spray drying of ber juice product was investigated. The study covered effect of operating variables of spray dryer i.e. inlet temperature, aspirator blower capacity, feed pump capacity and processing parameters of feed i.e. total soluble solid (TSS) of feed and encapsulating material, maltodextrin, aerosol, citric acid upon the physical properties (color, bulk density and solubility) of powder were observed. After complete evaluation and analysis of all the attributes for physical properties i.e. colour, bulk density (0.25 g/ml) and solubility (98.6%), it was found that best quality of ber powder were obtained at inlet air temperature 190 C, aspirator blower capacity 60%, feed pump capacity 15%, encapsulating material 8%.

4 illus, 4 tables, 18 ref

005192   Mamatha H S;Mushtari Begum J;Shivaleela H B (NO, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Konehalli, Tiptur, Tumkur, UAS, Bengaluru-572 202, Email: mamath97@rediffmail.com) : Cooking and sensory quality of finger millet (Eleusine coracana) based diabetic vermicelli on storage. Envir Ecol 2012, 30(3B), 848-51.

Finger millet (Eleusine coracana) is an important millet crop and is a major source of energy and protein in the diets of rural population. Finger millet protein has well balanced amino acid profile and a good source of calcium. Finger millet contains higher proportion of carbohydrate which is in the form of non starchy polysaccharides and dietary fiber, which provide several nutritional and physiological benefits. The millet grain offer many opportunities for utilization in diversified products. Hence, finger millet based vermicelli deserves more attention. Therefore an attempt was made to assess the effect of storage on cooking and sensory quality of diabetic vermicelli. Finger millet based diabetic vermicelli was extruded using 50% of finger millet flour, 10% of defatted soy flour and 32.5 to 40% of whole wheat flour. To extend the benefit to diabetics it was blended with different medicinal plants like madhunashini, amruthballi, jamun fruit seeds, ashwagandha and germinated fenugreek seeds powder. The extruded vermicelli were dried and packed in a polyethylene pouches and kept in air tight steel container and stored for 3 months at room temperature. It was observed that as the storage period increases the cooked weight, cooking loss and water uptake increases. Statistically non-significant difference at 5% level was observed. Sensory quality showed a non-significant difference for all the attributes except the vermicelli product blended with madhunashini were significant with all the storage period.

3 tables, 3 ref

005191   Mallikarjuna T;Ranganna B;Sreedevi M S (Agricultural Engineering Dep, Agricultural Sciences Univ, Bangalore-560 065, Email: mallikarjun120@gmail.com) : Enhancement of shelf-life of custard apple (Annona squamosa L.) fruits by using diiferent packages and storage system. Envir Ecol 2012, 30(3B), 975-77.

Experiment was conducted during 2006-2007 to assess the effect of different packages and storage systems for enhancing shelf life of custard apple fruits. The shelf life of custard apple fruits under ambient temperature in ventilated polyethylene package was 4 days and in silicone membrane and diffusion channel systems it was 6 days compared to control which could be kept well for only 2 days under ambient temperature. In confirmatory packaging experimentation studies, the shelf life of custard apple fruits was 6 days in ventilated polyethylene package and it was 8 days in silicone membrane and diffusion channel systems at 20 C. In 15 C, the storage life was increased 8 days in ventilated polyethylene followed by 10 days in silicone membrane and diffusion channel systems.

3 tables, 7 ref

005190   Kareem S A;Aribike D S;Nwachukwu S C U; Latinwo G K (Chemical Engineering Dep, Federal Technology Univ, Yola, Nigeria, Email: sakareem_1@yahoo.co.uk) : Microbial desulfurization of diesel by Desulfobacterium indolicum. J envir Sci Engng 2012, 54(1), 98-103.

Recalcitrant organosulfur compounds such as Dibenzothiophene (DBT) and its derivatives in real petroleum fractions such as diesel cannot be removed by convectional hydrodesulfurization (HDS) treatment using metallic catalysts as well as extremes of conditions of high pressure and temperature. Biodesulfurization was identified as one of the possible routes for the removal of sulfur from middle distillate fractions of petroleum. The desulfurizing bacterium Desufobacterium indolicum was isolated and subsequently identified by the Department of Botany and Microbiology, University of Lagos, Nigeria. The bacterium exhibited very high desulfurizing ability towards diesel at 30ρC and normal atmospheric pressure. The biodesulfurization of diesel by Desulfobacterium indolicum resulted in reduction of sulfur from 166.037 ppm to 33.412 ppm over a period of 72 hours. Gas chromatography analysis with a pulsed flame photometric detector revealed that the peaks of benzothiophene and dibenzothiophene significantly decreased after biodesulfurization. Thus, Desulfobacterium indolicum could effectively desulfurize diesel and therefore, may be a promising biocatalyst for practical biodesulfurization of diesel.

4 illus, 15 ref

005189   Chellapandi P;Uma L (Bioinformatics Dep, School of LIfe Sciences, Bharathidasan Univ, Tiruchirappalli-620 024, Email: pchellapandi@gmail.com) : Evaluation of methanogenic activity of biogas plant slurry on Ossein factory wastes. J envir Sci Engng 2012, 54(1), 10-13.

The objective of the work was to evaluate the ossein factory wastes, which include primary clarified bone waste (PCBW) and sinews for methane production, by monitoring methanogenic activity of predigested biogas plant slurry. A specific methanogenic activity of biogas plant slurry (anaerobic seed) was measured at 38ρC using different proportions of ossein factory wastes in an assay medium. The pH of slurry was intensively maintained until course of digestion. A moderate proportion of both substrates showed a maximum methane production at 20 days of incubation in batch mode. However, a maximum cumulative methane yield achieved by biogas plant slurry on PCBW was low as compared to sinews. The best organic matter degradation was achieved even at a high proportion of ossein factory wastes used in digesters. These substitutes would be useful, without seriously reducing total gas production, for methane production if they partially mixed with cattle dung. As a result of this preliminary study suggests that ossein factory wastes are potential alternative sources for biogas production in ossein factory.

5 illus, 10 ref

004121   Zou M Q;Xue Y;Zhai Q Z (Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, , Beijing 100023, P.R. China, Email: zhaiqingzhou@163.com) : Encapsulation of p-Acetylarsenazo in Nanoscale MCM-41. Asian J Chem 2011, 23(4), 1789-94.

MCM-41 molecular sieve was prepared in alkaline medium by using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as template, tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as silica resource. Guest material p-acetylarsenazo (ASApA) was incorporated into the molecular sieve host to obtain host-guest nonacomposite materials (MCM-41)-ASApA. Chemical analysis showed that p-acetylarsenazo has entered in the MCM-41 host. The powder X-ray diffraction test results indicated that the ordered degrees of the MCM-41 in the host-guest nanocomposite materials were still remained good and the frameworks of the molecular sieves were not destroyed by the incorporation of the p-acetylarsenazo. The low-temperature nitrogen adsorption-desorption results at 77 K showed that the surface area and the pore volume of the post-encapsulation host-guest nanocomposite materials were decreased compared to those of the unincorporated host molecular sieves, indicating that the guest has partially occupied the channels of the molecular sieves. The scanning electron microscopic studies indicated that the (MCM-41)-ASApA particles presented spherical and have a size of 115 ± 10 nm for the sample containing 2.93 % of p-acetylarsenazo. Raman spectra showed that the frameworks of the host molecular sieves of the prepared host-guest nanocomposite materials were kept intact. The ultraviolet-visible solid state diffuse reflection absorption spectra indicated that the absorptions of the host-guest nonacomposite materials prepared had obvious blue-shifts compared with that of the guest material, proving that the guest dye had already incorporated into the channels of the molecular sieves. The luminous spectra showed that the post-encapsulation host-guest composite materials have the character of luminescence at 466 nm. The host-guest composite materials (MCM-41)-ASApA have potential use in the domain of sensor, light-emitting devices and laser part materials.

10 illus, 1 table, 17 ref

004120   Zhou Z;Wang F;Huang K;Liu S;Zehc S;Jiang K (NO, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South Universit, Changsha 410083, P.R. China, Email: sqliu2003@126.com) : Double surface coating to improve the photoluminescence performance of BaMgAl₁₀O₁₇ : Eu<. Asian J Chem 2012, 24(2), 747-50.

Europium-doped barium magnesium aluminate was double-coated with silicon dioxide and alumina by a sol-gel method. X-ray diffraction patterns show no phase change for coated phosphors. The scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X-ray spectrophotometer result that the single coated material was uniform silicon dioxide thin film and the double coated surface was consisted of silicon dioxide and alumina hybrid films. The transmission electron microscope images revealed that the thickness of the first layer and the second layer was 60 and 15 nm, respectively. The results of thermal stability test indicated that relative-brightness loss of uncoated, single coated and double coated phosphors was 18.29, 6.83 and 2.76 %, respectively. Colour coordinate shift (Δx, Δy) of these samples was (0.0003, 0.0082), (0.0001, 0.0042) and (0.0001, 0.0028), respectively. Barium magnesium aluminate phosphor's colour coordinate shift was reduced while thermal stability was improved by double coating, which was better than that of single coated sample, because the double coating method overcame the problem of luminescence intensity decline in the process of thickening the single coated layer.

5 illus, 1 table, 18 ref

004119   Zeng H W;Cai Y J;Liao X R;Zhang F;Li Y L; Zhang D B (Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Sch, Jiangnan University, Lihu Road 1800, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China, Email: liaoxiangru@163.com ) : Citric acid induction and statistical optimization for production enhancement of catalase by Serratia marcescens SYBC08. Asian J Chem 2011, 23(4), 1488-92.

The process of enhancing production of catalase by Serratia marcescens SYBC08 was carried out in submerged fermentation. Catalase production of critic acid induction was increased by 92 % compared to that of glucose. Statistical experimental designs were used in optimization of catalase production. Temperature, initial pH and corn steep liquor powder concentration were identified as the most significant factors by using Placket-Burman design. The optimum values of three significant factors were determined using central composite design and response surface analysis. While three optimum significant factors were revealed as temperature (32.8°C), initial pH (5.9) and corn steep liquor powder concentration (33.8 g L^-1), the maximum predicted catalase production of 11632.88 U mL^-1 was calculated out using a two second-order polynomial equation. In a validate experiment, maximum catalase production of 12182.74 U mL^-1 was achieved and had 28.27 % increasement compared to that under unoptimized conditions.

5 illus, 3 tables, 19 ref

004118   Yu S;Jia X;Dong L;Yin Y (NO, Institute of Marine Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Mariti, Shanghai 201306, P.R. China, Email: sqyu@shmtu.edu.cn) : Structures of small Fe_n-1Ni(n = 2-7) clusters: a density funcational theory Study. Asian J Chem 2011, 23(4), 1854-6.

All possible geometrical structures of Fe_n-1Ni(n = 2-7) clusters were optimized at the BPW91 level in density functional theory. Theoretical results show that the Ni atom prefers to occupy the surface site and does not change the frame structures of iron atoms. Further, we analyze the stability of the lowest-energy structures for Fe_n-1Ni(n = 2-7) clusters and the corresponding results of the second difference in energy, the vertical ionization potential as well as the HOMOLUMO energy gap show that the Fe₅5Ni has special stability.

1 illus, 1 table, 26 ref

004117   Yoon H S;Ryu S;Oh W C;Zhang F J (Chemical Engineering Dep, Chungnam National University, Useung, Daejeon, South Korea, Email: wc_oh@hanseo.ac.kr) : Easy route to modified activated carbon honeycombs for removal of methyl mercaptan. Asian J Chem 2012, 24(2), 621-5.

Removal efficiencies of methyl mercaptan on virgin activated carbon honeycomb and surface modified activated carbons honeycombs using NaOH, CuSO₄ and MnSO₄ solutions were studied. The activated carbons were characterized by nitrogen adsorption, XRD, SEM, TEM and adsorption tests. The treatment of NaOH, CuSO₄ and MnSO₄ solutions on the activated carbon significantly enhanced the adsorption capacity of methyl mercaptan, despite a notable decrease in microporosity for the case of MnSO₄ modified samples. Among the three treatments, copper sulfate modified activated samples have the best results. It is likely that copper sulfate may act as adsorption site for methyl mercaptan.

9 illus, 1 table, 15 ref

004116   Ying A G;Wu C L;He G H (School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou 317000, P.R. China, Email: agying@tzc.edu.cn) : Efficient protocol for Knoevenagel condensation in presence of the diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene-water complex. Asian J Chem 2012, 24(2), 653-6.

A simple and efficient protocol for Knoevenagel condensation has been developed in the presence of diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU)/water complex. A widely range of carbonyl compounds (aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes, ketones) could react smoothly with methylene active ingredients (malononitrile, ethyl cyanoacetate, diethyl malonate and acetylacetone), which can not proceed by conventional catalyst. Other significant features of this method include readily workup, good recyclability of catalytic system and short reaction time.

2 illus, 3 tables, 9 ref

004115   Yi Y Y;Fan D D (Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of C, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, P.R. China, Email: fandaidi@nwu.edu.cn ) : Fluorescence study on the interaction of human-like collagen and copper(II). Asian J Chem 2012, 24(2), 631-4.

Fluorescence spectroscopy and UV-VIS absorption spectroscopy were employed to analyze the binding of Cu²⁺ to human-like collagen (HLC) with Cu²⁺ concentrations from 0 to 1.0 x 10-4 mol L-1 at 273 and 298 K. The fluorescence titration results indicated that Cu2+ quenched the fluorescence intensity of human-like collagen and the quenching mechanism should belong to both dynamic and static quenching according to the Stern-Volmer equation. The binding constants and the corresponding thermodynamic parameters at different temperatures were calculated, which showed that hydrophobic interactions were the main binding force. The conclusion that Cu²⁺ could bind to human-like collagen was clarified by all these experimental results and theoretical data, and it could be a useful guideline for further study of human-like collagen-Cu complex.

4 illus, 2 tables, 41 ref

004114   Yao L Y;Wang L W;Zhao B;Yuan X F;Wang X D; Wang Y C;Su H M;Niu S M (National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, P.R. China, Email: bzhao@home.ipe.ac.cn) : Separation of syringin and flavonoids from Saussurea involucrata by macroporous resin. Asian J Chem 2012, 24(2), 871-6.

The performance and separation characteristics of nine macroporous resins for the enrichment and purification of flavonoids and syringin from planted Saussurea involucrata extracts were evaluated. The experimental results showed that a resin labeled X-5 offered higher adsorption and desorption capacities and higher adsorption speed for syringin and flavonoids than other resins and its adsorption data fit to the Freundlich isotherm. The dynamic adsorption and desorption experiments were carried out in the column packed with X-5 resin to optimize the separation process. An enriched flavonoids extract without syringin and an enriched syringin extract with 80.3 % purity could be separated from crude Saussurea involucrata extracts in one run. The results showed that X-5 resin had a good ability to separate syringin and flavonoids from planted Saussurea involucrata. This method would be very useful and has important significance for the protection of wild Saussurea involucrata.

7 illus, 4 tables, 20 ref

004113   Xue Y;Fan X Y;Zhai Q Z (Research Center for Nanotechnology, Changchun University of Science and Technology, 7186 Weixing Road, Changchun 130022, P.R. China, Email: zhaiqingzhou@163.com) : Characterization of host-guest composite material (SBA-15)-(p-Acetylarsenazo). Asian J Chem 2012, 24(2), 635-40.

SBA-15 molecular sieve was synthesized using tetraethylorthosilicate as silica resource in acidic medium by using triblock copolymers (EG₂₀PG₄₀EG₂₀) as template. Guest material pacetylarsenazo (ASApA) was incorporated into the molecular sieve host to obtain host-guest composite material (SBA-15)-ASApA. Powder X-ray diffraction results suggested that the ordered degrees of the SBA-15 in the host-guest composite materials were still remained good and the frameworks of the molecular sieves were not destroyed by incorporation of the guest. Infrared spectra showed that frameworks of the host of prepared materials were kept intact. Low-temperature nitrogen adsorption-desorption results at 77 K showed that the surface area and the pore volume of the prepared host-guest composite materials decreased compared to those of the host molecular sieve, indicating that the guest has partially occupied channels of the molecular sieve. Scanning electron microscopic studies indicated that the composite materials (SBA-15)-ASApA presented fibrous appearance and their size was 335 ± 10 and 343 ± 10 nm, respectively. Luminous spectra showed that the prepared host-guest nanocomposite materials have the character of luminescence.

11 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

004112   Xue J T;Wu C J;Wang L L;Zhang J L;Huang G; Jiang S;Wen S L;Liang Y;Chao R B;Chen C;Ye L M (West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China, Email: yeliminglaoshi@126.com) : Identification of the types of parched areca seed by near infrared spectroscopy. Asian J Chem 2012, 24(2), 822-6.

This research was aimed to establish a rapid and automated analytical method for the identification of different types of parched areca seed (AS) (raw areca seed, parched-yellow areca seed, seorched areca seed and charring areca seed) by near infrared spectroscopy (NIR). Twenty kinds of areca seed were selected from 60 kinds obtained from various places and then were parched by an online-type and non-contact temperature measurement system invented by our study team; based on the colour, parching temperature and time, concentration of main effective constituent and the results of cluster analysis of 290 samples. The near infrared identification model which could identify four types of parched areca seed fast and accurately was establish after pretreated with vector normalization and first derivative method. The proposed method is accurate and robust which could be used for the identification of other traditional Chinese medicine.

5 illus, 2 tables, 12 ref

004111   Xiang G O;Wen S P;Wu X Y;Liu Y L;Jiang X M;He L J (School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou City, P.R. China, Email: xianggq@haut.edu.cn) : Determination of trace cadmium in food samples by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry after cloud point extraction. Asian J Chem 2011, 23(4), 1548-22.

A new method for the determination of trace cadmium in food samples by cloud point extraction combined with electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry is presented and evaluated. The method based on the fact that formation of a hydrophobic complex of cadmium(II) with ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate at pH 4.0 and subsequently enter surfactant-rich phase. Cadmium(II) in surfactant-rich phase was determined by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry after dilution by 0.2 mL nitric acid in methanol (0.1 mol L^-1). The main factors affecting the cloud point extraction, such as pH, concentration of ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate and Triton X-114, equilibrium temperature and incubation time, sample volume were investigated in detail. Under the optimum conditions, the limit of detection of this method was 0.004 ng mL^-1 for cadmium and the relative standard deviation was 4.3 % (c = 0.5 ng mL^-1, n = 7). The analytical results for the certified reference rice sample (GBW08510) were in a good agreement with the certified value. The proposed method was successfully applied to determination of trace cadmium in the liquor, rice and drinking water with satisfactory results.

3 illus, 2 tables, 27 ref

004110   Weng J Q;Huang H;Yu Z Q;Zhang H M;Tan C X;Liu X H (College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, P.R. China, Email: jqweng@zjut.edu.cn) : Synthesis and fungicidal activity of hydrazone derivatives containing 2(3H)-benzothiazolone moiety. Asian J Chem 2012, 24(2), 561-4.

Fifteen novel hydrazone derivatives containing 2(3H)-benzothiazolone moiety were synthesized by condensing 2-oxobenzothiazolin-3-ylacetohydrazide with substituted ketones. Their structures were characterized by ¹H NMR, FTIR, MS and elemental analysis. The biological activities of the hydrazone derivatives were investigated. The bioassay results indicated that some of these compounds exhibit excellent fungicidal activities.

1 table, 17 ref

004109   Wang Q;Hu Y;Zhu J;Liu Y;Yang X;Bian J (School of Material Science and Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China, Email: huyingmo@cugb.ed.cn) : Convenient synthetic method of starch/lactic acid graft copolymer catalyzed with sodium hydroxide. Bull Mater Sci 2012, 35(3), 415-18.

Copolymer of starch grafted with lactic acid (LA) could be directly prepared by reaction of cornstarch with lactic acid and with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as the catalyst. The structure of starch/LA copolymer was characterized by IR, XRD, SEM and ¹H-NMR. The effects of NaOH concentration, ratios of starch and LA, reaction temperature and reaction time on the grafting degree were also investigated and the results showed that the highest grafting degree of starch could reach 33.60% when the graft copolymerization was carried out in 0.40 mol l^-1 NaOH aqueous solution for 9 h at 90°C with 1: 6 ratio of starch and lactic acid.

8 illus, 16 ref

004108   Wang L;Bi J H;Wang H L (Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Dep, Hefei Normal University, Hefei, P.R. China, Email: bi010101@126.com) : Synthesis and magnetic properties of coordination polymer of Cu(II)-Schiff base. Asian J Chem 2012, 24(2), 937-8.

A copper(II) coordination polymer with the composition [CuL]4(ClO₄)₈(H₂O)₈(CH₃OH)_0.5 {L = (6Z,15Z)-N1',N2'-bis[amino(pyridin-2-yl)methylene]oxalohydrazide} has been synthesized by self-assembly and characterized by IR spectra, elemental analysis and TG measurement. The magnetic properties indicates that there is a weak antiferromagnetic interactions between the copper(II) ions in molecule of the coordination polymer.

^ssc1 illus, 11 ref

004107   Wang C C;Wang P (Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment (Beiji, , No. 1, Zhanlanguan Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100044, P.R. China, Email: chongchenwang@126.com) : Hydrogen bonding and water networks in a 3-D coordination polymer [Ag(bpp)]₂(BDC).8H₂O (bpp = 1,3-Bis(4-pyridyl)propane; BDC = benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid). Asian J Chem 2011, 23(4), 1449-52.

A 3-D coordination polymer of silver, i.e., [Ag(bpp)]₂(BDC).8H₂O was obtained by evaporating the mixture of an ammonical solution containing AgNO₃, benzene-1,4-dicarboxylatic acid and an acetonic solution of 1,3-bis(4-pyridyl)propane at room temperature slowly for several weeks. The crystals should be protected by vaseline oil as soon as possible after taken from mother liquid because they were unstable when exposed under air. In asymmetric unit of [Ag(bpp)]₂(BDC).8H₂O , the Ag ions are coordinated in bent linear geometry by two N atoms from two different 1,3-bis(4-pyridyl)propane ligands. Benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid is uncoordinated to any Ag ions, playing the role of charge compensation of the cationic polymer coordination chains. The rich hydrogen bond interactions were formed by the O atoms from benzene- 1,4-dicarboxylic acid ligands and the lattice water molecules, which form novel water networks. The crystal structure reveals that 3-D framework of [Ag(bpp)]₂(BDC).8H₂O is built up of 1-D [Ag(bpp)]ⁿ⁺_n, BDC^2- counter-ions and lattice water molecules.

4 illus, 2 tables, 6 ref

004106   Sun Z;Peng K;Dong X;Shi W (School of Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P.R. China, Email: orgpeng@gmail.com) : Highly selective synthesis of β-bromoesters using molecular bromine catalyzed by phosphorus. Asian J Chem 2012, 24(2), 929-30.

A series of β-bromoesters have been synthesized by applying Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction catalyzed by phosphorus instead of usual phosphorus tribromide. An excellent regioselectivity to good yields are achieved at comparatively mild reaction conditions of an operational simplicity.

1 table, 13 ref

004105   Sun P;Rui Y K;Li X (Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College Chinese, Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China, Email: xeli@implad.ac.cn) : Nutritional elements and heavy metals in tibetan medicine Terminalia chebula. Asian J Chem 2012, 24(2), 933-4.

Wild Terminalia chebula from Tibet were determined the contents of nutritional elements and heavy metals by ICP-MS to evaluate its quality. The results showed that there are many kinds of nutritional elements in wild Terminalia chebula from Tibet of China, i.e., Ca, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Se and Mo, whose contents were 756.33 μg/g, 133.98 μg/g, 6.75 μg/g, 9.48 μg/g, 4.81 μg/g, 316.27 ng/g and 10.98 ng/g respectively. The contents of four kinds of heavy metals i.e., As 160.81 ng/g, Cd 14.86 ng/g, Pb 71.65 ng/g and Cr 184.40 ng/g, respectively in Terminalia chebula from Tibet. Compared with Tibetan medicine Potentill ta anscri na L. from Gansu proveince, Terminalia chebula from Tibet contained more As and less Cd and Pb. It is concluded that Terminalia chebula from Tibet meet to the standard "Green Professional Standard for Importing and Exporting Medicinal Herbs and Preparations" in terms of nutritional elements and heavy metals.

^ssc2 tables, 11 ref

004104   Song Q S;Xu S;Zhang K (School of Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P.R. China, Email: sqshfut@126.com) : Preparation of SiC/Ti(C,N) ceramic fibers by Sol-Gel process and carbothermal reduction-nitridation reaction. Asian J Chem 2012, 24(2), 721-4.

Using tetraethoxy silane, tetrabutyl titanate and sucrose as raw materials, TiO₂/SiO₂/sucrose hybrid fibers were prepared via sol-gel method associated with drawing process. The carbothermal reduction-nitridation reaction of the hybrid fibers was carried out under nitrogen atmosphere in the temperature range from 800-1500 °C. Fourier transfer infrared spectroscopy, thermalgravimetry, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy were employed to investigate the microstructure variation and reaction mechanism of the hybrid fiber in the carbothermal reduction-nitridation process. The results showed that Ti (C, N) formed at ca. 1200 °C and the formation temperature of SiC was about 1400 °C. SiC/Ti (C, N) composite ceramic fibers were finally produced at 1500 °C.

6 illus, 23 ref

004103   Song J;Xu X;Dai X;Yang Y;Liu M (Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650224, P.R. China, Email: lmsh128@sina.com) : Adsorption of Ni(II) and Cu(II) by thionyl chloride and ethylene-1,2-diamine modified coir fibres. Asian J Chem 2012, 24(2), 568-72.

This study describes the preparation of a new adsorbent for heavy metal ions removal derived from coir fibres. Coir fibres was activated by using thionyl chloride and reacted with ethylene- 1,2-diamine in order to obtain modified coir fibres. Adsorption behaviours of coir fibres and modified coir fibres for Ni²⁺ and Cu²⁺ were studied respectively and the capacity of modified coir fibres to adsorb Ni²⁺ and Cu²⁺ from aqueous single metal ion solutions was evaluated at different contact times, pHs and initial metal ion concentrations. The characteristics of coir fibres and modified coir fibres were determined by SEM, XPS and FTIR techniques. The results showed that modified coir fibres had a porous and loose surface covered with amino groups, which helpful for removing Ni²⁺ and Cu²⁺ from wastewater. In the range of the designed experiments, modified coir fibres and coir fibres can reach its maximum saturated adsorption capacity (Q_max) of 0.773 mmol/g and 0.096 mmol/g for Ni²⁺; 1.658 mmol/g and 0.392 mmol/g for Cu²⁺, respectively. When the Ni²⁺ and Cu²⁺ adsorbed on modified coir fibres was desorbed by HCl, which showed high desorption efficiency, the optimum concentration of HCl was about 0.15 mol/L and the proper contact time was 20 min. In sequential adsorption and desorption cycles, the heavy metal ions uptake capacity on modified coir fibres was relatively maintained through cycles 1-5.

12 illus, 3 tables, 7 ref

004102   Shagufta Naz;Saiqa Ilyas;Safia Jabeen;Zahida Parven (Botany Dep, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan, Email: drsnaz31@yahoo.com) : Composition and antibacterial activity of the essential oil from the rhizome of Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.). Asian J Chem 2011, 23(4), 1639-42.

The essential oil from the rhizome of turmeric (Curcuma longa L. Bannu var.) grown in Pakistan was isolated by the hydro-distillation. Chemical constituents of the essential oil were separated and identified by means of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The chromatographic analysis of oil showed 17 constituents of which, 5 chemical constituents contributing 80 % of the total oil constituents could be identified. The main components of the essential oil were ar-turmerone (38.59 %), turmerone (8.88 %), curlone (12.9 %). eucalyptol (1.59 %) and caryophyllene (0.99 %) are the minor class of essential oil. Therefore, in the volatile oil from rhizomes of turmeric, sesquiterpenoids are major compounds, accounting for 46 %. The antibacterial activity of Bannu oil was also evaluated against four pathogenic bacterial strains (Bacillus subtilis, B. macerans, B. licheniformis and Azotobacter sp.) using agar well diffusion method. Ethanol, hexane and ethyl acetate extracts exhibited antibacterial activity as indicated by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values, but other extracts of butanol and water did not exhibit any antibacterial activity. Ethanolic extract is most active against tested microorganisms. The MIC values of different strains and extracts ranged from 0.01-1.0 mm in diameter.

3 tables, 39 ref

004101   Sha O;Zhou Y;Ma W X (School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, P.R. China, Email: shaou7993259@hhit.edu.cn) : Extraction and Determination of Copper(II) from Wastewater with Hydrophilic Ionic Liquid-Salt Aqueous Two-Phase System. Asian J Chem 2012, 24(2), 683-5.

A novel method of extraction and spectrophotometric determination of copper in ionic liquid aqueous two-phase system(ATPS) formed by a hydropilic ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3- methylimidazolium ethyl sulfate [C₂mim][ESO₄] and K₂HPO₄ was developed. In the ionic 1iquid aqueous two-phase system of pH 8, the complex formed by acid chromium blue K and Cu²⁺ had a high absorbance with the maximum absorption of 541 nm. The effects of ionic liquid dosage, solution acidity, the dosages of acid chromium blue K and salt on the extraction determination of copper were studied. Beer's law was obeyed in the range of 0.040-2.0 μg/mL Cu²⁺. The method has been applied to the determination of copper in electroplating wastewater and standard copper sample GBW(E)08036.

4 illus, 1 table, 10 ref

004100   Selva Kumar M;Bhat D K (Chmistry Dep, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal-576 104, Email: hemselva78@gmail.com) : Miscibility of poly(Vinylidene fluoride) and cellulose acetate blends in dimethyl formamide. Asian J Chem 2011, 23(4), 1474-8.

The miscibility of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and cellulose acetate blends in dimethyl formamide has been investigated by viscosity, density, refractive index and ultrasonic velocity studies. The polymer-solvent and blend-solvent interaction parameters and heat of mixing have been calculated using the viscosity, density and ultrasonic velocity data. The results indicated the existence of positive interactions in the blend polymer solutions and that they are miscible in dimethyl formamide in the entire composition range between 303-323 K. The study also revealed that the variation in the temperature does not affect the miscibility of poly(vinylidene fluoride) and cellulose acetate blends in DMF significantly. The presence of hydrogen bonding in the blends in the solid state has also been indicated by FTIR studies. SEM images also supported the miscibility of blends.

8 illus, 8 tables, 29 ref

004099   Saad A;Nazira S;Rasha A (Chemistry Dep, Faculty of Science, University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria, Email: antakli@scs-net.org) : Determination of tartrazine and sunset yellow in foodstuffs by derivative spectrophotometric method. Asian J Chem 2011, 23(4), 1825-8.

A relatively fast method was applied for determination of two synthetic food colours, tartrazine and sunset yellow, in three different kinds of foodstuffs: juice powders, flavoured juices and soft drinks. Samples preparation included degassing and/or centrifugation after dissolving the samples and showed high throughput. All studied samples showed dye levels in conformity with Syrian legislation. It was also observed that different producers use different colours and/or levels in similar products of the same flavour.

8 illus, 1 table, 24 ref

004098   Rasala T M;Kale V V;Lohiya G K;Moharir K S; Ittadwar A M;Awari J G (Gurunanak College of Pharmacy, , Kamptee Road, Nari, Nagpur-440 026, Email: tirupati_rasala@yahoo.co.in) : Chemistry and pharmaceutical applications of excipients derived from Tamarind. Asian J Chem 2011, 23(4), 1421-3.

Drug dosage forms contain many components in addition to the active pharmaceutical ingredient(s) to assist in the manufacturing process as well as to optimize drug delivery. Due to advances in drug delivery technology, excipients are currently included in novel dosage forms to fulfill specific functions and in some cases they directly or indirectly influence the extent and/ or rate of drug release and absorption. Excipients have been successfully employed in the formulation of solid, liquid and semi-solid dosage forms and are specifically useful in the design of modified release drug delivery systems. Synthetic natural polymers and excipients have been investigated extensively for this purpose, but the use of natural excipients for pharmaceutical applications is attractive because they are economical, readily available, non-toxic, capable of chemical modifications, potentially biodegradable and with few exceptions, and also biocompatible. Of increasing importance is the fact that plant resources are renewable and if cultivated or harvested in a sustainable manner, they can provide a constant supply of raw material. Traditionally, excipients were included in drug formulations as inert vehicles that provided the necessary weight, consistency and volume for the correct administration of the active ingredient, but in modern pharmaceutical dosage forms they often fulfill multi-functional roles such as improvement of the stability, release and bioavailability of the active ingredient, enhancement of patient acceptability and performance of technological functions that ensure ease of manufacture. This mini review discusses the chemistry and potential use of substances derived from Tamarind as multifunctional excipient in various pharmaceutical dosage forms.

^iia3 illus, 19 ref

004097   Rao C R K;Muthukannan R;Vijayan M (Functional Materials Div, Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi-630 006, Email: ramchepuri@gmail.com) : Biphenyl disulphonic acid doped polyanilines: Synthesis, characterization and electrochemistry. Bull Mater Sci 2012, 35(3), 405-14.

In this article, we report on the results obtained for the efforts we made to bring processability to the conducting polyaniline and substituted polyanilines by designing and synthesizing a new disulphonic acid with a biphenyl moiety as spacer group, viz. 4,4'-biphenyldisulphonic acid (BPSA). When doped, the disulphonic acid acts as a spacer group between the polyaniline chains and facilitates increase in solubility and conductivity. The spacing effect is maximized when BPSA is used as doping agent in in situ polymerization reactions. The conductivity of polyaniline doped by BPSA is 4 S/cm and for the substituted polyanilines it ranged from 2 x 10^-5 to 8 x 10^-4 S/cm.

9 illus, 3 tables, 51 ref

004096   Purnima M;Bali S;Srinivasu C;Samee M A;Rahman S (Physics Dep, Osmania University, Hyderabad 500 007, Email: syedrahman848@yahoo.co.in) : Mixed mobile ion effect on a.c. conductivity of boroarsenate glasses. Bull Mater Sci 2012, 35(3), 383-6.

In this article we report the study of mixed mobile ion effect (MMIE) in boroarsenate glasses. DSC and a.c. electrical conductivity studies have been carried out for xMgO-(25-x)Li₂O-50B₂O₃-25As₂O₃ glasses. It is observed that strength of MMIE in a.c. conductivity is less pronounced with increase in temperature and frequency. The results were explained on the basis of structural model (SM) proposed by Swenson and his co-workers supporting molecular dynamic results.

5 illus, 36 ref

004095   Ozakhun S C;Zelzele O B;Ozcan A (Marmara University Technical Education Faculty, Printing Dep, , 34722 G”ztepe Istanbul, Turkey, Email: arifozcan@marmara.edu.tr) : Analysis of the fountain solution in the offset printing in terms of printability. Asian J Chem 2012, 24(2), 641-5.

Fountain solutions have been used in the offset lithographic printing for decades. They are water-based solutions applied immediately before or after the ink is applied to the printing plates. Today, fountain solutions are used all around the world and the experienced printers constantly struggle with the issues of the compatibility of the fountain solution with the ink and the alcohol or acid replacement. The most ideal way is to have a fountain that is neutral, effective and completely compatible with all inks.

6 illus, 35 ref

004094   Ouslimani N;Zibouche F;Iratni A;Abadlia M T (Laboratoire Des Traitements et Mises en Forme des Mat‚riaux Fibreux., Universit‚ M'hamed Bougara, Boumerdes, Algeria, Email: ouslimaniboumerdes@yahoo.fr) : Adsorption of yellow bemacid CM-3R Dye from aqueous solutions onto raw and sodium bentonite. Asian J Chem 2012, 24(2), 673-6.

Discharges from the textile industries are heavily loaded with various dyes which requires their treatment. The most common method is to adsorb on solids high surface area, for example, clay material highly available and whose leaves are good natural adsorbents. In present study we used a local bentonite available in its natural form and sodium form for the adsorption of a dye CM-3R yellow bemacid provided by BEZEMA. The evaluation of the effect of various variables is driven by a series of experiments as the contact time, initial concentration of the dye, the initial pH. The different parameters show that the adsorption of the dye is favoured to 240 min, pH 2 and a temperature of 19 §C. The sodium bentonite yielded good performance results due to the improvement of its adsorption properties. The best correlation of experimental results are obtained with the Langmuir model for sodium bentonite (R % = 0.998) and Freundlich for the raw bentonite (0997).

7 illus, 1 table, 22 ref

004093   Mandal K D;Rai A K;Singh L;Om Parkash (Applied Chemistry Dep, Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, Email: kdmandal.apc@itbhu.ac.in) : Dielectric properties of CaCu_2.9Co_0.1Ti₄O12 and CaCu₃Ti_3.9Co_0.1O₁₂ ceramics synthesized by semi-wet route. Bull Mater Sci 2012, 35(3), 433-8.

The effect of Co⁺² doping on Cu⁺² and Ti⁺⁴ sites in calcium copper titanate, CaCu3Ti4O12, has been examined. The doped compositions, CaCu_3-xCo_xTi₄O₁2 and CaCu₃Ti_4-xCo_xO₁₂ (x = 0.10) ceramics, were prepared by novel semi-wet route. In this method, calcium, copper and cobalt salts were taken in solution form and TiO₂ was used in solid form. XRD analysis confirmed the formation of single-phase materials. Structure of CaCu₃Ti₄O₁₂ does not change on doping with cobalt either on Cu-site or Ti-site and it remains cubic. Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) show average grain size of CaCu_2.9Co_0.1Ti₄O₁₂ to be larger than CaCu₃Ti_3.9Co_0.1O₁₂ ceramic. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) studies confined the purity of parent and Co-doped CaCu₃Ti₄O12 ceramics. Dielectric constant (î_r) and dielectric loss (tan ë) of CaCu_2.9Co_0.1Ti₄O₁₂ is comparatively higher than that of CaCu₃Ti_3.9Co_0.1O₁₂ ceramic at all measured frequencies and temperatures.

5 illus, 2 tables, 26 ref

004092   Magarju M;Ramulla S;Murthy N Y S (Biomax Life Sciences Ltd., , Hyderabad-500 016, Email: motrinagaraju@yahoo.co.in) : Production of biogas and alcohol from Aloe barbadensis Miller. Asian J Chem 2011, 23(4), 1863-4.

Biogas is an alternate of fuel produced by the action of various groups of anaerobic bacteria on biomass, manure, sewage, municipal waste and green waste. It useful for cooking and for electricity production. Production of biogas and alcohol from the rind of Aloe barbadensis Miller is presented in this communication.

^ssc5 ref

004091   Liu Y H;Ma W X;Li Y H;Liu J (College of Chemical Engineering, Huaihai Institute of Technology, , Lianyungang-222005, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China, Email: liuyh9506@163.com ) : Synthesis of 5-antipyriylazosalicylfluorone and its colour reaction with molybdenum. Asian J Chem 2011, 23(4), 1735-8.

synthesis of a new reagent, 5-antipyriylazosalicylfluorone was reported. The colour reaction between 5-antipyriylazosalicylfluorone and molybdenum(VI) was studied. In weak acid medium and in the presence of surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, Mo(VI) reacted with 5- antipyriylazosalicylfluorone to form a complex with the maximum absorption wavelength at 530 nm. Beer's law was obeyed in the range of 0-1.4 μg mL^-1 for Mo(VI). The value of Mo(VI) content in food samples determined by this method was accordant with that measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The relative standard deviation was 1.3-2.1 % for 7 replicate determinations. The recovery of the standard addition was 99.8-103.0 %.

6 illus, 2 tables, 18 ref

004090   Liu Y H;Ma W X;Li Y H (College of Chemical Engineering, Huaihai Institute of Technology, , Lianyungang-222 005, Jiangsu Province, P.R.China) : Spectrophotometric determination of famotidine by cresol red with charge-transfer reaction. Asian J Chem 2011, 23(4), 1799-1801.

A new spectrophotometric method for the determination of famotidine was carried out. The dependence of the absorbance on solvents, temperature and reaction time was investigated. In ethanolic medium famotidine reacted with cresol red to form a 1:2 charge-transfer complex with the absorbance decreased obviously at 520 nm. The decrease value of the absorbance (DA), due to the presence of famotidine was correlated with its concentration. Linear relationship with good correlation coefficient (0.9995) was found between DA and the concentration of famotidine in a concentration range of 2-61 μg mL^-1. The assay limit of determination was 0.28 μg mL^-1. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of the investigated drug in tablets and capsules with the recoveries of 98.0 and 99.5 %, respectively.

7 illus, 2 tables, 10 ref

004089   Liu Q P;Yan Y L (Civil & Environment Engineering School, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P.R. China, Email: yylhill@163.com) : Analysis of petroleum leaching behaviour from cement-solidified oily sludge. Asian J Chem 2011, 23(4), 1591-3.

Stabilization/solidification is a process widely applied for the immobilization of inorganic constituents of hazardous wastes. But knowledge of the exact leaching behaviour of contaminants is limited. In this study, the effects of parameters including time, temperature and the cement/ sludge ratio on the diffusion behaviour of petroleum after the solidification of oily sludge were investigated by using extraction and UV spectrophotometer. These experimental results indicated that the quantity of petroleum diffusion varies from 1.18 at 24 h to 3.48 mg/L at 72 h. The amplitude of petroleum diffusion within 72 h is the most distinct and thereafter, the variation becomes slower. The diffusion quantity enhances from 2.01-2.77 mg/L with the increment of temperature under the range of 298-308 K. The trend displays flat when the temperature is beyond 308 K. The amount of petroleum diffusion reduces from 3.82 to 2.80 mg/L with the increasing of the cement/sludge ratio under the range of 1.0-1.8. The diffusion quantity reaches 2.69 mg/L at 120 h after adding reinforcing agent of melamine resin, which is lower than without reinforcing agent. The diffusion quantity could arrive at 5 mg/L through 120 h, which meets the first order dispatching demands requested. These results could be used to assess the extent of leaching and understand the leaching mechanism.

4 illus, 14 ref

004088   Liang X H;Hua D L;Zhang J;Xu H P;Li Y;Zhang X D;Zhao S H (NO, Energy Research Institute of Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250014, P.R. China, Email: liang_xiaohui2002@yahoo.com.cn ) : Cellulosic ethanol production using rice grass (Spartina spp.) with cellulase. Asian J Chem 2011, 23(4), 1815-18.

In this study, rice grass (Spartina spp.), one kind of invasive plant in the coastal areas, was investigated for cellulosic ethanol production. Firstly, the rice grass powder was used as the main carbon source for cellulase fermentation by solid-state fermentation with the strain Trichoderma reesei SEMCC 3.217, then optimal conditions for hydrolyzate with celluase were optimized by orthogonal experimental design and the strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae SEMCC 2.157 was used for ethanol fermentation, after optimized by one-factor-one-time approach, the yield of ethanol could reach 28.1 g/L in 36 h under the optimal conditions.

8 illus, 2 tables, 10 ref

004087   Li Y;Chen Z;Li X;Zeng H (State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, P.R. China, Email: zxchen2007@126.com) : Preparation of nano size silica from rice hull ash. Asian J Chem 2011, 23(4), 1822-4.

The effect of different concentrations of sodium silicate solution and adding speeds of H₂SO₄ solution (10 %, w/w) on the size of nano-silica were investigated. The optimum preparation method of small size nano-silica involved the mixing of sodium silica solution (11.8 %) and the adding speed of H₂SO₄ solution (14.5 mL/min) and its size was 30 nm. The fourier transform infrared suggested that the conduct contained all characteristic peaks and groups of silica. The result from X-ray diffraction pattern suggested that the amorphous characteristic peak of the product occurred at 2q = 22.5°. Transmission electron microscopy image revealed that the size was about 30 nm and the product was a little agglomerative.

3 illus, 3 tables, 13 ref

004086   Li J M;Yu H;Li X D;Zhi Q Z;Tian J (Research Center for Nanotechnology, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, P.R. China, Email: zhaiqingzhou@163.com) : Different granule size MCM-41 molecular sieve as carrier of amoxicillin. Asian J Chem 2012, 24(2), 859-65.

Two different granule size MCM-41 molecular sieves were synthesized by hydrothermal synthesis method under the different synthetical parameter. During the drug release, it is found that the drug was rapidly released from the carrier during the first 3 h. After this, the release rate became comparative lentitude. After 36 h, the release effect of the amoxicillin- (small-MCM-41) sample (SA) was 99 % and amoxicillin-(big-MCM-41) sample (BA) is 98 %. Compared SA and BA samples, the BA sample was released more rapidly in the first 3 h. However, it became more slowly after 3 h.

8 illus, 2 tables, 34 ref