020788   Aouici H;Yallese M A;Belbah A;Ameur M F;Elbah M (NO, ENST-ex CT siege DG. SNVI, Route Nationale N 5 Z.I. Rouiba, Algeria, Email: aouici_hamdi@yahoo.fr) : Experimental investigation of cutting parameters influence on surface roughness and cutting forces in hard turning of X38CrMoV5-1 with CBN tool. Sadhana 2013, 38(3), 429-45.

This experimental investigation was conducted to determine the effects of cutting conditions on surface roughness and cutting forces in hard turning of X38CrMoV5-l. This steel was hardened at 50 HRC and machined with CBN tool. This is employed for the manufacture of helicopter rotor blades and forging dies. Combined effects of three cutting parameters, namely cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut, on the six performance outputs-surface roughness parameters and cutting force components, are explored by analysis of variance (ANOVA). Optimal cutting conditions for each performance level are established. The relationship between the variables and the technological parameters is determined through the response surface methodology (RSM), using a quadratic regression model. Results show how much surface roughness is mainly influenced by feed rate and cutting speed. The depth of cut exhibits maximum influence on cutting force components as compared to the feed rate and cutting speed.

8 illus, 12 tables, 25 ref

019708   Yadav S;Sharma A (NO, , ) : Methodology to evaluate technology in the housing market. J Constr Engng Technol Mgmt 2014, 4(1), 14-25.

India is facing a huge shortage of housing for the urban population. As per the 2010 census, the lag in urban housing shortage is around 24.7 million. This huge shortage is a result of fast growing urbanization and high population growth in the last decade. About 99% of this shortage is in the EWS and LIG groups which contribute to nearly 25% of total housing requirement. To satisfy this huge demand, many domestic and international technologies are available in this dynamic market. However, there are no set norms to evaluate and select these technologies. This paper is an effort to provide a tool by which any housing technology can be analyzed and selected for different parameters that are essential for a livable and affordable housing in the Indian conditions. These parameters can be modified as per specific climatic conditions or as per the project or developer's requirement. The paper also discusses seven globally best technologies in the sector of affordable housing in the given environmental conditions and provides an insight into, selection based on the manufacturers specifications.

019707   Vivek Kumar;Singh J (NO, , ) : Design of multifunction stethoscope with auto gastrointestinal wriggle detector. J Elect Des Technol 2013, 4(2), 7-12.

As the acoustic stethoscopes can't compete with the magnified sound quality so the digital stethoscopes provides even better identification of conditions. The objective of this work is to design a digital stethoscope with multifunction modes, which provides sound analysis for different body signals acquired from heart, lungs and abdomen. Using this system a doctor can not only analyze the sounds but also identify the gastrointestinal wriggling occurrence in the human body by evaluation of bowel-sounds. The bowel sounds monitoring plays an important role to know when the patient can begin to take food, especially for those patients who just underwent a major operation after general anesthesia, where the gastro intestine recovery would take several hours. In this system, the digital stethoscope is designed with different filter arrays for different body sounds analysis modes with microcontroller unit to control it.

019706   Vignesh M;Naveen R (NO, , ) : Novel 4:1 multiplexer design using power minimization technique based domino logic. J VLSI Des Tool Technol 2013, 3(3), 1-7.

Domino circuits are widely used these days in the design of modern-day microprocessors because of their high speed and less area overhead compared to static logic style. In this paper, a new domino-based 4:1 multiplexer circuit has been designed which finds extensive use in register files and execution units where large amounts of data have to be broken into smaller chunks so that the processor can manipulate it more easily and gives back the processed data in pieces when it finishes processing it. Simulations have been performed using the Microwind EDA tool in 0.12 μm CMOS technology at a supply voltage of 1.5 V. The proposed design shows 24.52 and 20% reduction in power and delay when compared with basic domino circuit topology and 10.41 and 38.45% reduction in power and delay when compared with adaptive pseudo dual keeper (APDK) design with a slight area overhead.

019705   Vibhute Pritish M;Pawar S S (NO, , ) : Design of M2M based scalable cost effective remote monitoring system. Res Rev: J embedded syst Applic 2013, 1(3), 1-9.

Now a day due to explosion of technology number of systems get developed. These systems need help of expert for working properly. But it is highly difficult for the experts or technical persons to attend each of these systems for proper maintenance, up gradation or updating. Hence we are presenting a prototype Remote Monitoring System. This concept definitely helps in saving time & energy of experts. These systems provide flexibility & also help in caring back control information much faster to those remote systems. Project goes through different steps. Firstly it monitors different parameter at destination location using different sensors. Then outputs of different sensors, like Light, humidity, moisture, temperature, are converted to digital using ADC. These parameters are collected at microcontroller and then sent over wireless network using GSM module to remote host. We used SMS facility of GSM service provider as it is low cost, reliable and can provide delivery report. The parameters sent by GSM module are received by Central Database system (CDS) using GSM modem/mobile/module with help of AT commands. Aim of this work is to provide communication between remote machines & to take the necessary control action by correlating data collected by those machines used in Greenhouse automation system. Project proposes a prototype for remote monitoring of greenhouse agricultural plant, consist of different modules as Sensors, GSM transmitter, GSM receiver modems, microcontroller-AT89C51RD2 and actuators like relays.

13 ref

019704   Varghese P B;Dinesh Kumar R;Mittu Raju; Madhusoodanam K N;Radhakrishnan P (NO, , ) : Quasi distributed FBG sensors for the simultaneous measurement of train, weight and temperature. J Instrum Technol Innovation 2013, 3(3), 10-17.

Reports quasi distributed fiber Bragg grating sensors (FBG) for the simultaneous measurement of strain, weight and temperature. Three FBGs with different Bragg wavelengths are employed for the measurement of strain, weight, and temperature. A broad band light source is used for probing and an optical spectrum analyzer for observing the reflected spectrum. All the three FBGs are connected in series leaving a few meters of fibers in between. MATLAB Tool is used for simulating the response of FBGs and it is compared with the actual results. FBG is pasted to a cantilever structure for measuring strain. The weight measurement is carried out by cementing FBG to a 2000 g load cell structure. A temperature controlled water bath is used for the measurement of temperature. The experimental results show the capability of the proposed system to perform the simultaneous measurement of strain, weight and temperature. The drift in strain during different temperatures is also measured.

019703   Soni M;Sahula V (NO, , ) : Power-delay product optimal design of sequential circuits using carbon nanotubes. J VLSI Des Tool Technol 2013, 3(3), 27-36.

Paper presents a power-aware high-performance design of ternary combinational and sequential circuits based on carbon nanotube field effect transistor (CNFET) using ternary logic. Carbon nanotube based field effect transistor (CNFET) are being studied extensively as a possible and promising choice for nanoscale integration and as successor to complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) devices. Ternary logic circuit has attracted substantial interest due to its simplicity, energy efficiency, and reduced interconnect as it has capability of increasing information content per unit area. The motive of present work is to propose a minimal power-delay product (PDP) circuits for ternary combinational and sequential circuits. Ternary combinational and sequential circuits are realized using ternary as well as combination of binary and ternary logic gates. Consequently, the geometry-dependent threshold voltage (V_th) of CNFET is used effectively while designing a ternary ALU (T-ALU) and subsequently a ternary SR latch using ternary as well as combination of binary and ternary logic gates. HSP1CE simulations are employed for computing the PDP of ternary ALU using ternary logic and combination of binary and ternary logic is found to be 3:8598 fJoule, 0:10416 fJoule respectively. These examples illustrate that there is up to 97% reduction in PDP using combination of binary and ternary gates.

019702   Singh V K (Computer Science & Engineering Dep, Instt. of Technology Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Central Univ, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh) : Comparing proposed test algorithm RSTDB with FP-tree growth method for frequent pattern mining. Arya Bhatta J Math Inf 2013, 5(1), 137-40.

Data mining is an emerging field of Computer Science. Association rule mining is very important data mining technique for mining of valuable information from large datasets. In this paper we are going to compare the proposed algorithm RSTDB with FP-tree a pattern growth method which is also meant for association rule mining. Here, we will be looking into the working of FP-tree a pattern growth method and the algorithm proposed RSTDB for frequent pattern mining. In this paper I have taken FP-tree as a reference for pattern growth method and compare it with our proposed algorithm RSTDB based on both upward and downward closure property. The proposed algorithm is having a new function which we have named as heuristic function is derived from Artificial Intelligence. The complexity of the function module determines the efficiency of the algorithm. The proposed algorithm was mainly constructed to overcome the shortcomings of Apriori algorithm. The heuristic function proposed depends on two parameters for its efficiency the number of distinct items present and total number of entries in the Transaction Database meant for mining.

1 illus, 12 ref

019701   Savani V;Devashrayee N M (NO, , ) : Design and analysis of source current effect on preamplifier-positive feedback-based CMOS comparator using 90 NM technology. J VLSI Des Tool Technol 2013, 3(3), 15-26.

One of the most important and essential components of the data converter circuit is the comparator and this paper presents the implementation and characterization of the basic and simplest CMOS comparator in 90 nm technology. Once the technology scales down, the design and implementation becomes an essential issue at sub-micron and deep-sub-micron technology. The behavior of the threshold voltage in the CMOS is not a linear quantity when the parameters of the CMOS are scaled down. The paper shows implementation and characterization of the basic comparator in 90 nm technology. The simulation has been carried out for the different values of the current biasing to show how it effects the power dissipation and the delay. The implementation has been carried out using Mentor Graphics 1C Studio tool and simulation is being carried out using Eldo tool.

019700   Sadafule S;Patil K D (NO, , ) : Effect on insulation design on thermal-hydraulic analysis: an important aspect in subsea pipeline designing. J Petrol Engng Technol 2014, 4(1), 33-45.

Most imperative and challenging operational hazards for oil and gas pipelines are the risks associated with the transportation of fluids. When water, oil and gas flow simultaneously inside the pipeline, there are quite high chances that, water and hydrocarbon fluids can form and deposit hydrate such as wax and asphaltene on the inner surfaces of the pipeline and gradually blocking it. In this paper we explore and compare the various types of insulation and to find the optimum thickness of insulation required to maintain the temperature of the fluid inside the pipeline, above the hydrate/wax formation temperature to ensure smooth flow. Presence of high water cut, changes in pressure and temperature along the pipeline leads to internal corrosion. Also because of incompatible water mixing, scales may form and get deposited inside the pipeline and restrict the flow hence, causing operational problems to downstream processing facilities. The key challenge faced by engineers is how to design a pipeline to assure that multiphase fluids are be safely and economically transported from the reservoir all the way to the downstream processing plants and the end users. The complete knowledge of dynamic fluid properties and a proper thermal-hydraulic analysis of the system are required to develop strategies for controlling the solids such as hydrates, wax and asphaltenes, and sometimes scale and sand. The practice of identifying, quantifying, and mitigating of most of the flow risks associated with pipelines, specifically subsea systems, is called flow assurance. The knowledge of fluid properties and thermal-hydraulic analysis of the system is utilized is essential to develop a concept or strategies for controlling the formation of solids such as hydrates, wax, asphaltenes, and scale from the system. Flow assurance refers to ensuring the flow of produced hydrocarbons from the reservoir to the processing facility or to the point of sale. In this work, an Excel spreadsheet calculation comparison has been done to see the effect of various insulation material with different thicknesses on the temperature profile of the fluid in deep water environment. The hydrate and wax formation temperatures is first known and critical radius of insulation is calculated to obtained the required thickness of insulation in order to mitigate cool down of the fluid.

019699   Roy A K;Jaswal V;Wadhwa K;Pradhan B B (NO, , ) : Achieving energy economy and sustainable development by decentralized energy planning in Angkuchen village, Sikkim: a case study. J Alternate Energy Sour Technol 2014, 5(1), 6-12.

Energy is the fuel for the growth of human civilization. But what becomes of utmost importance by current trends is proper management of the energy resources. The commercial energy consumption, in current state of affairs, is about 67% of the total energy consumed in India. This includes coal with the largest share of 57%, followed by oil at 28%, natural gas at 12% and hydro energy at 3%. Non-commercial energy sources consisting of firewood, cow dung and agriculture wastes account for over 30% of the total energy consumption. Here we have a country that is rich with its share of renewable energy resources which still remain unharnessed. If these resources are harnessed judiciously and their allocation is done based on proper surveying and analysis of demography, geography and climatic conditions, a sustainable balance can be achieved between commercial and non-commercial energy sources. This in turn would be helpful in controlling the country's import bill and achieving economic stability in the country, as energy is a key component in the economic instability prevailing in the country. For this paper, the authors surveyed Angkuchen village, Pakyong, East Sikkim, India, and gathered data that helped place in context the current demography and energy trends in the village. Further, a climatic and geographic analysis was carried out. This helped us to place a great deal in the allocation of the available energy resources and optimizing them so as to increase the energy efficiency of the villlage. The current energy status, choice of energy options, and potential of renewable energy systems for creating sustainable livelihoods and meeting energy economy in this village has been elaborately discussed in the paper. The outline plan at decentralized level was prepared with the objective of providing energy security in villages by meeting total energy needs for cooking, lighting and motive power through various forms of available renewable energy sources.

019698   Patil D G;Patil N M (NO, , ) : Measurements and analysis of electric power quality. Res Rev: J embedded syst Applic 2014, 2(1), 4-11.

The ideal supply voltage is pure sinusoidal voltage with nominal frequency and nominal amplitude. Any variation from this is considered as a power quality event or a disturbance. One importantaspect in the field of power quality is monitoring and control of the qualitative parameters of theelectrical energy according to today's standards. In that way, a big attention is paid to define thedisturbances and determination of procedures for their measurement. A large number of powerquality disturbances have been reported in the literature. Commercial power literally enablestoday's modern world to function at its busy pace. Sophisticated technology has reached deeply intoour homes and careers, and with the advent of e-commerce is continually changing the way weinteract with the rest of the world. Many power problems originate in the commercial power grid, which, with its thousands of miles of transmission lines, is subject to weather conditions such ashurricanes, lightning storms, snow, ice, and flooding along with equipment failure, traffic accidentsand major switching operations. Also, power problems affecting today's technological equipmentare often generated locally within a facility from any number of situations, such as localconstruction, heavy startup loads, faulty distribution components, and even typical backgroundelectrical noise. In this paper we analyze the and measure electric power quality to study variouseffects. The measurement results are obtained Pspice simulation. In the recent years adoption of personal computers (PCs) in the field of the measurement technique offers great progress and flexibility.

019697   Pande A;Vitankar S M;Prajapati S (NO, , ) : Prefabrication methodology for building construction. J Constr Engng Technol Mgmt 2014, 4(1), 26-31.

Prefabricated building construction systems have been widely adopted not only in public houses but also in private building projects. Prefabrication is today's need. It gives opportunities for good architecture, together with the increasing use of standardization, and mechanization that has brought a substantial change in the development of the construction industry worldwide over the last few decades. The drastic increase in the application of this technology in building projects in the recent years does regain certain momentum in this left-behind area. Prefabrication technique for residential buildings uses a system of precast units for columns, beams, roofs, and walls. Precast RCC planks and partially precast RC joists are considered for flooring/roofing systems. Prefabricated columns with a specific configuration, beams, and staircase units are considered. The extensive use of prefabrication also contributes to sustainable development by using cleaner and more resource-saving production process. Prefabrication building methodology for low-cost housing and its selection criteria is mentioned. Also significant benefits of prefabricated element comparing with on-building site, and their various elements, advantages, disadvantages, limitations, and economical design aspects are discussed.

019696   Pamela D;Jeberajan T (NO, , ) : Hybrid fuzzy controller for temperature process. J Instrum Technol Innovation 2013, 3(3), 1-9.

Temperature control is a process in which change of temperature of a space is measured or otherwise detected, and the passage of heat energy into or out of the space is adjusted to achieve a desired average temperature. Control of such a temperature process is achieved by means of a closed loop circuit in contrast to an open loop in the case of measurement only. To accurately control process temperature without extensive operator involvement, a temperature control system relies upon a controller, which accepts a temperature sensor such as a thermocouple or Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTD) as input. It compares the actual temperature to the desired control temperature, or setpoint, and provides an output to a control element. The controller is one part of the entire control system, and the whole system should be analyzed in selecting the proper controller. Ultimately, the control of temperature is done by egulating the power to the heater. The whole process was tested with a PID controller and the results were compared with a Fuzzy PID controller. The process considered is a non-linear dynamic process, hence the entire region is split into three linear regions and piece-wise modelling has been done. Design of controllers for each region is a hectic and challenging task. Conventional PID controllers has to be tuned for different operating regions but design of Fuzzy PID controller will adapt to the dynamic process and vary the controller gain with the knowledge based rules. Also the conventional PI controllers, offers overshoot, and slow settling time. The proposed Fuzzy PID controller provides overshoot but is efficient in terms of faster settling time and reduced oscillations.

019695   Padmasine K G;Muruganand S (NO, , ) : Quartz crystal for thin film thickness measurement using embedded software (PSoC). Res Rev: J embedded syst Applic 2013, 1(3), 17-23.

Programmable System on Chip (PSoC) based embedded read-out design for Quartz crystal which measures thickness of a thin film during deposition has been describe in this paper. Excited quartz sensor to; its resonance frequency of 5 MHz, kept nearby the substrate measures the deposited film thickness by monitoring change in quartz resonance frequency. The change in the quartz crystal resonance frequency due to deposition decreases linearly with thickness. The change in frequency count data will be sent to PC through its serial port via UART; internal blocks of PSoC to Virtual instrument program written in Lab VIEW acquires the frequency data and convert it to.

019694   Nnamani C N;Fobasso S H (Mathematics Dep, Ahmadu Bello Univ, Zaria, Nigeria, Email: ncngene@abu.edu.ng) : Statistical quality control of manufactured products (case study of packaging of lifespan pharmaceutical limited). Int J pure appl Sci Technol 2013, 15(1), 20-30.

In the manufacturing environment, quality improves reliability, increases productivity and customer satisfaction. Quality in manufacturing requires the practice of quality control. This research work investigates the level of quality control in Lifespan pharmaceutical limited, makers of Lifespan Table Water. The study involves inspection of some randomly selected finished products on daily bases. The data on the number of defective sachets were collected two times (morning and afternoon shifts) per day. This was done for three weeks. The physical observations (number of defectives) from the company were analyzed using statistical tools such as Descriptive Statistics (proportion and mean counts of defectives) and Control Chart for Attributes (P-chart and NP-chart). The proportion of defective sachets per day was found to be 0.02634 with upper and lower control limits of 0.03708 and 0.01560 respectively. Furthermore, this work shows that there are many points that fall out of the control limits. This means that the production process is out of control and needs a thorough and complete process inspection and verification. Even though the proportion of 0.02634 (which is about 3 defectives out of 100 every sachets) is not too high, the fact that the production process is not within control limits calls for a decisive action by the company.

5 illus, 5 tables, 10 ref

019693   Mehta S;Singh J (NO, , ) : Indicating human activity intensity using accelerometer. J Elect Des Technol 2013, 4(2), 18-23.

Proposed to develop a system that senses the human activity and indicates the intensity of action performed. Intention is to broadly classify human as inactive, underactive, overactive and hyperactive by simply turning on the LED of the system corresponding to the data received on the controller from ADXL345. The focus is on the fact that energy expenditure is related to the sum of integral of values of each axes of a tri-axial accelerometer. The objective is to know the activity intensity in terms of comparison and not as exact value. This simplifies our approach and also reduces the cumbersome algorithms used in Human activity recognition (HAR) based energy calculating systems. Indication of activeness and inactiveness of an individual is a multidisciplinary field finding application in more ways than one.

019692   Mahto V;Jain R (NO, , ) : Shale gas in India: status and challenges. J Petrol Engng Technol 2014, 4(1), 23-32.

With decline of production in gas fields, India became sixth largest natural gas importer in the global market. Seeing the domestic demand, it is essential to unlock shale gas from different shale gas plays in India. The key elements of shale gas production include the extensive drilling campaign, the need for hydraulic fracturing and realization of global growing of production facilities and flowlines. Also, advanced technologies are required for development of shale gas fields to make fruitful discoveries. The major problems encountered during drilling a shale gas well in India are additional reaming, hole enlargement, wellbore instability, costly fishing and side tracking operations. Water management, fracture geometry and presence of faults are also some of the major issues for fracturing of shale formations. This paper focuses on the current status and potential of shale gas in India. It also describes the challenges and their proposed solutions for development of shale gas plays.

019691   Kumaravel S;Girija K (NO, , ) : Development of high-strength geopolymer concrete. J Constr Engng Technol Mgmt 2014, 4(1), 8-13.

Pollution in cement production is a major environmental issue throughout the world. Geopolymer concrete is an alternate cement as well as environment-friendly material in construction field. It is also used as an alternative for ordinary Portland cement because of no emission of greenhouse gas CO₂. The current limitation in geopolymer concrete has been applied in precast members. The geopolymer concrete is prepared by using fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) as base materials and combination of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate as alkaline activators. The present study deals with alkaline solution ratio and compressive strength. SEM analysis shows bonding of metal with OPC and GPC, vibration frequency of metal with OPC and GPC f or FT-IR spectra. The compressive strength of concrete is obtained and compared with cement concrete.

019690   Kitowski I (NO, State School of Higher Education in Chelm, Pocztowa 54, PL 22-100 Chelm, Poland, Email: ignacyk@autograf.pl) : Examinations of the ember of invasive species problems: trade turnover of cumberland sliders Trachemys scripta troostii in the pet shops of Eastern Poland. Int J pure appl Sci Technol 2013, 15(1), 14-9.

In Poland, just like in many other countries, selling Red-eared terrapins Trachemys scripta elegans as invasive has been prohibited, but there are other subspecies of Trachemys scripta on the pet market, constituting a threat to the native Pond turtle Emys orbicularis. I provide data on the structure of local trade in turtles in eastern Poland and the factors driving it after the introduction of a ban on trade in Red-eared terrapins. I also point out the role of Cumberland sliders Trachemys scripta troostii in replacing the banned subspecies. The dominant role of Cumberland sliders on the market resulted in cases of their unlawful introduction into the environment and the appearance of free-living individuals in Poland. The conclusions of the study point to the significance of economic mechanisms in preventing the dispersal of invasive species.

1 table, 31 ref

019689   Ketkar M;Patil K D (NO, , ) : Review of subsea pipeline for minimizing thermal and pressure expansion. J Petrol Engng Technol 2014, 4(1), 10-22.

The objective of this paper is to review the phenomenon of pipeline walking, expansion bend (Z Piece) and optimize thermal expansion in pipeline by specially focusing on a short and high temperature pipeline and identify key parameters of it in terms of the pipeline design. During designing the pipeline to control or mitigate the accumulated walking over the life of the pipeline system, one can see changing in field layouts and high installation costs related to mitigation measures. It is therefore important to assess if the walking is a potential issue in the early design phase. This paper highlights the general pipeline technology in terms of the pipeline expansion design, pipeline thickness calculation, analyze the temperature and pressure profiles for the given pipeline and thermal transients along the pipeline during shutdown and restart operations. Understanding an axial movement of short pipelines due to the resultant of the thermal transient is the key selflessness in the pipeline walking assessment. Thus, a numerical model of pipeline based on the thermal transient load is developed by the finite element method. It shows the effect of the transient temperature profile on pipeline walking. Also it focuses on the effect of axial friction factors related to pipe-soil interaction as the sensitivity study. Lastly, we briefly discuss potential mitigation options to prevent pipeline walking. The global axial movement phenomenon can lead to various pipeline integrity consequential effects of accumulated axial walking. Hence, the pros and cons of possible mitigation measures are also discussed in connection with the sensitivity study results.

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019688   Jarial S K;Garg R K (Mechanical Engineering Dep, D.C.R. Science & Technology Univ, Murthal) : Review of vendor selection supporting criteria and methods. Arya Bhatta J Math Inf 2013, 5(1), 39-48.

Review of decision methods reported in the literature for supporting the vendor selection process is presented in this Paper. The review is based on an extensive search in the academic literature. We propose the contributions in a framework that takes the diversity of procurement situations in terms of complexity and importance into account and covers all phases in the vendor selection process from initial problem definition, over the formulation of criteria, the qualification of potential vendors, to the final choice among the qualified vendors. Moreover, we propose decision methods and techniques that previously have not been suggested in a purchasing context. The proposed methods specifically accommodate for buying situations for which few or no decision models were published so far. Further, it extends previous reviews of Weber et al. (1991), Holt (1998), and Degraeve et al. (2000). It classifies the models in a framework developed by de Boer (1998) which recognizes more steps in the buying process and accommodates for the diversity of procurement situations.

3 illus, 12 ref

019687   Isa A H;Abdallah A;Ingawa A S;Ojosu J O (NO, , ) : Preliminary evaluation of renewable energy technology financing options for Nigeria. J Alternate Energy Sour Technol 2014, 5(1), 1-5.

Renewable energy technologies (RETs) ought to play a complementary role to conventional energy technologies as these have the potential to meet up energy needs in rural areas with regards to access, availability and affordability. Despite these potentials, the current challenge is how to finance their deployment and services. Since long-term growth in the market for RETs is going to be determined by social and economic development that is occurring in both the rural and urban areas as well as the ability of these technologies to compete financially with other energy options on a level playing field, there is need to evaluate various options available to finance the deployment of RETs in Nigeria. This paper attempts a preliminary evaluation of the possible options and their implications for sustainable commercial financing of small-scale RE projects in the rural areas of Nigeria. It is divided into five sections. The first section is the introduction which provides background information, next section "Overview of energy and financing needs of rural people" gives the market definition and an overview of energy and financing needs of rural people; this section also reviews energy access, availability and affordability challenges. It also gives an overview of RET financing barriers in Nigeria. The next section gives the possible RETS financing barriers in Nigeria. RET financing options for Nigeria are discussed further in the next section, Conclusion are discussed in the end of paper by stressing the need for an enabling environment for financing RETs.

019686   Ghosh M;Paul S K (NO, , ) : Design of grounded immittance simulator using single CDBA. J VLSI Des Tool Technol 2013, 3(3), 8-14.

This paper proposes a grounded parallel immittance simulator using single current differencing buffered amplifier (CDBA). The proposed circuit realizes both parallel with R from the same topology. The properties and applications of the proposed circuit are verified using PSPICE simulation.

019685   Bhuiyan M R A;Alam M M;Rahman M K;Saha D K (NO, , ) : Growth and characterization of CuTnSe2 nanoparticle for solar cell applications. J Alternate Energy Sour Technol 2014, 5(1), 13-7.

This paper investigates the possibility of growing copper indium diselenide (CuInSe₂) nanoparticles by solution method for solar cell applications. The purpose is to study the reaction, growth mechanism and to optimize the parameters of this method. Upon successful synthesizing the samples, they were characterized using various techniques. EDAX, SEM, PIXE, XRD together with the measured optical parameters obtained from UV-VIS absorption testing were analyzed. They show reasonably identical values that ascertain the compositional uniformity of the sample. The sample is mainly composed of a large amount of nanoparticles with irregular shapes that were easily aggregated together. All elements of Cu, In and Se are present. The XRD result indicates a mixture of CuInSe₂ in the product. The UV-VIS absorption spectrum shows an absorption peak centered at approximately 440 nm. Analyzing the results of various types of characterizations, it has been assessed that CuInSe₂ nanopartides were successfully synthesized.

019684   Arya S C;Pyrtuh F;Swarnkar J (NO, , ) : Electronics engineering with green features. J Elect Des Technol 2013, 4(2), 13-17.

The present paper reviewed about the concept of green technology and its various aspects. It also gives the bird's eye view on recent survey of green electronics carried out by the Greenpeace International, the Netherlands. The dominant electronic waste i. e. Printed Circuit Board in electronics field has been discussed and its recycling methods are reviewed to mitigate the harmful impact on environment.

019683   Antony P;Thirumalai Raja K (NO, , ) : Analysis of cost and schedule performance of residential building projects by EVM technique. J Constr Engng Technol Mgmt 2014, 4(1), 1-7.

Earned value management (EVM) is a project control technique which provides a quantitative measure of work performance by cost and schedule monitoring. It involves a crediting (earning) of budget as scheduled work is performed. The EVM technique is a proven method to evaluate work progress in order to identify schedule slippage and areas of budget overruns. Value earned for a given task is computed as budgeted cost of work performed and is a function of time, work completed, and budget. In this study, budgeted cost of work performed is compared against actual cost of work performed and budgeted cost of work scheduled to assess cost and schedule variances, respectively.

019682   Akella K (NO, Computational Mechanics Center, Research and Development Establishment, Kalas, Pune-411 015, Email: kiranakella@gmail.com) : Biomimetic designs inspired by seashells seashells helping engineers design better ceramics. Resonance 2012, 17(6), 573-91.

This article explains some interesting aspects of the mechanical behaviour of seashells. Their unique brick-mortar architecture makes them tougher and stronger than their constituents. Pearly layers in seashells, also known as nacreous layers, have an order of magnitude higher toughness than most ceramics. Replication of these features of seashells in synthetic ceramics can have immediate practical applications; for example, design of lightweight, efficient and cost-effective armour.

15 illus, 9 ref

019681   Aggarwal R;Rana A V S;Goel V K (NO, , ) : Design of EMG based control system for prosthetic arm. J Elect Des Technol 2013, 4(2), 1-6.

Prosthesis, field of bio-mechatronics, is an artificial extension used to replace the function or appearance of a missing limb or lost body part due to injury (traumatic), to correct congenital deficiencies or to supplement defective body parts. A myoelectrically controlled prosthesis detects muscle contractions using electrodes and this electrical activity acts as a signal to activate the prosthesis. In the presented work, the EMG signal is acquired using surface electrodes placed on the muscles. The acquired signal is then processed using Signal Conditioning Unit in order to amplify, filter and buffer. The EMG signal is yery noisy and the noise components are of high frequency (more than 200 Hz of few mv). A low pass, 2nd order Butterworth filter of100 Hz is used to extract the EMG signal from the human muscle. The filtered output is buffered using the unit gain operational amplifier configuration. The final output signal is converted to a digital signal using 16-bit serial ADC. Once the EMG signal is available in digital form, the same can be utilized to control the robotic arm or in any application.

019680   Agate M;Deshmukh M P;Brahmbhatt G;Nimbalkar A;Sakhare S;Peerzade A (NO, , ) : Reconstruction of images using image inpainting and super resolution. Res Rev: J embedded syst Applic 2014, 2(1), 12-18.

Image completion of large missing regions in a selected image is a challenging task. Old photographs have some part of the image distorted or some part of it is ruined by folds and creases. Hiding these flaws or covering such missing regions is a necessity sometimes and needs to be solved by using some advanced techniques. Inpainting is one such technique that helps to overcome these problems. Inpainting is a technique of modifying an image in an undetectable form. Using inpainting requires the user to select a part of the image to be removed and the algorithms used in it will restore the required part or patch. Image inpainting methods can be classified into two main categories viz. Diffusion based and Examplar based approaches. Diffusion based approach has varying methods and mathematical evaluations involved. Examplar based approach samples and copies best matching samples from the neighboring pixels of the image surrounding the selected patch. A recent approach in image inpainting is a combination of two methods namely examplar based approach and single image super resolution. The super resolving is done after the examplar based approach finishes its operations so that the patching, which is coarse, gets the finishing touch by super resolving it. If the area to be restored is large then the diffusion based approach introduces some blurring whereas examplar based approach can handle large areas effectively.

018595   Yadav N;Singhal A K (NO, , ) : Improvement of design issues in finfet based design techniques for XOR and XNOR circuits at 45 NM technology. J Elect Des Technol 2014, 5(1), 22-35.

The scaling of conventional CMOS circuit inclines to the short channel effect due to leakage current increase in the circuit. To minimize the short channel effect, F1NFET can be used in place of conventional CMOS circuits. This paper demonstrates comparative performance study of high speed, low power and low voltage on XOR and XNOR digital circuit. This paper assesses and compares the performance of XOR and XNOR logic circuits. This comparison is based on analysis of various design technique for XOR and XNOR logic circuits. The performances of XOR and XNOR circuits are based on CADANCE VIRTUOSO tool at voltage simply 0.6 voltages and the temperature is 260C and all the simulation results have been generated by Cadence SPECTRE simulator at 45 nm technology. The XOR and XNOR circuits with pass transistor, inverter based design, transmission gate and with feedback transistors designs are desirable for arithmetic circuits. Simulation results reveal low power, delay, power, delay product (PDP), average dynamic power consumption and energy delay- product (EDP).

018594   Yadav B S;Singhal P K;Aghwariya M K (NO, , ) : Compact microstrip band-pass filter using open-loop square shaped DGS. J Elect Des Technol 2013, 4(1), 11-14.

This paper presents to implement a compact microstrip band-pass filter with open-loop square dumbbell-shaped defected ground structure (DGS). This filter is designed at 2.1 GHz center frequency. The prototype filter is with defected ground structure to provide higher order quasi-elliptic filtering and it reports the return loss of 39 dB with a 3 dB fractional bandwidth of 880 MHz. The bandwidth of the band-pass filter can be easily controlled by adjusting open-end locations along with the two loops of the DGS unit. This filter is simulated with method of moments (MOM)-based IE3D simulation software.

018593   Vuong L D;Gio P D;Tho N T;Chuong T V (Physics Dep, College of Sciences, Hue Univ, 77 Nguyen Hue street, Hue City, Vietnam, Email: ledaivuongqb@gmail.com) : Relaxor ferroelectric properties of PZT-PZN-PMnN ceramics. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2013, 20(6), 555-60.

xPb(Zr_0.47Ti_0.53)O₃-(0.925-x)Pb(Zn_1/3Nb_{2/3< D>)O3-0.075Pb(Mn1/3Nb2/3)O3+0.7%wt Li2CO3 (PZT-PZN-PMnN) ceramics with x=0.65-0.9 have been prepared by two-stage calcination method. The effect of the PZT content on the relaxor behavior and ferroelectric properties of ceramics has been investigated. The degree of diffuseness (γ) from 1.72 to 1.85 indicates that all of compositions show a diffused phase transition with the strong frequency dispersion, which is characteristic of relaxor ferroelectric materials. The sharpness of the permittivity peak shows that the compositions are gradually approached normal ferroelectric behavior when the mol fraction of PZT increases. At x = 0.80, dielectric and ferroelectric properties of ceramics are optimal with the mass density (ρ) of 7.81 g/cm³, the dielectric constant (εr) of 1230, the dielectric loss (tanδ) of 0.005 and the remanent polarization (Pr) of 27 μC/cm².}

8 illus, 22 ref

018592   Verma A (NO, , ) : Compact pseudo-interdigital bandpass filter for L-frequency band. J Elect Des Technol 2013, 4(1), 15-8.

A different kind of microstrip bandpass filter is presented which is small in size and easy in fabrication. This microstrip filter is pseudo-interdigital bandpass filter at the operating mid-band frequency of 1.75 Ghz, which is in L-frequency band (1-2 Ghz). Unlike the conventional interdigital bandpass filters, in which we use short circuit connection by a via hole, this filter is simple and compact and its design is easy to fabricate without any compulsion. The simulation results are presented on IE3D software.

018591   Unmai A (NO, , ) : Low power 8-bit square root carry select adder constructed by using 8 transistor full adder. J VLSI Des Tool Technol 2014, 4(1), 25-9.

Carry select adder is the high speed adder which is designed to speed up arithmetic operations and to reduce the computation time. Carry select adder is used to perform fast arithmetic functions in data processing processors. Low power consumption, reduced area, reduced delay and increased speed are the most important features of the modern electronic system design. In this proposed work, 8 transistor full adder (8T full adder) is used as the building block for the 8-bit square-root carry select adder (8-b SQRT CSLA). This 8T full adder is designed by XNOR-XNOR hybrid CMOS design. So it is reliable in terms of power, area and speed. In this 8-b SQRT CSLA design power consumption is reduced compared with the regular carry select adder (CSLA). In this work performance is evaluated through the logic design and layout in 0.12 μm CMOS process technology.

018590   Tugrul T (Civil Engineering Dep, Korkut Ata Univ, Osmaniye, 8000, Turkey, Email: talaslioglu@cu.edu.tr) : Global stability-based design optimization of truss structures using multiple objectives. Sadhana 2013, 38(1), 37-68.

Discusses the effect of global stability on the optimal size and shape of truss structures taking into account of a nonlinear critical load, truss weight and serviceability at the same time. The nonlinear critical load is computed by arc-length method. In order to increase the accuracy of the estimation of critical load (ignoring material nonlinearity), an eigenvalue analysis is implemented into the arc-length method. Furthermore, a pure pareto-ranking based multi-objective optimization model is employed for the design optimization of the truss structure with multiple objectives. The computational performance of the optimization model is increased by implementing an island model into its evolutionary search mechanism. The proposed design optimization approach is applied for both size and shape optimization of real world trusses including 101, 224 and 444 bars and successful in generating feasible designations in a large and complex design space. It is observed that the computational performance of pareto-ranking based island model is better than the pure pareto-ranking based model. Therefore, pareto-ranking based island model is recommended to optimize the design of truss structure possessing geometric nonlinearity.

18 illus, 10 tables, 36 ref

018589   Tiwari H;Sharma N (NO, , ) : Introduction of new flow resistance parameter for the study coefficients of vertical velocity distribution. J expl appl Mech 2013, 4(2), 9-14.

Validity of log-law distribution of velocity in vertical section for alluvial channel under different localized bed and ' flow conditions is studied in this paper. In this study a new dimensionless parameter, Hari's Number (P_h), whose value is to be taken as Q/vh, is proposed to relate the same with numerical coefficients of log-law distribution. It was found that the values of numerical coefficients could satisfactorily be correlated to the proposed indicators P_h. Value of Y (additive numerical coefficient) increases with increase in value of P_h. At lower discharge and lower depth, the value of coefficient of determination is seen to decline, inferring that for lower P_h values, the velocity distribution is more random.

018588   Tiwari G;Iqbal M A;Gupta P K (Civil Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247 667) : Impact response of single and layered thin plates. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2014, 3(2), 8-21.

This paper reviews recent research into the penetration and perforation of single and layered thin plates. It is shown that over the last few years there has been a significant amount of experimental as well as numerical research into a wide range of projectile-target configurations. Although most of this research has been concerned with the normal impact of monolithic metallic plates by non-deformable projectiles, valuable work has also been carried out on non-normal impact as well as layered thin targets. Recent numerical investigations that enable the important characteristics of the penetration and perforation process to be modelled are reviewed. These include models that predict local deformations and failure, global deformations or both. The development of numerical codes that predict target response to projectile impact is briefly reviewed and the capabilities and limitations of current codes are discussed.

^iia7 illus, 1 table, 20 ref

018587   Singh A (NO, , ) : Multiband microstrip-fed slot antenna for ITS/WLAN/WIMAX & IEEE 802.11A application. J Elect Des Technol 2013, 4(1), 1-4.

Microstrip-fed slot antenna for multiband operation is proposed. The antenna is printed on silicon substrate with thickness of 1.6 mm and dielectric constant of 11.9. A simple 50Ω microstrip line is used to excite the antenna. Small rectangular slots are fabricated on substrate to achieve multiband operation of 2.34-2.44, 3.73-3.77, 3.97-4.05, 4.59-4.79, 5.14-5.26, 5.49-5.57, 5.71-5.8 and 5.86-5.95 for ISnl ≤ -10dB. The designing has been done in IE3D software which is an EM solver and works on the principle of moments of method.

018586   Shinde S (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Pune Univ, Pune) : Acoustic performance of sound absorptive materials and influencing factors. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2013, 2(12), 59-64.

Today much importance is given to the acoustical environment. Noise control and its principles play an important role in creating an acoustically pleasing environment. This can be achieved when the intensity of sound is brought down to a level that is not harmful to human ears. Achieving a pleasing environment can be obtained by using various techniques that employ different materials. One such technique is by absorbing the sound. Fibrous, porous and other kinds of materials have been widely accepted as sound absorptive materials. This paper review and describes how the physical prosperities of materials like fiber type, fiber size, material thickness, density, airflow resistance and porosity can change the absorption behavior. The effect of surface impedance, placement / position of sound absorptive and compression, on sound absorption behavior of materials was also considered. The sound absorption of different fibrous materials was experimentally tested. The result shows the relationship between the sound absorption and airflow resistance, material thickness, air gap and attachment film. Higher airflow resistance always gives better sound absorption values but for airflow resistance higher than 1000 the sound absorption have less values because difficulty movements of sound wave through the materials. The creation of air gap, 5mm, 10 mm behind the absorptive material increases sound absorption coefficient values in mid and higher frequencies. There is not much difference seen between 5 mm air gap sample and 10 mm air gap sample. Moreover, maxima peak for different air gap is different (higher the air gap distance, maxima peak shift towards lower frequency.

4 illus, 1 table, 30 ref

018585   Shi Z;Cao S;Luo X;Tang X (School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong Univ of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei. 430074, P R China, Email: shizhaocun@163.com) : Reverse thrust characteristics of water jet with different geometry nozzles. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2013, 20(6), 476-82.

This paper is to investigate the effects of nozzle geometry on the reverse thrust characteristics under various nozzle dimensions, inlet and outlet conditions. The reverse thrust formula is deduced based on the elementary momentum theory through the theoretical analysis. CFD simulations are conducted to acquire the pressure and velocity distributions on the outlet cross-section of nozzles. The pressure and velocity distributions are substituted into the reverse thrust formula and therefore the computational results of the reverse thrust are calculated. The experiments are also carried out in comparison with the computational results. The results indicate that the water jets issuing from the streamline nozzle produce considerably larger reverse thrust compared to the other two geometries. The reverse thrust reaches the maximum when the aspect ratio (length to diameter ratio) L/D=1. Under the same flow-rate and aspect ratio, at the bigger diameter the reverse thrust is smaller. The reverse thrust shows linear and quadratic growth with increasing inlet pressure and flow-rate, respectively. The outlet pressure exerts little effect on the reverse thrust. The computational results are found in good agreement with the experimental results.

13 illus, 1 table, 12 ref

018584   Sharma N;Aggarwal R (NO, Indian Institute of Technology, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, Email: pg201384009@iitj.ac.in) : Recent advances in biomolecular computation-information security applications. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2014, 3(2), 4-7.

Information security is the practice of protecting information from unauthorized access. The core of security system lies in the CIA triad - Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability. The most commonly used security methods are passwords, encryption and cryptography. The same computational principles and logics can be applied to biomolecules for information security applications. The specific characteristics of biomolecules such as reliability, stability, size, speed, architecture and their nanoscale engineering are extracted for building security systems. Molecular electronics explores the encoding, manipulation and retrieval of information at the molecular or macromolecular level. Biomolecular electronics is a subfield of molecular electronics and shows the significant promising future because of the sophisticated control and manipulations that is obtained through self-assembly mechanism and genetic optimization of large macromolecules. Keypad lock is the simplest mode of information security that can be realized using biomolecules. The basic concept of keypad lock system is analogous to the simple 3-Input electronic circuit using AND gates. In this system, Switch SI, S2 and S3 serve as the key to activate the circuit. All the three switches should be closed to complete the circuit and make LED glow. The essential condition is the 'specific' combination of switches among all the other possible combinations. Therefore, the correct combination results in the activation of LED which signifies the unlock condition of the keypad system.

3 illus, 4 ref

018583   Sharma D;Shrivastava L (NO, , ) : New multiband square patch antenna with sierpinski gasket slot and fractal koch loop at ground. J Elect Des Technol 2013, 4(1), 5-10.

Presents a multiband square patch antenna with Sierpinski gasket slot on top surface of substrate and fractal Koch loop at ground. This antenna has been designed to operate at 0 to 3 GHz frequency range and operates at five different resonant frequencies. The Koch loop at ground surface provides irregularities in current distribution; this affects the radiation property of the antenna.

018582   Sharma A;Iyer N A;Vashsith S (NO, , ) : Automatic headlight level detector. J Elect Des Technol 2013, 4(3), 1-4.

This paper presents the work on the automatic headlight level detector system. The basic concept is to be able to devise a mechanism which automates the verification of headlight's working, i.e., to check whether the headlight beam is able to cover the required angle. The paper presents the three major stages of the work: making the hardware which includes designing the circuit by soldering the components, and making the board from aluminum sheet. The second stage is the software level which includes coding of the PIC18F4520 microcontroller and the third stage includes the final implementation of the project by flashing the headlight beam on the light-dependent resistance sensory (LDRs) and obtaining the desired results.

018581   Shah K A;Devashrayee N M (NO, , ) : Design and implementation of 2nd order GM-C if tuning filter operating at 900 MHZ and 88-108 MHZ wireless system for multi standard receiver. J VLSI Des Tool Technol 2014, 4(1), 8-24.

This paper deals with design and optimization of folded cascode OTA-C filter, which works for frequencies that lead to a base band circuit design for RF application, is based on transistor sizing methodology and Simulation results are performed using SPICE software and BSIM3V3 model for CMOS 0.18 μm process, show that the designed folded cascode OTA has a 52 dB DC gain and provides a Unit gain bandwidth of around 400 MHz. Design of CMOS Gm-C 2nd order Biquad Filter implementation using OTA, operating at center frequency 70 and 10.6 MHz. The filter can be operated at center frequency of 70 MHz under 1.8 V power supply and is suitable for intermediate frequency (IF) range in most of the wireless systems operating at 900 MHzGSM and at 88-108 MHzFM.

018580   Satansup J;Tangsrirat W (Faculty of Engineering, Rajamangala Univ of Technology Rattanakosin (RMUTR), Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand, Email: drworapong@yahoo.com) : CMOS realization of voltage differencing gain amplifier (VDGA) and its application to biquad filter. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2013, 20(6), 457-64.

Circuit realization of the voltage differencing gain amplifier (VDGA) using only tunable transconductance cells is described in this paper. The newly defined element is conceptually a combination of the voltage differencing unit and the current-controlled voltage amplifier. The advantage feature of the proposed element is that the important transfer characteristics are electronically tunable by means of external bias currents. As application example, the resistorless realization of voltage-mode biquad filter based on the proposed VDGA is also introduced. PSPICE simulation results of the proposed circuit and its application are given to confirm the theoretical analysis.

15 illus, 1 table, 23 ref

018579   Sarwar A (NO, , ) : Integrated maximum power point tracking and harmonic reduction in a grid interactive solar PV inverter. J Instrum Technol Innovation 2014, 4(1), 7-15.

A solar photovoltaic (PV) cell exhibits a non-linear i-v characteristic and its maximum power point (MPP) varies with solar insolation and temperature. A dc-to-dc converter is generally employed along with inverter circuit to operate the solar PV system at maximum power point. This adds to the cost, which increases significantly with the size of the system. Moreover, grid-tie inverter employing thyristors has square wave line current which is rich in harmonic contents. Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) based inverters employing IGBT or MOSFET are less reliable and has low power handling capability. The paper describes a converter topology employing discontinuous phase control technique for a solar PV based grid-tie inverter. The system is simulated by SIMULINK/MATLAB and the performance is experimentally verified. There is substantial reduction in harmonics of the line current which can be further reduced by filters. The developed control algorithm does away with the dc-dc converter needed for maximum power point tracker (MPPT). Thus, one conversion unit of dc-to-dc converter is avoided to control MPP.

018578   Saran M (NO, , ) : Legal infrastucture in E-commerce. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2014, 3(2), 59-72.

Development and implementation of a harmonized legal infrastructure for commerce can facilitate the development of e-commerce by providing parties with certainty that their transactions will be recognized in multiple jurisdictions. The term legal infrastructure is a well recognized term in international law that refers to the combination of elements required to make laws work effectively. This paper also provides an overview of the four core elements that might make up a successful E-commerce legal infrastructure. This paper needs to be considered within the context of international developments. UNCITRAL has completed work on Model Laws on Electronic Commerce (1996) and Electronic signatures (2001) and is currently drafting an international convention on Electronic Contracting.

018577   Samanta S K;Das P;Lohar A K;Roy H;Kumar S; Chowdhury A K (Foundry Group, CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, Durgapur-713 209, Email: prosenjit.sct.cmeri@gmail.com ) : Novel approach of manufacturing nickel wicks for loop heat pipes using metal injection moulding (MIM). Sadhana 2013, 38(2), 281-96.

Sintered nickel powder is proposed to be used as porous wicks in loop heat pipes used for space applications such as satellites and space crafts. In this work, the manufacturing procedure for tubular wicks through novel Metal Injection Moulding (MIM) route is discussed. Nickel powder, Polypropylene powder and thermoplastic binder are used to produce feedstock for injection moulding. Ideal sintering condition identified as 900°C and 60 minutes. Porosity, pore diameter of the wicks are evaluated by geometric measurements using an electronic weight measuring machine and a micrometer and extrusion flow Porosimeter, respectively. Permeability was calculated according to the Carmen-Kozeny equation. Experimental finding shows that porosity level of 55 vol%, average pore diameter of 2.6 /rm, permeability of 1.94 x 10^-12 m² and roundness of 5% have been achieved in the porous wick. SEM investigation of pore structures shows the presence of large pores which leads to enhanced porosity and interconnected fine pore network responsible for generation of required capillary pumping pressure.

12 illus, 30 ref

018576   Sadhu A;Bhattacharjee P (NO, , ) : Methodology of standard cell library design in LIB format. J VLSI Des Tool Technol 2014, 4(1), 30-8.

Importance of standard cell library design methodology is growing with very-large-scale integration (VLSI) technology advancement due to its usage in VLSI EDA synthesis flows. In this paper, to best of the knowledge and information in any published literature no systematic method of standard cell and creating appropriate co-laterals. In this paper the standard cell design methodology, layout topology, methodology for creating characterized timing table has been developed using 250 nm technology GPDK. This method can be easily reused in deep sub-micron technology for appropriate co-laterals. In addition a new methodology of reusing standard cell for full custom design has been proposed in this paper.