002246   Bakthavathsalam R (Zoology Dep, Government College (Autonomous), Kumbakonom 612 001) : Relative toxicity of carbofuran to male and female house cricket Gryllodes sigillatus (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). Envir Ecol 2003, 21(3), 684-7.

Oral toxicity of carbofuran to male and female house cricket, Gryllodes sigillatus (walker) was determined. Lethal threshold was obtaind at 36 and 48 hours respectively in male and female at 0.33 and 0.3 mg/g of food doses. As far as lethal effect was concerned, the toxicity of carbofuran to male was relatively high when compared to female.

2 tables, 11 ref

002245   Bakthavathsalam R (Zoology Dep, Government College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam 612 001) : Respiratory efficiency of gills air-breathing organs of the fish Tilapia mossambica under different conditions. Envir Ecol 2003, 21(3), 612-6.

The facultative air-breathing fish, Tilapia mossambica consumed relatively more oxygen, under bimodal (aquatic=VO₂W and aerial=VO₂A) condition than at submerged (aquatic) or out of water (aerial) conditions. The fish consumed nearly 83.9% of its oxygen requirements through gills and the rest through air-breathing organs. The O₂ uptake values observed in the fish on exposure to air at different times of a day were relatively high when compared to VO₂A under bimodal condition. The mean values of O2 uptake at different experimental conditions showed a circadian variation with a peak at 1200 hour and trough at 0600 hour. From the O₂ uptake values measured under submerged and on exposure to air conditions, it is inferred that the fish consumed more oxygen under submerged than on exposure to air condition.

1 table, 27 ref

002244   Arun P R;Azeez P A (Environmental Impact Assessment Div, Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, Moongilpallam, Anaikatty (PO), Coimbatore-641 108) : Vulture population decline, Diclofenac and avian gout. Curr Sci 2004, 87(5), 565-8.

3 illus, 1 table, 46 ref

002243   Ahsan M F;Hannan M A (Zoology Dep, University of Chittagong, Chittagong-4331, Bangladesh) : Birds of the Karnaphuli River Delta and adjacent areas in Chittagong, Bangladesh. Zoos Print J 2002, 17(9), 875-82.

Study of the birds of the Karnaphuyli River Delta and adjacent areas in Chittagong, Bangladesh, was carried out by direct field observations between July 1999 and June 2000. Status and distribution of the birds were assessed, habitats and some other aspects were also studied. A total of 141 species of birds belonging to 12 orders, 41 families and 98 genera were recorded. Out of 141 species of birds 61 species (43%) were passerines of which 45 (74%) were resident and 16 (26%) were migratory. Among the 80 non-passerine species, 59(74%) were resident and 21(26%) were migratory. During the study period one species, Brown Rock chat (Cercomela fusca), was recorded for the first time in Bangladesh.

1 illus, 1 table, 17 ref

002242   Ahmad Z;Shujauddin (Zoology Dep, Section of Entomology, Aligarh Muslim Univ, Aligarh-202 002) : Description of a new species of Phanerotomella (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) from India. J ent Res 2003, 27(4), 353-5.

5 illus, 2 ref

001267   Wani S A;Samanta I;Bhat M A (Bacteriology Laboratory, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Facu, S K University of Agric. Sciences and Technol. of Kashmir, Shuhama (Alusteng) Srinagar 190 006) : Isolation of Nocardia asteroides from clinical bovine mastitis- A case report. Indian J Anim Res 2004, 38(1), 65-7.

Describes isolation of Nocardia asteroldes from bovine mastitic milk from Kashmir, Direct microscopic examination of a milk smear revealed presence of Gram positive filamentous organisms with uneven staining which were partially acid fast positive when stained with Zieht-Neelsen stain. The isolate was found resistant to penicillin and oxytetracycline while as it was found sensitive to gentamicin, enrofloxacin and doxycycline. The consumption of such raw milk can lead to human infection.

1 illus, 8 ref

001266   Virmani N;Sengupta P P;Panisup A S (NO, National Research Centre on Equines Sirsa Road, Hissar-125 001) : Pathomorphological changes in rats following infection with Trypanosoma evansi isolated from A heterologous host. Indian J Anim Res 2004, 38(1), 29-32.

Albino rats infected experimentally with Trypanosoma evansi (isolated from camel) revealed parasitaemia by day 2 post infection. The infected animals became dull and depressed and showed abnormal movements from 2 DPI onwards. Postmortem examination revealed splenomegaly, marked congestion of lungs, petechiae on serous surfaces and the entire surface of liver along with presence of fluid in peritoneal and pericardial cavities from 4-6 DPI (the maximum period of observation). Histopathologically, heart muscles showed hyaline degenerative changes and haemorrhages. Liver parenchyma revealed congestion of central vein and sinusoids. Haemosiderosis was found in liver,, spleen, heart and lungs. Renal tubules had some hyaline cast. The organisms could be demonstrated in sections of liver and kidney only.

3 illus, 11 ref

001265   Verma S C;Mahajan N K;Malik G;Dahiya J P (College of Veterinary Sciences, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hissar-125 004) : An epidemiological study on bovine haemorrhagic septicaemia in Haryana. Indian J Anim Res 2004, 38(1), 14-19.

Information on haemorrhagic Septicamia (HS) in bovines (1995-98) was obtained from 237 veterinary surgeons working in all ninteen districts of Haryana through a questionnaire and analysed using student's test and Pearson's multiple correlation. Besides, eleven HS outbreaks were also investigated during 1998-99. The prevalence of HS in buffaloes and cattle was low (0.31 and 0.25%, respectively), but case fatality rate (CFR) was high (58.90 and 38.94%, respectively). The CFR was significantly (P<60>0.01) higher in young buffaloes than young cattle. The four years data revealed an increasing trend of HS outbreaks. The HS was found to be positively correlated with high rainfall, humidity and low temperature. Foot and mouth disease (FMD) was a common preceding infection in many HS outbreaks. Pasteurella multocida B:2 organisms were isolated from all the eleven outbreaks investigated. Antibiogram pattern revealed that majority of organisms were sensitive to enrofloxacin, gentamicin and chloramphenicol and resistant to sulphadimidine and oxytetracycline. Annual economic loss due o HS in buffaloes in Haryana was estimated around Rs.58 millions.

1 table, 14 ref

001264   Sirohi A S;Suman C L;Joshi H C (Livestock Production Management Section, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar Bareilly-243 122) : Nursing behaviour of gilts under different farrowing systems. Indian J Anim Res 2004, 38(1), 44-6.

Nursing behaviour of 16 crossbred gilts (Landrace x Desi) maintained at swine production farm of Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar was studied in two farrowing systems viz., pens and crates during parturition. The average duration of nursing which started during birth process was shorter in crates (37.5 min) than in pens (77.88 min) during partum period. The grunting by gilts was common in both the accommodations to call piglets for suckling and let down of milk. The gilts used fore legs and head to help in nursing their piglets. The average use of legs to guide piglets was sinificantly higher in crates (7.38 min) than in pens (2.25 min) during the post partum period. The gilts used head more frequently in crates than in pens for nursing the piglets. The average suckling time was shorter in crates (43.63 min) than in pens (70.13 min) due to rapid suckling movements of piglets. The teat preference of suckling by piglets was more toward anterior teats. The average birth weight of male piglets was significantly (P<0.05) higher in crates than in pens due to better nursing and suckling activities. The study revealed that the gilts nursed better their piglets in crates than in pens during parturition.

2 tables, 8 ref

001263   Singh M R;Sharma K C (Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Veterinary College, Mathura-281 001) : Empirical studies of some auxiliary parameters under progeny testing programme of Hariana bulls. Indian J Anim Res 2004, 38(1), 56-8.

Empirical studies of some auxiliary parameters of 96 Hariana bulls used in a progeny testing programme at two SLA farms viz., Madhuri kund (Mathura) and Babugarh (Gaziabad) in U.P. were undertaken. Period/Batch differences were observed to be statistically highly significant in most of the parameters like AFC, ALC, ATF, TPT, TNC, TSV, TNI, TFC, TCR and AFB. The average fertility of bulls (AFB) was lowest for 1^st batch (1965-67) and highest for 12^th batch (1984-88). The average number of daughters/bull with completed first lactation records was 9.52 against 99.3 inseminations. The probability of getting a daughter's completed 300 days first lactation record was maximum (0.11) for 6^th batch and minimum (0.07) for 8^th batch. Age of bulls at first collection was lowest 23.92 months for 4^th batch (1970-72) and highest 41.2 for 11^th batch (1980-84). For getting 10 completed first lacation daughter records 104 inseminations were required.

1 table, 4 ref

001262   Shive Kumar;Singh R P;Singh S K;Singh H (Department of Animal Breeding, C C S Haryana Agriculture University, Hissar-125 004) : Studies of heterosis for 6-week body weight in crossbred broiler. Indian J Anim Res 2004, 38(1), 73-4.

The broiler trait viz., 6-week body weight (BW₆) were recorded on 1315, 819, 1356 and 889 test cross progeny of 71, 69, 85 and 68 sire G₁, G₂, G₃ and G4 generation respectively. The 6-week body weight average of crossbred broiler ranged from 887.97±5.66 to 925.07±4.71g over the generations. The regression of heritability on generation number was significantly negative. Based on the mid-parent value the superiority of test cross progeny were 5.79, 17.36, 12.62 and 24.05 per cent in G₁, G₂, G₃ and G₄ generation respectively.

1 table, 7 ref

001261   Saxena A (College of fisheries Sciences, G B Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar- 263 145) : Changes in ovary during prespawning period. Indian J Anim Res 2004, 38(1), 77-8.

The ovarian cycle of Channa marulius and Channa gachua had been divided into four stages, immature/preparatory phase, maturing/prespawning phase, matured/spawning phase and spent/post spawning phase. Pre sent work only prespawning phase of both the spp of fishes were taken into consideration for biochemical analysis. High values of glucose, lipid, proteins, phosphatases DNA were observed. These constituents are present in higher concentration in the ovary for physiological activities.

1 table, 9 ref

001260   Sarmah B K;Biswas R K;Dutta D J;Sarmah B C (Department of Animal Physiology, College of Veterinary Science, AAU, khanapara Guwahati-781 022) : Oestrus behaiour at hormonally induced and natural pubertal obestrus in indigenous heifers of Assam. Indian J Anim Res 2004, 38(1), 68-70.

Oestrus was induced in 20 prepubertal indigenous heifers of Assam by applying norgestomet (crestar) ear implant and 300 IU PMSG. Another 20 heifers that received saline served as control. Oestrus behaviour of the animals was noticed by visual means and by parading vasectomized bull. Among the behavioural symptoms of oestrus genital discharge, acceptance of male and mounting on herd mates and males were predominant in heifers induced to oestrus. Oestrus symptoms were slimilar in induced and natural pubertal oestrus, though proportion of animals displaying different symptoms varied between the tow categories.

1 table, 9 ref

001259   Mandal D K;Tyagi S;Singh K (Project Directorate on Cattle, , Grass Farm Road, P B NO. 17, Meerut Cant-250 001) : Fertility status of frieswal cows and heifers in an organized herd. Indian J Anim Res 2004, 38(1), 41-3.

Study was conducted on Holstein Friesian (HF) x Sahiwal crossbred cows and heifers during 1998-1999. Crossbred cows and heifers were categorized into two groups viz., `Frieswal' (5/8 HF inheritance) and `other crosses' (having other than 5/8 HF inheritance). The overall herd fertility of cows and heifers was 34.01±1.11 and 34.80±1.22 per cent, respectively. Seasons significantly (P<60>0.05) influenced the herd fertility of both cows and heifers. Herd fertility of `Frieswal' cows and heifers ranged from 33.26±6.39 to 39.25±1.51 and 32.46±1.45 to 37.72±2.76 per cent, respectively in various seasons. The corresponding values in`other crosses' were 30.81±1.48 to 45.08±2.17 and 29.58±3.65 to 39.41±1.39, respectively. Both in Frieswal and other crosses cows herd fertility per cent was the highest during summer and lowest during winter seasons.

3 tables, 10 ref

001258   Hasin D;Baruah K K;Chakravarty P;Biswas R; Sarmah B C;Anubha Baruah (Department of Animal Physioogy, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara Guwahati-781 022) : Characteristics of oestrus in hormonally treated prepubertal indigenous goats of Assam. Indian J Anim Res 2004, 38(1), 71-2.

Twelve prepubertal indigenous goats of Assam aged 6 months were divided into treatment and control groups, consisting of six animals in each group. The animals of treated group were fed medroxy progesterone acetate (MAP) orally @ 5 mg/animal/day for 13 days followed by intramuscular injection of 650 I.U. of PMSG on the day of withdrawal of progesterone. The animals of control group received sterile normal saline. All the six treated goats exhibited oestrus symptoms with 42.88±3.84 hours after PMSG injection. The control group of animals also exhibited natural oestrus behaviour after 50.83±6.63 days of saline treatment. The duration of oestrus was significantly (P<0.01) longer (39.50±8.24 hours) in treated group than the control (34.17±2.51 hour) group.

9 ref

001257   Gupta H P;Prasad S;Prasad J K (Department of Animal Reproduction, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, G B Pant University of Agri, Pantnagar-263 145) : Seasonal distribution of some reproductive events in cows of Tarai region of Uttaranchal. Indian J Anim Res 2004, 38(1), 59-61.

Distribution of artificial insemination (A.I), pregnancy, abortion and parturition were recorded in different seasons to study their impact on reproduction and suggest remedial measures to improve the reproductive efficiency. Average number (per annum.) of different reproductive events in winter, summer and rainy season were 70.58±3.97, 87.33±6.16 and 71.67±5.75 (A.I.), 71.08±4.09, 88.58±6.12 and 71.58±5.54 pregnancy detected, 2.83±0.91, 2.42±1.17 and 1.50±0.96 abortions and 70.17±9.24, 66.42±6.22 and 87.58±8.65 calving respectively. Number of inseminations performed and animals found pregnant were less in rainy and winter seasons in comparison to summer season. Highest abortions were recorded in the winter with the highest parturitions in the rainy season. The results indicated that the nimals must be provided better husbandry practices suited to different season to augment reproductive efficiency.

1 table, 7 ref

001256   Ghosh A K;Pani P K (NO, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243122, Bareilly) : Genetics of post hatching survival potential of chicks of highly productive layer lines infected as embryos by subgroup A & C Rous sarcoma virus. Indian J Anim Res 2004, 38(1), 33-6.

Eleven-day-old embryos of IWJ, JWG and JWC lines were inoculated with subgroup A and C Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) separately, via the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) route. The infected embryos were hatched for collection of data on liver tumour (LT) deaths. The survival time was comparatively longer in IJ line than that of JWC line, irrespective of virus subgroup infection. The mean days of survival was longer in the low pock count range (PCR) than in high PCR regardless of lines and virus subgroups. For subgroup A infection, the distance of mean days of survival was 8.31 days, in the range of 13.50 to 5.19 days with a median of 9.35 days; while for subgroup C infection 6.33 days, in the range of 12.81 to 6.48 days with a median of 6.65 days. However, once the pock count exceeded 1.40 log in the embryonic CAM, the chicks hatched from these eggs regardless of lines died of LT very fast within one week for both subgroups. A and C infectio. Further analysis of data taking line, sex and PCR provided strong evidence that except the PCR factor, the other two factors did not influence the survival potential of LT(+) chicks. The interaction effect was not significant either, indicating the specificity of LT death as dictated only by PCR factor.

4 tables, 9 ref

001255   Gakhar S K;Harish S (Biosciences Dep, M D University, Rohtak-124 001) : Salivary gland proteins during hematophagy and sugar feeding in Anopheles stephensi. J Cytol Genet 2002, 3(1), 7-13.

The ontogenic pattern of polypeptides during hematophagy and sugar feeding in ageing Anopheles stephensi has been analysed by SDS-PAGE. Twenty-eight polypeptides of molecular weight ranging from 14.5 to 75 kDa could be found during various stages of development in the salivary glands when the female mosquitoes were maintained on blood meal. Six low molecular weight polypeptides (23, 26, 27, 34, 37.5 and 47 kDa) were common in the salivary glands of all the stages examined. Nine polypeptides (15, 15.5, 18, 23, 24.5, 29.5, 39, 57 and 67 kDa) were synthesized in the salivary glands during various ages of adult life. In aged female salivary glands, a low molecular weight polypeptides group (14-18 kDa) and group IV polypeptides (45-67 kDa) seem to be involved in sugar feeding. Similarly, the disappearance of 12 polypeptides (14.5, 18, 20, 23, 26, 27, 29, 34, 45, 47.5, 50 and 67 kDa) after sugar meal and their presence in blood fed mosquitoes could indicate that they may have a role in some aspects of haematophagy.

2 illus, 124 ref

001254   Brij Bala;Sharma R K;Sharma S D (NO, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Bajaura, Dist, Kullu-175 125) : Size and composition of bovine population in Himachal Pradesh - A district-wise analysis. Indian J Anim Res 2004, 38(1), 8-13.

Studies on the cattle and buffalo population in Himachal Pradesh indicated that the population of former was almost three times the population of latter during the livestock census year 1992. As a source of draught, the male cattle were preferred, while, buffaloes were the major source of milk. In the total bovine population, the adult females outnumbered the adult males in all the districts thus resulting in the relatively dense distribution per hectare of gross cropped area. The young stock population showed a direct relationship with the population of adult females.

4 tables, 6 ref

001253   Barbind R P;Dandewar B I (Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying, College of Agricultural, Parbhani-431 402) : Pre-weaning mortality pattern in Osmanabadi crossbred goats. Indian J Anim Res 2004, 38(1), 75-6.

Total 298 kids out total 1463 of different osmanabadi cross breeds died out of total 1463 kids born during the period of January 1985 to December 1999. The pre-weaning mortally of these kids was studied to see the influence of sex, age, and breed on mortality trend. All the factors had significant effect on mortality trend. In general the mortality was more in males than females. Similarly among the age group the kids of below one month of age were more victims of death than of later age groups.

1 table, 10 ref

000268   Velez Espino L A (Watershed Ecosystems Graduate Program, Trent University, Peterborough, ON. K9J 7B8, Canada) : Conservation aquaculture of the andean catfish Astroblepus ubidiai: effect of light intensity on growth rate and number of reproductive allocations. J Aquacult Trop 2003, 18(4), 327-42.

Describes the first attempt to grow specimens of the "prenadilla" catfish Astroblepus ubidiai (Piscis; Siluriform) in captivity. Studies the effect of different light intensities on the number and frequency of reproductive allocations (maturity events). Fish inhabiting seasonal environments exhibit continuous reproduction. One key question is how many reproductive allocations in a year can a single female develop? Although A. ubidiai reproduction is occurring continuously throughout the year, and it is possible to evaluate the proportion of reproducing individuals in a certain period of time, the physiological capacity of fish to mature more than one batch of eggs per year is unknown. These attributes depend strongly on endogenous factors initiating vitellogenesis and ovulation, and exogenous factors that influence the endogenous factors. Early literature suggested troglophilic behavior by this fish. Evidence also existed in the form of the presence of the fish in wells and springs, and the traditional ecological knowledge of the local people. It was hypothesized that there would be a negative effect of light intensity on the number of reproductive batches. The results of this investigation revealed that multivoltine behavior in A. ubidiai partially occurs independently of the exogenous effect of light intensity indicating that endogenous control of reproductive development enables spontaneous ovulation under constant environmental conditions. But also a significant correlation suggested that light intensity may play an important role in the frequency of allocations and very likely in the development of successful oviposition. The implications of this study are contrasted with the outcomes of other areas of investigation and analyzed from the conservation-biology perspective.

4 illus, 5 tables, 44 ref

000267   Veeranagoudar D K;Shanbhag B A;Saidapur S K (Dep of Zoology, Karnatak Univ, Dharwad 580 003) : Foraging behaviour in tadpoles of the bronze frog Rana temporalis: experimental evidence for the ideal free distribution. J Biosci, Bangalore 2004, 29(2), 201-7.

The ability of bronze from Rana temporalis tadpoles (pure or mixed parental lines) to assess the profitability of food habitats and distribute themselves accordingly was tested experimentally using a rectangular choice tank with a non-continuous input design. Food (boiled spinach) was placed at two opposite ends of the choice tank in a desired ratio (1:1, 1:2 or 1:4) to create habitat A and B. The tadpoles in Gosner stage 28-33, pre-starved for 24 h, wre introduced in an open ended mesh cylinder placed in the centre of the choice tank, held for 4 min (for acclimation) and then released to allow free movement and habitat selection. The number of tadpoles foraging at each habitat was recorded at 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 min time intervals. The actual suitability, S_i (the food available in a habitat after colonization of tadpoles) of each habitat was obtained from the equation S_i=B_i-f_i (d_i) when B_i is basic suitability (amount of food provided at each habitat before release of tadpoles), f_i is the rate of depletion of food (lowering effect) with introduction of each tadpole, and d_i is the density of tadpoles in habitat i. The expected number of tadpoles at each habitat was derived from the actual suitability. With no food in the choice tank, movement of the tadpoles in the test areana was random indicating no bias towards any end of the choice tank or the procedure. In test with a 1:1 food ratio, the observed ratio of tadpoles (11.71 : 12.28) was comparable with expected 12:12 ratio. The observed number of tadpoles in the habitats with 1:2 food rato was 8.71 : 15.29 and 7.87 : 16.13 for pure and mixed parental lines respectively. In both cases, the observed number of tadpoles in the two habitats (10.78 : 37.22) did not differ significantly from the expected ratio of 7:41. In all tests, the number of R. temporalis tadpoles matched ideally with habitat profitability (undermatching index K≅1). The study shows that tadpoles of the bronze frog exhibit an idea free distribution while foraging regardless of whether they are siblings or non-silbings in a group, which correlates well with their group living strategy in nature.