017673   NayakNavin N;Prajapati Dharmesh J;Sandanshiv Sidhant R (Mechanical Dep, SCSCOE, Rahuri, Ahmednagar, Maharastra, Email: navinnayak91@gmail.com) : Potential of swing energy. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2014, 3(3), 86-8.

This paper presents the utilisation of gravitational potential energy of garden swing for various day to day useful purposes. Energy can be created while kids are enjoying their play time on swing. This energy created can be utilized for various purpose like lifting water, generating electricity. This type of energy created is renewable and clean with no harm to environment.

3 illus, 4 ref

017672   Nabih A;Rashed Z (Electronics and Electrical Communications Engineering Dep, Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Menouf 32951, Menoufia Univ, Egypt, Email: ahmed_733@yahoo.com) : Transmission capacity improvement of ultra wide wavelength division multiplexing (UV-WDM) submarine fibre cable systems for long haul depths. Indian J Geomar Sci 2013, 42(6), 697-706.

In The study, ultimate optical transmission of ultra multi channels huge submarine cables under different depth conditions has been investigated over wide range of the affecting parameters. Double impact of both temperature and pressure is analyzed. It consists multiplexing technique namely UW-WDM to be merged number of 10000 transmitted channels on the same submarine optical transmission links respectively. Based on experimental data, both the deep ocean water temperature and pressure are tailored as functions of the water depth. As well as we have taken into account the estimation of the total cost planning and transmission data rate capacity of the submarine fibre cable system for this multiplexing technique under study.

13 illus, 25 ref

017671   Memon S;Jokhio I A;Arisar S H;Lech M;Maddage N (Computer Systems Engineering Dep, Mehran UET, Jamshoro, Sindh Pakistan) : Delta-MFCC features and information theoretic expectation maximization based text-independent speaker verfication system. IETE J Res 2012, 58(1), 5-12.

Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM)-based speaker models yield very good performance in text-independent speaker verification systems. GMMs use expectation maximization (EM) as an optimization procedure to train speaker models. This paper proposes the information theoretic expectation maximization (ITEM) with improved convergence rates to train the speaker models. The approach amounts to information theoretic (IT) since it uses the parzen density estimation and Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence measure. EM encounters the problem of convergence thus to enhance the convergence rates of EM, an IT procedure is incorporated. The proposed ITEM algorithm adapts means, covariances, and weights, like the conventional EM algorithm; however, this process is not conducted directly on feature vectors but on a smaller set of centroids derived by the IT procedure, which simultaneously minimizes the divergence between the Parzen estimates of the feature vector's distribution within a given class and the centroids distribution within the same class. The ITEM algorithm was applied to the speaker verification problem using NIST 2001, 2002, 2004, and 2006 speaker recognition evaluation corpora and MFCC with delta, energy, and zero-crossing features. The results showed an improvement of the equal error rate over the classical EM approach. The ITEM method also showed higher convergence rates compare with the EM method.

7 illus, 1 table, 21 ref

017670   Mao L F;Wang Z O;Zhang L J;Ji A M;Zhu C Y; Yang J (Institute of Intelligent Structure and System, School of Urban Rail Transporatation, Soochow Univ, China) : Current-voltage characteristics of graphene nanoribbon schottky diodes. IETE J Res 2012, 58(1), 65-71.

Theoretical investigation demonstrates that the current-voltage characteristics of a metal/graphene nanoribbon with donor impurities contact under forward bias condition has typical properties of a metal/silicon contact. Assuming that the work function of graphene nanoribbon will not change with its width, the results demonstrate that under a given biasing voltage, the current density of the contact decreases with the decrement of the nanoribbon width. Such a current-density decrement is especially large when the graphene-nanoribbon width drops to the few nanometers range. Furthermore, the high-energy electron density increases with the decrement of the nanoribbon width, which also impacts the current density significantly. Therefore, the relationship between the decrement of the current density and the nanoribbon width is non-exponential. The results in this paper also illustrate that the current density of metal/graphene nanoribbon contact at a given biasing voltage increases slowly with the increment of the donor density.

3 illus, 20 ref

017669   Legha M M;Ostovar F (Power Engineering Dep, Shiraz Univ, Shiraz, Iran, Email: Mahdi_mozaffari@ymail.com) : Analysis and reconductoring of overhead conductors with considering aging for radial distribution systems using imperialist competitive algorithm. Int J pure appl Sci Technol 2014, 20(1), 13-20.

In medium voltage electrical distribution networks, prevent the loss reduction is very important and certainly in line with this, system engineering issue and use of proper equipment, a good work has been done. Development of distribution systems result in higher system losses and poor voltage regulation. Consequently, an efficient and effective distribution system has become more urgent and important. Hence proper selection of conductors in the distribution system is important as it determines the current density and the resistance of the line. Evaluation aging conductors for losses and costs imposed in addition to the careful planning of technical and economic networks can be identified in the network design. This paper examines the use of different evolutionary algorithms, imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA) to optimal branch conductor Selection and Reconstruction In view of the aging conductors in planning radial distribution systems with the objective to minimize the overall cost of annual energy losses and depreciation on the cost of conductors in order to improve productivity. Simulations are carried out on actual power network of Kerman Province, Iran using ICA approaches in order to show the accuracy as well as the efficiency of the proposed solution technique.

6 illus, 3 tables, 15 ref

017668   Kohli T N;Ahuja E (Power System Engineering, Petroleum & Energy Studies Univ, Dehradun, Email: tanyaupes@gmail.com) : Sample potential of energy savings and energy efficiency in perspective of its conservation. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2014, 3(3), 1-5.

The Ministry of Power, Government of India has developed strategic plan to make power available to all by 2012 includes promotion of energy efficiency and its conservation in the country, which is found to be the least cost option to augment the gap between demand and supply. Nearly 25,000 MW of capacity creation through energy efficiency in the electricity sector alone has been estimated in India. Energy conservation potential for the economy as a whole has been assessed as 23% with maximum potential in industrial and agricultural sectors.

1 illus, 5 ref

017667   Khan M N I;Hasan S;Islam M N;Ashique M A U (Electrical Engineering Dep, Blekinge Institute of Technology, Karlskrona, Sweden, Email: sajib333@yahoo.com) : Survey of EIGRP and OSPF protocols on voice conferencing applications. Curr Trends Technol Sci 2013, 2(2), 247-52.

Demand of real-time applications over IP network in both home and industry has been increasing faster than ever. However, it must be kept in mind that IP networks are best-effort networks that were basically designed for non-real time applications. Networks need to be more intelligent, secure and need to ensure a high level of performance when routing the real-time traffic. While the performance of such traffic can be affected through deploying inefficient routing protocol in the network, it also brings new challenges for network designers and engineers to evaluate the routing performance efficiently and effectively. The research analyzes how well different dynamic routing protocols respond to various performance differentials when subjected to a voice conferencing application on IPv4 network. The analysis helps better understand the protocols' comparative merits and suitability for deployment under the real-time traffic. The dynamic routing protocols that are considered in the study are Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) and Open Shortest Path First (OSPF). As the simulation results demonstrate, EIGRP protocol has been a very effective routing protocol for voice conferencing application, which ensures its particular suitability irrespective of network load.

5 illus, 1 table, 16 ref

017666   Khalid S;Dwivedi B (NO, , ) : Comparison of control strategies using soft computing techniques for shunt active power filters in aircraft power utility of 400HZ. J Aerospace Engng Technol 2014, 4(1), 9-20.

Three different control strategies for extracting reference currents for shunt active power filters optimized using adaptive tabu search and genetic algorithm have been compared and their performance has been evaluated under different load conditions. The compensation ability of different control strategies will be compared and suggestion will be given for optimum strategy to be used under different loads. Simulation results using MATLAB have been included.

017665   Jain G K;Kumawat T;Samanta P (NO, , Regional College for Education Research and Training, Email: gaurav.rinkujain.jain@gmail.com) : Cisco shielded optical networking. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2013, 2(1), 84-90.

Optical network users, whether service providers, enterprises, or government and military agencies, have unique and growing security needs. Today's optical networks must provide end-to-end protection that is fully integrated with other security services, technologies, and management systems. To provide the greatest flexibility, optical network elements should support advanced AAA services, and provide multiple layers of protection. In this paper author describes the security requirements of optical networks, and the ways in which the Cisco ONS Family of optical network platforms meets the demanding requirements of government agencies, service providers, and enterprises. Cisco Systems has a longstanding reputation as a global leader in network security. Cisco developed the SAFE Blueprint, a comprehensive framework for defending networks, and has incorporated robust security technologies and features into all Cisco network devices, including optical platforms.

16 ref

017664   Jadhav M B;Patil G R (Civil Engineering Dep, Shahu College of Engineering Tathawade, Pune-411 033, Email: manoj11889@gmail.com) : Dynamic evaluation of lateral force resisting systems for tall buildings. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2014, 3(3), 33-8.

In recent years construction of high rise building is widely increased due to highly increasing cost of land and scarcity of land in metropolitan cities. These structures are sensitive to wind and earthquake forces. Behavior of such structures can be controlled by effective lateral structural systems, which increases stiffness of building. Although in present days computer technology allows for precise analysis and design of different systems for high rise buildings, it does not readily insight for choosing among the alternatives of these systems to arrive at the best overall design. While studying uncontrolled response it was observed that response in terms of displacement and acceleration was exceeding IS code limits. The enhancement in the performance of the building is studied under earthquake loads by installing lateral force resisting systems, such as bracing system and steel plate shear walls. These systems were applied at various positions with different cross-sectional properties. Modeling and analysis was carried out using ETAB 14. It is evident from the observations that all the proposed arrangements improve the performance of the building in controlling storey displacements, accelerations as well as drift. The present work is expected to accelerate the implementation of steel plate shear walls as a lateral force resisting systems to earthquake excited tall slender buildings.

4 illus, 13 ref

017663   Hoolihalli M V;Hegde A V (Applied Mechanics and Hydraulics Dep, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal-575 025, Email: m_hoolihalli@yahoo.com) : Transmission studies on horizontal interlaced multi-layer moored floating pipe breakwater (HIMMFPB) with three layers of pipes. Indian J Geomar Sci 2013, 42(6), 722-8.

Present study consists part of the series of physical model scale experiments conducted for the study of the transmission characteristics of horizontal interlaced multi-layer moored floating pipe breakwater (HIMMFPB). Studies were conducted on physical models of the floating breakwater with three layers of PVC pipes, wave steepness, H_i/gT² (H_i=incident wave height, g=acceleration due to gravity and T=wave period) varying from 0.063 to 0.936; relative width, W/L (W=width of the breakwater) varying from 0.4 to 2.65 and relative spacing of pipes, S/D=2 (S=horizontal c/c spacing of pipes and D=diameter of the pipes). Transmitted wave height is measured and the collected data is analyzed by plotting non-dimensional graphs depicting the variation of Kt (transmission coefficient) with H_i/gT² for various values of d/W (d=water depth) varying from 0.082 to 0.276 and K_t with W/L for different values of H_i/d which was varied from 0.06 to 0.450. It is observed that K_t decreases as H_i/gT² increases for the range of d/W values used in the study. It is also observed that K_t decreases with an increase in W/L for the range of H_i/d values used. Maximum wave attenuation achieved in the study with the present breakwater configurations is 78.62%.

15 illus, 11 ref

017662   Herle R;Shetty P;Shetty S D;Achutha Kini U (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Univ, Manipal-576 104, Email: prakash.shetty@manipal.edu) : Inhibition of corrosion of stainless steel (304 SS) by N-(2-mercaptophenyl)-N-phenyl thiourea in hydrochloric acid. Indian J chem Technol 2013, 20(5), 317-22.

Inhibition effect of N - (2-mercaptophenyl) -N'- phenyl thiourea (MPTU) on the corrosion of 304 SS in 1 N HCl medium has been investigated by potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and weight loss methods. The results reveal that MPTU is an efficient mixed inhibitor with efficiency of greater than 90% at 40°C. The adsorption of this inhibitor on the 304 SS surface obeys Temkins adsorption isotherm, and the inhibition is governed by physisorption mechanism. The influence of parameters like temperature and inhibitor concentration on the corrosion rate of 304 SS has also been investigated. The thermodynamic parameters deduced for the adsorption process reveal a strong interaction and spontaneous adsorption of MPTU on the alloy steel surface.

5 illus, 3 tables, 18 ref

017661   Harikumar G;et.al. (NO, ISRO Inertial Systems Unit, Thiruvananthapuram-695 013, Email: harikumarganesan@yahoo.co.in) : Troposphere induced GPS navigation error, its effect on GPS-INS integrated system performance and mitigation strategies. Indian J Radio Space Phys 2013, 42(3), 150-8.

Conventional Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers track GPS satellites above 5 degree horizon to avoid multipath effects. In order to improve vertical dilution of precision (VDOP), it is an attractive prospect to utilize GPS satellites below the horizon in addition to those above, for navigation computations in GPS receivers used by vehicles operating at high altitude trajectories. This paper, however, exposes a possible risk of navigation output degradation in adopting this scheme due to unintentional occultation of GPS signals from satellites below the earth tangent horizon. The error on GPS range and range rate measurements induced by troposphere are simulated using a model based approach. Results indicate position errors up to 150 m and velocity errors up to 14 ms^-1 over a period of 15 s under practical conditions. Such slowly varying errors being uncharacteristic of GPS receivers are not rejected by the usual protection features in GPS-Inertial Navigation System (INS) integration schemes. Thereby, the integrated system performance is degraded. In the uncoupled GPS-INS scheme studied, GPS error of the above order resulted in integrated system output error of 100 m in position and 5 ms^-1 in velocity, respectively. An altitude based elevation cut off scheme that can be incorporated in the GPS receiver for retaining the advantages of using negative elevation satellites, while avoiding occulted measurements, is presented in this paper. A method for strengthening integrated scheme protection, using innovation residuals, for rejecting such slow GPS errors is also presented.

15 illus, 10 ref

017660   Haderbache L;Laouami N (CGS, National Center of Applied Research in Earthquake Engineering, 1 Rue Kaddour Rahim, BP 252 Hussein Dey, Algiers, Algeria, Email: Lahlou_hader@yahoo.com ) : New rapid approach in assessing slope stability beneath a random field. Indian J Geomar Sci 2013, 42(6), 734-44.

Slope stability of soil (Zhu et al. method used) has been studied under a random field. Spatial variability of soil's proprieties (random variables (RV) is decomposed in term of deterministic trend and the random fluctuations of short duration of soil round this deterministic trend. Spread of variation of these fluctuations from one point to another in the soil is a very important parameter for describing the natural variability of soil's proprieties. In this paper, to quantify tendency value and dispersion of safety factors (FS) in function of trend and dispersion of RV, one uses Point Estimated Method (PEM) validated by Monte Carlo Method (MCM). It is known that the MCM has a prohibitive machine time compared to PEM, where the advantage to use this last one. Unfortunately, the PEM don't take explicitly the fluctuations of RV into account. Therefore, one proposes to incorporate it in the PEM.

11 illus, 23 ref

017659   Gupta S C (NO, , ) : Handling qualities-fighter aircraft. J Aerospace Engng Technol 2014, 4(1), 27-39.

Aircraft handling qualities quantify the extent to which the pilot can control the aircraft and accomplish the task with ease or difficulty. Stick force gradient, recovery rates from maneuvers, layout of controls, case of control operations, and mission accomplishment form the part of hqs. Current equivalent systems of flight control of fly-by-wire aircraftwith statically unstable airframe aim at meeting maneuver demands and provide required hqs. The hqs criteria are addressed herein largely for the fighter class of aircraft especially with the unstable airframes.

017658   Gupta S C (NO, , ) : Aircraft design and development: an overview. J Aerospace Engng Technol 2014, 4(1), 1-6.

This paper addresses issues related to airworthiness standards, air loads criticality, handling qualities requirements, and flight testing from the personal experiences of the author. Current control technology has significant impact on airworthiness specification description. Combination of air loads cases needs judicial selection along with control criteria. Control software can be synthesized in real time for required handling criteria. Concurrent aeroelasticity needs consideration for optimum aerodynamic design features that is highlighted herein.

017657   Goktas A A;Malayoglu U;Malayoglu U (Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Dep, Dokuz Eylul Univ, Izmir, Turkey, Email: aydin.goktas@deu.edu.tr) : Microstructural and electrochemical analysis of inorganic and hybrid sol gel silica coatings on Al 7075 alloy: effect of additives. Asian J Chem 2012, 24(8), 3633-9.

Inorganic and organic hybrid coatings were deposited on Al 7075 substrate by dip coating in a sol prepared from tetraethoxysilane with and without addition of both boric acid and ormosil. The samples were heat treated at two different temperatures of 120 and 220 °C. In case of using ormosil coated samples it was necessary to be heat treated at 120 °C to obtain full coverage of coatings. For this composition a film thickness of 2-3 micron could be reached by repeatedly coating and heat treatment for 5 times, whereas by other compositions a thickness of only about 1 micron could be reached. Microstructures of the films were characterized by SEM and energy dispersive X-ray analyses (EDX). The crystallization behaviour and thermal analysis of the films as well as gels were studied by XRD and DTA. According to electrochemical results the coated samples from the composition with ormosil repeatedly coated and heat treated for five times at 120 °C showed the best corrosion resistance. However increasing the temperature resulted in occurrence of micro holes defects and in island forms broken of coatings, which caused weakness of corrosion effect. These findings were confirmed with the SEM micrographs of the same samples. On the other hand boron additives exhibited better adherence of the solution to the substrate compared to tetraethoxysilane solution.

10 illus, 1 table, 20 ref

017656   Gogte C L;Likhite A;Peshwe D R (NO, , ) : Feasibility of cryogenic treatment for improving lattice strain distribution in AA7010 alloy. J Mater metall Engng 2014, 4(1), 7-12.

AA7010 was subjected to two different cycles of cryogenic treatment. In one cycle, the cryogenic treatment was given after the quenching and aging, whereas in another cycle the treatment was given immediately after quenching before aging. The hardness and XRD results of these samples were compared with that of T6 conditioned sample, taken as the reference. The samples, which were given cryo-treatment immediately after quenching before aging, were found to have higher hardness than T6 condition samples. It was also observed that the internal strains in these samples, although more than the T6 conditioned samples, is more uniform than the later.

017655   Gawande J S;Bhuyar L B (NO, Rajarshi Shahu College of Engineering, Buldhana, Email: jsg725@gmail.com) : Effect of climatic parameters on the performance of different designs of stepped type solar still. Curr Trends Technol Sci 2013, 2(2), 206-10.

Thermal performance of the stepped type solar still is affected by design, climatic and operational parameters. The design parameters affecting the performance of a stepped type solar still are depth of water, thickness of glass cover, insulation thickness, condensing cover material, shape of the absorber surface, absorbing material provided over the basin surface, angle of inclination of the still, enhancement of heat transfer etc. The climatic parameters include solar intensity, ambient temperature and wind velocity. The effect of various climatic parameters listed above on the distillate yield of different designs of stepped type solar stills is presented in this paper. In this work, four number of stepped type solar stills with different designs have been selected for studying the effect of climatic parameters like solar intensity, ambient temperature and wind velocity. The absorber area of each stepped type solar still is 0.5093 m2. After conducting experiments for the different designs of stepped type solar still, it has been observed that the intensity of solar radiation goes on increasing from the morning hours with maximum occurring at noon and then it goes on decreasing in the afternoon hours. The hourly variation in ambient temperature follows the same trend as that of solar intensity. It has been observed that the distillate yield increases with increase in solar intensity and ambient air temperature. Also it has been observed that as the wind velocity over the solar still increases, the distillate yield of the solar still increases continuously.

7 illus, 3 tables, 10 ref

017654   Garg H;Thareja P (NO, , ) : Interference of components in metallic diffusion. J Mater metall Engng 2014, 4(1), 23-30.

Eight different pairs of metals which diffuse in each other in a solid state composition and make a homogenous or heterogeneous mixture are considered for deeper understanding of diffusion phenomenon, w.r.t. direction of diffusion, etc. Further the authors interpret which factors are responsible for the metal and/or more specifically which metal atom will be active in the diffusion process. The analysis evidenced number of breakage of bonds in the substrate of the metals participating in the diffusion process and metal's thermal conductivity additionally mattered. Study of greater influence, to make a clear judgment of active metal in the diffusion process, solicited decision as to which metal is active in the binary solid-solution diffusion process? The study reveals that there is a very close relationship between the active metal and the physical traits. The dependence of thermal conductivity, number of breakage of bond is analyzed using tabulation of the diffusion direction and the physical properties while defining the diffusion direction for typical pair of the metals.

017653   El-Haroun A A (Mechanical Power Eng. Dep, Faculty of Engineering, Minufiya Univ, Egypt, Email: ah81256@yahoo.com) : Desalination system with humidification- dehumidification of air. Int J pure appl Sci Technol 2013, 14(1), 44-52.

In this work, a mathematical model to study the effect of various parameters like condenser surface area of heat transfer, humidifier area, heating capacity, type of packing material and flow rate of water on the performance of humidification-dehumidiflcation desalination unit is used. It was found that, the productivity of the unit increases with the enlargement in surface area of heat transfer in humidifier when the other studied parameters remain constant. Increasing the flow rate of water, heater capacity or condenser area respectively at constant values of the other studied parameters results in decay in productivity of the unit. The results show also that, using sponge as packing material will be better than clauses pieces or saw dust. The results show also that, a desalination unit with 0.16 m² humidifier area, 200 W heater capacities and 0.1 m² condenser areas can give about 4.3 m³/day of fresh water. Therefore, the use of such desalination unit, in small or gross scale, will be very attractive to supply remote areas in Egypt with fresh water for domestic uses or even for irrigation of lands.

14 illus, 11 ref

017652   Deka J;Tripathi O P;Khan M L (NO, , ) : Land use/land cover change dynamics through remote sensing and GIS- a case study of Kamrup district, Northeast India. J Remote Sensing GIS 2014, 5(1), 55-62.

Study describes the land use and land cover dynamics in Kamrup district of Assam from 1991 to 2011 using remote sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS). Satellite remote sensing and GIS acts as an effective approach for analyzing the direction, rate and spatial pattern of land use dynamics. Landsat-TM and ETM+ for the period 1991, 2001 and 2011 were used to prepare the land use/land cover (LULC) map for different periods. The methodology employed consists of an object-oriented classification approach for LULC mapping and a post-classification change-detection technique for quantifying the changes for twelve major land use and land cover types. The results indicated that severe land cover changes have occurred in built-up (+ 45.82%), wetlands (-39.45%), croplands (+ 4.16%) and forest cover (-3.09%) areas. Most of the areas have been compensated to expansion in areas under built-up and cultivated lands.

31 ref

017651   Cicilato A (NO, Northern Melbourne Institute of TAFE Waterdale Rd, Heidelberg, Australia, Email: amanda.cicilato@gmail.com) : Photovoltaic system. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2013, 2(6), 1-3.

Photovoltaic systems (PV system) use solar panels to convert sunlight into electricity. A system is made up of one or more photovoltaic (PV) panels, a DC/AC power converter (also known as an inverter), a racking system that holds the solar panels, electrical interconnections, and mounting for other components. Optionally it may include a maximum power point tracker (MPPT), battery system and charger, solar tracker, energy management software, solar concentrators or other equipment. A small PV system may provide energy to a single consumer, or to an isolated device like a lamp or a weather instrument. Large grid-connected PV systems can provide the energy needed by many customers. The electricity generated can be either stored, used directly (island/standalone plant), or fed into a large electricity grid powered by central generation plants (grid-connected/grid-tied plant), or combined with one or many domestic electricity generators to feed into a small grid (hybrid plant).Systems are generally designed in order to ensure the highest energy yield for a given investment.

11 ref

017650   Chitra A;Rajkumar A (Computer Science and Engineering Dep, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore) : Study on paraphrase recognition using radial basis function neural network. IETE J Res 2012, 58(1), 50-6.

Paraphrasing is the restatement of a given text using alternate words. Recognition of paraphrases is vital in applications such as question answering, information extraction, and multi-document summarization. Lexical, syntactic, and semantic features of text can be used either individually or in combinations for recognizing paraphrases. Several machine-learning classifiers such as support vector machines (SVM), nearest neighbour method, and decision trees have been used for paraphrase recognition with SVM recognizers being the most popular ones. This paper explores the applicability of neural networks for paraphrase recognition. A radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) has been designed and implemented for recognizing paraphrases. Experiments have been carried out on the Microsoft research paraphrase corpus. From the results of the experiments, it has been observed that the RBFNN recognizer consistently outperforms the SVM recognizer with respect to accuracy and that the best performance was achieved when a combination of lexical, syntactic, and semantic features were used.

3 illus, 1 table, 23 ref

017649   Bhatiya P (NO, L.D.R.P. College of Engineering, Gandhinagar, Email: parthbhatiya@ymail.com) : Intrusion detection in mobile Ad-hoc networks: a survey. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2013, 2(1), 12-7.

With the progression of computer networks extending boundaries, Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) has more easy technology to provide anywhere, anytime communication. Due to its deployment nature, MANETs are easier to malicious attack. The absolute security in the mobile ad hoc network is very hard to achieve because of its fundamental characteristics, such as dynamic topology, open medium, limited power and limited bandwidth. The Prevention methods like authentication techniques and cryptography techniques and algorithms alone are not able to provide the security to these types of networks. so, efficient intrusion detection must be made to facilitate the identification and isolation of attacks. In this paper, we have surveyed several techniques for intrusion detection in MANET.

3 illus, 7 ref

017648   Bhatia A;Kapoor A (NO, BHMSCE, Muktsar, Punjab, Email: ankitabhatia59@gmail.com) : Design techniques for low power Op-Amp. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2014, 3(3), 11-3.

Now a day in electronic design field, the trend is moving towards the low power chip systems. Thus, the demand of smaller size of equipments, chips, with very less power dissipation is needed. In portable equipments, smaller size and longer life of battery is required. Generally, for the reduction of power consumption of any system, the supply voltage must be reduced. Also, some low power design techniques must be employed. Here, in this paper, the various low power techniques for design of Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp) are discussed.

4 illus, 9 ref

017647   Bhardwaj G;Vijayvergia H K (Electronics & Communication Engineering Dep, Government Women Engineering College, Nasirabad Road, Ajmer, Email: gwecaexam@gmail.com) : OFDM wireless communications. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2014, 3(3), 39-44.

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a popular method for high data rate wireless transmission. OFDM may be combined with antenna arrays at the transmitter and receiver to increase the diversity gain and/or to enhance teh system capacity on time-variant and frequency-selective channels, resulting in a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) configuration. This paper explores various physical layer research challenges in MIMO-OFDM system design, including physical channel measurements and modeling, analog beam forming techniques using adaptive antenna arrays, space-time techniques for MIMO-OFDM, error control coding techniques, OFDM preamble and packet design, and signal processing algorithms used for per-forming time and frequency synchronization, channel estimation, and channel tracking in MIMO-OFDM systems. Finally, the paper considers a software radio implementation of MIMO-OFDM.

2 illus, 10 ref

017646   Beelagi V S;Sharma R S (NO, , ) : Effect of damage on the modal parameters of composite plates. J Aerospace Engng Technol 2014, 4(1), 21-6.

The effect of delaminations on the natural frequencies and mode shapes of composite panels has been analyzed, both experimentally and by finite element technique. Bi-woven glass cloth with epoxy resin as matrix is made use of to prepare the laminate. Vacuum-bagging method was employed in the fabrication of specimens. Specimens were prepared with 3 mm thickness and tested for three different boundary conditions, viz., clamped-free-free-free (C-F-F-F), clamped-free-clamped-free (C-F-C-F) and clamped-clamped-clamped-clamped (C-C-C-C). The traditional "strike method" has been used to measure the vibration properties. The modal characteristics of the specimens have been obtained by studying their impulse response. Each specimen has been subjected to impulses through a hard-tipped hammer which is provided with a force transducer and the response measured through the accelerometer. The impulse and the response are processed through a computer aided fast Fourier transform (FFT) analyzer. Vibration parameters such as natural frequencies, modal damping and the corresponding mode shapes were extracted and results are presented. In addition, modal assurance criterion (MAC) has been calculated as a quality indicator for mode shapes evaluated through experiments.

017645   Balaji N;Rao K S (ECE Dep, VNRVJIET, Osmania Univ, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh) : VLSI-based real-times signal processing solution employing four-phase codes for spread-spectrum applications. IETE J Res 2012, 58(1), 57-64.

Spread-Spectrum applications require a set of sequences with individually peaky autocorrelation and pair-wise cross correlation. Obtaining such sequences is a combinatorial problem. If the autocorrelation and cross correlation are taken in the aperiodic sense, then there are hardly any theoretical aids available. Thus, the problem of signal design referred to above is a challenging problem for which many global optimization algorithms like genetic algorithm, simulated annealing, and tunneling algorithm were reported in the literature. The paper aims at implementation of an efficient VLSI System for the design of an optimal pulse compression codes useful for Spread-Spectrum applications. The proposed VLSI system implements the modified genetic algorithm for identifying and generating the optimal pulse compression codes. The VLSI System is implemented on the field programmable gate array as it provides the flexibility of reconfigurability and reprogramability and it is a real-time signal-processing solution which identifies and generates optimal sequences.

9 illus, 2 tables, 18 ref

017644   Bahuguna A;Ray Chaudhury N;Bhattji N;Ajai; Navalgund R R (NO, Space Application Centre (ISRO), Ahmedabad-380 015, Email: ajai@sac.isro.gov.in) : Spatial inventory and ecological status of coral reefs of the Central Indian ocean using resourcesat-1. Indian J Geomar Sci 2013, 42(6), 684-96.

Spatial inventory of coral reef habitat at eco-morphological level has been carried out for the Central Indian Ocean (CIO) using Resourcesat-1 satellite data. CIO covers India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Maldives and the British Indian Ocean Territory. A comprehensive classification system has been evolved and standardized to map the coral reefs of CIO. Coral reefs of the CIO occupy 18,252.13 sq km area. Maldivian and Indian reefs cover 79.63% (14533.60 sq km) and 13.06% (2383.87 sq km) of CIO reef area respectively. Coral reefs of British Indian Ocean Territory enjoy pristine ecological status among the CIO reefs. In India, Lakshadweep followed by Andaman and Nicobar islands have certain reefs which may be termed as pristine with the rest being in vulnerable condition. Gulf of Kachchh reefs are in degraded condition. Sri Lankan reefs are also in vulnerable condition. Banladesh has a single reef which is in degrading condition. This inventory is the first of its kind providing baseline data not only for management and conservation but also forms an important input for climate change studies.

4 illus, 3 tables, 18 ref

017643   Ahmed M M;Sultana Q;Reddy A S;Malik M A (Electronics and Communication Engineering Dep, Deccan College of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad-500 001, Email: mushthaq.md@gmail.com) : Tropospheric error correction in assisted GPS signals. Indian J Radio Space Phys 2013, 42(3), 159-66.

Though standalone cell phone technology is sufficient to navigate, presently, in the developed and the under developed countries of the world, almost every cell phone has a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver embedded in it. This combined system is called as assisted GPS. There are various issues to be dealt critically while using such systems. For instance, cellular networks and GPS signals encounter various types of errors in which tropospheric error is one. This paper focusses on the estimation of tropospheric error and its correction in cell phone signals as well as GPS signals. In order to estimate the tropospheric delay, four different tropospheric error correction models are implemented. Two models, namely Hopfield model and European Geo-stationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS) model are implemented for GPS signals and other two models, namely Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics (RTCA) and Locata Tropospheric (LTC) model are implemented for cellular signals. The results indicate that in case of GPS signals, as the altitude increases, tropospheric delay (TD) gradually decreases. The maximum TD is observed at the surface of earth for Hopfield model (13 m) as well as for EGNOS model (13.2 m). In case of cellular signals, TD increases as the altitude increases since the base stations are on the ground. At an altitude of 14 km, TD is observed for RTCA model as 9.08 m and for LTC model, it is 11.41 m.

13 illus, 5 tables, 14 ref

017642   Adamu I I (Mathematics Dep, Modibbo Adama Technology Univ, Yola, Nigeria, West Africa, Email: ibrahimisah85@yahoo.com) : Mathematical model for the dynamics and control of malaria in a population. Int J pure appl Sci Technol 2014, 20(1), 1-12.

Malaria, as a disease, is so rampant in the society to the extent that it is viewed as, a fast becoming endemic disease, particularly in Africa. Developed a mathematical model to study the dynamics of the disease in a population, in developing the model; a population is compartmentalized into susceptible and infected classes taking into consideration the interaction between the parasites and the host (human beings), also the susceptible and the infected classes are allowed to interact freely without quarantining either class. The model ushered in a system of first order equation, that describes the dynamics of the susceptible class and the infected class under the influence of the parasite. Qualitative and stability analysis were carried out, the result of the analysis showed that if preventive measures are not put in place, the susceptible and infected classes will reach a stable equilibrium point which can be disastrous to the population. The study recommended specific measures to control the disease.

2 illus, 7 ref

016603   Suresh Kumar J;Ganesan V;Mallikarjuna J M; Govindarajan S (Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Mechanical Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600 036, Email: vijaysri@iitm.ac.in) : Design and optimization of a throttle body assembly by CFD analysis. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2013, 20(5), 350-60.

Throttle body assembly plays a vital role in metering the airflow. It mainly consists of a butterfly valve to vary the flow area to control air flow rate through it. There is hardy any established procedure to design a throttle body assembly based on the engine specifications. In order to bridge the gap, this study, design and optimization of a throttle body assembly for a single-cylinder engine used in two-wheeler application has been analyzed along with the investigation of critical flow through various sub systems using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). To start with, the throttle bore and bypass passage diameters are calculated from the basic flow equations. Using CFD, best possible throttle shaft profile is arrived at, which will enhance airflow to the engine. The airflow rate for different throttle openings is predicted taking into account the distribution of main and bypass flow. It is observed that the airflow through main and the bypass passage are almost same around 12% throttle opening and the airflow through main passage takes over beyond 25% opening. The novelty of this study is that airflow through the bypass is also predicted for different screw positions. From the analysis of results, it is found that with around two turns of bypass screw opening, the required amount of air flow rate could be achieved through the bypass passage to run the accessories of the engine at idling and also to meet the required performance and emissions levels as per the design target. In addition, there is a good agreement of CFD predictions with experimental results with an error of about 6%. Finally, it is concluded that the procedure adopted in this study to design the throttle body as per engine specifications will be very useful for the engine designers and in this aspect, CFD plays an important role.

20 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

016602   Shere I G;Pawarb V P;Mehrotra S C (Electronics Dep, Shri. Havagiswami Mahavidyalaya, Udgir, Maharashtra) : Dielectric study of butanenitrile with 1,2 dichloroethane at 15°C temperature using microwave frequency. Archiv appl Sci Res 2012, 4(2), 947-50.

Dielectric relaxation study of butanenitrile(BN) with 1,2 Dichloroethane(DCE) mixture has been carried out at temperature 15°C in the frequency range of 10 MHz to 20 GHz using time domain reflectometry (TDR) for 11 different concentrations of the system. The dielectric parameters such as static dielectric constant (ε0) and relaxation time (τ) have been obtained by fourier transform and the least squares fit method. Excess properties of the mixtures have been determined. In the mixtures excess permittivity is found to be positive in DCE rich region and negative in BN rich region. The excess inverse relaxation time is found to be negative. The investigation shows that there is systematic change in dielectric parameters of the system with change in concentration.

14 ref

016601   Shahadan Z;Hamzah M O;Yahya A S;Jamshidi A (School of Civil Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia, Email: cemeor@yahoo.com) : Evaluation of the dynamic modulus of asphalt mixture incorporating reclaimed asphalt pavement. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2013, 20(5), 376-84.

Presents the effects of temperature and loading frequency on the dynamic modulus and phase angle of asphalt mixtures incorporating reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) using the asphalt mixture performance tester. Milling waste from Damansara-Puchong Expressway is incorporated in asphalt mixtures in proportions of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%. The asphalt mixtures are tested for dynamic modulus at three temperatures (20, 40, 50°C) and six loading frequencies (0.1, 0.5, 1, 5, 10 and 25 Hz). At constant temperature, the dynamic modulus increased as the loading frequency and RAP content increased. For a given frequency, the dynamic modulus decreased while the phase angle increased as the temperature increased. From statistical analysis, test temperature and frequency have significant effects with high effect size on the measured dynamic modulus and phase angle. The interaction effect of frequency and RAP give the highest effect size among the interaction effects in the dynamic modulus test. The results also indicated that the highest performance in terms of rutting and fatigue factors can be attained when the frequency of cumulative traffic loading was from 15 to 20 Hz.

9 illus, 7 tables, 17 ref

016600   Rengadurai S;Preetha B;Viruthagiri T (Chemical Engineering Dep, Annamalai Univ, Annamalai Nagar-608 002) : Optimization of parameters for decolorization of textile dye by response surface methodology using Trametes hirsuta. Asian J biochem pharm Res 2012, 2(2), 40-8.

Potential of white rot fungus, Trametes hirsuta to decolorize the widely used textile dye Reactive black 5 using Laccase production medium, was tested by employing statistical optimization using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). A 2⁴ Central Composite Design (CCD) was chosen to evaluate the interactive effects of four variables in different ranges namely the initial dye concentration, pH, temperature and inoculum size respectively. Experiments were conducted in the present study towards the construction of a quadratic model. Model validation showed a good agreement between experimental results and the predicted responses. Initial dye concentration of 220 mg/l, initial pH of 6, temperature of 30.7°C and inoculum size of 4mm of 3 disc mycelium disc were optimal for maximum decolorization and 92.% decolorization of dye was observed at optimum process conditions.

20 ref

016599   Rao P S;Hussain M M (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad-500 085, Email: sampathrao_polusani@yahoo.co.in) : Hydrothermal ageing effects on flexural properties of GFRP composite laminates. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2013, 20(5), 415-24.

The usage and replacement of conventional materials with polymer composite materials for engineering applications is always questioned by the end user, unless otherwise the research oriented reliable supporting certification is made available. The reinforcement materials are highly hygroscopic; the matrix material provides protection to the reinforcement. Since the composite component's edges are exposed to environment, water molecules travel along the reinforcement, that may cause damage to the interfacial bonding, further the performance of the composite laminate may get affected. This study of resistance of glass fiber reinforced polymer composite (GFRP) subjected to hydrothermal ageing and their flexural behavior under different temperature and exposure time. GFRP samples were prepared by using resin transfer molding (RTM) process and samples were exposed to different environmental conditions. Three point bending test is conducted and the test results indicate reduction in flexural modulus due to the degradation of GFRP under the environmental hydrothermal ageing conditions at 45°C strength decreases 23% to 70% and at 60°Cand 75°C strength decreases 50% to 77% over exposure period of 60 days. The results show that strength degradation by moisture absorption and temperature effect over the lifecycle impacts of GFRP composite exposed to water and temperature for long period of time. The performances of test results have been predicted by mathematical modeling.

13 illus, 2 tables, 13 ref

016598   Rajesh Yadav Y;Vasu V (NO, Annamacharya Engineering College of Technology & Science, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, Email: drrajeshmaths@gmail.com) : Effects of slip and heat transfer on the peristaltic flow of MHD Carreau fluid. Ultra Scient phys Sci-Sect B 2013, 25(1), 17-34.

Effects of slip and heat transfer on the peristaltic flow of MHD Carreau fluid is studied under long wave length and low Reynolds number assumptions. The channel asymmetry produced by choosing the different peristaltic wave train likely sinusoidal, triangle, square, trapezoidal and sawtooth. The nonlinear governing equations are solved using a perturbation technique based on small Weissenberg number. Expressions for the stream function, pressure gradient, temperature distribution, axial induced magnetic force function and shear stress on the wall are obtained. The effects of different parameters entering into problem are discussed numerically and explained graphically. We concluded that size of the bolus decreases with increasing Hartmann number and partial slip β.

11 illus, 25 ref

016597   Raja M;Vijayan R;Suresh S;Vivekananthan R (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Government College of Engineering, Salem-636 011, Email: raaj.nml@gmail.com) : Effect of heat transfer enhancement and NOx emission using Al₂O₃/water nanofluid as coolant in CI engine. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2013, 20(5), 443-9.

Heat transfer characteristics of Al₂O₃/water nanofluids are studied in a shell and tube heat exchanger under laminar flow condition when used as coolant for a single cylinder diesel engine.Nanofluids are prepared using the two-step method with various volume concentrations of 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2%. The effect of Peclet number and various volume concentrations on heat transfer characteristics and pressure drop is investigated under laminar flow condition. Based on the results, an increase in volume concentration of nanoparticles in the base fluid causes significant enhancement of heat transfer characteristics compared to distilled water. At a Peclet number of about 3000, the enhancement of the overall heat transfer coefficient at 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2% Al₂O₃ nanoparticle volume concentration was about 11%, 18%, 23% and 25%, respectively under no load condition. The measured pressure loss with the use of nanofluids is almost negligible when compared to water at all Peclet numbers. Experiments are also performed on a diesel engine to assess the effect of nanofluids on its emission characteristics. The investigation shows that using nanofluids resulted in 12.5% reduction of NOx emissions at full load and about 3-5% at no load and part load.

7 illus, 17 ref

016596   Prasad D;Bhaskar D R;Srivastava M (D/O Electronics and Communication Engineering, F/o Engineering and Tec, , New Delhi-110 025, Email: dprasad@jmi.ac.in) : Universal voltage-mode biquad filter using voltage differencing transconductance amplifier. Indian J pure appl Phys 2013, 51(12), 864-8.

A new voltage mode multi input single output (MISO) type biquad is proposed. The proposed configuration employs one voltage differencing transconductance amplifier (VDTA) as the active element, two capacitors and a grounded resistor. The configuration realizes all five filter functions [i.e. Low Pass (LP), High Pass (HP), Band Pass (BP), Notch (BR) and All Pass (AP)] without any matching condition. The natural frequency (ω₀) and bandwidth (BW) are independently tunable. The workability of proposed configuration has been verified using SPICE simulation with TSMC CMOS 0.18m process parameters.

3 illus, 1 table, 15 ref

016595   Patidar J;Shrivastava J K;Shrivastava A (Chemical Engineering Dep, Ujjain Engineering College, Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh, Email: jpatidar2008@gmail.com) : Removal of BOD and alkalinity from water by soil biotechnology. Pollut Res 2012, 31(2), 223-8.

Soil biotechnology (SBT) is a system for water renovation, which makes use of a formulated media process water and wastewater. The present study reports the performance of uncultured soil bioreactor in a laboratory to treat the waste water. This study gives a new approach for contaminant removal from municipal wastewater using constructed soil filter (CSF) in laboratory scale. Results shows pH of the effluent is found to be in natural range (7.8-7.95).The bio-chemical oxygen demand (BOD) reduced from 70 to 20 mg/L with % of removal is around 50 %, and alkalinity reduced from 157 to 122 mg/L with % of removal is around 11%. In this experimental work a constructed soil filter system (CSF) has been configured for the treatment on soil ecosystem for waste water purification. No pretreatment, highremoval efficiency, very low energy requirement. The Sample of wastewater for processing is taken from drainage line at Mahasakti Nagar colony in Ujjain (M.P).

5 illus, 4 tables, 22 ref

016594   Nwofo T C (Civil and Environmental Engineering Dep, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria) : Numerical micro-modeling of masonry in filled frames. Archiv appl Sci Res 2012, 4(2), 764-71.

Reinforced concrete frames are usually infilled by masonry walls, but in most design, the shear strength response of these walls is ignored. Hence the nonlinear numerical modeling of masonry infilled frames is one of the most complicated problems in structural engineering especially when such structure is under the influence of lateral loads. However previous experimental test results have indicated that infilled mansonry have a significant influence on the shear strength of the infilled frame, but this process is very expensive and time consuming. Inthis study a proper numerical model is made using explicit finite elements method to study the behaviour of the masonry inflilled reinforced concrete frames. The basic characteristic of this model is that the complexity which is attributed to the varying mechanical and geometrical properties, existence of joints as a source of weakness and the interaction between the reinforced concrete frame and infill isproperly taking into account. In order to undertake this analysis, a suitable computer programme was also developed. To ensure the ability of this method to precisely stimulate the shear strength response of masonry infilled panel, results obtained from experimental test are compared with that obtain using this finite element method.

19 ref

016593   Munjal M L;Vijayasree N K;Chaitanya P (Facility for Research in Technical Acoustics, Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560 012, Email: munjal@mecheng.iisc.ernet.in) : Flow resistance network analysis of the back-pressure of automotive mufflers. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2013, 20(5), 339-49.

Complexity of mufflers generally introduces considerable pressure drop, which affects the engine performance adversely. Not much literature is available for pressure drop across perforates. In this paper, the stagnation pressure drop across perforated muffler elements has been measured experimentally and generalized expressions have been developed for the pressure loss across cross-flow expansion and cross-flow contraction elements. A flow resistance model available in the literature has been made use of to analytically determine the flow distribution and thereby the pressure drop of mufflers. A generalized expression has been derived here for evaluation of the equivalent flow resistance for parallel flow paths. Expressions for flow resistance across perforated elements, derived by means of flow experiments, have been implemented in the flow resistance network. The results have been validated with experimental data. Thus, the newly developed integrated flow resistance networks would enable us to determine the normalized stagnation pressure drop of commercial automotive mufflers, thus enabling an efficient flow-acoustic design of silencing systems.

16 illus, 5 tables, 13 ref

016592   Mounir S;Mounir I;Mounir B;Farchi A;Hachkar Z (Laboratory of Mechanical Engineering, Industrial Management & Innovation, Faculty of Science & Technology, H, Settet, Morocco, Email: soufyanemounir@gmail.com) : Effects of consonant on vowel to vowel coarticulation in Arabic. Curr Trends Technol Sci 2013, 2(1), 187-92.

The present study investigates acoustic effect of consonants /b/, /d/, /k/ in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA). To study coarticulatory effects when introducing consonant /b/, /d/, /k/ or vowel /a/, /i/ and, /u/, ten Moroccan speakers were recorded to pronounce the consonants /b/, /d/, /k/ in different contexts CV, VCV and CVCV. In VCV context, the introduction of first vowel leads to a variation in F2 onset of the consonant and an increase in the carry-over effect. In CVCV context, the introduction of /b/ or /d/ consonant leads to stronger coarticulation between the second consonant and the final or the first vowel than VCV context. Yet, the coarticulation is lower for /k/ consonant. This variation could be correlated with the tongue gestures in the production of consonants.

2 illus, 3 tables, 9 ref

016591   Manjula G;Meenambal T (NO, , 10 D-14A, Lakhmi Villa, Balaji Nagar, Sundarapuram, Coimbatore-641 024, Email: manjulakucivil@gmail.com) : Aerobic co composting of organic fraction of municipal solid waste and sugar mill waste. Pollut Res 2012, 31(2), 229-33.

Over the last few years, the rate of urbanization has increased manifold in Coimbatore city, India, leading to increased amount of solid waste generation which in turn causes disposal problems. The amount of waste generated has accelerated with growth in population. Hence the problem of solid waste management in urban areas is among the major challenges faced by governing bodies. In this study, a series of experimental studies were conducted with regard to bioconversion of organic fraction of Municipal solid waste along with sugar mill waste at different C/N ratios. About 10 kg of shredded waste containing Sugar mill waste, Saw dust and Municipal solid waste was placed in reactors in different proportions and 100 mL of effective micro-organisms was added to it. The variation in physical and chemical parameters was monitored throughout the process. The results indicate that co composting of sugar mill waste with Municipal solid waste produces high quality compost which can be used as soil conditioner.

4 illus, 6 tables, 12 ref

016590   M'hir S;Mejri A;Sifaoui I;Slama M B;Mejri M; Thonart P;Hamdi M (Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology, Biological and Chemica, National Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology, BP 676, 1080 Tunis, Tunisia) : Improvement of protease production by Rhizopus oryzae CH4 grown on wheat gluten using esponse surface methodology and Its Scale-up in a Bioreactor. Archiv appl Sci Res 2012, 4(2), 1110-16.

In this work, three factors, five-level central composite design was used to optimize protease production by Rhizopus oryzae CH4 grown on wheat gluten. Gluten concentration, starch concentration and inoculums sizes significantly affected protease production. The optimal combinations of media constituents for maximum protease production (266.5 UP ml^-1) were determined as gluten concentration 22.5 g l^-1, starch concentration 30 g l^-1and inoculums size 5x10⁶ spores ml^-1. Under the proposed optimized conditions, the protease experimental yield (266.5 UP ml^-1) closely matched the yield predicted by the statistical model (254.4 UP ml^-1) with R²=0.981. An overall 2.9-fold increase in enzyme production was achieved in the optimized medium. On subsequent scale-up in a 20^-l bioreactor using conditions optimized through RSM, 258.2 UP ml^-1 of protease was produced in 60-72 h. This clearly indicated that the model remained valid even on a large scale. Therelatively higher protease production by Rhizopus oryzae CH4 showed promise of offering great potential as additives in the bread making industry.

26 ref

016589   Jha V;Jain P (NO, Barkatullah University of Institute, Bhopal, Email: vandana.uit@gmail.com) : Effect of cryogenic treatment and heat treatment on the friction and wear behavior of AISI A2 tool steel under dry sliding condition. Ultra Scient phys Sci-Sect B 2013, 25(1), 51-60.

Wear and friction may cause failure of industrial component which in turn may increase the production cost. It is important for a tool material to possess good wear resistance, toughness and other mechanical properties so as to reduce the failure. In this work, the effect of cryogenic treatment on the mechanical properties of AISI A2 tool steel is analyzed as cryogenic treatment enhances the mechanical properties of steel. The present investigation covers the study of friction and wear behavior of cryogenic treated and heated treated samples of AISI A2 tool steel under dry sliding condition. This study is the comparative study which shows the enhancement of mechanical properties by cryogenic treatment on samples versus untreated (heat treated) samples. The friction and wear results of the sliding test on heat treated and cryogenic treated specimens using pin on roller configuration showed that the cryogenic treatment increases the wear resistance and reduces the coefficient of friction of AISI A2 tool steel in comparison to heat treatment.

10 illus, 2 tables, 7 ref

016588   Hemant Kumar;Arora U;Jain R;Sharma A K (Electrical Engineering Dep, College of Engineering Univ, Rajasthan Technical Univ, Kota, Email: mail.hemantkyadav@gmail.com) : Rajasthan solar park- an initiative towards empowering nation. Curr Trends Technol Sci 2013, 2(1), 178-82.

Solar power is attractive because it is abundant and offers a solution to fossil fuel emissions and global climate change. Solar energy is the largest exploitable renewal resource as more energy from sunlight strikes Earth in 1 hour than all of the energy consumed by humans in an entire year. The average intensity of solar radiation received over India is 200 MW/km square (megawatt per kilometer square) with 250-325 sunny days in a year. Solar energy intensity varies geographically in India, but Western Rajasthan receives the highest annual radiation energy. A dedicated 400 kV network with associated 220 & 132 kV strong transmission network in Barmer, Jaisalmer, Jodhpur, Bikaner area was created. Indeed, Rajasthan is the only State in India which has established a strong power evacuation network in desert area. Hence current status, various issues, regulatory policies and incentives for promotion of Solar PV Power Parks in Rajasthan along with a case study of Solar Park Project at Village Bhadla of Jodhpur district which includes site report and geotechnical investigation for Photovoltaic Solar Power Plant has been discussed in this paper.

4 illus, 4 tables, 15 ref

016587   Hasan S;Khan M N I;Islam M N;Ashique M A U (Electrical & Computer Engineering Dep, Presidency Univ, Bangladesh, Email: -mailshafiul@gmail.com) : Performance evaluation of dynamic routing protocols on video streaming applications. Curr Trends Technol Sci 2013, 2(1), 202-5.

This paper introduces simulation results on comparative performance analysis of EIGRP and OSPF routing protocols on real time applications such as video streaming. OPNET is used for the simulation and it is performed on two network models configured with EIGRP and OSPF. Evaluation of these protocols has been done based on quantitative metrics such as convergence duration, packet delay variation, end-to-end delay and throughput, Results show that EIGRP performs better over OSPF on real time video streaming applications.

4 illus, 1 table, 16 ref

016586   Gowda B H L;Akhuli S;Anudeep B R;Ipe K R; Kishore K (Mechanical Engineering Dep, B T L Institute of Technology, Bommasandra, Hosur Road, Bangalore-560 099, Email: bhlgowda@yahoo.com) : Influence of base inclination on vortex formation during draining from cylindrical tanks. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2013, 20(5), 361-6.

When draining takes place from a cylindrical container, a vortex forms which can affect the rate of draining. This is because the vortex reduces the effective cross-sectional area of the drain port and thus decreasing the flow rate and increasing the time of draining. Experiments show that the presence of rotation augments the vortex formation which is basically due to the low pressure created at the bottom surface. The phenomenon can be expected to be influenced with changes near the base. In this paper the influence of base inclination on the vortex formation is systematically investigated. It is observed that the vortex is completely suppressed when the base inclination is above a limiting value which depends on the size of the drain port.

5 illus, 10 ref