000340   Pandey A K;Virdi N S;Gairola V K (Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, , Dehradun-248 001) : Evolution of structural fabrics and deformation events in the Kulu-Rampur and larji window zones, NW Himalaya, India. Himalayan Geol 2003, 24(1), 1-21.

The Kulu-Rampur and Larji windows make a window in window structure in the NW Himalaya. The rocks in the window zone have suffered multiple deformations with six sets of Himalayan structures have been recognized. The isoclical recumbent) F1 fold and associated S1 axial plane cleavage in the parautochthons have formed during D1 deformation prior to the thrusting along MCT zone during early Miocene. The lesser Himalayan crystalines of the MCT zone have been thrusted over the parautochthons along Jutogh an dChail thrust during D2 deformation, which continued till middle late Miocene. The S2 shear foliation (C) and L2 fabric suggest top to SW shearing. The NW-SE trending F3 crenulation and fracture cleavages (S3) represent D3 deformation fabric. The macroscopic F3 has folded D2 nappes prior to the initiation of MBT during late Miocene and possibly represent the fault-bend-folds in the Lesser Himalayan duplex system. The F4 cross folding is responsible for the doubly plunging character of the window zones and growth of S4 crenulation cleaves during D4. The Jakhri-Sungri and Banjar thrust cut across the D2 and D3 structures during D5 deformation. the thrusting of the rocks of Kulu-Rampur window onto the rocks of Larji window along the Banjar Thrust made the later a window in window structure. The WGC is thrusted onto the Rampur Group in the window zone and higher-grade metamorphic rocks over the lower grade within the Jutogh nappe along the Jakhiri-Sungir Thrust.

1 illus, 1 tables, 41 ref

000339   Narkhedkar S G;Mahakur M;Sinha S K;Mahajan P N (NO, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pashan, Pune-411 008) : Impact of satellite data on the objective analysis of wind field. J Indian Geophys Union 2003, 7(2), 71-85.

Potential utility of satellite derived winds is investigated for better depiction of circulation patterns over Indian region. Daily satellite derived upper tropospheric Water Vapour Wind Vectors (WVWV) obtained from GMS-5 satellite over Port Blair 151-250 and 251-350hPa layers were compared with radiosonde (RS) winds of Port Blair (11.7°N, 92.7°E) fro the year 1997 (00 and 12Z). Making use of thisalgorithm, upper tropospheric winds at 150, 200, 250, 300 and 350hPa levels were generated for the complete life cycle of a tropical cyclone (14-21 May 1997) over the Bay of Bengal. Using this data an algorithm was developed to relate satellite derived moisture winds and RS winds. A higly significant correlation between satellite drived moisture winds and radiosonde winds was observed at 150, 175, 200, 250, 300 and 350 hPa levels for both U and V components.Root Mean Sequare (rms) errors of satellite derived winds were generally less than 6 mps as compared to RS data, for all the levels. Impact of these winds on objective analysis using Optimum Interpolation (OI)scheme during various stages of the above tropical cyclone (TC) was evaluated. These analysed winds were compared with subjective and NCEP/NCAR reanalyses. It was found that there was positive impact of WVWVs on wind speed, circulation and centre of anticyclone than NCEP/NCAR reanalyses and analyses with RS data only.

illus, tables, ref

000338   Nagraj C H M;Sravan Kumar P;Bandyopathyay A (NO, Richard Mozley (India) Pvt Ltd, Kolkata) : Fine coal washing by water only cyclone. J Mines Metals Fuels 2003, 51(1-2), 88-90, 94.

In coal preparation plants, fines generated (<60>0.5 mm particles) accounts 20%-25% of ROM. Fine coal cleaning process is getting more attention by process engineers because of the increase in amounts to be handled as well as their difficult washability characteristics. Froth flotation process is being practiced extensively in Indian coal washeries for washing. Generally plants get run-of-mine coal from different sources having different nature and degree of oxidation levels. Characterization of the coal fines reveals that finest fractions contain highest amount of ash forming minerals. Due to entrainment of these ash-forming minerals in froth flotation, fine coal circuits fails to deliver consistent product quality and yield levels. Physical separation can address all these problems with minimum operationsl costs. Though hydrocyclones and water-only cyclones are identified as economic and efficient units for fine coal cleaning, but has received minimum attention by the Indian coal industry. By analyzing the characteristics of coal fines, cyclones can be effectively employed for washing coal fines. By implementing cyclone technology for fine coal cleaning, operational costs can be reduced drastically. Cyclones can also be employed before or after a floatation circuit with significant benefits.

4 tabels

000337   Nag S K;Chakraborty S (Geological Sciences Dep, Jadavpur University, Calcutta-700 032) : Influence of rock types and structures in the development of drainage network in hard rock area. J Indian Soc Remote Sens 2003, 3(1), 25-35.

Remote sensing techniques has proved to be an extremely useful tool in morphometric analysis and groundwater studies. Remote sensing techniques with an emphasis on lineament identifications can play a great role in groundwater prospecting in semi-arid hard rock areas of Purulia district. Morphometric analysis using remote sensing technique has been carried out in parts of Baghmundi block, Purulia district, West Bengal. The parameters worked out include Bifurcation ratio (Rb), Stream length (Lu), Form factor (Rc), Circulatory ratio (Rc), and Drainage density (D). The morphometric analysis suggests that fractured, resistant, permeable rocks cover the area, the drainage network not so affected by tectonic disturbances. Using satellite imageries of two dates of IRS, different hydrogeomorphological units have been delineated. Among different hydrogeomorphic units very shallow weathered pediment and structural hills/residual hills/inselbergs have very poor ground water prospects, while moderately weathered pediplains and valley fills are good prospective zones for groundwater exploration.

3 illus, 3 tables, 12 ref

000336   Muria Vila D;Rodriguez G;Zapata A;Toro A M (NO, Instituto de Ingenieria, UNAM Ciudad Universitaria, Apartado Postal 70-472, Coyoacan 04510, Mexico, D.F) : Seismic response of a twice retrofitted building. ISET J Earthquake Technol 2001, 38(2-4), 67-92.

To study the main features of the seismic response of the building and its interaction with the soil when subjected to several small and moderate size earthquakes in a seven-year period. From the analysis of the seismic records, variations of natural frequencies and damping of the soil-sructure system were observed. It was found that the dynamic properties of the system are very sensitive to the intensity of the ground shaking. Significant stiffness degradation of the building was found as well. The variation of structural parameters of the system can be attributed mainly to different non-linearity sources of the structure.

16 illus, 9 tables, 14 ref

000335   Mondal N C;Thangarajan M;Singh V S (NO, National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad-500 007 (A.P.)) : Recharge response due to rainfall through cross correlation technique in Kodaganar river basin, Tamilnadu, India. J appl Hydrol 2002, 15(4), 54-61.

The water level hydrographs against the rainfall show one-month time lag in the response of the water table due to the rainfall events.It has been also observed that aquifer reponds only to the rainfall during the period between October to December of each year and not to the total amount of rainfall. This could be probably due to the high groundwater, terperature and evapotranspiration during the rest of the year. It was observed from correlation coefficient computed for different wells at different time that more recharge is taking place in the wet period only i.e. during November and December of the each year. The correlation coefficient is used to clarify the basin into various recharge zones.

6 illus, 1 table, 9 ref

000334   Mohan Rao S;Rao M V S;Banerjee P K;Singh A (NO, Tata Steel, Jamshedpur) : Washability characteristics of lower Gondwana coals of West Bokaro. J Mines Metals Fuels 2003, 51(1-2), 45-9.

About 99% of Indian coal resources belongs to lower Gondwana coals. West Bokaro coals contain different coal seams and are assessed by washability characteristics to predict their behaviour during coal beneficiation using gravity methods. The index for washability (IW) of different coal seams varied between 8 and 41 with an average of <60>20. This indicates the difficult nature of these coals and needs a sharp separators like DM cyclone to produce clean coal with lower ash (<60>19%). The West Bokaro washery process, problems and approaches are also discussed in the light of washability characteristics.

3 illus, 3 tables, 9 ref

000333   Misra D K;Singh T (Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, , Dehra Dun-248 001) : Active faults along the lohit and dibag valley of eastern Arunachal Pradesh. Himalayan Geol 2003, 24(1), 83-90.

Field studies and interpretation of topographic maps have helped in identification and delineation of a large number of NNW-SSE, N-S and NE-SW trending active faults which post-date NW-SE oriented thrust system and shear zones of the Lohi region of the Eastern arunachal Pradesh. The northerely-trending faults have caused pronounced deflection of rivers and streams and damage to recently constructed river bridges along with subsidence of roads. Movements along the faults and thrust are also evident from abrupt rise of mountain front, occurrence of planar scarp and triangular facets devoid of gullies or with a few straight furrows, fresh hugh landslides, abrupt narrowing down of wide meandering rivers, uplifted fluvial terraces and blockage of streams.

3 illus, 1 table, 20 ref

000332   Maurya D M;Bhandari S;Thakkar M G;Chamyal L S (Dep of Geology, M S University of Bardoda, Vadodara-390 002) : Late quaternary fluvial sequences of southern mainland Kachchh, Western India. Curr Sci 2003, 84(8), 1056-64.

The Late Quaternary sequences of Southern Mainland Kachchh show three distinct geomorphic surfaces-the featureless alluvial plain the extremely dissected surface characterized by deep ravines and a low flat terrace surface. The base of the exposed fluvial succession is marked by a coarse gravelly facies. This is overlain by a thick buried soil with abundant pedogenic calcrete nodules. It is hosted in fluvial sands and silts. Three radiocarbon dates of pedogenic calcretes from these soils indicate that the pedogenic phase is pre-LGM. the soil horizon is overlain by a planar to trough cross stratified sandy gravel followed by partially pedogenically altered fine sandy silts. The entire fluvial succession is deeply incised and shows deep gullies indivative of a post-depositional phase of severe erosion during Early Holecene. The decreasing intensity of gully erosion and the depth of incision towards south, conforming to the tilt block structure, suggest that fluvial incision and gully erosion was controlled by tectonics. The terrace sediments comprise coarse to medium fluvial sands and silts which are devoid of calcretes and pedogenesis. The fluvial geomorphology and exposed sequences in the various river valleys are correlatable, suggesting broadly coeval depositional and erosional phases, that may be linked to regional tectonic and palaeoenvironmental changes.

7 illus, 2 tables, 11 ref

000331   Mani P;Rakesh Kumar;Chatterjee C (Centre for Flood Management Studies, National Institute of Hydrology, Patna-801 505) : Erosion study of a part of Majuli river-island using remote sensing data. J Indian Soc Remote Sens 2003, 3(1), 11-18.

Majuli, the world's largest river island, is situated in mid of river Brahamputra in Assam. River Brahamputra flows in highly braided channels most of them are transient in nature, being submerged during high monsoon flows and changing drastically their geometry and location. Majuli island, home of about 1.3 million people in endangered because of the erratic behaviour of the river. In this study, an attempt has been made to observe the trends of erosion in a small part of Majuli island, the area near Kaniajan village in soth Majuli- a stretch of about 11 km, using satellite data of 1991, 1997 and 1998. Image processing of digital data has been done in ILWIS software. Supervised for delineation of river from land and then change detection analysis has been done to find out changes in river course from 1991 to 1997 and further from 1997 to 1998. Erosion and deposition maps of the area have been prepared and the erosion of island is measured at various sections at 1 km interval. Erosion 1900 ha has been observed during the period of six years from 1991 to 1997 and 845 ha during the period of one year from 1997 to 1998.

3 illus, 6 ref

000330   Mahtab A;Narender B;Ajai (Landuse Planning and Photogrammetry Div, Forestry, Landuse Planning an, Space Applications Centre (ISRO), Ahmedabad-380 015) : Satellite derived digital elevation model and terrain parameters- generation, accuracy assessment and validation. J Indian Soc Remote Sens 2003, 3(1), 19-24.

Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) and their derivatives are routinely exploited for a wide range of planning and engineering applications such as land reclamation, calculation of cut-and-fill requirements for earth works or to determine other relevant geomorphological landscape parameters. The advent of computer (digital) manipulation of elevation data has opened up great possibilities for studying the geometry of our land surface in relation to physical factors such as climate, vegetation, soils and geology. Concerned with the generation, testing and validation of DEM and its derived terrain parameters viz. contours, drainage pattern etc. using IRS-1C stereo pair over a part of Alwar district, Rajasthan, India. In particular, it reports on the results achieved using indigeneously developed stereo- processing software along with standard GIS and terrain analysis package to derive DEM and associated terrain parameters of the study area. The results are encouraging when compared with Survey of India topographical maps at 1:50,000 scale in terms of point to point accuracy of DEM, data quality evaluation of orthoimage and higher order drainage delineation.

7 illus, 1 table, 5 ref

000329   Madhavi Latha K;Prasad V K; (NO, National Remote Sensing Agency, Hyderabad-500 037) : Aerosol characteristics and radiative forcing over industrial areas of urban environment - a case study from Hyderabad and its environs. J Indian Geophys Union 2003, 7(1), 25-9.

Results from theaerosol characteristics for different wavelengths suggested a typical pattern of increase in aerosol optical thickness with decrease in wavelength i.e. maximum AOT is observed at 380 nm region. Detailed analysis revealed that, maximum values of aerosol optical depth have been observed during afternoon and early evening hours.RH and water vapor showed a positive correltation with aerosol optical depth and air temperature showed a negative correlation with aerosol optical depth in all wavelengths. Total suspended particulate matter showed negative correlationwith AOT.Analysis of results from the PAR measurements showed negative correlation with Aerosol Optical Depth in the 500nm region over the study area. SUV values of different days of February suggested clear diurnal trend in minimal erythmal dose. Comparison of SUV values of Hyderabad with Delhi suggested a higher range for Hyderabad when compared to Delhi for the month of April. In the study, an attempt has been made to study the effect of aerosols on the visibility factor at different sites for the years 1999 and 2000. Analysis with respect to visibility for different sites suggested that during the year 1999, Balanagar followed by Charminar, showed a low visibility when compared to other sites. This is mainly attributed to the contribution of aerosols from the industrial souces.

8 illus, 11 ref

000328   Kumar C P;Seethapathi P V (NO, National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee-247 667 Uttaranchal) : Assessment of natural ground water recharge in upper ganga canal command area. J appl Hydrol 2002, 15(4), 13-20.

Quantification of the rate of natural ground water recharge is a pre-requisite for efficient ground water resource management. It is particularly important in regions with large demands for ground water supplies, where such resources are the key to economic development. However, the rate of aquifer recharge is one of the most difficult factors to measure in the evaluation of ground water resources. Estimation of recharge, by whatever method, is normally subject to large uncertainties and erros. An attempt has been made to derive an empirical relationship to determine ground water recharge from rainfall in Upper Ganga Canal command area based upon seasonal ground water balance study carried out for a number of years.

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000327   Kumar A V;Singh B;Bhalke S;Suseela B;Tripathi R M (Environmental Assessment Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai-400 085) : Trace metal levels in ambient air of a residential township in Mumbai, India. J Instn Engrs-Pt EN 2003, 83(Mar), 54-9.

Levels of fifteen trace metals is suspended air particulates monitored at a residential township in Mumbai during August 1998 to November 1999 are studied. Percentage disribution of the measured elements showed a dominant fraction of Na (47.1%) and Ca (27.8%) followed by Fe (8.1%), Zn (7.7%), Mg (5.8%) and K (2.8%). The remaining nine metals (As, Cd, Li, Co, Ni, Cr, Cu, Mn and Pb) altogether formed less than 1%in this disribution. Analysis of monthly average concentrations showed a higher concentration of trace metals in the winter month of December. Correlation analysis of trace metals showed good correlations of Fe with Cr, Mn and Mg; Zn with K and Na; Cr with Cu, Pb, Mn and Ca, Cu withe Cd with Pb and As; Pb with As; Ca with Mg. Cobalt, Ni and Li did not show any correlation with other metals indicating a likehood of totally independent source for these metals. Varimax rotated factor analysis showed four possible groups indicaing four contribution sources for the trace metals at this sampling location. Fe, Mn, Ca and Mg formed the first group (46%variance); Ni individually formed a separate group. the percentage variance attributed to the groups attached with natural (soil based) elements (first group) showed largest variation followed by anthropogenic (pollution based) elements.

5 illus, 3 tables, 17 ref

000326   Khurshid S B;Hasan N;Zaheeruddin (Department of Geology, , Aligarh-202 002) : Water quality status and environmental hazards in parts of yamuna-karwan sub-basin of Aligarh-Mathura districts, U.P., India. J appl Hydrol 2002, 15(4), 30-7.

The Yamuna-Karwan sub-basin forms a logical unit for hydro-chemical and hydrogeological investigations, and is bounded by two natural hydroboundaries, the river yamuna in the west and river karwan in the east. Chemical quality of water based on physico-chemical parameters and major ions has been investigated to ascertain its suitability for drinking and irrigational purposes. The results of analytical data show that the groundwater in the area is potable, hard, alkalines, moderately mineralized and alkali bicarbonate type. Most of the samples analyzed were found suitable for irrigational use except few which fall in the poor zone of water quality class. Environmental hazards observed in the area are soil salinization, water logging and human interference with the nature posing a threat to ecological balance of the study area.

5 illus, 1 table, 13 ref

000325   Kale V S;Mishra S;Baker V R (Dep of Geography, University of Pune, Pune-411 007) : Sedimentary records of palaeofloods in the bedrock gorges of the tapi and Narmada rivers, central India. Curr Sci 2003, 84(8), 1072-9.

High-magnitude floods are an integral part of the hydrologic systems of the Tapi and Narmada rivers of central India. To establish whether the largest flood in 1970 on Narmada and in 1968 on Tapi had precedence in the geological records, geomorphic studies were undertaken. the main type of palaeoflood evidence is alackwater deposits in bedrock gorges. It has been possible to assemble a 2000 year chronology of large floods on Narmada and a <60>500 year chronology of floods on Tapi. Evidences of a large late Pleistocene flood on Narmada and early Holocene floods on Tapi have also been identified. Palaeoflood analysis indicates noteworthy clustering of flood events and a discernable link between palaeofloods and Holocene climatic changes.

5 illus, 28 ref

000324   Jothiprakash V;Marimuthu G;Murlidharan R; Senthilkumar N (Civil Engineering Dep, Regional Engineering College, Tiruchirappalli-620 015) : Delineation of potential zones for artificial recharge using GIS. J Indian Soc Remote Sens 2003, 3(1), 37-47.

Potential zones for artificial recharge in Agniar-Ambuliar-Southvellar river basins in Tamilnadu, India have been delineated through integration of various thematic maps using Arc view GIS. The study area, covers an area of 4566 km<^>2. Thematic maps pertaining to geology, permeability, effective soil depth, drainage intensity, soil texture, water holding capacity and physiography were prepared on 1:2,50,000 scale using conventional methods. These maps were scanned and registered with reference to a base map and are prepared as separate layers or coverages using Arc view. GIS has been used for the integration of various thematic maps to delineate the potential zones for artificial recharge. Each theme was assigned a weightage depending on its influence on groundwater recharge. Each class or unit in the map was assigned a knowledge based ranking from one to four depending on its significance in storage and transmittance of groundwater. The final map has been prepared showing four different categories of potential zones for artificial recharge.