018525   Bhatia R;Bodade V (Information Technoloy Dep, Terna Engineering College, Nerul, Navi Mumbai-400 706, Email: raj.bhatia247@gmail.com) : Smart grid: wireless communication and cyber security. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2013, 2(12), 92-8.

Traditional or Unsmart grid is dead. Two way high- speed, secure and reliable wireless-communication is highly desir- able for smart grid. So communication networks play a key role in smart grid. Critical information like power-usage, billing-data, grid-status, control-messages etc are frequently communicated among smart grid elements. The cyber attacks against smart grid corrupts the security of smart grid. Thus this paper summarizes wireless communication technologies widely used in smart grid and possible smart grid Cyber security issues, Vulnerabilities, attacks and their detection in brief.

1 table, 15 ref

018524   Bhatasana P M;Savani V G;Mecwan A I (NO, , ) : Implementation of sense amplifier-based D flip-flop using 0.25 MM and 0.18 MM technology. J Elect Des Technol 2013, 4(3), 10-3.

The traditional flip-flops and latches suffer from the large delays and the race conditions. This paper describes a new approach to the D flip-flop design using the sense amplifier. The previous efforts in the same direction made at the 0.25 μmn technology exhibit improvements in clock-to-output delay and power dissipation with respect to recently proposed high-speed flip-flops. The paper discusses the flip-flop at 0.18 μm technology. The output latch of the proposed circuit can be considered as a hybrid solution between the standard NAND-based SR latch and the N-C2MOS approach. The present technology exhibits improvements in clock-to-output delay and power dissipation with respect to recently proposed high-speed flip-flops.

018523   Bhargavi R;Vaidehi V (Information Technology Dep, Madras Institute of Technology, Anna Univ, Chennai-600 044, Email: bhargaviren@gmail.com) : Semantic intrusion detection with multisensor dat fusion using complex event processing. Sadhana 2013, 38(2), 169-85.

Complex Event Processing (CEP) is an emerging technology for processing and identifying patterns of interest from multiple streams of events in real/near real time. Sensor network-based security and surveillance is a topic of recent research where events generated from distributed sensors at an unpredictable rate need to be analysed for possible threats and respond in a timely manner. Traditional software architectures like client/server architecture where the interactions are pull-based (DBMS) do not target the efficient processing of streams of events in real time. CEP which is a push-based system can process streaming data to identify the intrusion patterns in near real time and respond to the threats. An Intrusion Detection System (IDS) based on single sensor may fail to give accurate identification of intrusion. Hence there is a need for multisensor based IDS. A multisensor-based IDS enables identification of the intrusion patterns semantically by correlating the events and context information provided by multiple sensors. JDL multisource data fusion model is a well-known research model first established by the Joint Directorate Laboratories. This paper proposes JDL fusion framework-based CEP for semantic intrusion detection. The events generated from heterogeneous sensors are collected, aggregated using logical and spatiotemporal relations to form complex events which model the intrusion patterns. The proposed system is implemented and the results show that the proposed system out performs the pull-based solutions in terms of detection accuracy and detection time.

11 illus, 1 table, 21 ref

018522   Benerji N S;Varshnay N;Mittal J K (Chemical and Excimer Laser Section, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore-452 013, Email: nsb@rrcat.gov.in) : Development of a compact and reliable repetitively pulsed Xe Cl (308 nm) excimer laser. Sadhana 2013, 38(1), 101-8.

Development and operation characteristics of a repetitively pulsed UV spark pre-ionized XeCl (Xenon Chloride) excimer laser is described. The laser uses discharge pumped C-C charge transfer excitation. A compact gas circulation loop was adopted to achieve high repetition rate operation. The laser generates optical pulses of energy 150 mJ at 150 Hz reliably. The electrical to optical conversion efficiency obtained is 1 %. The laser pulse duration is <126>8 nS (FWHM). The single fill gas lifetime have been found to be 2 x 10⁶ shots for 20% reduction of energy without any halogen injection. The system is compact and reliable.

8 illus, 16 ref

018521   Bairagi V K;Sapkal A M (Electronics Engineering Dep, Sinhgad Academy of Engineering, Pune-411 048) : ROI-based DICOM image compression for telemedicine. Sadhana 2013, 38(1), 123-31.

Many classes of images contain spatial regions which are more important than other regions. Compression methods capable of delivering higher reconstruction quality for important parts are attractive in this situation. For medical images, only a small portion of the image might be diagnostically useful, but the cost of a wrong interpretation is high. Hence, Region Based Coding (RBC) technique is significant for medical image compression and transmission. Lossless compression schemes with secure transmission play a key role in telemedicine applications that help in accurate diagnosis and research. In this paper, we propose lossless scalable RBC for Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) images based on Integer Wavelet Transform (IWT) and with distortion limiting compression technique for other regions in image. The main objective of this work is to reject the noisy background and reconstruct the image portions losslessly. The compressed image can be accessed and sent over telemedicine network using personal digital assistance (PDA) like mobile.

7 illus, 1 table, 16 ref

018520   Bag S;Gaurav H (Computer Science and Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur-721 302, Email: soumen_408@yahoo.co.in) : Survey on optical character recognition for Bangla and Devanagari scripts. Sadhana 2013, 38(1), 133-68.

The past few decades have witnessed an intensive research on optical character recognition (OCR) for Roman, Chinese, and Japanese scripts. A lot of work has been also reported on OCR efforts for various Indian scripts, like Devanagari, Bangla, Oriya, Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Kannada, Gurmukhi, Gujarati, etc. In this paper, we present a review of OCR work on Indian scripts, mainly on Bangla and Devanagari-the two most popular scripts in India. We have summarized most of the published papers on this topic and have also analysed the various methodologies and their reported results. Future directions of research in OCR for Indian scripts have-been also given.

17 tables, 121 ref

018519   Ashok Kumar;Balaji Y;Prasad N E;Gouda G;Mani K T (Regional Centre for Military Airworthiness (Materials), CEMILAC, DRDO, PO Kanchanbagh, Hyderabad-500 058, Email: nep@cemilac.drdo.in) : Indigenous development and airworthiness certification of 15-5 PH precipitation hardenable stainless steel for aircraft applications. Sadhana 2013, 38(1), 3-23.

Discusses the optimization of chemical composition, processing (forging and rolling) and heat treatment parameters to obtain the best combination of mechanical properties in case of a Fe-15Cr-5Ni-4Cu precipitation hardenable stainless steel. The ε-copper precipitates that form during aging are spherical in shape and coherent with the matrix and principally provide strengthening in this alloy. The orientation relationship is found to be Kurdjumov-Sachs (K-S), which is common in fcc-bcc systems. Results obtained from metallurgical evaluation (mechanical property and metallography) on 15-5 PH alloy during type certification on 3 different melts were used for the optimization, attempted in this study. The mechanical properties following strain deformation has been carried out using optical microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). In the aged conditions, the 15-5 PH alloy exhibited brittle failure with extensive cleavage and/or quasicleavage fracture. This paper reports all results and also factually shows that indigenously developed and produced 15-5 PH stainless steel matches in its properties with the equivalent aeronautical grade precipitation hardening stainless steels globally produced by internationally renowned manufactures.

15 illus, 8 tables, ref

018518   Arundathi Ravi (NO, , ) : Three stage high step-up interleaved boost converter with voltage multiplier cell. J Elect Des Technol 2014, 5(1), 39-56.

In this paper, three stage high step-up interleaved boost converter with three voltage multiplier cells (VMCS) and three state switching cells (3SSC) is proposed. Here an interleaved boost converter is used, as a result higher efficiency and reduced input ripple current is obtained. Also, an additional stage of voltage multiplier i.e., three stages is added so that voltage gain will increase. It reduces switching loss and stress through the devices. Moreover, by employing the three-state switching cell, the size of the inductor is reduced because the operating frequency of the inductor is double of the switching frequency. The current share between the active switches allows further reduction of the conduction losses in case of two stage circuit. The new method has been examined under various scenarios such as switching loss, ripples, steess and conduction loss. A detailed comparative study is done between two stage multiplier cell and three stage multiplier cell is made regarding power, efficiency, total stress and losses. The simulation of proposed converter with input voltage of 12 V and output of 115 V was done using MATLAB and the simulation result was validated. Finally, a prototype was built for an input voltage of 12 V, 70 V output voltage and 14 W output power.

018517   Ali M B;Abdullah S;Nuawi M Z;Ariffin A K (Mechanical and Materials Engineering Dep, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Univ Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia, Email: abgbas@yahoo.com) : Correlation of absorbed impact with calculated strain energy using an instrumented charpy impact test. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2013, 20(6), 504-14.

This paper presents the correlation of impact energy obtained from the laboratory test as well as the calculated energy using the power spectrum density (PSD) method. Based on a previous study, the total absorbed energy obtained using the dial/encoder system may be significantly different, depending on the strength and the ductility of test specimen. For this reason, we determined the energy of the experimental system coming from the dial/encoder Charpy impact test using the signal processing approach. Strain gauges are connected between the Charpy impact striker and the high frequency data acquisition system in order to capture the dynamic impact strain response. A specimen of an aluminium alloy of 6061-T6 is used in the experiment, which is designed according to the ASTM E23. For the analysis an obtained signal is converted from the time domain to the frequency domain by means of PSD method and the area under its plot is used to calculate strain energy. The comparison between energy absorbed during the experiment and the strain energy is performed at different velocities and thicknesses. The total energy absorbed using the dial/encoder system can be linked by a polynomial equation with R² of 99.8%. Thus, the effect of the strain signal pattern and impact duration with different velocities and thicknesses are correlated with energy from PSD. This suggests that velocity and thickness are important parameters to be considered in testing the material and finally this correlation can be used as an alternative.

13 illus, 4 tables, 31 ref

018516   Akbulut S;Kurt Z N;Arasan S;Pekdemir Y (Civil Engineering Dep, Ataturk Univ, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey, Email: arasan@atauni.edu.tr) : Geotechnical properties of some organoclays. Sadhana 2013, 38(2), 317-29.

Engineering characteristics of clay are dependant on its mineral and chemical structure. When the clay soils interacted with water, their volume and shear strength and compressibility properties change gradually. Large amount of decrease in terms of the shear strength of clay soils due to swelling is observed. In order to solve these problems, the stabilization of clay soils using chemical additives is a prevalent subject of research. In view of this, previous research studies have employed surface active surfactants to modify the fundamental properties of soft clays. In this study, surfactant-clay complexes (organoclays) were developed using a raw clay modification with four surfactants and their geotechnical properties were determined in laboratory conditions. Two of the surfactants are cationic (cetyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, denoted as CTAC and quaternised ethoxylated fatty amine, denoted as QEFA) and the others are anionic (linear alkylbenzene sulphonic acid, denoted as LABSA and sodium lauryl ether sulphate, denoted as SLES). The experimental results indicated that the geotechnical properties of organoclays show significant change when compared to those of natural clay. The specific gravities, unconfined compression strengths and maximum dry densities of all organoclays were decreased. Optimum moisture content and swelling pressure values were decreased in cationic surfactant modified clays. However, the optimum moisture content and swelling pressure values of anionic surfactant clays are increased. A direct shear test was performed to determine the shear strength of organoclays. The test results also showed that the internal friction angles of organoclays were increased. Additionally, the change in the hydraulic conductivity was found to be insignificant.

4 illus, 2 tables, 43 ref

018515   Adroja P P;Koradiya S B;Parsania P H (Chemistry Dep, Saurashtra Univ, Rajkot-360 005, Email: phparsania22@gmail.com) : Fabrication, mechanical and electrical study of sandwich biocomposites of epoxy resin of 1,1'-bis(3-methyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)cyclohexane. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2013, 20(6), 568-72.

Seventy Percent matrix of reinforcement and 20% TEA of the matrix are used in the present investigation. Jute-wild almond (JWA-EMCT-20), jute-coconut (JCN-EMCT-20), jute-groundnut(JGN-EMCT-20), jute-wheat(JW-EMCT-20), jute-banana(JBN-EMCT-20) and jute-sugarcane (JSC-EMCT-20) sandwich biocomposites of epoxy resin of 1,1'-bis(3-methyl-4-hydroxy phenyl)cyclohexane have been fabricated by hand layup technique at 150°C and under 27.6 MPa pressure for 4 h using a 20% triethylamine as a curing agent. Sandwich biocomposites possess 6-26 MPa tensile strength, 2.8-53 MPa flexural strength, 0.5-1.9 kV/mm electric strength and 1.4x10¹⁰ - 2.7x10¹⁵ ohm.cm volume resistivity. JWA-EMCT-20 and JW-EMCT-20 showed better tensile strength, while JWA-EMCT-20, JCN-EMCT-20 and JBN-EMCT-20 showed better flexural strength due to their better stiffness property. Sandwich biocomposites possess fairly good electric strength (except JW-EMCT-20 and JBN-EMCT-20) and excellent volume resistivity (JW-EMCT-20 and JCN-EMCT-20) indicating their usefulness for low load bearing applications especially for housing units and as insulating materials.

^ssc3 tables, 31 ref

018514   Ade A (NO, Joseph Ayo Babalola Univ, Ikeji-Arakeji, Osun-state) : Designing for family planning clinics in hospitals in Northeast Nigeria. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2013, 2(12), 1-30.

Rapid urban population growth is one of the major characteristics of contemporary population patterns of countries of the Third World and of Africa in particular. Although Sub-Saharan Africa is one of the least urbanized regions in the world, the spectacular growth of its urban population, particularly those of cities is worrying in view of the weak economic capacities of these societies to manage such a situation. (Aliou, 2001).Family planning process is adopted as one of the major process of controlling the population growth in a particular region considered to be overpopulated. This paper however looked at the process/methods of designing for family planning clinics in hospitals in north-eastern Nigeria. However, this study was carried out through the information sourced from reconnaissance survey, an on-spot assessment of the questionnaires. Each questionnaire was to obtain information on background information on adequacy of available space, structural changes and a checklist for maintenance, Also references was made to some family planning clinic hospitals in the north-eastern Nigeria with a view to design standard family planning clinic hospitals in the north-eastern Nigeria.

4 tables, 8 ref

017711   Zeng X;Zeng D;Cheng H;Tang B (Information Engineering Dep, School of Electronic Engineering, Electronic Science and Technology of, Chengdu, China) : Intercept of frequency agile signals with nyquist folding receiver using binary phase shift keying as the local oscillator. IETE J Res 2012, 58(1), 44-9.

With the application of compressed sensing theory, Nyquist folding receiver achieves a full-band reconnaissance with a low sampling rate. Based on this structure, we introduce the synchronization mechanism and take the form of binary phase shift keying signals as the digital local oscillator. The synchronization information is used to estimate the parameter of frequency agile signals through zoned conjugate matching. Simulations show that the probability of correct estimation of Nyquist zone is higher than 90% when signal to noise ratio is equal to or greater than -9 dB.

4 illus, 1 table, 19 ref

017710   Yadav V K;Krishna M;Biradar R S;Kumar N R; Bharti V S (NO, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai-400 061, Email: vinod_iasri@yahoo.co.in) : Comparative study of neural-network & fuzzy time series forecasting techniques- case study: marine fish production forecasting. Indian J Geomar Sci 2013, 42(6), 707-16.

Various forecasting methods have been developed on the basis of fuzzy time series data, but accuracy has been matter of concern in these forecasts. Historical data of marine fish production of India have been taken to implement the model; as such time series data obtained through sample survey are likely to be imprecise. Fuzzy sets theory of and fuzzy time series models introduced by, were applied in this study. The forecast to marine fish production have also been obtained by developing an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model using Back propagation algorithm. It is aimed to find the marine fish production forecast for a lead year by using different fuzzy time series models and back propagation algorithm for the forecast. Forecasted marine fish production, obtained through these techniques, has been compared and their performance has been examined. Present infers that ANN produces more accurate results in comparison of fuzzy time series methods.

2 illus, 8 tables, 11 ref

017709   Wang Z;Fang S;Fu S;Li X (School of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime Univ, Dalian, Liaoning, China) : Broadband 3 dB coplanar waveguides directional coupler with conductor-backed asymmetric coplanar waveguides compensation. IETE J Res 2012, 58(1), 72-6.

Novel broadband 3 dB directional coupler using broadside-coupled coplanar waveguides and conductor-backed asymmetric coplanar waveguides (ACPW) is proposed. To broaden the bandwidth (isolation more than 20 dB), a conductor-backed ACPW is inserted to each port of the proposed coupler as the parallel compensation capacitance. The proposed coupler can be easily realized on a single-layer substrate by using general PCB processes. The proposed coupler exhibits good impedance match (|S₁₁<60>-20 dB), high isolation (|5₄₁|<60>-20 dB), balanced power distribution (3.2±0.4dB), and consistent 90° (ñ0.6°) output ports phase difference across a significantly broad bandwidth of 50.6%, from 1.04 to 1.80 GHz. Simulation results are compared with the measurements, and a good agreement is observed.

8 illus, 16 ref

017708   Wang Y L;Zeng J Z (Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering Dep, National Kaoshiung Marine Univ, Taiwan, R.O.C., Email: ylwang@mail.nkmu.edu.tw) : Design and manufacture of oscillatory propulsion robot fish. Indian J Geomar Sci 2013, 42(5), 547-55.

The objective of this study is to design an oscillatory propulsion robot fish by observation and divide it into two systems, namely, mechanism and control systems. Mechanism system includes the mode of movement and stability. Movement parameters of linkage are determined by numerical simulation, gravity and the buoyancy of a stability design can reduce the change center of gravity instrument and cost. Control system comprises a controller, an actuation circuit, a sensing circuit, and a waterproof sealing. Finally, the robot fish is finished through the realizability of manufacturing, functional evaluations, experiments, and tests.

11 illus, 1 table, 12 ref

017707   Vidyarani H J;Prabha R;Prateek T R (NO, ISE Dep, Dr AIT, Bangalore, Karnataka) : Cooperative routing protocol in cognitive radio environment. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2014, 3(3), 76-9.

Routing is the main research issue in the development of Wireless Networks. Many of the routing approaches have been borrowed from Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) to achieve routing solutions in Wireless Networks but are not ideal or optimal and do not utilize the characteristics of Wireless Networks to fulfil their benefits. Moreover, these approaches don't take into account the cognitive radio environment. Cooperative routing is discussed in this environment which takes maximum utilization of cognitive environment which is an on demand routing protocol.

2 tables, 5 ref

017706   Thakur A V S;Tiwari N (Electronics & Communication Engineering Dep, TIT, RGPV, Bhopal) : Video based saliency detection. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2014, 3(3), 52-6.

Saliency Detection is very important for image and video processing application. This paper presents Saliency Detection for video processing. The sample video is converted in the form of Frames. Now Saliency algorithm is apply to the frames of images to filter the background from the video frames. The frames are filter in four parts, first the Hyper Complex Form algorithm is apply to separate the R, G & B color form the image. In second part Gaussian filter is apply to smooth the image. In third part Binary filter is apply to filter the noise factor from the images. In last again Gaussian filter apply to filter the image for smoothness. The output of the paper gives the compressed and reduced background video frame. The experimental result clearly justifies the model.

5 illus, 14 ref

017705   Swamy K C T;Sarma A D;Reddy A S;Srinivas V S; Somasekhar Rao P V D (NO, Research and Training Unit for Navigational Electronics, Osmania Univ, Hyderabad-500 007, Email: kctswamy@gmail.com) : Modelling of GPS signal scintillations with polynomial coefficients over the Indian region. Indian J Radio Space Phys 2013, 42(3), 167-74.

Performance of Global Positioning System (GPS) and other satellite based navigation systems can be degraded by the ionospheric scintillations of the signal. As the ionospheric scintillations behaviour varies with geographical location (latitude, longitude) and time, modelling is required for estimating and forecasting the scintillation. In this paper, amplitude and phase scintillations (S₄ and σ_ϕ) of the GPS signal are modelled with the polynomial coefficients developed using the least square solution (LSS) with merit function. For the coefficients development, GPS satellites data from 17 stations of the GPS Aided Geo Augmented Navigation (GAGAN) system network in the Indian region is considered. It is found that estimated/predicted scintillations due to the developed coefficients are very close to the experimental (observed) data of Hyderabad receiver station (17.44°N, 78.47°E). The maximum deviation in predicted S₄ and σ_ϕ is 0.03 and 0.3 rad, respectively. With the developed coefficients temporal, latitude and longitudinal variations of S₄ and σ_ϕ are analysed for Hyderabad station (17.44°N, 78.47°E).

7 illus, 3 tables, 11 ref

017704   Sunehra D (NO, JNTUH College of Engineering, Jagtial, Karimnagar-505 501, Email: dhirajsunehra@yahoo.co.in) : Validation of GPS receiver instrumental bias results for precise navigation. Indian J Radio Space Phys 2013, 42(3), 175-81.

Positional accuracy of Global Positioning System (GPS) is affected by several errors, the most predominant error being the ionospheric delay. This delay is proportional to the total electron content (TEC). The dual frequency GPS observables can be used to estimate the TEC. The line-of-sight TEC estimated from dual frequency GPS data is corrupted by the instrumental biases of the GPS satellites and the receiver. The instrumental biases exist as the signals at the two GPS frequencies (↵₁=1575.42 MHz; ↵₂=1227.60 MHz) experience different delays within the GPS satellite and receiver hardware. The estimation of the receiver instrumental bias plays a significant role in achieving required navigation accuracy for civil aviation applications. In this paper, receiver instrumental bias results due to a modified fitted receiver bias method, Kalman filter and singular value decomposition (SVD) algorithms are compared.

1 illus, 5 tables, 20 ref

017703   Subbian V;Ho F D (Electrical and Computer Engineering Dep, Alabama in Huntsville Univ, Huntsville, AL-35899, USA) : Power-delay trade-offs in CMOS circuits using self-bias transistors. IETE J Res 2012, 58(1), 24-7.

Power dissipation and propagation delay are contradicting factors in the design of VLSI CMOS circuits. This paper investigates CMOS circuits with Self-Bias Transistors (SBTs) connected between the pull-up/down network and the supply rails. Previous research on circuits with SBTs shows substantial reduction in leakage power of combinational circuits. We extend the analyses by studying both static and dynamic power and also propagation delay for combinational as well as sequential circuits. Transistor-level dual-V_t technique is employed for combinational circuits with SBTs to achieve a good power and delay trade-off by selecting different transistors in the circuit to have different V_t. Extensive HSPICE simulations were performed with 0.18 μm CMOS technology. Results show that on average, a 45% reduction in static power and 17% reduction in dynamic power can be achieved by employing SBTs in combinational CMOS circuits. Similar results for sequential CMOS circuits are also included. Simulation results for propagation delay and power-delay trade-off are also presented.

3 illus, 5 tables, 8 ref

017702   Solanki S K;Agrawal S;Khandelwal P (NO, KNGDMEC, Modinagar, Email: pankaj19808@gmail.com) : H.V.D.C. technology overview & applications. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2013, 2(2), 35-9.

High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) technology has characteristics which make it especially attractive in certain transmission applications. The number of HVDC projects committed or under consideration globally has increased in recent years reflecting a renewed interest in this field proven technology. New HVDC converter designs and improvements in conventional HVDC design have contributed to this trend. This paper provides an overview of the rationale for selection of HVDC technology and describes some of the latest technical developments. Most commercial HVDC plants now operating are equipped with the same type of control system, the so-called individual phase control system. This system is simple and the operating experience is excellent. This may be the case when theHVDC transmission is connected to a very weak ac network or to a generator station with large variations in frequency.

6 illus, 12 ref

017701   Singh S K;Bansal A;Jha M K;Jain R (Chemical Engineering Dep, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar-144 011) : Production of biodiesel from wastewater grown Chlorella minutissima. Indian J chem Technol 2013, 20(5), 341-5.

Study has been undertaken to assess integrated algal harvesting in sewage wastewater for biodiesel feedstock. Chlorella minutissima microalgae are grown in wastewater from local hotel sewage drain and produced biomass is used to produce biodiesel. C. minutissima effectively removes the wastewater nutrients nitrogen and phosphorus with the 99.19% and 96% removal respectively. Content of oil in produced algal biomass is drastically reduced i.e. 4% in response to 57% of total dry biomass reported in literature. The extracted oil mainly consists of small chain fatty acids (C-16:0, C-18:1, C-18:2, C-18:3). Transesterification reaction shows that maximum fatty acid methyl ester (FAMEs) concentration is converted from free fatty acids of oil during 1-2 h at 65°C.

4 illus, 27 ref

017700   Singh O P;Chauhan V;Singh B (Physics Dep, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, R B S College, Bichpuri, Agra-283 105, Email: opssd@gmail.com) : GPS based total electron content (TEC) anomalies and their association with large magnitude earthquake occurred around Indian region. Indian J Radio Space Phys 2013, 42(3), 131-5.

In this paper, the effect of earthquakes on total electron content (TEC) data at Agra (geographic latitude 27.2°N, longitude 78°E), India has been examined. This study has been carried out for a period of 30 months from 01 January 2009 to 30 June 2011 and a dual frequency GPS receiver system is used for recording TEC data. To investigate the seismic effects on TEC, an epicentral distance of 2000 km from the observing station has been selected. This region includes 22 cases of earthquakes during the period of study with large magnitudes (M ≥ 5.5). Different statistical procedures are used to observe the anomalies in TEC data. The results show that TEC fluctuated in the form of enhancements and depletion and maximum precursors are found 5-10 days prior to these earthquakes. The solar and geomagnetic activities during the cases of earthquakes have also been studied and data on disturbed days are omitted to separate out the seismic effects. Hence, the observed TEC anomalies may be due to the occurrences of large magnitude earthquakes around Indian region. The E x B drift due to the electric field generation during earthquake preparation process and ground wave oscillations may possibly be the significant contributors of these anomalies in TEC data.

3 illus, 29 ref

017699   Singh D;Agerwal R K (NO, , , Email: durgesh_kota5@yahoo.com) : CI engine with various helical threaded performance. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2013, 2(1), 131-5.

Fuel economy remains the prime factor favoring the application of the diesel engines and the need to improve performance regarding power output or lower fuel consumption or preferably both, has led to research in the engine systems. This research includes design and orientation of the inlet manifold, which is a major factor effecting the performance of the engine. A four stroke compression ignition engine with power 9 H.P and rated speed 1500 rpm is selected for the present work to investigate the performance characteristics. The swirl motion of the air is an important parameter in optimizing the performance of the engine. For better turbulence it is a common practice to leave the surfaces of the inlet manifold rough and unpolished. To achieve this helical threads are arranged in the inlet manifold with variable pitches which creates swirl. The performance characteristics with normal manifold and helical threaded manifold were calculated and compared.

11 illus, 6 tables, 9 ref

017698   Singh A;Mahale P;Kale A A;Bhati R (NO, St. Wilfred's Institute of Technology, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra) : Cooling system optimization and expected lifetime of large power transformers. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2013, 2(1), 109-16.

The paper presents the most recent results of an experimental research in the area of ageing processes taking place in large power transformers paper in oil insulation. It explains the effect of the transformer oil and winding temperatures on the achievement of the expected transformer lifetime. These results and findings of two research studies made at the Milan Vidmar Electric Power Research Institute (EIMV) in 2004/2005, assessing ageing and cooling system state of large 400kV and 220kV transmittion transformers, provided the basis for highlighting the occurrence of unexpected early ageing of particular large transformers that were installed in the Slovenian power grid around 1980. Issues of temperature measurements and transformer cooling system control, associated with oil-forced type of transformer cooling system (OFAF), are discussed in detail. The paper also discusses the effect of cooling optimization in order to have transformer residual life-time extended and its life-cycle cost minimized.

4 illus, 10 ref

017697   Shrivastava L;Sharma R (EI&CE Dep, Institute of Engineering and Technology, Alwar, Rajasthan) : Application of differential evolution in truck trailer backer upper control problem. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2013, 2(1), 91-6.

The differential evolution algorithm is used to optimize the control problem of truck trailer backer upper parking. The results are simulated with different parameters, like initial and final position of the TTBU, angles of cabin and trailer. This paper presents an approach to solve truck-trailer backer upper problem which is a bench mark nonlinear problem of the control system. The results are compared with fuzzy-logic approach.

2 illus, 3 tables, 12 ref

017696   Shome S N;Nandy S;Das S K;Pal D;Kumar V;Sen D;Ghosh S (Robotics & Automation Group, CSIR-CMERI, Durgapur-713 209, Email: snshome@cmeri.res.in) : Approach towards the design and development of a flexible 5dof AUV. Indian J Geomar Sci 2013, 42(5), 565-72.

Present study consists the overall development aspects of an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) such as mechanical design, modelling, software architecture, controllers and navigation in combination with the lake experiments conducted on the vehicle at a shallow depth. AUV prototype in discussion is designated, AUV-150 and is designed to operate at a depth of 150 meters. It is a cylindrical-shaped carrier with streamlined fairing to reduce hydrodynamic drag. It is embedded with active propulsion, navigation, and control systems. Propulsion system comprises thrusters for generating motion in different directions to control surge, sway, heave, pitch, and yaw. Two arrays of cross-fins have also been fixed at the two ends to provide additional stability to the AUV against roll. A lithium polymer battery powers the vehicle and a pressure hull contains its electronics and energy system. Equipped with a camera, CTD and side scan sonar as payload sensors the AUV-150 is perfectly designed for performing underwater terrain mapping as well as oceanographic survey activities. The experimental results obtained from the shallow depth operation are quite satisfactory from the operational point of view.

8 illus, 1 table, ref

017695   Shedole S M;Gargade A;Kendre V;Papat S (Computer Engineering Dep, Sinhagad Institute of Technology, Lonavala, Maharastra, Email: ashwinigargade@gmail.com) : Vehicle monitoring using telematics system. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2014, 3(3), 142-4.

Introduces a Telematics in vehicle technology which uses GPS, cell phone technology and internet together for vehicle application. This paper also discuss about role of a Telematics system in location technology which provides a means to link the automobile to satellite based positioning technology via wireless connectivity. It also provides a practical applications and the way of communication occurs in vehicle through Telematics.

1 illus, 5 ref

017694   Sharma V K;Sharma V K (NO, Rajdhani Engineering College, Jaipur, Email: sharma.vishal2009@gmail.com) : 40 gigabit ethernet era in the enterprise: applying lessons learned from the transition to 10 gigabit ethernet. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2013, 2(1), 97-100.

With the ratification of the IEEE 802.3ab in 2010, 40GbE has displaced 10GbE as the next network speed evolution in the enterprise. As was the case with the migration to 10GbE, the two main hurdles to widespread deployment of 40GbE are high deployment costs and lagging availability of supporting technologies and tools. In the 10G era, the network monitoring switch emerged as one of the technologies that helped enterprises clear the two main hurdles to High-Speed Ethernet deployment. The network monitoring switch is poised to play an even greater role in the 40GbE era. In addition to providing a bridge to High-Speed Ethernet, the network monitoring switch delivers higher network visibility and monitoring efficiency.

3 illus, 8 ref

017693   Sharma M K;Sharan S;Khatun H;Sinha A K (Gyrotron Laboratory, Microwave Tube Area, Central Electronics Enginee, Pilani, Rajasthan, Email: manoj.sharma59@gmail.com) : Inner profile measurement of weakly tapered open resonator. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2013, 2(1), 141-5.

Three section gyrotron resonator has been fabricated using a single piece of brass and OFHC copper material. The resonator consists of a down taper section, uniform middle section and up taper section with input and output taper angles, 2° and 3°, respectively. To realize the resonator design through fabrication, the inner profile measurement of the weakly tapered open resonator is the foremost important. Therefore, the paper reports the destructive and non-destructive measurement technique to measure inner profile of the resonator. Further, based on the measurement and predicted output power through simulation will help to determine whether the fabricated resonators excite the desire mode and the desire output power.

5 illus, 9 tables, 7 ref

017692   Sharma M (Physics Dep, Institute of Engineering and Technology, Alwar, Rajasthan, Email: megha.sharma883@gmail.com) : Design details of a novel lightweight low cost solar cooker and its experimental study. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2013, 2(1), 65-74.

World is facing severe energy crises and the mode of conversion of various fuels into utilizable form affect economy, environment and health adversely. Utilization of renewable energy resources particularly solar energy can decrease these to a considerable extent. Solar energy is most promising renewable source for India and all underdeveloped and developing nations which within 40° of equator. Solar energy can be utilized in both direct and indirect form. Utilization of solar energy in the form of solar thermal applications can save a lot of conventional energy resources. In country like India on the one hand solar cooking needs to be promoted while on the other hand there is a need for development of more efficient and user friendly solar cookers. Solar cooking would be popularized only when a good number of models are made available to the masses with appropriate characterizations and performance figures clearly mentioned for each model. Therefore a uniform strict test protocol must be followed for solar cookers. Only then users will have correct choice and would be attracted for maximum use of solar cookers. With this view we have discussed at length various test protocols. With study of L.S.C. clearly reveals that the cooker design developed and studied in the present work has good weather ability, life, thermal performance and cooking performance.

3 illus, 4 tables, 10 ref

017691   Shant R;Shant J R;Goyal R K;Kathayat T S (NO, , ) : Understanding the delamination and is effect on charpy impact energy in thick wall linepipe steel. J Mater metall Engng 2014, 4(1), 31-9.

Thick wall linepipes produced from thermo-mechanical-controlled hot-rolled high-strength low-alloy steel (HSLA) plates are characterized by heterogeneity of microstructures through thickness. This microstructural heterogeneity results delamination and is responsible for substantial differences in the toughness behavior of the linepipe steel. The objective of this research work was to investigate these differences in impact energy using Charpy V-notch impact test in correlation with microscopic observations on fractured surfaces of the selected Charpy V-notch specimens. A thick plate of linepipe steel having grade API 5L X65MS PSL2 (API: American Petroleum Institute) was selected for present study.

017690   Sekhar C R;Iryo T;Asakura Y (The Transporatation Planning Div, Central Road Research Institute, CRRI P.O., New Delhi-110 025, Email: chalumuri.ravisekhar@gmail.com) : Analysis of travel-time variation over multiple sections of Hanshin expressway in Japan. Curr Sci 2012, 102(11), 1527-33.

Travel-time variation frequently occurs in urban arterial road networks as a result of demand and supply variations as well as of external factors such as adverse weather and natural disasters. Study of travel-time variation is useful for measuring travel-time reliability studies. The objective of this study was to analyse the factors influencing travel-time variation among multiple sections of the Kobe route of the Hanshin Expressway in Japan. In this study, the Seemingly Unrelated Regression Equation (SURE) model was adopted to analyse the travel-time variation due to traffic volume, traffic accidents and rainfall as factors from the supply side, demand side and external factors of the transportation system respectively. This study identified that there was contemporaneous error correlation among multiple sections of the Kobe route. This error causes significant difference in estimated model parameters between the SURE model and Ordinary Least Square (OLS) model. Particularly, it has been observed that SURE model coefficients obtained for the rainfall parameter were 42% lower than OLS model coefficients. The results of this study emphasize that the SURE model is good for analysing the influence of various factors on travel-time variation among multiple sections of the Hanshin Expressway.

7 illus, 3 tables, 11 ref

017689   Sarkar D;Maloo B (Civil Engineering Dep, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum Univ, Gandhinagar, Email: debasis.sarkar@sot.pdpu.ac.in) : Application of bootstrap technique and genetic algorithm for resource optimization of bridge projects. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2014, 3(3), 109-18.

Bridge construction consists of resources which range from simple to complex in nature. Resources include information, equipments, labor, money and time. In order to optimize resources like manpower, equipments, money and materials efficient resource management is necessary. Thus, the present research work aims at using bootstrap technique to identify and evaluate the control variables for resource management under uncertainty in bridge construction projects. Also, resource optimization model for bridge project using genetic algorithm is developed. The benefit of using proposed model is to search for an optimum set of resources that will optimize both cost and time, under various constraints related to desired productivity, work conditions, and resource availability limit. Efficient use of project resources will reduce overall construction cost and will increase the work productivity of the project resources.

6 illus, 6 tables, 12 ref

017688   Sanyal A;Basu A;Koul S K;Abegaonkar M; Varughese S;Rao P B V (Centre for Applied Research in Electronics, I.I.T., Delhi, New Delhi) : Planar end-fire array in S-band for airborne applications. IETE J Res 2012, 58(1), 34-43.

Planar end-fire arrays can be used in airborne radar applications for forward and rear vision. The purpose of this work is to demonstrate the viability of constructing end-fire arrays with good bandwidth and front-to-back (f/b) ratio. The array so constructed must be extendable to a large number (possibly <62> 1000) of elements depending on the platform. In this work, starting from a basic S-band 2x2 array, arrays with higher number of elements have been studied through simulations such as 4x4, 4x8, and 2x16 configurations. An end-fire array comprising 4x8 elements (uniformly excited) has been successfully fabricated and tested giving a f/b ratio of 15 dB, and directivity 15 dB and an array comprising 4x8 elements excited by coefficients of Chebyshev polynomials has been simulated which gives a f/b ratio of 25 dB and similar directivity. Beam steering simulations show that the 4x8 array can be steered to ñ25 degrees with acceptable side lobe levels.

30 illus, 15 ref

017687   Santhakumar M (Discipline of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Madhya Pradesh, Email: santhakumar@iiti.ac.in) : Task space trajectory tracking control of an underwater vehicle-manipulator system under ocean currents. Indian J Geomar Sci 2013, 42(6), 675-83.

This paper presents a new tracking control scheme for an underwater vehicle-manipulator system (UVMS). The proposed task space passivity based controller is not only used to track the given desired path but also allows the use of the self-motion of the vehicle to perform power efficient trajectory because of its kinematically redundant nature. In the proposed scheme, the primary task is to track the given end-effector task space trajectory despite of the system associated with external disturbances, system uncertainties and internal noises. The secondary task as the energy savings requirement, the vehicle motion is controlled and to be aligned with the estimated underwater current orientation. The performance and effectiveness of the proposed coordinated control motion of the UVMS is demonstrated numerically and confirmed with the specified UVMS tasks. Simulation results show that the required control inputs for the given tracking task are reduced, and the UVMS can successfully track the given desired spatial trajectory.

7 illus, 20 ref

017686   Roy S C D (NO, , 164, SFS (DDA) Apartments, Hauz, Khas, New Delhi) : On the design of a multiple pass-band filter by frequency transformation. IETE J Res 2012, 58(1), 20-3.

It is shown that the use of reactance functions for frequency transformation of a normalized low-pass filter (NLPF) to a multiple passband filter (MPBF) is straightforward and simpler than the methods using repeated low-pass to band-pass transformation or a combination of such transformations. The method gives the band edges of the MPBF corresponding to the positive and negative cutoff frequencies of the NLPF unambiguously. The transformation function is found explicitly in terms of the band edges of the MPBF and the NLPF elements are converted to those of the MPBF with ease. Furthermore, the center frequencies of the passbands are also found with ease. Dual and triple passband filters are considered for illustrating the use of the method.

2 illus, 10 ref

017685   Rethika T;Mishra S;Nirmala S;Rathnakara S C; Ganeshan A S (NO, ISRO Satellite Center, Bangalore-560 017, Email: rethika@isac.gov.in) : Single frequency ionospheric error correction using coefficients generatedv from regional ionospheric data for IRNSS. Indian J Radio Space Phys 2013, 42(3), 125-30.

Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) is the satellite based navigation system being developed by India for locating user's position in 3-dimensional space and time over IRNSS service area. The users estimate their position by using a receiver which receives the navigation signal from the IRNSS satellites which is operating on L5 (1176.45 MHz) and S (2492.028 MHz) frequencies. There are three types of IRNSS users: dual frequency (L5 and S); single frequency (L5); and single frequency (S). The signal from the satellites before reaching the user receiver passes through the ionospheric layer of the atmosphere and suffers a delay. The delay in the signal introduces error in the position computed by the user. The dual frequency users of IRNSS correct the ionospheric error by taking advantage of the dispersive nature of ionosphere. On the other hand, single frequency user requisite an algorithm for computing the ionospheric delay along his line-of-sight. In IRNSS, the ionospheric error correction for single frequency (L5 or S) user is provided through a set of eight ionospheric coefficients. These coefficients are computed on ground by using previous 24-hour data and broadcasted as secondary navigation parameters (messages) to the user. These corrections are available for any user in the primary service area (extending up to 1500 km from Indian boundary) of IRNSS with a validity period of one day. The algorithm designed and developed for the estimation of these coefficients is explained in this paper which uses the global ionospheric model based on cosine curve approximation of diurnal variation of ionospheric delay. The estimation technique has been tested initially with simulated data and then with measurement driven model data for days of different ionospheric activity. The results are promising when compared with GPS transmitted Klobuchar coefficients over IRNSS primary service area. This algorithm is a part of the IRNSS navigation software which is operational at IRNSS Navigation Center (INC), Bangalore.

5 illus, 5 ref

017684   Reddy G S;Saraswat V K;Manjit Kumar (NO, Research Center Imarat DRDO, Hyderabad-500 069, Email: manjitgnsss@gmail.com) : Analysis of tropospheric time delay effect on in-flight attitude improvement of vehicle using integrated GPS-INS. Indian J Radio Space Phys 2013, 42(3), 143-9.

In-flight attitude improvement for maneuvering vehicle is proposed as a new metric for determining the degree of observation for attitude and other inertial navigational errors over specified flight profile of the vehicle. Guided munitions / projectiles can inherit large alignment errors during initialisation process by the launch platform, which if goes uncorrected, may affect terminal phase circular error probability (CEP) of the weapon. These alignment errors can be removed during flight by using Kalman filter based GPS and INS (Inertial Navigation System) data fusion scheme so as to correct the inertial system navigation errors. In order to achieve the precise navigational accuracy of the GPS-INS system, it is essential to model the ionosphere and troposphere time delays properly as they directly affect the measurement accuracy of the GPS and indirectly affect navigational accuracy of GPS-INS states. It is interesting to simulate the effect of tropospheric time delay for the vehicle being guided through GPS-INS when it is flying below the altitude of 60 km. In this paper, emphasis is given on the modelling of tropospheric delay and its impact on the performance of the GPS and GPS-INS during flight.

7 illus, 3 tables, 9 ref

017683   Rao S V B;Ong J T;Timothy K I;Venugopal D (NO, School of EEE (Blk S2), Nanyang Technologcal Univ (NTU), Singapore-639 798, Email: drsvbr.acas@gmail.com) : Propagation of free space optical links in Singapore. Indian J Radio Space Phys 2013, 42(3), 182-6.

Preliminary results of analyses on the propagation aspects of free space optical signals in Singapore are presented. Effect of visibility, scintillations and rain are also presented. A model is proposed for free space optical communications.

8 illus, 7 ref

017682   Rao G S B;Sateesh Kumar G;Kumar M N V S S (ECE Dep, Andhra Univ, Visakhapatnam-530 003, Email: sateeshkumargudla@gmail.com) : GPS signal rician fading model for precise navigation in urban environment. Indian J Radio Space Phys 2013, 42(3), 192-6.

Global Positioning System (GPS) usage is not limited to the aircraft en-route navigation and missile guidance where the user receives the satellite signals from the open sky. Currently, GPS has become an essential utility in the car navigation, mobile phones, surveying and aircraft landing applications. The received signal strength of a GPS satellite at a given location on or near the earth surface can be predicted by analyzing the propagation characteristics of the channel with an appropriate propagation model. The signal propagation characteristics particularly the short term variations severely affect the quality, availability and continuity of the system. The short term propagation characteristics of GPS signal is modeled and analyzed in this paper. Short term variations are mainly due to multipath reflections and Doppler shift which degrades the quality of received signal particularly in urban environments. The variation of signal quality with respect to user velocity is observed using Rician fading model.

4 illus, 7 ref

017681   Ramiah H;Kanesan J;Zulkifli T Z A (Electrical Engineering Dep, Faculty of Engineering, Malaya Univ, Kuala Lumpur) : Design of SIPC based LC-QVCO in 0.18 μm CMOS technology and the impact of coupling factor, K. IETE J Res 2012, 58(1), 28-33.

This paper presents the design of a source injection parallel coupled (SIPC) quadrature voltage-controlled oscillator (QVCO), realized with pMOS transistors, relaxing the sensitivity to substrate-induced noise and flicker noise, 1/f effect. A stacked planar spiral inductor exhibiting a Q factor of 5.8, with a pMOS-based varactor of 32% tuning range is implemented in 0.18 μm CMOS technology. The phase noise of the SIPC QVCO architecture simulated at 1 MHz of offset frequency is observed to be -111.43 dBc/Hz, in comparison with the phase noise of a conventional QVCO architecture which is observed to be -106.15 dBc/Hz, while dissipating the same amount of power about 14.6 mW. The effect of coupling factor, K to the amplitude and phase noise degradation is also investigated and verified.

8 illus, 2 tables, 7 ref

017680   Rajarajan D;Babu R;Saha S;Rathnakara S C (Space Navigation Group, ISRO Satellite Centre, Bangalore-560 017, Email: rrajan@isac.gov.in) : Optimal method for parameter retrieval from radio occultation missions. Indian J Radio Space Phys 2013, 42(3), 187-91.

Radio occultation (RO) is the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) based remote sensing of Earth's atmosphere for atmospheric parameter retrieval and total electron content (TEC) computation. Several RO missions have been launched by ISRO, viz. Meghatropiques and Oceansat-2, for atmospheric studies. Current implemented methods are able to provide the parameters only in post processed mode and hence, are available after some duration. This is due to the limitation of availability of precise satellite orbit for GNSS and LEO satellites which serves as one of the fundamental input to the process. However, a faster turnaround time is possible if the parameters are computed in near real time from the on-board solutions. This paper highlights the work that has resulted in optimizing the atmospheric parameter retrieval and TEC computation using the radio occultation technique.

8 illus, 7 ref

017679   Ragupathy U S;Tamilarasi A;Pandian S C (Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering Dep, Kongu Engineering College, Erode) : Improved techniques for mammographic image compression using balanced multiwavelet block tree coding. IETE J Res 2012, 58(1), 13-9.

The recent innovation in digital medical imaging techniques requires the development of high-performance storage and image transmission systems. The biggest problem in digital technology is voluminous amount of data generated. For example, a digital mammographic image of size 1024x1024 pixels with 8 bits per pixel requires 8.3 Mb for storing it in original form. Researchers in several studies have demonstrated the need for high rate compression algorithms for medical imaging applications. But the recently reported image compression results indicate that Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) is outperformed by scalar wavelets. However, it often fails to capture high-frequency information accurately. Interestingly, multiwavelet preserves high-frequency information in mammographic image and provides good energy compaction. The challenge still remains as to how one can better represent the signal for achieving the best compression. This paper proposes a solution to the above open problems using balanced multiwavelet-based image compression. The proposed scheme presents combination of two novel ideas: A coefficient reorganization suitable to balanced multiwavelet decomposition is used to regain the parent-child relationship. A block tree coding is used for compression and reconstruction of multiwavelet transformed image and thus the proposed scheme is called as Multiwavelet Block Tree Coding (MBTC). This approach yields the advantages of high energy compaction, PSNR, and a less number of bits for encoding. Balanced multiwavelet-based compression, with MBTC applied to a set of four mammographic images, achieves an average PSNR of 43.245 dB against the existing Set Partitioning In Hierarchical Trees (SPIHT) algorithm which on an average achieves only 34.181 dB for 0.5 bpp bit rate and MBTC requires encoding bits of 45.565% less than SPIHT encoding.

7 illus, 1 table, 10 ref

017678   Prashanth G;Avnish Kumar;Mulay S (Aerospace Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai-400 076, Email: prashant7891@iitb.ac.in) : Pratham satellite: Faraday rotation based TEC measurement. Indian J Radio Space Phys 2013, 42(3), 197-203.

Pratham, the student satellite of Indian Institute of Technology Bombay is a landmark project undertaken by the students of the institute in collaboration with ISRO. The project is in its environment testing phase now. Total electron content (TEC) measurement was chosen as the payload for the satellite keeping in mind the current scientific atmosphere in India with the Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System (IRNSS) and GPS-Aided Geo-Aumented Navigation (GAGAN) system in the process of development. This paper describes the use of Faraday rotation method for TEC measurements. The key features of the method, n-pi ambiguity resolution, possible sources of error and simulations carried out to get the initial estimates of the TEC values are also discussed. The on-board and on-ground hardware implementation are briefly explained.

6 illus, 6 ref

017677   Prasad K S;Rao C S;Rao D N (NO, , ) : Critical review of fatigue properties of friction stir welds of aluminum alloys. J Mater metall Engng 2014, 4(1), 1-6.

Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is a solid state welding technique being developed for various metals and alloys. It allows joining of high strength aluminum alloys which is generally difficult to weld with conventional welding techniques. This joining technique is energy efficient, environment friendly, and versatile. FSW is considered to be the most significant development in metal joining in a decade. It is expected to have various weld properties to meet the requirements of applications and working conditions of the products. These properties include tensile strength, microhardness, residual stresses, bending stress and fatigue life. Fatigue is one of the main causes of failure of welded structures in various applications where repetitive cyclic/repeated application of force or pressure conditions is prevailed. There is still lack of material property data, especially for fatigue, for this relatively new method of joining technique. In this paper fatigue properties of Friction Stir Welds of various Aluminum alloys and composites of different research papers are critically analyzed for testing process and results. This state of the art technology has very high potential in many applications including defense, automobile, aerospace, high pressure vessels, pipe joining and ship building.

017676   Perumalla Naveen Kumar;et.al. (Electronics & Communication Dep, Osmania Univ, Hyderabad-500 007, Email: naveen.gps@gmail.com) : Ionospheric variability of low and equatorial latitude regions over India- a study using RaBIT on-board YOUTHSAT. Indian J Radio Space Phys 2013, 42(3), 136-42.

The Indian small satellite, YOUTHSAT, was launched mainly for the study of the ionosphere-thermosphere region over the Indian longitudes. The ionospheric processes play an important role in influencing the position accuracies while using the GPS applications. Ionospheric tomography is an effective way of investigating the spatio-temporal variabilities of these ionospheric processes. The RaBIT (Radio Beacon for Ionospheric Tomography) is one of the three payloads on-board the YOUTHSAT. In this paper, first a case, viz. the analysis of the slant total electron content (STEC) variation measured at the three southern RaBIT stations, namely Trivandrum (8.5°N, 77.0°E), Bangalore (13°N, 77.6°E) and Hyderabad (17.8°N, 78.0°E) on 9 May, 7 and 10 June and 6 July 2011 is presented. It is found that the overall STEC variations measured at each station are different for different days. These variations are attributed to the day-to-day changes in the distribution of ionosphere owing to prevailing electrodynamic processes. To highlight this aspect, the RaBIT tomograms are presented, as case 2, for three different days for five stations, one each for the May, June and July months of 2011 to highlight the day and night differences in the overall distribution of the electron density. The tomograms, unambiguously, reveal the marked differences in the ionization distribution on these days not just during daytime but night time also. These differences are attributed to the overall evolution of the electrodynamics and the neutral dynamics over the equatorial region.

5 illus, 8 ref

017675   Patel S;Saxena R K (NO, BSNL, Jamnagar, Gujrat, Email: sureshpatel1980@gmail.com) : Development from PIN to GaAs based MISFET photo-detector. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2013, 2(2), 59-66.

High speed photo-detector are a key building block, which allow a large bandwidth upto several GHz for telecommunication application such as local area network, long distance communication upto several kilometers without signal degradation with high switching speed and high quantum efficiency. In this review paper, the recent progress in development and integration of Ge photo-detector on Si based photonics will be comprehensively reviewed along with a proposed structure of GaAs MISFET photo-detector for future research trends.

5 illus, 32 ref

017674   Patel H A;Patel C G (Civil Engineering Dep, U.V. Patel College of Engineering, Mehsana, Email: hitesh_jem@yahoo.co.in ) : Design of transportation hub- a case study. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2014, 3(3), 14-8.

In road based freight movement trucks are major mode for mass movement of goods and hence it is occupying major road area. Trucks are slow moving vehicle compare to other passenger vehicle and there for it plays major role in congestion of roads, in any highway which is connecting urban area there is always conflict between urban traffic and regional.Traffic, where highway is mainly designed to cater regional traffic but urban agglomeration growing in outskirts gives additional pressure on existing highway. They have to carry traffic of population staying in near urban area and their activity. But in supply chain urban area is end point for delivering any product and hence its loading and unloading activities has to be done somewhere near by urban area, because of need of large parcel of land for carrying out these activities in inner area is not possible and generally it takes place nearby urban area where due to many local problems and mismanagement traffic issues occur. This study will mainly focus on understanding traffic movement in similar kind of area its operation and parameter affecting for its smooth function.

6 illus, 8 tables, 8 ref